1
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Niu Y, Pan Y, Wang Y, Fu Y, Zhao Z, Kang L. Lead specifically declines tyrosine hydroxylase activity to induce the onset of Parkinson's disease through disrupting dopamine biosynthesis in fly models. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 356:124383. [PMID: 38897282 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the fastest-growing neurodegenerative diseases and has been linked to the exposure to numerous environmental neurotoxins. Although lead (Pb) exposure has been related to the development of PD, the molecular target of Pb to cause the onset of PD is insufficiently investigated. Herein, we explored the effects of Pb exposure on behavior, pathophysiology, and gene expression of wild-type (WT) fly (Drosophila melanogaster) by comparison with its PD model. After exposure to Pb, the WT flies showed PD-like locomotor impairments and selective loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons, displaying similar phenotypes to fly PD model (PINK1). Transcriptomic analysis showed the similarity in gene expression profiles between Pb treatment WT flies and PINK1 mutant flies. Moreover, Pb exposure resulted in endogenous dopamine deficits in WT flies. Analyses of gene expression and enzyme activity confirmed that Pb exposure reduced tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity and led to failure of dopamine synthesis. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulation confirmed that Pb was adsorbed by TH and subsequently inhibited the enzymatic activity. Exogenous injection of L-dopa and melatonin could partially rescue the pathological phenotypes of Pb-exposed flies and PD fly model. Antagonist injection of microRNA-133, which negatively regulated the expression of TH gene, ultimately rescued in the manifestation of PD phenotypes in flies. Involvement of TH overexpression mutants of fly strongly promoted the resistance to Pb exposure and rescued both behavior and the number of DAergic neurons. Therefore, our study elucidates the Pb molecular target in dopamine pathway and mechanism underlying the risks of Pb exposure on the occurrence of PD at environmentally-relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Niu
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yifan Pan
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yaqi Wang
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Yongqi Fu
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Zhangwu Zhao
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China
| | - Le Kang
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, College of Life Science, Hebei University, Baoding 30023, China; State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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2
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Li Y, Chen W, Wang D. Promotion of mitochondrial fragmentation suppresses the formation of mitochondrial spherical compartmentation in PINK1 B9Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 676:48-57. [PMID: 37481943 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria undergo structural changes reflective of functional statuses. Ultrastructural characterizing of mitochondria is valuable for understanding mitochondrial dysfunction in various pathological conditions. PINK1, a Parkinson's disease (PD) associated gene, plays key roles in maintaining mitochondrial function and integrity. In Drosophila melanogaster, deficiency of PINK1 results in PD-like pathologies due to mitochondrial abnormalities. Here, we report the existence of a new type of mitochondrial-membrane deformity, mitochondrial spherical compartmentation (MSC), caused by PINK1 deficiency in Drosophila. The MSC is a three-dimensional spheroid-like mitochondrial membrane structure encompassing nonselective contents. Upregulation of dDrp1, downregulation of dMarf, and upregulation of dArgK1-A-all resulting in mitochondrial fragmentation-were able to suppress the formation of MSC. Furthermore, arginine kinase, only when localizing to the vicinity of mitochondria, induced mitochondrial fragmentation and reversed the MSC phenotype. In summary, this study demonstrates that loss of dPINK1 leads to the formation of mitochondrial-membrane deformity MSC, which responds to mitochondrial dynamics. In addition, our data suggest a new perspective of how phosphagen energy-buffer system might regulate mitochondrial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute for Future Sciences, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute for Future Sciences, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Danling Wang
- Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China; Institute for Future Sciences, University of South China, Changsha, Hunan, China.
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3
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Rai P, Ratnaparkhi A, Kumar Roy J. Rab11 rescues muscle degeneration and synaptic morphology in the park 13/+ Parkinson model of Drosophila melanogaster. Brain Res 2023; 1816:148442. [PMID: 37302569 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mutation in parkin and pink1 is associated with Parkinson's disease (PD), the most common movement disorder characterized by muscular dysfunction. In a previous study, we observed that Rab11, a member of the small Ras GTPase family, regulates the mitophagy pathway mediated by Parkin and Pink1 in the larval brain of the Drosophila PD model. Here, we describe that the expression and interaction of Rab11 in the PD model of Drosophila is highly conserved across different phylogenic groups. The loss of function in these two proteins, i.e., Parkin and Pink1, leads to mitochondrial aggregation. Rab11 loss of function results in muscle degeneration, movement disorder and synaptic morphological defects. We report that overexpression of Rab11 in park13 heterozygous mutant improves muscle and synaptic organization by reducing mitochondrial aggregations and improving cytoskeleton structural organization. We also show the functional relationship between Rab11 and Brp, apre-synaptic scaffolding protein, required for synaptic neurotransmission. Using park13 heterozygous mutant and pink1RNAi lines, we showed reduced expression of Brp and consequently, there were synaptic dysfunctions including impaired synaptic transmission, decreased bouton size, increase in the bouton numbers, and the length of axonal innervations at the larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ). These synaptic alterations were rescued with the over-expression of Rab11 in the park13 heterozygous mutants. In conclusion, this work emphasizes the importance of Rab11 in rescuing muscle degeneration, movement dysfunction and synaptic morphology by preserving mitochondrial function in the PD model of Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Rai
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
| | | | - Jagat Kumar Roy
- Cytogenetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, India.
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4
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Oliveras-Cañellas N, Castells-Nobau A, de la Vega-Correa L, Latorre-Luque J, Motger-Albertí A, Arnoriaga-Rodriguez M, Garre-Olmo J, Zapata-Tona C, Coll-Martínez C, Ramió-Torrentà L, Moreno-Navarrete JM, Puig J, Villarroya F, Ramos R, Casadó-Anguera V, Martín-García E, Maldonado R, Mayneris-Perxachs J, Fernández-Real JM. Adipose tissue coregulates cognitive function. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg4017. [PMID: 37566655 PMCID: PMC10421051 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg4017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with cognitive decline. Recent observations in mice propose an adipose tissue (AT)-brain axis. We identified 188 genes from RNA sequencing of AT in three cohorts that were associated with performance in different cognitive domains. These genes were mostly involved in synaptic function, phosphatidylinositol metabolism, the complement cascade, anti-inflammatory signaling, and vitamin metabolism. These findings were translated into the plasma metabolome. The circulating blood expression levels of most of these genes were also associated with several cognitive domains in a cohort of 816 participants. Targeted misexpression of candidate gene ortholog in the Drosophila fat body significantly altered flies memory and learning. Among them, down-regulation of the neurotransmitter release cycle-associated gene SLC18A2 improved cognitive abilities in Drosophila and in mice. Up-regulation of RIMS1 in Drosophila fat body enhanced cognitive abilities. Current results show previously unidentified connections between AT transcriptome and brain function in humans, providing unprecedented diagnostic/therapeutic targets in AT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Oliveras-Cañellas
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Castells-Nobau
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Lisset de la Vega-Correa
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jessica Latorre-Luque
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Anna Motger-Albertí
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Arnoriaga-Rodriguez
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Garre-Olmo
- Department of Nursing (Serra-Hunter Professor), University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Cristina Zapata-Tona
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
| | - Clàudia Coll-Martínez
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Lluís Ramió-Torrentà
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Department of Neurology, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Girona Neurodegeneration and Neuroinflammation Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
| | - José Maria Moreno-Navarrete
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep Puig
- Department of Radiology (IDI), Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdIBGi), Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
| | - Francesc Villarroya
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona. Spain
| | - Rafel Ramos
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
- Vascular Health Research Group of Girona (ISV-Girona), Jordi Gol Institute for Primary Care Research (Institut Universitari per a la Recerca en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol I Gorina -IDIAPJGol), Girona, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elena Martín-García
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rafael Maldonado
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology-Neurophar, Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jordi Mayneris-Perxachs
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Manuel Fernández-Real
- Department of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Nutrition, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona, Spain
- Nutrition, Eumetabolism and Health Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IdibGi), Girona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
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5
