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Sousa F, Nascimento C, Ferreira D, Reis S, Costa P. Reviving the interest in the versatile drug nystatin: A multitude of strategies to increase its potential as an effective and safe antifungal agent. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 199:114969. [PMID: 37348678 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Nystatin is an antifungal molecule with a remarkable yet squandered versatility. In this review, its mechanism of action is explored, along with its extensive action spectrum and toxicity. A multitude of methodologies to tackle the drug's physical and chemical hurdles are outlined along with some proven-effective strategies to increase its activity and/or decrease its toxicity. A separate detailed section focused on micro and nanotechnology solutions addresses new drug delivery systems made of polymeric, metallic or lipid materials. Although the topical route depicts greater representativeness amongst these formulations, the intravenous, dental, oral, vaginal and inhalation routes are also mentioned. The unsuccessful previous attempts at developing parenteral formulations of nystatin or even the withdrawal of a nystatin-loaded multilamellar liposome should not divert research away from this drug. In fact, the interest in nystatin ought to be reawakened with the ongoing clinical trials on the promising nystatin-like genetically engineered derivate BSG005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Sousa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Cecília Nascimento
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Domingos Ferreira
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Salette Reis
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Paulo Costa
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira n° 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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2
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On the role of β-silyloxy- and β-alkoxyaldehyde protecting groups in Mukaiyama aldol 1,3-diastereocontrol. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.154203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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3
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Caffrey P, Hogan M, Song Y. New Glycosylated Polyene Macrolides: Refining the Ore from Genome Mining. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030334. [PMID: 35326797 PMCID: PMC8944477 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylated polyene macrolides include effective antifungal agents, such as pimaricin, nystatin, candicidin, and amphotericin B. For the treatment of systemic mycoses, amphotericin B has been described as a gold-standard antibiotic because of its potent activity against a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens, which do not readily become resistant. However, amphotericin B has severe toxic side effects, and the development of safer alternatives remains an important objective. One approach towards obtaining such compounds is to discover new related natural products. Advances in next-generation sequencing have delivered a wealth of microbial genome sequences containing polyene biosynthetic gene clusters. These typically encode a modular polyketide synthase that catalyzes the assembly of the aglycone core, a cytochrome P450 that oxidizes a methyl branch to a carboxyl group, and additional enzymes for synthesis and attachment of a single mycosamine sugar residue. In some cases, further P450s catalyze epoxide formation or hydroxylation within the macrolactone. Bioinformatic analyses have identified over 250 of these clusters. Some are predicted to encode potentially valuable new polyenes that have not been uncovered by traditional screening methods. Recent experimental studies have characterized polyenes with new polyketide backbones, previously unknown late oxygenations, and additional sugar residues that increase water-solubility and reduce hemolytic activity. Here we review these studies and assess how this new knowledge can help to prioritize silent polyene clusters for further investigation. This approach should improve the chances of discovering better antifungal antibiotics.
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4
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Production, Detection, Extraction, and Quantification of Polyene Antibiotics. Methods Mol Biol 2021. [PMID: 33977457 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1358-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Polyene antibiotics are macrolide antifungal compounds obtained by fermentation of producer Streptomyces strains. Here we describe commonly used methods for polyene production, detection, and their subsequent extraction and purification. While bioassays are used to detect these compounds based on their biological activity, quantification by spectrophotometry or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC ) relies on their physiochemical properties and is more reliable.
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Madroñero D, Mujica-Martinez CA, Vázquez A. Consecutive reactions to construct tricarbonyl compounds and synthetic applications thereof. RSC Adv 2021; 11:33235-33244. [PMID: 35497560 PMCID: PMC9042245 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05187c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cascade process to construct synthetically valuable β-keto-β′-acylcycloalkanecarboxylic acid esters and their transformation into bicyclic and tricyclic systems through intramolecular condensation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Madroñero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, Mexico
| | - Cesar A. Mujica-Martinez
- GIFBA, Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Centro de Investigación en Materiales CIMA, Universidad de Nariño, San Juan de Pasto, 520002, Colombia
| | - Alfredo Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Cd. Mx., 04510, Mexico
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Ortiz A, Sansinenea E. The Chemistry of Drugs to Treat Candida albicans. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2554-2566. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191025153124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background::
Candida species are in various parts of the human body as commensals. However,
they can cause local mucosal infections and, sometimes, systemic infections in which Candida
species can spread to all major organs and colonize them.
Objective::
For the effective treatment of the mucosal infections and systemic life-threatening fungal
diseases, a considerably large number of antifungal drugs have been developed and used for clinical
purposes that comprise agents from four main drug classes: the polyenes, azoles, echinocandins, and
antimetabolites.
Method: :
The synthesis of some of these drugs is available, allowing synthetic modification of the
molecules to improve the biological activity against Candida species. The synthetic methodology for
each compound is reviewed.
Results: :
The use of these compounds has caused a high-level resistance against these drugs, and therefore,
new antifungal substances have been described in the last years. The organic synthesis of the
known and new compounds is reported.
