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Göbel T, Goebel B, Hyprath M, Lamminger I, Weisser H, Angioni C, Mathes M, Thomas D, Kahnt AS. Three-dimensional growth reveals fine-tuning of 5-lipoxygenase by proliferative pathways in cancer. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201804. [PMID: 36849252 PMCID: PMC9971161 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The leukotriene (LT) pathway is positively correlated with the progression of solid malignancies, but the factors that control the expression of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), the central enzyme in LT biosynthesis, in tumors are poorly understood. Here, we report that 5-LO along with other members of the LT pathway is up-regulated in multicellular colon tumor spheroids. This up-regulation was inversely correlated with cell proliferation and activation of PI3K/mTORC-2- and MEK-1/ERK-dependent pathways. Furthermore, we found that E2F1 and its target gene MYBL2 were involved in the repression of 5-LO during cell proliferation. Importantly, we found that this PI3K/mTORC-2- and MEK-1/ERK-dependent suppression of 5-LO is also existent in tumor cells from other origins, suggesting that this mechanism is widely applicable to other tumor entities. Our data show that tumor cells fine-tune 5-LO and LT biosynthesis in response to environmental changes repressing the enzyme during proliferation while making use of the enzyme under cell stress conditions, implying that tumor-derived 5-LO plays a role in the manipulation of the tumor stroma to quickly restore cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Göbel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bjarne Goebel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marius Hyprath
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ira Lamminger
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hannah Weisser
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlo Angioni
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Marius Mathes
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, ZAFES, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Astrid S Kahnt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
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2
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Fussbroich D, Kohnle C, Schwenger T, Driessler C, Dücker RP, Eickmeier O, Gottwald G, Jerkic SP, Zielen S, Kreyenberg H, Beermann C, Chiocchetti AG, Schubert R. A combination of LCPUFAs regulates the expression of miRNA-146a-5p in a murine asthma model and human alveolar cells. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 147:106378. [PMID: 31698144 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND LCPUFAs are suggestive of having beneficial effects on inflammatory diseases such as asthma. However, little is known about the modulative capacity of omega-(n)-3 and n-6 LCPUFAs within the epigenetic regulation of inflammatory processes. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether a specific combined LCPUFA supplementation restores disease-dysregulated miRNA-profiles in asthmatic mice. In addition, we determined the effect of the LCPUFA supplementation on the interaction of the most regulated miRNA expression and oxygenase activity in vitro. METHODS Sequencing of miRNA was performed by NGS from lung tissue of asthmatic and control mice with normal diet, as well as of LCPUFA supplemented asthmatic mice. Network analysis and evaluation of the biological targets of the miRNAs were performed by DIANA- miRPath v.3 webserver software, TargetScanMouse 7.2, and tool String v.10, respectively. Expression of hsa-miRNA-146a-5p and activity of COX-2 and 5-LO in LCPUFA-treated A549 cells were assessed by qPCR and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS In total, 62 miRNAs were dysregulated significantly in murine allergic asthma. The LCPUFA combination restored 21 of these dysregulated miRNAs, of which eight (mmu-miR-146a-5p, -30a-3p, -139-5p, -669p-5p, -145a-5p, -669a-5p, -342-3p and -15b-5p) were even normalized compared to the control levels. Interestingly, six of the eight rescued miRNAs are functionally implicated in TGF-β signaling, ECM-receptor interaction and fatty acid biosynthesis. Furthermore, in vitro experiments demonstrated that upregulation of hsa-miRNA-146a-5p is accompanied by a reduction of COX-2 and 5-LO activity. Moreover, transfection experiments revealed that LCPUFAs inhibit 5-LO activity in the presence and absence of anti-miR-146a-5p. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate the modulative capacity of LCPUFAs on dysregulated miRNA expression in asthma. In addition, we pointed out the high regulative potential of LCPUFAs on 5-LO regulation and provided evidence that miR-146a partly controls the regulation of 5-LO.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Fussbroich
- Department of Food Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Leipziger Str. 123, Fulda, Germany; Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt/Main, Max-von-Laue-Straße 9, Frankfurt/Main, Germany.