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Dumitrescu E, Copeland JM, Venton BJ. Parkin Knockdown Modulates Dopamine Release in the Central Complex, but Not the Mushroom Body Heel, of Aging Drosophila. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:198-208. [PMID: 36576890 PMCID: PMC9897283 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons leading to reduced locomotion. Mutations of parkin gene in Drosophila produce the same phenotypes as vertebrate models, but the effect of parkin knockdown on dopamine release is not known. Here, we report age-dependent, spatial variation of dopamine release in the brain of parkin-RNAi adult Drosophila. Dopamine was repetitively stimulated by local application of acetylcholine and quantified by fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in the central complex or mushroom body heel. In the central complex, the main area controlling locomotor function, dopamine release is maintained for repeated stimulations in aged control flies, but lower concentrations of dopamine are released in the central complex of aged parkin-RNAi flies. In the mushroom body heel, the dopamine release decrease in older parkin-RNAi flies is similar to controls. There is not significant dopaminergic neuronal loss even in older parkin knockdown flies, which indicates that the changes in stimulated dopamine release are due to alterations of neuronal function. In young parkin-RNAi flies, locomotion is inhibited by 30%, while in older parkin-RNAi flies it is inhibited by 85%. Overall, stimulated dopamine release is modulated by parkin in an age and brain region dependent manner. Correlating the functional state of the dopaminergic system with behavioral phenotypes provides unique insights into the PD mechanism. Drosophila can be used to study dopamine functionality in PD, elucidate how genetics influence dopamine, and test potential therapies to maintain dopamine release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Dumitrescu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901
| | | | - B. Jill Venton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22901,Corresponding Author: , 434-243-2132
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6
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Pan X, Dutta D, Lu S, Bellen HJ. Sphingolipids in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1137893. [PMID: 36875645 PMCID: PMC9978793 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1137893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative Diseases (NDDs) are a group of disorders that cause progressive deficits of neuronal function. Recent evidence argues that sphingolipid metabolism is affected in a surprisingly broad set of NDDs. These include some lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), hereditary sensory and autonomous neuropathy (HSAN), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD), Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), as well as some forms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Many of these diseases have been modeled in Drosophila melanogaster and are associated with elevated levels of ceramides. Similar changes have also been reported in vertebrate cells and mouse models. Here, we summarize studies using fly models and/or patient samples which demonstrate the nature of the defects in sphingolipid metabolism, the organelles that are implicated, the cell types that are initially affected, and potential therapeutics for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyang Pan
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Debdeep Dutta
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shenzhao Lu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hugo J Bellen
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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7
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Nitta Y, Sugie A. Studies of neurodegenerative diseases using Drosophila and the development of novel approaches for their analysis. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:275-298. [PMID: 35765969 PMCID: PMC9336468 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2087484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of Drosophila in neurodegenerative disease research has contributed to the identification of modifier genes for the pathology. The basis for neurodegenerative disease occurrence in Drosophila is the conservation of genes across species and the ability to perform rapid genetic analysis using a compact brain. Genetic findings previously discovered in Drosophila can reveal molecular pathologies involved in human neurological diseases in later years. Disease models using Drosophila began to be generated during the development of genetic engineering. In recent years, results of reverse translational research using Drosophila have been reported. In this review, we discuss research on neurodegenerative diseases; moreover, we introduce various methods for quantifying neurodegeneration in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Nitta
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sugie
- Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan,CONTACT Atsushi Sugie Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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8
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Ganesan S, Parvathi VD. Deconstructing the molecular genetics behind the PINK1/Parkin axis in Parkinson’s disease using Drosophila melanogaster as a model organism. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder marked by the death of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in response to the compounding effects of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and protein aggregation. Transgenic Drosophila models have been used extensively to decipher the underlying genetic interactions that exacerbate neural health in PD. Autosomal recessive forms of the disease have been linked to mutations in the serine/threonine kinase PINK1(PTEN-Induced Putative Kinase 1) and E3 ligase Parkin, which function in an axis that is conserved in flies. This review aims to probe the current understanding of PD pathogenesis via the PINK1/Parkin axis while underscoring the importance of several molecular and pharmacologic rescues brought to light through studies in Drosophila.
Main body
Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin have been shown to affect the axonal transport of mitochondria within dopaminergic neurons and perturb the balance between mitochondrial fusion/fission resulting in abnormal mitochondrial morphology. As per studies in flies, ectopic expression of Fwd kinase and Atg-1 to promote fission and mitophagy while suppressing fusion via MUL1 E3 ligase may aid to halt mitochondrial aggregation and prolong the survival of dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, upregulation of Hsp70/Hsp90 chaperone systems (Trap1, CHIP) to target misfolded mitochondrial respiratory complexes may help to preserve their bioenergetic capacity. Accumulation of reactive oxygen species as a consequence of respiratory complex dysfunction or antioxidant enzyme deficiency further escalates neural death by inducing apoptosis, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Fly studies have reported the induction of canonical Wnt signalling to enhance the activity of transcriptional co-activators (PGC1α, FOXO) which induce the expression of antioxidant enzymes. Enhancing the clearance of free radicals via uncoupling proteins (UCP4) has also been reported to ameliorate oxidative stress-induced cell death in PINK1/Parkin mutants.
Conclusion
While these novel mechanisms require validation through mammalian studies, they offer several explanations for the factors propagating dopaminergic death as well as promising insights into the therapeutic importance of transgenic fly models in PD.
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9
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Kim GHJ, Mo H, Liu H, Wu Z, Chen S, Zheng J, Zhao X, Nucum D, Shortland J, Peng L, Elepano M, Tang B, Olson S, Paras N, Li H, Renslo AR, Arkin MR, Huang B, Lu B, Sirota M, Guo S. A zebrafish screen reveals Renin-angiotensin system inhibitors as neuroprotective via mitochondrial restoration in dopamine neurons. eLife 2021; 10:69795. [PMID: 34550070 PMCID: PMC8457844 DOI: 10.7554/elife.69795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder without effective disease-modifying therapeutics. Here, we establish a chemogenetic dopamine (DA) neuron ablation model in larval zebrafish with mitochondrial dysfunction and robustness suitable for high-content screening. We use this system to conduct an in vivo DA neuron imaging-based chemical screen and identify the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) inhibitors as significantly neuroprotective. Knockdown of the angiotensin receptor 1 (agtr1) in DA neurons reveals a cell-autonomous mechanism of neuroprotection. DA neuron-specific RNA-seq identifies mitochondrial pathway gene expression that is significantly restored by RAAS inhibitor treatment. The neuroprotective effect of RAAS inhibitors is further observed in a zebrafish Gaucher disease model and Drosophila pink1-deficient PD model. Finally, examination of clinical data reveals a significant effect of RAAS inhibitors in delaying PD progression. Our findings reveal the therapeutic potential and mechanisms of targeting the RAAS pathway for neuroprotection and demonstrate a salient approach that bridges basic science to translational medicine. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the slow death and deterioration of brain cells, in particular of the neurons that produce a chemical messenger known as dopamine. Certain drugs can mitigate the resulting drop in dopamine levels and help to manage symptoms, but they cause dangerous side-effects. There is no treatment that can slow down or halt the progress of the condition, which affects 0.3% of the population globally. Many factors, both genetic and environmental, contribute to the emergence of Parkinson’s disease. For example, dysfunction of the mitochondria, the internal structures that power up cells, is a known mechanism associated with the death of dopamine-producing neurons. Zebrafish are tiny fish which can be used to study Parkinson’s disease, as they are easy to manipulate in the lab and share many characteristics with humans. In particular, they can be helpful to test the effects of various potential drugs on the condition. Here, Kim et al. established a new zebrafish model in which dopamine-producing brain cells die due to their mitochondria not working properly; they then used this assay to assess the impact of 1,403 different chemicals on the integrity of these cells. A group of molecules called renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) inhibitors was shown to protect dopamine-producing neurons and stopped them from dying as often. These are already used to treat high blood pressure as they help to dilate blood vessels. In the brain, however, RAAS worked by restoring certain mitochondrial processes. Kim et al. then investigated whether these results are relevant in other, broader contexts. They were able to show that RAAS inhibitors have the same effect in other animals, and that Parkinson’s disease often progresses more slowly in patients that already take these drugs for high blood pressure. Taken together, these findings therefore suggest that RAAS inhibitors may be useful to treat Parkinson’s disease, as well as other brain illnesses that emerge because of mitochondria not working properly. Clinical studies and new ways to improve these drugs are needed to further investigate and capitalize on these potential benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gha-Hyun J Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Han Mo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Harrison Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Zhihao Wu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Steven Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Jiashun Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Xiang Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daryl Nucum