Conclusion: :
This article summarizes the chemistry of the existing agents, both the old drugs and new
drugs, in the treatment of infections due to C. albicans, including the synthesis of the existing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Ortiz
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Pue, 72570, Mexico
| | - Estibaliz Sansinenea
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Benemerita Universidad Autonoma de Puebla, Pue, 72570, Mexico
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Kuilya TK, Das S, Saha D, Goswami RK. Studies toward the synthesis of strevertenes A and G: stereoselective construction of C1–C19segments of the molecules. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:7595-7608. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01754a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient route for the stereoselective synthesis of common C1–C19segment of strevertenes A and G has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapan Kumar Kuilya
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Subhendu Das
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Dhiman Saha
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
| | - Rajib Kumar Goswami
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science
- Kolkata-700032
- India
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Curti C, Sartori A, Battistini L, Brindani N, Rassu G, Pelosi G, Lodola A, Mor M, Casiraghi G, Zanardi F. Pushing the boundaries of vinylogous reactivity: catalytic enantioselective mukaiyama aldol reactions of highly unsaturated 2-silyloxyindoles. Chemistry 2015; 21:6433-42. [PMID: 25735832 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The first example of catalytic, enantioselective hypervinylogous Mukaiyama aldol reaction (HVMAR) involving multiply unsaturated 2-silyloxyindoles is reported. The reaction utilizes a chiral Lewis base-catalyzed Lewis acid-mediated technology to deliver homoallylic 3-polyenylidene 2-oxindoles with extraordinary levels of regio-, enantio-, and geometrical selectivity. This work highlights a subtle yet decisive influence of the indole N-substituents on the propagation of the vinylogous reactivity space of the donor substrates up to ten bonds away from the origin of the vinylogy effect. Analysis of the (13) C NMR chemical shifts of the C-ω remote site within homologous silyloxyindole donors enabled rationalization of the results and easy qualitative prediction of the HVMAR reactivity/inertia toward a given aldehyde acceptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Curti
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27 A, 43124 Parma (Italy), Fax: (+39) 0521-905006.
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9
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Li PF, Wang HL, Qu J. 1,n-Rearrangement of Allylic Alcohols Promoted by Hot Water: Application to the Synthesis of Navenone B, a Polyene Natural Product. J Org Chem 2014; 79:3955-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jo5004086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Fang Li
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Heng-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jin Qu
- State Key Laboratory and
Institute of Elemento-organic Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation
Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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10
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Nachbauer L, Brückner R. Synthesis of a Cn-Cn+6Building Block Common to Important Polyol,Polyene Antibiotics from a Divinylcarbinol by a Desymmetrizing Sharpless Epoxidation. European J Org Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201300181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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12
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Converting a Birch Reduction Product into a Polyketide: Application to the Synthesis of a C1-C11Building Block of Rimocidin. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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13
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Ibarra-Rivera TR, Opoku-Ansah J, Ambadi S, Bachmann AS, Pirrung MC. Syntheses and cytotoxicity of syringolin B-based proteasome inhibitors. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Burghart J, Brückner R. Sn/Li Exchange Reactions in 1,ω-Distannylated Conjugated Trienes and Tetraenes: An Enabling Step for Polyene Synthesis. European J Org Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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15
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Ulrych A, Derrick PJ, Adamek F, Novák P, Lemr K, Havlicek V. Dissociation of nystatin and amphotericin analogues: characterisation of minor anti-fungal macrolides. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2010; 16:73-80. [PMID: 20065516 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry combined with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) has been the basis for rationalizing the fragmentation mechanisms of anti-fungal macrolides nystatin A(1), amphotericin B and pimaricin. The positive ion mass spectra were not informative, however, the dissociation of deprotonated molecules led to structurally significant ring-opened fragments. Using this approach of tandem FT-ICR mass spectrometry and electrospray ionisation coupled with high-performance liquid -chromatography (HPLC), 11 macrolide natural analogues or degradation products were characterised in the nystatin mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ales Ulrych
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Videnska 1083, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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16
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Szpilman AM, Cereghetti DM, Manthorpe JM, Wurtz NR, Carreira EM. Synthesis and biophysical studies on 35-deoxy amphotericin B methyl ester. Chemistry 2009; 15:7117-28. [PMID: 19544513 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200900231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The use of molecular editing in the elucidation of the mechanism of action of amphotericin B is presented. A modular strategy for the synthesis of amphotericin B and its designed analogues is developed, which relies on an efficient gram-scale synthesis of various subunits of amphotericin B. A novel method for the coupling of the mycosamine to the aglycone was identified. The implementation of the approach has enabled the preparation of 35-deoxy amphotericin B methyl ester. Investigation of the antifungal activity and efflux-inducing ability of this amphotericin B congener provided new clues to the role of the 35-hydroxy group and is consistent with the involvement of double barrel ion channels in causing electrolyte efflux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Szpilman
- Laboratorium für Organische Chemie der ETH-Zürich, HCI H 335, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Szpilman AM, Cereghetti DM, Wurtz NR, Manthorpe JM, Carreira EM. Synthesis of 35-deoxy amphotericin B methyl ester: a strategy for molecular editing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:4335-8. [PMID: 18454441 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200800589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M Szpilman
- ETH Zurich HCI H335, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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18
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Szpilman A, Cereghetti D, Wurtz N, Manthorpe J, Carreira E. Synthesis of 35-Deoxy Amphotericin B Methyl Ester: A Strategy for Molecular Editing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200800589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Sakai M, Guan T, Hara S. Stereoselective synthesis of 4-fluoro-1,3-alkadienylboronates and their application in the stereoselective synthesis of fluoropolyenes. J Fluor Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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