| | - C Kohnle
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - T Schwenger
- Department of Food Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Leipziger Str. 123, Fulda, Germany
| | - C Driessler
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - R P Dücker
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - O Eickmeier
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - G Gottwald
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - S P Jerkic
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - S Zielen
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - H Kreyenberg
- Division for Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunology, Department for Children and Adolescents, University Hospital, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - C Beermann
- Department of Food Technology, University of Applied Sciences, Leipziger Str. 123, Fulda, Germany
| | - A G Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| | - R Schubert
- Division for Allergy, Pneumology and Cystic Fibrosis, Department for Children and Adolescents, Goethe University, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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3
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Häfner AK, Kahnt AS, Steinhilber D. Beyond leukotriene formation—The noncanonical functions of 5-lipoxygenase. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 142:24-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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4
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Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce lipoxygenase-mediated apoptosis and necrosis in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurochem Int 2015; 90:204-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Licht V, Noack K, Schlott B, Förster M, Schlenker Y, Licht A, Krämer OH, Heinzel T. Caspase-3 and caspase-6 cleave STAT1 in leukemic cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2305-17. [PMID: 24810717 PMCID: PMC4039164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1 (STAT1) is phosphorylated upon interferon (IFN) stimulation, which can restrict cell proliferation and survival. Nevertheless, in some cancers STAT1 can act in an anti-apoptotic manner. Moreover, certain malignancies are characterized by the overexpression and constitutive activation of STAT1. Here, we demonstrate that the treatment of transformed hematopoietic cells with epigenetic drugs belonging to the class of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) leads to the cleavage of STAT1 at multiple sites by caspase-3 and caspase-6. This process does not occur in solid tumor cells, normal hematopoietic cells, and leukemic cells that underwent granulocytic or monocytic differentiation. STAT1 cleavage was studied under cell free conditions with purified STAT1 and a set of candidate caspases as well as with mass spectrometry. These assays indicate that unmodified STAT1 is cleaved at multiple sites by caspase-3 and caspase-6. Our study shows that STAT1 is targeted by caspases in malignant undifferentiated hematopoietic cells. This observation may provide an explanation for the selective toxicity of HDACi against rapidly proliferating leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Licht
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Centre for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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6
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Markoutsa S, Sürün D, Karas M, Hofmann B, Steinhilber D, Sorg BL. Analysis of 5-lipoxygenase phosphorylation on molecular level by MALDI-MS. FEBS J 2014; 281:1931-47. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Markoutsa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Duran Sürün
- Department of Molecular Hematology; University of Frankfurt Medical School; Germany
| | - Michael Karas
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Bettina Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Bernd L. Sorg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES; Goethe University; Frankfurt am Main Germany
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7
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Ochs MJ, Sorg BL, Pufahl L, Grez M, Suess B, Steinhilber D. Post-transcriptional regulation of 5-lipoxygenase mRNA expression via alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31363. [PMID: 22363630 PMCID: PMC3283622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the two initial steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes (LT), a group of inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Here, we investigated the regulation of 5-LO mRNA expression by alternative splicing and nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). In the present study, we report the identification of 2 truncated transcripts and 4 novel 5-LO splice variants containing premature termination codons (PTC). The characterization of one of the splice variants, 5-LOΔ3, revealed that it is a target for NMD since knockdown of the NMD factors UPF1, UPF2 and UPF3b in the human monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 (MM6) altered the expression of 5-LOΔ3 mRNA up to 2-fold in a cell differentiation-dependent manner suggesting that cell differentiation alters the composition or function of the NMD complex. In contrast, the mature 5-LO mRNA transcript was not affected by UPF knockdown. Thus, the data suggest that the coupling of alternative splicing and NMD is involved in the regulation of 5-LO gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike J. Ochs
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernd L. Sorg
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Laura Pufahl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Beatrix Suess
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail: (DS); (BS)
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- * E-mail: (DS); (BS)
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8
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Kataria J, Rukmangadachar LA, Hariprasad G, O J, Tripathi M, Srinivasan A. Two dimensional difference gel electrophoresis analysis of cerebrospinal fluid in tuberculous meningitis patients. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2194-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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9
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Abstract
Caspases, a family of aspartate-specific cysteine proteases, play a major role in apoptosis and a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Fourteen mammalian caspases have been identified and can be divided into two groups: inflammatory caspases and apoptotic caspases. Based on the structure and function, the apoptotic caspases are further grouped into initiator/apical caspases (caspase-2, -8, -9, and -10) and effector/executioner caspases (caspase-3, -6, and -7). In this paper, we discuss what we have learned about the role of individual effector caspase in mediating both apoptotic and nonapoptotic events, with special emphasis on leukemia-specific oncoproteins in relation to effector caspases.