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - James Shortland
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Longping Peng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mannuel Elepano
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute forNeurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Benjamin Tang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States.,Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute forNeurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Steven Olson
- Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute forNeurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Nick Paras
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases (IND), UCSF Weill Institute forNeurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michelle R Arkin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Bo Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program of Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, United States
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, United States
| | - Marina Sirota
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Su Guo
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Programs in BiologicalSciences and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States.,Graduate Program of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacogenomics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
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10
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Leites EP, Morais VA. The PINK1-Mediated Crosstalk between Neural Cells and the Underlying Link to Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061395. [PMID: 34198743 PMCID: PMC8228719 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has a fundamental role in the development of idiopathic and familiar forms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). The nuclear-encoded mitochondrial kinase PINK1, linked to familial PD, is responsible for diverse mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control, ATP production, mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis and neuroinflammation. The main pathological hallmark of PD is the loss of dopaminergic neurons. However, novel discoveries have brought forward the concept that a disruption in overall brain homeostasis may be the underlying cause of this neurodegeneration disease. To sustain this, astrocytes and microglia cells lacking PINK1 have revealed increased neuroinflammation and deficits in physiological roles, such as decreased wound healing capacity and ATP production, which clearly indicate involvement of these cells in the physiopathology of PD. PINK1 executes vital functions within mitochondrial regulation that have a detrimental impact on the development and progression of PD. Hence, in this review, we aim to broaden the horizon of PINK1-mediated phenotypes occurring in neurons, astrocytes and microglia and, ultimately, highlight the importance of the crosstalk between these neural cells that is crucial for brain homeostasis.
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11
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Pütz SM, Kram J, Rauh E, Kaiser S, Toews R, Lueningschroer-Wang Y, Rieger D, Raabe T. Loss of p21-activated kinase Mbt/PAK4 causes Parkinson-like phenotypes in Drosophila. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm047811. [PMID: 34125184 PMCID: PMC8246267 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.047811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) provokes bradykinesia, resting tremor, rigidity and postural instability, and also non-motor symptoms such as depression, anxiety, sleep and cognitive impairments. Similar phenotypes can be induced in Drosophila melanogaster through modification of PD-relevant genes or the administration of PD-inducing toxins. Recent studies correlated deregulation of human p21-activated kinase 4 (PAK4) with PD, leaving open the question of a causative relationship of mutations in this gene for manifestation of PD symptoms. To determine whether flies lacking the PAK4 homolog Mushroom bodies tiny (Mbt) show PD-like phenotypes, we tested for a variety of PD criteria. Here, we demonstrate that mbt mutant flies show PD-like phenotypes including age-dependent movement deficits, reduced life expectancy and fragmented sleep. They also react to a stressful situation with higher immobility, indicating an influence of Mbt on emotional behavior. Loss of Mbt function has a negative effect on the number of dopaminergic protocerebral anterior medial (PAM) neurons, most likely caused by a proliferation defect of neural progenitors. The age-dependent movement deficits are not accompanied by a corresponding further loss of PAM neurons. Previous studies highlighted the importance of a small PAM subgroup for age-dependent PD motor impairments. We show that impaired motor skills are caused by a lack of Mbt in this PAM subgroup. In addition, a broader re-expression of Mbt in PAM neurons improves life expectancy. Conversely, selective Mbt knockout in the same cells shortens lifespan. We conclude that mutations in Mbt/PAK4 can play a causative role in the development of PD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Pütz
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jette Kram
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Elisa Rauh
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sophie Kaiser
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Romy Toews
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yi Lueningschroer-Wang
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Rieger
- Neurobiology and Genetics, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Raabe
- Medical Radiation and Cell Research, Biocenter, Am Hubland, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Ingles-Prieto A, Furthmann N, Crossman SH, Tichy AM, Hoyer N, Petersen M, Zheden V, Biebl J, Reichhart E, Gyoergy A, Siekhaus DE, Soba P, Winklhofer KF, Janovjak H. Optogenetic delivery of trophic signals in a genetic model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009479. [PMID: 33857132 PMCID: PMC8049241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics has been harnessed to shed new mechanistic light on current and future therapeutic strategies. This has been to date achieved by the regulation of ion flow and electrical signals in neuronal cells and neural circuits that are known to be affected by disease. In contrast, the optogenetic delivery of trophic biochemical signals, which support cell survival and are implicated in degenerative disorders, has never been demonstrated in an animal model of disease. Here, we reengineered the human and Drosophila melanogaster REarranged during Transfection (hRET and dRET) receptors to be activated by light, creating one-component optogenetic tools termed Opto-hRET and Opto-dRET. Upon blue light stimulation, these receptors robustly induced the MAPK/ERK proliferative signaling pathway in cultured cells. In PINK1B9 flies that exhibit loss of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a kinase associated with familial Parkinson's disease (PD), light activation of Opto-dRET suppressed mitochondrial defects, tissue degeneration and behavioral deficits. In human cells with PINK1 loss-of-function, mitochondrial fragmentation was rescued using Opto-dRET via the PI3K/NF-кB pathway. Our results demonstrate that a light-activated receptor can ameliorate disease hallmarks in a genetic model of PD. The optogenetic delivery of trophic signals is cell type-specific and reversible and thus has the potential to inspire novel strategies towards a spatio-temporal regulation of tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Ingles-Prieto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Nikolas Furthmann
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Samuel H. Crossman
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexandra-Madelaine Tichy
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nina Hoyer
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Petersen
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Zheden
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Julia Biebl
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Eva Reichhart
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, Australia
| | - Attila Gyoergy
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Daria E. Siekhaus
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Soba
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konstanze F. Winklhofer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Harald Janovjak
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (ARMI), Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, Australia
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory Australia (EMBL Australia), Monash University, Clayton/Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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13
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Sircar E, Rai SR, Wilson MA, Schlossmacher MG, Sengupta R. Neurodegeneration: Impact of S-nitrosylated Parkin, DJ-1 and PINK1 on the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 704:108869. [PMID: 33819447 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the fastest-growing neurodegenerative disorders of increasing global prevalence. It represents the second most common movement disorder after tremor and the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. The incidence rate of idiopathic PD increases steadily with age, however, some variants of autosomal recessive inheritance are present with an early age-at-onset (ARPD). Approximately 50 percent of ARPD cases have been linked to bi-allelic mutations in genes encoding Parkin, DJ-1, and PINK1. Each protein has been implicated in maintaining proper mitochondrial function, which is particularly important for neuronal health. Aberrant post-translational modifications of these proteins may disrupt their cellular functions and thus contributing to the development of idiopathic PD. Some post-translational modifictions can be attributed to the dysregulation of potentially harmful reactive oxygen and nitrogen species inside the cell, which promote oxidative and nitrosative stress, respectively. Unlike oxidative modifications, the covalent modification by Nitric Oxide under nitrosative stress, leading to S-nitrosylation of Parkin, DJ-1; and PINK1, is less studied. Here, we review the available literature on S-nitrosylation of these three proteins, their implications in the pathogenesis of PD, and provide an overview of currently known, denitrosylating systems in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha Sircar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sristi Raj Rai
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Mark A Wilson
- Department of Biochemistry and the Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Michael G Schlossmacher
- Program in Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada; Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rajib Sengupta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India.
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14
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Vos M, Klein C. The Importance of Drosophila melanogaster Research to UnCover Cellular Pathways Underlying Parkinson's Disease. Cells 2021; 10:579. [PMID: 33800736 PMCID: PMC7998316 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex neurodegenerative disorder that is currently incurable. As a consequence of an incomplete understanding of the etiology of the disease, therapeutic strategies mainly focus on symptomatic treatment. Even though the majority of PD cases remain idiopathic (~90%), several genes have been identified to be causative for PD, facilitating the generation of animal models that are a good alternative to study disease pathways and to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of PD. Drosophila melanogaster has proven to be an excellent model in these studies. In this review, we will discuss the different PD models in flies and key findings identified in flies in different affected pathways in PD. Several molecular changes have been identified, of which mitochondrial dysfunction and a defective endo-lysosomal pathway emerge to be the most relevant for PD pathogenesis. Studies in flies have significantly contributed to our knowledge of how disease genes affect and interact in these pathways enabling a better understanding of the disease etiology and providing possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of PD, some of which have already resulted in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Vos
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Building 67, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, Building 67, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
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15
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Ying AF, Khan S, Wu Y, Jin A, Wong AS, Tan E, Yuan J, Koh W, Tan LC. Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Parkinson's Disease in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Mov Disord 2020; 35:1765-1773. [PMID: 32643256 PMCID: PMC7754435 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite experimental evidence implicating oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of PD, epidemiological studies have provided inconsistent associations between dietary antioxidants and risk of developing PD. Furthermore, no study has been done in any Asian population. OBJECTIVES We examined the associations for intake levels of dietary carotenoids (α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, β-cryptoxanthin, and lutein) and vitamins (vitamin A, C and E) and the risk of developing PD. METHODS We used data from the Singapore Chinese Health Study, a population-based prospective cohort of 63,257 men and women aged 45 to 74 years during enrollment in 1993-1998. Antioxidant intake was derived from a validated semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Incident cases were identified through follow-up interviews, hospital records, or PD registries through 31 July 2018. Hazard ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were derived from multivariable Cox proportional hazard regression models with adjustment for other lifestyle and dietary factors. RESULTS During an average 19.4 years of follow-up, 544 incident PD cases were identified. No association was found for dietary carotenoids, individually or summed. Hazard ratio comparing highest to lowest quartile for total carotenoids was 0.98 (95% confidence interval: 0.76-1.28; Ptrend = 0.83). There were also no clear dose-dependent associations of dietary vitamins A, C, and E with risk of developing PD (all Ptrend ≥ 0.10). Sensitive analyses with lag time and excluding supplement use did not materially alter results. CONCLUSIONS Intake of dietary antioxidants, such as carotenoids and vitamins, was not associated with the risk of developing PD in Singaporean Chinese. © 2020 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shazma Khan
- Department of NeurologyNational Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of NeurologyNational Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Aizhen Jin
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
| | - Aidan S.Y. Wong
- Department of NeurologyNational Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Eng‐King Tan
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Department of NeurologyNational Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
| | - Jian‐Min Yuan
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, and Department of EpidemiologyGraduate School of Public Health, University of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Woon‐Puay Koh
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public HealthNational University of Singapore
| | - Louis C.S. Tan
- Health Services and Systems Research, Duke‐NUS Medical SchoolSingapore
- Department of NeurologyNational Neuroscience InstituteSingapore
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16
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Xue J, Wang HL, Xiao G. Transferrin1 modulates rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease through affecting iron homeostasis in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 531:305-311. [PMID: 32800558 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are pathophysiologic mechanisms implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). In recent years, environmental toxins are employed to increase oxidative stress mediated neuropathology and sporadic PD. Disruption of iron homeostasis has been implicated in PD patients for many years, but the functional role of iron in sporadic PD pathogenesis is still not well clarified in vivo. To address this question, we set out to investigate the effect of iron on a Drosophila rotenone model of sporadic PD. Iron homeostasis is maintained by many transporters. We found that inhibition of transferrin1 (Tsf1) expression in the central nervous system (CNS) results in reduced iron levels in brains and significantly ameliorates the neurodegenerative phenotypes of rotenone exposure Drosophila; moreover, the rotenone induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in the brain, the damaged complex I activity and the decreased ATP generation were dramatically rescued by Tsf1 knockdown. Further study indicated that all the rescue effects of Tsf1 knockdown on sporadic PD could be inhibited by malvolio (Mvl) overexpression, an iron transporter responsible for iron uptake. These results imply that Tsf1 knockdown in the CNS could attenuate rotenone toxicity by decreasing the ROS levels in brains through reducing iron levels, and manipulation of iron transporters in brains may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for sporadic PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Xue
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.
| | - Guiran Xiao
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui, 230009, China.
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17
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Smolders S, Van Broeckhoven C. Genetic perspective on the synergistic connection between vesicular transport, lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways associated with Parkinson's disease pathogenesis. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:63. [PMID: 32375870 PMCID: PMC7201634 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-00935-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) and atypical parkinsonian syndromes (APS) are symptomatically characterized by parkinsonism, with the latter presenting additionally a distinctive range of atypical features. Although the majority of patients with PD and APS appear to be sporadic, genetic causes of several rare monogenic disease variants were identified. The knowledge acquired from these genetic factors indicated that defects in vesicular transport pathways, endo-lysosomal dysfunction, impaired autophagy-lysosomal protein and organelle degradation pathways, α-synuclein aggregation and mitochondrial dysfunction play key roles in PD pathogenesis. Moreover, membrane dynamics are increasingly recognized as a key player in the disease pathogenesis due lipid homeostasis alterations, associated with lysosomal dysfunction, caused by mutations in several PD and APS genes. The importance of lysosomal dysfunction and lipid homeostasis is strengthened by both genetic discoveries and clinical epidemiology of the association between parkinsonism and lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), caused by the disruption of lysosomal biogenesis or function. A synergistic coordination between vesicular trafficking, lysosomal and mitochondria defects exist whereby mutations in PD and APS genes encoding proteins primarily involved one PD pathway are frequently associated with defects in other PD pathways as a secondary effect. Moreover, accumulating clinical and genetic observations suggest more complex inheritance patters of familial PD exist, including oligogenic and polygenic inheritance of genes in the same or interconnected PD pathways, further strengthening their synergistic connection.Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of PD and APS genes with functions in vesicular transport, lysosomal and mitochondrial pathways, and highlight functional and genetic evidence of the synergistic connection between these PD associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Smolders
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp - CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp - CDE, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Antwerpen, Belgium.
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium.
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18
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New insights into molecular chaperone TRAP1 as a feasible target for future cancer treatments. Life Sci 2020; 254:117737. [PMID: 32376268 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1), a molecular chaperone, is a major member of the mitochondrial heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) family. Studies have shown that TRAP1 can prevent hypoxia-induced damage to cardiomyocytes, maintain cardiomyocytes viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, and protect cardiomyocytes. In addition, it can also protect astrocytes from ischemic damage in vitro. In recent years, there have been many new discoveries in tumors. The abnormal expression of TRAP1 is closely related to the occurrence and development of various tumors. TRAP1 protein seems to be a central regulatory protein, involved in the activation of various oncogenic proteins and signaling pathways, and has a balanced function at tumor transformation and the intersection of different metabolic processes. Targeting its chaperone activity and molecular interactions can destroy the metabolism and survival adaptability of tumor cells, paving the way for the development of highly selective mitochondrial anti-tumor drugs. Moreover, the combination of TRAP1 inhibition and current traditional cancer therapies has shown promising applications. These findings have important implications for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Therefore, we reviewed the recently identified functions of the molecular chaperone TRAP1 in cancer development and progression, as well as the discovery and recent advances in selective TRAP1 inhibitors as anticancer drug therapies, opening up new attractive prospects for exploring strategies for targeting TRAP1 as a tumor cell target.