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10
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Boudreau LH, Bertin J, Robichaud PP, Laflamme M, Ouellette RJ, Flamand N, Surette ME. Novel 5‐lipoxygenase isoforms affect the biosynthesis of 5‐lipoxygenase products. FASEB J 2010; 25:1097-105. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-173856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luc H. Boudreau
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie Université de Moncton Moncton New Brunswick Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Departement de Medecine et Faculté de Médecine Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Jonathan Bertin
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie Université de Moncton Moncton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Philippe P. Robichaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie Université de Moncton Moncton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Mark Laflamme
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute Moncton New Brunswick Canada
- Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada Moncton New Brunswick Canada
| | | | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Departement de Medecine et Faculté de Médecine Université Laval Québec Canada
| | - Marc E. Surette
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie Université de Moncton Moncton New Brunswick Canada
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11
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Pergola C, Werz O. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors: a review of recent developments and patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2010; 20:355-75. [DOI: 10.1517/13543771003602012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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12
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Aparoy P, Kumar Reddy K, Kalangi SK, Chandramohan Reddy T, Reddanna P. Pharmacophore modeling and virtual screening for designing potential 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 20:1013-8. [PMID: 20045317 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.12.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Inhibitors of the 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway have a therapeutic potential in a variety of inflammatory disorders such as asthma. In this study, chemical feature based pharmacophore models of inhibitors of 5-LOX have been developed with the aid of HipHop and HypoGen modules within Catalyst program package. The best quantitative pharmacophore model, Hypo1, which has the highest correlation coefficient (0.97), consists of two hydrogen-bond acceptors, one hydrophobic feature and one ring aromatic feature. Hypo1 was further validated by test set and cross validation method. The application of the model shows great success in predicting the activities of 65 known 5-LOX inhibitors in our test set with a correlation coefficient of 0.85 with a cross validation of 95% confidence level, proving that the model is reliable in identifying structurally diverse compounds for inhibitory activity against 5-LOX. Furthermore, Hypo1 was used as a 3D query for screening Maybridge and NCI databases within catalyst and also drug like compounds obtained from Enamine Ltd, which follow Lipinski's rule of five. The hit compounds were subsequently subjected to filtering by docking and visualization, to identify the potential lead molecules. Finally 5 potential lead compounds, identified in the above process, were evaluated for their inhibitory activities. These studies resulted in the identification of two compounds with potent inhibition of 5-LOX activity with IC(50) of 14 microM and 35 microM, respectively. These studies thus validate the pharmacophore model generated and suggest the usefulness of the model in screening of various small molecule libraries and identification of potential lead compounds for 5-LOX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aparoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
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13
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Coactosin-like protein functions as a stabilizing chaperone for 5-lipoxygenase: role of tryptophan 102. Biochem J 2009; 425:265-74. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20090856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The activity of 5-LO (5-lipoxygenase), which catalyses two initial steps in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory LTs (leukotrienes), is strictly regulated. One recently discovered factor, CLP (coactosin-like protein), binds 5-LO and promotes LT formation. In the present paper we report that CLP also stabilizes 5-LO and prevents non-turnover inactivation of the enzyme in vitro. Mutagenesis of tryptophan residues in the 5-LO β-sandwich showed that 5-LO-Trp102 is essential for binding to CLP, and for CLP to support 5-LO activity. In addition, the stabilizing effect also depended on binding between CLP and 5-LO. After mutations which prevent interaction (5-LO-W102A or CLP-K131A), the protective effect of CLP was absent. A calculated 5-LO–CLP docking model indicates that CLP may bind to additional residues in both domains of 5-LO, thus possibly stabilizing the 5-LO structure. To obtain further support for binding between CLP and 5-LO in a living cell, subcellular localization of CLP and 5-LO in the monocytic cell line Mono Mac 6 was determined. In these cells, 5-LO associates with a nuclear fraction only when differentiated cells are primed with phorbol ester and stimulated with ionophore. The same pattern of redistribution was found for CLP, indicating that the two proteins associate with the nucleus in a co-ordinated fashion. The results of the present study support a role for CLP as a chaperoning scaffold factor, influencing both the stability and the activity of 5-LO.
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14
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Feißt C, Pergola C, Rakonjac M, Rossi A, Koeberle A, Dodt G, Hoffmann M, Hoernig C, Fischer L, Steinhilber D, Franke L, Schneider G, Rådmark O, Sautebin L, Werz O. Hyperforin is a novel type of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with high efficacy in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2759-71. [PMID: 19579006 PMCID: PMC11115900 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that, in vitro, hyperforin from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), the key enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrate that hyperforin possesses a novel and unique molecular pharmacological profile as a 5-LO inhibitor with remarkable efficacy in vivo. Hyperforin (4 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly suppressed leukotriene B(4) formation in pleural exudates of carrageenan-treated rats associated with potent anti-inflammatory effectiveness. Inhibition of 5-LO by hyperforin, but not by the iron-ligand type 5-LO inhibitor BWA4C or the nonredox-type inhibitor ZM230487, was abolished in the presence of phosphatidylcholine and strongly reduced by mutation (W13A-W75A-W102A) of the 5-LO C2-like domain. Moreover, hyperforin impaired the interaction of 5-LO with coactosin-like protein and abrogated 5-LO nuclear membrane translocation in ionomycin-stimulated neutrophils, processes that are typically mediated via the regulatory 5-LO C2-like domain. Together, hyperforin is a novel type of 5-LO inhibitor apparently acting by interference with the C2-like domain, with high effectiveness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Feißt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlo Pergola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marija Rakonjac
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Dodt
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marika Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Hoernig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Franke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Frankfurt, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Frankfurt, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Gheorghe KR, Korotkova M, Catrina AI, Backman L, af Klint E, Claesson HE, Rådmark O, Jakobsson PJ. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase and 15-lipoxygenase in rheumatoid arthritis synovium and effects of intraarticular glucocorticoids. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R83. [PMID: 19497113 PMCID: PMC2714134 DOI: 10.1186/ar2717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction It was previously shown that lipoxygenase (LO) pathways are important in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) inflammatory process and that synovial fluid from RA patients contains high amounts of leukotrienes. We therefore aimed to investigate the 5-LO and 15-LO-1 expression pattern in RA and ostheoarthritis (OA) synovial tissue and to study the effect of intraarticular glucocorticoid (GC) therapy on enzyme expression. Methods Expression of LOs was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in RA and OA synovial biopsies. Cellular localization of these enzymes was analyzed by double immunofluorescence. In synovial biopsies from 11 RA patients, 5-LO and 15-LO-1 expression was evaluated before and after triamcinolone hexacetonide knee injection and assessed by image analysis to quantify their expression. We also investigated the presence of 15-LO-1 by immunohistochemistry in synovial fluid (SF) cells as well as their ability to form 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) following treatment with arachidonic acid (AA). Results 5-LO and 15-LO-1 are present in RA and OA synovium, with 5-LO being mostly expressed in lining and sublining macrophages, neutrophils and mast cells and 15-LO-1 mainly in lining macrophages, fibroblasts and sublining endothelial cells. Intraarticular GC treatment resulted in a significant suppression of 5-LO expression, but did not influence the 15-LO-1 enzyme significantly. Also, SF cells express a functional 15-LO-1 and produce 15-HETE when challenged with AA. Conclusions These data demonstrate that local therapy with GC decreases 5-LO expression in RA synovium and offer an additional possible mechanism for the efficiency of intraarticular adjuvant therapy in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Roxana Gheorghe
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institute, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
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Mahshid Y, Lisy MR, Wang X, Spanbroek R, Flygare J, Christensson B, Björkholm M, Sander B, Habenicht AJR, Claesson HE. High expression of 5-lipoxygenase in normal and malignant mantle zone B lymphocytes. BMC Immunol 2009; 10:2. [PMID: 19134178 PMCID: PMC2631017 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-10-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human B lymphocytes can produce leukotriene B4 but the biological function of the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway in B cells is unclear. In order to better understand and define the role of 5-LO in B cells, we investigated the expression of 5-LO mRNA and protein in subsets of B cells from human tonsils and different types of B cell lymphoma. Results Based on RT-PCR and western blot/immunohistochemical staining, with a polyclonal antibody raised against 5-LO, high expression of 5-LO was found in mantle zone B cells from tonsils. By contrast, only a weak expression of 5-LO was detected in germinal centre cells and no expression in plasma cells from tonsils. This pattern of 5-LO expression was preserved in malignant lymphoma with high expression in mantle B cell lymphoma (MCL) and weak or no expression in follicular lymphoma. Primary leukemized MCL, so called B-prolymphocytic leukaemia cells, and MCL cell lines also expressed 5-LO and readily produced LTB4 after activation. Conclusion The present report demonstrates the expression of 5-LO mainly in normal and malignant mantle zone B cells while the expression is low or absent in germinal centre B cells and plasma cells, indicating a role of the 5-LO pathway in B cells before the cells finally differentiate to plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilmaz Mahshid