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19
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Antioxidant Therapy in Parkinson's Disease: Insights from Drosophila melanogaster. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010052. [PMID: 31936094 PMCID: PMC7023233 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role as endogenous mediators in several cellular signalling pathways. However, at high concentrations they can also exert deleterious effects by reacting with many macromolecules including DNA, proteins and lipids. The precise balance between ROS production and their removal via numerous enzymatic and nonenzymatic molecules is of fundamental importance for cell survival. Accordingly, many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s disease (PD), are associated with excessive levels of ROS, which induce oxidative damage. With the aim of coping with the progression of PD, antioxidant compounds are currently receiving increasing attention as potential co-adjuvant molecules in the treatment of these diseases, and many studies have been performed to evaluate the purported protective effects of several antioxidant molecules. In the present review, we present and discuss the relevance of the use of Drosophila melanogaster as an animal model with which to evaluate the therapeutic potential of natural and synthetic antioxidants. The conservation of most of the PD-related genes between humans and D. melanogaster, along with the animal’s rapid life cycle and the versatility of genetic tools, makes fruit flies an ideal experimental system for rapid screening of antioxidant-based treatments.
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20
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Miyai T, Vasanth S, Melangath G, Deshpande N, Kumar V, Benischke AS, Chen Y, Price MO, Price FW, Jurkunas UV. Activation of PINK1-Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy Degrades Mitochondrial Quality Control Proteins in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2061-2076. [PMID: 31361992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corneal endothelium (CE) is a monolayer of mitochondria-rich cells, critical for maintaining corneal transparency compatible with clear vision. Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a heterogeneous, genetically complex disorder, where oxidative stress plays a key role in the rosette formation during the degenerative loss of CE. Increased mitochondrial fragmentation along with excessive mitophagy activation has been detected in FECD; however, the mechanism of aberrant mitochondrial dynamics in CE cell loss is poorly understood. Here, the role of oxidative stress in mitophagy activation in FECD is investigated. Immunoblotting of FECD ex vivo specimens revealed an accumulation of PINK1 and phospho-Parkin (Ser65) along with loss of total Parkin and total Drp1. Similarly, modeling of rosette formation with menadione (MN), led to phospho-Parkin accumulation in fragmented mitochondria resulting in mitophagy-induced mitochondrial clearance, albeit possibly in a PINK1-independent manner. Loss of PINK1, phospho-Drp1, and total Drp1 was prominent after MN-induced oxidative stress, but not after mitochondrial depolarization by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. Moreover, MN-induced mitophagy led to degradation of Parkin along with sequestration of Drp1 and PINK1 that was rescued by mitophagy inhibition. This study shows that in FECD, intracellular oxidative stress induces Parkin-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation where endogenous Drp1 and PINK1 are sequestered and degraded by mitophagy during degenerative loss of post-mitotic cells of ocular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyai
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shivakumar Vasanth
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geetha Melangath
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neha Deshpande
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Varun Kumar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne-Sophie Benischke
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuming Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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21
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Garcia-Moreno JC, Porta de la Riva M, Martínez-Lara E, Siles E, Cañuelo A. Tyrosol, a simple phenol from EVOO, targets multiple pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in a C. elegans model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 82:60-68. [PMID: 31404721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder involving α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, oxidative stress, dysregulation of redox metal homeostasis, and neurotoxicity. Different phenolic compounds with known antioxidant or antichelating properties have been shown to also interfere with aggregation of amyloid proteins and modulate intracellular signaling pathways. The present study aims to investigate for the first time the effect of tyrosol (TYR), a simple phenol present in extra-virgin olive oil, on α-syn aggregation in a Caenorhabditis elegans model of PD and evaluate its potential to prevent α-syn toxicity, neurodegeneration, and oxidative stress in this model organism. Our results show that TYR is effective in reducing α-syn inclusions, resulting in a lower toxicity and extended life span of treated nematodes. Moreover, TYR delayed α-syn-dependent degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in vivo. TYR treatment also reduced reactive oxygen species level and promoted the expression of specific chaperones and antioxidant enzymes. Overall, our study puts into perspective TYR potential to be considered as nutraceutical that targets pivotal causal factors in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Montserrat Porta de la Riva
- Cancer and Human Molecular Genetics, C. elegans Core Facility, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Martínez-Lara
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Eva Siles
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain
| | - Ana Cañuelo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain.
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22
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Abstract
Aging, as a physiological process mediated by numerous regulatory pathways and transcription factors, is manifested by continuous progressive functional decline and increasing risk of chronic diseases. There is an increasing interest to identify pharmacological agents for treatment and prevention of age-related disease in humans. Animal models play an important role in identification and testing of anti-aging compounds; this step is crucial before the drug will enter human clinical trial or will be introduced to human medicine. One of the main goals of animal studies is better understanding of mechanistic targets, therapeutic implications and side-effects of the drug, which may be later translated into humans. In this chapter, we summarized the effects of different drugs reported to extend the lifespan in model organisms from round worms to rodents. Resveratrol, rapamycin, metformin and aspirin, showing effectiveness in model organism life- and healthspan extension mainly target the master regulators of aging such as mTOR, FOXO and PGC1α, affecting autophagy, inflammation and oxidative stress. In humans, these drugs were demonstrated to reduce inflammation, prevent CVD, and slow down the functional decline in certain organs. Additionally, potential anti-aging pharmacologic agents inhibit cancerogenesis, interfering with certain aspects of cell metabolism, proliferation, angioneogenesis and apoptosis.
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23
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Correddu D, Leung IK. Targeting mRNA translation in Parkinson’s disease. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1295-1303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Evaluating the Potential of Portulaca oleracea L. for Parkinson's Disease Treatment Using a Drosophila Model with dUCH-Knockdown. PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 2019:1818259. [PMID: 31143437 PMCID: PMC6501175 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1818259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), which is characterized by the decreased motor function and the loss of dopaminergic neurons, is a common neurodegenerative disorder in elders. There have been numerous in vitro and in vivo models developed to study mechanisms of PD and screen potential drug. Recently, dUCH-knockdown Drosophila model has been established and showed potential for screening antioxidants for PD treatment. The dUCH-knockdown Drosophila model of PD mimics most of main PD pathologies such as dopaminergic neurons degeneration, locomotor dysfunction, and shortage of dopamine in the brain. Common purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is a nutritious vegetable containing a variety of antioxidants, levodopa, and dopamine, a neurotransmitter closely related to PD. Purslane has been reported to exert neuroprotective effects against several neurotoxins including rotenone and 6-OHDA in PD models. However, the recent data have not provided sufficient evidence for using purslane to treat PD or decelerate disease progression. Therefore, in this study, we utilized dUCH-knockdown fly to evaluate the capacity of purslane extracts for PD treatment. The results showed that purslane extracts improved locomotor ability in the larval stage and decelerated disease progression in the adult stage. Additionally, purslane extracts also reduced dopaminergic neuron degeneration. Taken together, our data strongly demonstrated that purslane extracts effectively rescued PD-like phenotypes in the fly model. This result contributed a foundation for further study on the application of purslane in PD treatment.