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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17
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Watanabe C, Shu GL, Zheng TS, Flavell RA, Clark EA. Caspase 6 regulates B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:6810-9. [PMID: 18981099 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.6810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Caspase (Casp) family proteases regulate not only lymphocyte apoptosis but also lymphocyte activation and development. In this study, we show that Casp6 regulates B cell activation and differentiation into plasma cells by modifying cell cycle entry. B cells from Casp6 knockout (Casp6 KO) mice examined ex vivo have more cells in G(1) than wild-type B cells, and mitogen-induced G(1) entry of Casp6 KO B cells is much faster than that of wild-type B cells. Even so, S phase entry and proliferation are not increased in Casp6 KO B cells. Rather than proliferating, activated Casp6 KO B cells preferentially differentiate into syndecan-1(+) plasma cells and produce Abs. In Casp6 KO mice compared with WT mice, serum levels of IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b are increased and Ag-specific Ab responses are also enhanced along with increased percentages of syndecan-1(+) plasma cells. Casp6 may regulate both B cell activation and differentiation by modifying requirements for G(0) B cells to enter G(1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Watanabe
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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18
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Richards S, Watanabe C, Santos L, Craxton A, Clark EA. Regulation of B-cell entry into the cell cycle. Immunol Rev 2008; 224:183-200. [PMID: 18759927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2008.00652.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
B cells are induced to enter the cell cycle by stimuli including ligation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex and Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. This review discusses the contribution of several molecules, which act at distinct steps in B-cell activation. The adapter molecule Bam32 (B-lymphocyte adapter of 32 kDa) helps promote BCR-induced cell cycle entry, while the secondary messenger superoxide has the opposite effect. Bam32 and superoxide may fine tune BCR-induced activation by competing for the same limited resources, namely Rac1 and the plasma membrane phospholipid PI(3,4)P(2). The co-receptor CD22 can inhibit BCR-induced proliferation by binding to novel CD22 ligands. Finally, regulators of B-cell survival and death also play roles in B-cell transit through the cell cycle. Caspase 6 negatively regulates CD40- and TLR-dependent G(1) entry, while acting later in the cell cycle to promote S-phase entry. Caspase 6 deficiency predisposes B cells to differentiate rather than proliferate after stimulation. Bim, a pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member, exerts a positive regulatory effect on cell cycle entry, which is opposed by Bcl-2. New insights into what regulates B-cell transit through the cell cycle may lead to thoughtful design of highly selective drugs that target pathogenic B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Richards
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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19
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Aparoy P, Reddy RN, Guruprasad L, Reddy MR, Reddanna P. Homology modeling of 5-lipoxygenase and hints for better inhibitor design. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2008; 22:611-9. [PMID: 18231862 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-008-9180-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Lipoxygenases (LOXs) are a group of enzymes involved in the oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Among these 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the key enzyme leading to the formation of pharmacologically important leukotrienes and lipoxins, the mediators of inflammatory and allergic disorders. In view of close functional similarity to mammalian lipoxygenase, potato 5-LOX is used extensively. In this study, the homology modeling technique has been used to construct the structure of potato 5-LOX. The amino acid sequence identity between the target protein and sequence of template protein 1NO3 (soybean LOX-3) searched from NCBI protein BLAST was 63%. Based on the template structure, the protein model was constructed by using the Homology program in InsightII. The protein model was briefly refined by energy minimization steps and validated using Profile-3D, ERRAT and PROCHECK. The results showed that 99.3% of the amino acids were in allowed regions of Ramachandran plot, suggesting that the model is accurate and its stereochemical quality good. Like all LOXs, 5-LOX also has a two-domain structure, the small N-terminal beta-barrel domain and a larger catalytic domain containing a single atom of non-heme iron coordinating with His525, His530, His716 and Ile864. Asn720 is present in the fifth coordination position of iron. The sixth coordination position faces the open cavity occupied here by the ligands which are docked. Our model of the enzyme is further validated by examining the interactions of earlier reported inhibitors and by energy minimization studies which were carried out using molecular mechanics calculations. Four ligands, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) having IC(50) of 1.5 microM and analogs of benzyl propargyl ethers having IC(50) values of 760 microM, 45 microM, and no inhibition respectively were selected for our docking and energy minimization studies. Our results correlated well with the experimental data reported earlier, which proved the quality of the model. This model generated can be further used for the design and development of more potent 5-LOX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Aparoy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, 500 046, India