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von Stockum S, Sanchez-Martinez A, Corrà S, Chakraborty J, Marchesan E, Locatello L, Da Rè C, Cusumano P, Caicci F, Ferrari V, Costa R, Bubacco L, Rasotto MB, Szabo I, Whitworth AJ, Scorrano L, Ziviani E. Inhibition of the deubiquitinase USP8 corrects a Drosophila PINK1 model of mitochondria dysfunction. Life Sci Alliance 2019; 2:2/2/e201900392. [PMID: 30988163 PMCID: PMC6467245 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.201900392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant mitochondrial dynamics disrupts mitochondrial function and contributes to disease conditions. A targeted RNA interference screen for deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) affecting protein levels of multifunctional mitochondrial fusion protein Mitofusin (MFN) identified USP8 prominently influencing MFN levels. Genetic and pharmacological inhibition of USP8 normalized the elevated MFN protein levels observed in PINK1 and Parkin-deficient models. This correlated with improved mitochondrial function, locomotor performance and life span, and prevented dopaminergic neurons loss in Drosophila PINK1 KO flies. We identified a novel target antagonizing pathologically elevated MFN levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, and dopaminergic neuron loss of a Drosophila model of mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samantha Corrà
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Neurogenetics and Behavior of Drosophila Lab, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Lisa Locatello
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Caterina Da Rè
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Neurogenetics and Behavior of Drosophila Lab, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Cusumano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Neurogenetics and Behavior of Drosophila Lab, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Vanni Ferrari
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Costa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Neurogenetics and Behavior of Drosophila Lab, Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luigi Bubacco
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Ildiko Szabo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Luca Scorrano
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Dulbecco-Telethon Institute, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Ziviani
- Fondazione Ospedale San Camillo, IRCCS, Venezia, Italy,Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy,Correspondence:
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26
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Wang R, Tan J, Chen T, Han H, Tian R, Tan Y, Wu Y, Cui J, Chen F, Li J, Lv L, Guan X, Shang S, Lu J, Zhang Z. ATP13A2 facilitates HDAC6 recruitment to lysosome to promote autophagosome-lysosome fusion. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:267-284. [PMID: 30538141 PMCID: PMC6314552 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201804165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in ATP13A2 cause Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, an autosomal recessive form of juvenile-onset atypical Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent work tied ATP13A2 to autophagy and other cellular features of neurodegeneration, but how ATP13A2 governs numerous cellular functions in PD pathogenesis is not understood. In this study, the ATP13A2-deficient mouse developed into aging-dependent phenotypes resembling those of autophagy impairment. ATP13A2 deficiency impaired autophagosome-lysosome fusion in cultured cells and in in vitro reconstitution assays. In ATP13A2-deficient cells or Drosophila melanogaster or mouse tissues, lysosomal localization and activity of HDAC6 were reduced, with increased acetylation of tubulin and cortactin. Wild-type HDAC6, but not a deacetylase-inactive mutant, restored autophagosome-lysosome fusion, antagonized cortactin hyperacetylation, and promoted lysosomal localization of cortactin in ATP13A2-deficient cells. Mechanistically, ATP13A2 facilitated recruitment of HDAC6 and cortactin to lysosomes. Cortactin overexpression in cultured cells reversed ATP13A2 deficiency-associated impairment of autophagosome-lysosome fusion. PD-causing ATP13A2 mutants failed to rescue autophagosome-lysosome fusion or to promote degradation of protein aggregates and damaged mitochondria. These results suggest that ATP13A2 recruits HDAC6 to lysosomes to deacetylate cortactin and promotes autophagosome-lysosome fusion and autophagy. This study identifies ATP13A2 as an essential molecular component for normal autophagy flux in vivo and implies potential treatments targeting HDAC6-mediated autophagy for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoxi Wang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hailong Han
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Runyi Tian
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ya Tan
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jingyi Cui
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinjie Guan
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shuai Shang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiahong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital and Center for Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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Breger LS, Fuzzati Armentero MT. Genetically engineered animal models of Parkinson's disease: From worm to rodent. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:533-560. [PMID: 30552719 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder characterised by aberrant accumulation of insoluble proteins, including alpha-synuclein, and a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The extended neurodegeneration leads to a drop of striatal dopamine levels responsible for disabling motor and non-motor impairments. Although the causes of the disease remain unclear, it is well accepted among the scientific community that the disorder may also have a genetic component. For that reason, the number of genetically engineered animal models has greatly increased over the past two decades, ranging from invertebrates to more complex organisms such as mice and rats. This trend is growing as new genetic variants associated with the disease are discovered. The EU Joint Programme - Neurodegenerative Disease Research (JPND) has promoted the creation of an online database aiming at summarising the different features of experimental models of Parkinson's disease. This review discusses available genetic models of PD and the extent to which they adequately mirror the human pathology and reflects on future development and uses of genetically engineered experimental models for the study of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludivine S Breger
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, Centre Broca Nouvelle Aquitaine, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux cedex, France
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28
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Wu Z, Wu A, Dong J, Sigears A, Lu B. Grape skin extract improves muscle function and extends lifespan of a Drosophila model of Parkinson's disease through activation of mitophagy. Exp Gerontol 2018; 113:10-17. [PMID: 30248358 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that moderate red wine consumption may confer several health benefits, including protection against heart disease, certain cancers and multiple age-related neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease. These health benefits are assumed to come from a compound from grape skin called resveratrol, which has been proposed to be a pro-longevity agent. Whether resveratrol accounts for all the health benefits of grape-derived nutrients and the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of such nutrients are not well understood. Here we investigated the effect of supplementing grape skin extract (GSE) left from red wine-production process to the daily food intake of a Drosophila melanogaster model of Parkinson's disease (PD) associated with PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) loss-of-function. Consumption of GSE resulted in rescue of mitochondrial morphological defects, improvement of indirect flight muscle function and health-span, and prolonged lifespan of the PINK1 mutant flies. Further biochemical and genetic studies revealed a link between activation of mitophagy and the beneficial effects of GSE. Our results indicate that GSE can promote autophagy activation, preserve mitochondria function, and protect against PD pathogenesis, and that the beneficial effect of GSE in mitophagy activation is not accounted for by resveratrol alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Programs in Neuroscience and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303, United States of America.
| | - Alan Wu
- Department of Pathology and Programs in Neuroscience and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303, United States of America; Crystal Springs Uplands School, Hillsborough, CA 94010, United States of America
| | - Jason Dong
- Department of Pathology and Programs in Neuroscience and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303, United States of America
| | - Andy Sigears
- Crystal Springs Uplands School, Hillsborough, CA 94010, United States of America
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Programs in Neuroscience and Cancer Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94303, United States of America.
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29
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Salazar C, Ruiz-Hincapie P, Ruiz LM. The Interplay among PINK1/PARKIN/Dj-1 Network during Mitochondrial Quality Control in Cancer Biology: Protein Interaction Analysis. Cells 2018; 7:cells7100154. [PMID: 30274236 PMCID: PMC6210981 DOI: 10.3390/cells7100154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PARKIN (E3 ubiquitin ligase PARK2), PINK1 (PTEN induced kinase 1) and DJ-1 (PARK7) are proteins involved in autosomal recessive parkinsonism, and carcinogenic processes. In damaged mitochondria, PINK1’s importing into the inner mitochondrial membrane is prevented, PARKIN presents a partial mitochondrial localization at the outer mitochondrial membrane and DJ-1 relocates to mitochondria when oxidative stress increases. Depletion of these proteins result in abnormal mitochondrial morphology. PINK1, PARKIN, and DJ-1 participate in mitochondrial remodeling and actively regulate mitochondrial quality control. In this review, we highlight that PARKIN, PINK1, and DJ-1 should be regarded as having an important role in Cancer Biology. The STRING database and Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were performed to consolidate knowledge of well-known protein interactions for PINK1, PARKIN, and DJ-1 and envisage new ones. The enrichment analysis of KEGG pathways showed that the PINK1/PARKIN/DJ-1 network resulted in Parkinson disease as the main feature, while the protein DJ-1 showed enrichment in prostate cancer and p53 signaling pathway. Some predicted transcription factors regulating PINK1, PARK2 (PARKIN) and PARK7 (DJ-1) gene expression are related to cell cycle control. We can therefore suggest that the interplay among PINK1/PARKIN/DJ-1 network during mitochondrial quality control in cancer biology may occur at the transcriptional level. Further analysis, like a systems biology approach, will be helpful in the understanding of PINK1/PARKIN/DJ-1 network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Salazar
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile.
| | - Paula Ruiz-Hincapie
- School of Engineering and Technology, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL 10 9AB, UK.
| | - Lina María Ruiz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago 8910060, Chile.