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20
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Grabowski K, Baringhaus KH, Schneider G. Scaffold diversity of natural products: inspiration for combinatorial library design. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:892-904. [PMID: 18820757 DOI: 10.1039/b715668p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural products contain scaffold structures that can be systematically exploited for the design of combinatorial compound libraries with druglike properties. We review approaches for scaffold identification, and compare properties and pharmacophoric features of drugs and natural products. In particular, an application of the self-organizing map technique is presented for natural product-derived compound and library design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Grabowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, ZAFES/CMP, Goethe-University, Siesmayerstrasse 70, Frankfurt a.M., Germany
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21
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Purbey PK, Jayakumar PC, Patole MS, Galande S. pC6-2/caspase-6 system to purify glutathione-S-transferase-free recombinant fusion proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. Nat Protoc 2007; 1:1820-7. [PMID: 17487164 PMCID: PMC7086577 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2006.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) fusion protein expression vectors are often employed for the expression and purification of proteins in Escherichia coli. GST is then removed by site-specific proteolysis using thrombin. However, the presence of internal thrombin cleavage sites in expressed proteins can severely affect the purification of intact proteins. Cysteine-dependent aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) are efficient enzymes with defined substrate specificity. Unlike most of the proteases used for the removal of affinity tags, caspases do not leave any amino acids at the amino-terminus of cleaved proteins. We have engineered the caspase-6 site VEMD in a pGEX vector to give the pC6-2 vector. The caspase-6 can be easily removed after cleavage. Here, we describe the detailed protocol for purifying proteins using our pC6-2/caspase-6 expression and purification system. The cleavage by caspase-6 occurs in <30 min and the entire procedure can be completed in 2 d.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - P Cyril Jayakumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Milind S Patole
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007 India
| | - Sanjeev Galande
- National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007 India
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22
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Rådmark O, Werz O, Steinhilber D, Samuelsson B. 5-Lipoxygenase: regulation of expression and enzyme activity. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 32:332-41. [PMID: 17576065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 342] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first two steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a group of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Leukotriene antagonists are used in the treatment of asthma, and the potential role of leukotrienes in atherosclerosis, another chronic inflammatory disease, has recently received considerable attention. In addition, some possible effects of 5-LO metabolites in tumorigenesis have emerged. Thus, knowledge of the biochemistry of this enzyme has potential implications for the treatment of various diseases. Recent advances have expanded our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression and control of 5-LO activity. With regard to the control of enzyme activity, many of these findings focus on the N-terminal domain of 5-LO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Cook-Moreau JM, El-Makhour Hojeij Y, Barrière G, Rabinovitch-Chable HC, Faucher KS, Sturtz FG, Rigaud MA. Expression of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) in T lymphocytes. Immunology 2007; 122:157-66. [PMID: 17484769 PMCID: PMC2265994 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is the key enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the biologically active leukotrienes. Its presence has been reported in cells of the myeloid lineage and B lymphocytes but has not been formally defined in T lymphocytes. In this study, we provide evidence for 5-LOX expression on both transcriptional and translational levels in highly purified peripheral blood T cells as well as in human T lymphoblastoid cell lines (MOLT4 and Jurkat). Messenger RNA (mRNA) of 5-LOX was amplified by conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR; MOLT4 and Jurkat cells) and by in situ RT-PCR (T lymphocytes). 5-LOX protein expression was confirmed by Western blot and immunofluorescence studies. 5-LOX was present primarily in the cytoplasm with some nuclear localization and was translocated to the nuclear periphery after culture in a mitosis-supporting medium. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis of different T-lymphocyte populations, including CD4, CD8, CD45RO, CD45RA, T helper type 2, and T-cell receptor-alphabeta and -gammadelta expressing cells, did not identify a differential distribution of the enzyme. Purified peripheral blood T lymphocytes were incapable of synthesizing leukotrienes in the absence of exogenous arachidonic acid. Jurkat cells produced leukotriene C(4) and a small amount of leukotriene B(4) in response to CD3-CD28 cross-linking. This synthesis was abolished by two inhibitors of leukotriene synthesis, MK-886 and AA-861. The presence of 5-LOX in T lymphocytes but the absence of endogenous lipoxygenase metabolite production compared to Jurkat cells may constitute a fundamental difference between resting peripheral lymphocytes and leukaemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Cook-Moreau
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et Génétique Moléculaire, Faculté de Médecine, Limoges, France.
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