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Morris M, Shaw A, Lambert M, Perry HH, Lowenstein E, Valenzuela D, Velazquez-Ulloa NA. Developmental nicotine exposure affects larval brain size and the adult dopaminergic system of Drosophila melanogaster. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2018; 18:13. [PMID: 29898654 PMCID: PMC6001141 DOI: 10.1186/s12861-018-0172-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pregnant women may be exposed to nicotine if they smoke or use tobacco products, nicotine replacement therapy, or via e-cigarettes. Prenatal nicotine exposure has been shown to have deleterious effects on the nervous system in mammals including changes in brain size and in the dopaminergic system. The genetic and molecular mechanisms for these changes are not well understood. A Drosophila melanogaster model for these effects of nicotine exposure could contribute to faster identification of genes and molecular pathways underlying these effects. The purpose of this study was to determine if developmental nicotine exposure affects the nervous system of Drosophila melanogaster, focusing on changes to brain size and the dopaminergic system at two developmental stages. RESULTS We reared flies on control or nicotine food from egg to 3rd instar larvae or from egg to adult and determined effectiveness of the nicotine treatment. We used immunohistochemistry to visualize the whole brain and dopaminergic neurons, using tyrosine hydroxylase as the marker. We measured brain area, tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence, and counted the number of dopaminergic neurons in brain clusters. We detected an increase in larval brain hemisphere area, a decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase fluorescence in adult central brains, and a decrease in the number of neurons in the PPM3 adult dopaminergic cluster. We tested involvement of Dα7, one of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits, and found it was involved in eclosion, as previously described, but not involved in brain size. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that developmental nicotine exposure in Drosophila melanogaster affects brain size and the dopaminergic system. Prenatal nicotine exposure in mammals has also been shown to have effects on brain size and in the dopaminergic system. This study further establishes Drosophila melanogaster as model organism to study the effects of developmental nicotine exposure. The genetic and molecular tools available for Drosophila research will allow elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the effects of nicotine exposure during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Morris
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
| | - Ariel Shaw
- Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, USA
| | | | | | - Eve Lowenstein
- Biology Department, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, USA
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31
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Himmelberg MM, West RJH, Elliott CJH, Wade AR. Abnormal visual gain control and excitotoxicity in early-onset Parkinson's disease Drosophila models. J Neurophysiol 2018; 119:957-970. [PMID: 29142100 PMCID: PMC5899316 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00681.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The excitotoxic theory of Parkinson's disease (PD) hypothesizes that a pathophysiological degeneration of dopaminergic neurons stems from neural hyperactivity at early stages of disease, leading to mitochondrial stress and cell death. Recent research has harnessed the visual system of Drosophila PD models to probe this hypothesis. Here, we investigate whether abnormal visual sensitivity and excitotoxicity occur in early-onset PD (EOPD) Drosophila models DJ-1αΔ72, DJ-1βΔ 93, and PINK15. We used an electroretinogram to record steady-state visually evoked potentials driven by temporal contrast stimuli. At 1 day of age, all EOPD mutants had a twofold increase in response amplitudes compared with w̄ controls. Furthermore, we found that excitotoxicity occurs in older EOPD models after increased neural activity is triggered by visual stimulation. In an additional analysis, we used a linear discriminant analysis to test whether there were subtle variations in neural gain control that could be used to classify Drosophila into their correct age and genotype. The discriminant analysis was highly accurate, classifying Drosophila into their correct genotypic class at all age groups at 50-70% accuracy (20% chance baseline). Differences in cellular processes link to subtle alterations in neural network operation in young flies, all of which lead to the same pathogenic outcome. Our data are the first to quantify abnormal gain control and excitotoxicity in EOPD Drosophila mutants. We conclude that EOPD mutations may be linked to more sensitive neuronal signaling in prodromal animals that may cause the expression of PD symptomologies later in life. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Steady-state visually evoked potential response amplitudes to multivariate temporal contrast stimuli were recorded in early-onset PD Drosophila models. Our data indicate that abnormal gain control and a subsequent visual loss occur in these PD mutants, supporting a broader excitotoxicity hypothesis in genetic PD. Furthermore, linear discriminant analysis could accurately classify Drosophila into their correct genotype at different ages throughout their lifespan. Our results suggest increased neural signaling in prodromal PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc M Himmelberg
- Department of Psychology, The University of York , York , United Kingdom
| | - Ryan J H West
- Department of Biology, The University of York , York , United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex R Wade
- Department of Psychology, The University of York , York , United Kingdom
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32
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Doktór B, Damulewicz M, Krzeptowski W, Bednarczyk B, Pyza E. Effects of PINK1 mutation on synapses and behavior in the brain of Drosophila melanogaster. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars) 2018. [DOI: 10.21307/ane-2018-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Molina-Mateo D, Fuenzalida-Uribe N, Hidalgo S, Molina-Fernández C, Abarca J, Zárate RV, Escandón M, Figueroa R, Tevy MF, Campusano JM. Characterization of a presymptomatic stage in a Drosophila Parkinson's disease model: Unveiling dopaminergic compensatory mechanisms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2882-2890. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Singh V, Sharma RK, Athilingam T, Sinha P, Sinha N, Thakur AK. NMR Spectroscopy-based Metabolomics of Drosophila Model of Huntington's Disease Suggests Altered Cell Energetics. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:3863-3872. [PMID: 28871787 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder induced by aggregation of the pathological form of Huntingtin protein that has expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) repeats. In the Drosophila model, for instance, expression of transgenes with polyQ repeats induces HD-like pathologies, progressively correlating with the increasing lengths of these repeats. Previous studies on both animal models and clinical samples have revealed metabolite imbalances during HD progression. To further explore the physiological processes linked to metabolite imbalances during HD, we have investigated the 1D 1H NMR spectroscopy-based metabolomics profile of Drosophila HD model. Using multivariate analysis (PCA and PLS-DA) of metabolites obtained from methanolic extracts of fly heads displaying retinal deformations due to polyQ overexpression, we show that the metabolite imbalance during HD is likely to affect cell energetics. Six out of the 35 metabolites analyzed, namely, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), lactate, pyruvate, succinate, sarcosine, and acetoin, displayed segregation with progressive severity of HD. Specifically, HD progression was seen to be associated with reduction in NAD and increase in lactate-to-pyruvate ratio. Furthermore, comparative analysis of fly HD metabolome with those of mouse HD model and HD human patients revealed comparable metabolite imbalances, suggesting altered cellular energy homeostasis. These findings thus raise the possibility of therapeutic interventions for HD via modulation of cellular energetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Singh
- Biological Science and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Raj Kumar Sharma
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus , Lucknow 226014, India
| | | | - Pradip Sinha
- Biological Science and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Neeraj Sinha
- Centre of Biomedical Research, SGPGIMS Campus , Lucknow 226014, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Thakur
- Biological Science and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur , Kanpur 208016, India
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35
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Sanz FJ, Solana-Manrique C, Muñoz-Soriano V, Calap-Quintana P, Moltó MD, Paricio N. Identification of potential therapeutic compounds for Parkinson's disease using Drosophila and human cell models. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:683-691. [PMID: 28455141 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease. It is caused by a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to a decrease in dopamine levels in the striatum and thus producing movement impairment. Major physiological causes of neurodegeneration in PD are oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial dysfunction; these pathophysiological changes can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Although most PD cases are sporadic, it has been shown that 5-10% of them are familial forms caused by mutations in certain genes. One of these genes is the DJ-1 oncogene, which is involved in an early-onset recessive PD form. Currently, PD is an incurable disease for which existing therapies are not sufficiently effective to counteract or delay the progression of the disease. Therefore, the discovery of alternative drugs for the treatment of PD is essential. In this study we used a Drosophila PD model to identify candidate compounds with therapeutic potential for this disease. These flies carry a loss-of-function mutation in the DJ-1β gene, the Drosophila ortholog of human DJ-1, and show locomotor defects reflected by a reduced climbing ability. A pilot modifier chemical screen was performed, and several candidate compounds were identified based on their ability to improve locomotor activity of PD model flies. We demonstrated that some of them were also able to reduce OS levels in these flies. To validate the compounds identified in the Drosophila screen, a human cell PD model was generated by knocking down DJ-1 function in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Our results showed that some of the compounds were also able to increase the viability of the DJ-1-deficient cells subjected to OS, thus supporting the use of Drosophila for PD drug discovery. Interestingly, some of them have been previously proposed as alternative therapies for PD or tested in clinical trials and others are first suggested in this study as potential drugs for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco José Sanz
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Cristina Solana-Manrique
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Verónica Muñoz-Soriano
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - Pablo Calap-Quintana
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - María Dolores Moltó
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; CIBERSAM, INCLIVA. Valencia, Spain
| | - Nuria Paricio
- Departamento de Genética, Facultad CC Biológicas, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain; Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Spain.
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M'Angale PG, Staveley BE. Overexpression of Buffy enhances the loss of parkin and suppresses the loss of Pink1 phenotypes in Drosophila. Genome 2017; 60:241-247. [PMID: 28106473 DOI: 10.1139/gen-2016-0165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in parkin (PARK2) and Pink1 (PARK6) are responsible for autosomal recessive forms of early onset Parkinson's disease (PD). Attributed to the failure of neurons to clear dysfunctional mitochondria, loss of gene expression leads to loss of nigrostriatal neurons. The Pink1/parkin pathway plays a role in the quality control mechanism aimed at eliminating defective mitochondria, and the failure of this mechanism results in a reduced lifespan and impaired locomotor ability, among other phenotypes. Inhibition of parkin or Pink1 through the induction of stable RNAi transgene in the Ddc-Gal4-expressing neurons results in such phenotypes to model PD. To further evaluate the effects of the overexpression of the Bcl-2 homologue Buffy, we analysed lifespan and climbing ability in both parkin-RNAi- and Pink1-RNAi-expressing flies. In addition, the effect of Buffy overexpression upon parkin-induced developmental eye defects was examined through GMR-Gal4-dependent expression. Curiously, Buffy overexpression produced very different effects: the parkin-induced phenotypes were enhanced, whereas the Pink1-enhanced phenotypes were suppressed. Interestingly, the overexpression of Buffy along with the inhibition of parkin in the neuron-rich eye results in the suppression of the developmental eye defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Githure M'Angale
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.,Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
| | - Brian E Staveley
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada.,Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL A1B 3X9, Canada
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Differential interaction between iron and mutant alpha-synuclein causes distinctive Parkinsonian phenotypes in Drosophila. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1862:518-525. [PMID: 26769358 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-synuclein aggregation is the central hallmark of both sporadic and familial Parkinson's disease (PD). Patients with different PD-causing genetic defects of alpha-synuclein usually show distinctive clinical features that are atypical to sporadic PD. Iron accumulation is invariably found in PD. Recent studies showed that mutant and wild-type alpha-synuclein may have differential interaction with iron and mutant alpha-synuclein toxicity could be preferentially exacerbated by iron. We hence hypothesized that iron overload could selectively influence mutant alpha-synuclein toxicity and disease phenotypes. To test the hypothesis, we investigated if Drosophila melanogaster over-expressing A53T, A30P, and wild-type (WT) alpha-synuclein have different responses to iron treatment. We showed that iron treatment induced similar reduction of survival rate in all flies but induced a more severe motor decline in A53T and A30P mutant alpha-synuclein expressing flies, suggesting interaction between mutant alpha-synuclein and iron. Although no significant difference in total head iron content was found among these flies, we demonstrated that iron treatment induced selective DA neuron loss in motor-related PPM3 cluster only in the flies that express A53T and A30P mutant alpha-synuclein. We provided the first in vivo evidence that iron overload could induce distinctive neuropathology and disease phenotypes in mutant but not WT alpha-synuclein expressing flies, providing insights to the cause of clinical features selectively exhibited by mutant alpha-synuclein carriers.
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Kottou S, Nikolopoulos D, Yannakopoulos PH, Vogiannis E, Petraki E, Panagiotaras D, Koulougliotis D. Preliminary background indoor EMF measurements in Greece. Phys Med 2015; 31:808-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Tang C, Chen X, Chi J, Yang D, Liu S, Liu M, Pan Q, Fan J, Wang D, Zhang Z. Pathogenic Cx31 is un/misfolded to cause skin abnormality via a Fos/JunB-mediated mechanism. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6054-65. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
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van der Merwe C, Jalali Sefid Dashti Z, Christoffels A, Loos B, Bardien S. Evidence for a common biological pathway linking three Parkinson's disease-causing genes: parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 41:1113-25. [PMID: 25761903 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain. Autosomal recessive, early-onset cases of PD are predominantly caused by mutations in the parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 genes. Animal and cellular models have verified a direct link between parkin and PINK1, whereby PINK1 phosphorylates and activates parkin at the outer mitochondrial membrane, resulting in removal of dysfunctional mitochondria via mitophagy. Despite the overwhelming evidence for this interaction, few studies have been able to identify a link for DJ-1 with parkin or PINK1. The aim of this review is to summarise the functions of these three proteins, and to analyse the existing evidence for direct and indirect interactions between them. DJ-1 is able to rescue the phenotype of PINK1-knockout Drosophila models, but not of parkin-knockouts, suggesting that DJ-1 may act in a parallel pathway to that of the PINK1/parkin pathway. To further elucidate a commonality between these three proteins, bioinformatics analysis established that Miro (RHOT1) interacts with parkin and PINK1, and HSPA4 interacts with all three proteins. Furthermore, 30 transcription factors were found to be common amongst all three proteins, with many of them being involved in transcriptional regulation. Interestingly, expression of these proteins and their associated transcription factors are found to be significantly down-regulated in PD patients compared to healthy controls. In summary, this review provides insight into common pathways linking three PD-causing genes and highlights some key questions, the answers to which may provide critical insight into the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia van der Merwe
- Division of Molecular Biology & Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 19063, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
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41
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Vanhauwaert R, Verstreken P. Flies with Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2015; 274:42-51. [PMID: 25708988 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is an incurable neurodegenerative disease. Most cases of the disease are of sporadic origin, but about 10% of the cases are familial. The genes thus far identified in Parkinson's disease are well conserved. Drosophila is ideally suited to study the molecular neuronal cell biology of these genes and the pathogenic mutations in Parkinson's disease. Flies reproduce quickly, and their elaborate genetic tools in combination with their small size allow researchers to analyze identified cells and neurons in large numbers of animals. Furthermore, fruit flies recapitulate many of the cellular and molecular defects also seen in patients, and these defects often result in clear locomotor and behavioral phenotypes, facilitating genetic modifier screens. Hence, Drosophila has played a prominent role in Parkinson's disease research and has provided invaluable insight into the molecular mechanisms of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roeland Vanhauwaert
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49,3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrik Verstreken
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49,3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Neuronal Communication, Leuven Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease (LIND), Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Min B, Kwon YC, Choe KM, Chung KC. PINK1 phosphorylates transglutaminase 2 and blocks its proteasomal degradation. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:722-35. [PMID: 25557247 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by progressive dopaminergic neuronal loss and the formation of abnormal protein aggregates, referred to as Lewy bodies (LBs). PINK1 is a serine/threonine protein kinase that protects cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. PINK1 gene mutations cause one form of autosomal recessive early-onset PD. Transglutaminase 2 (TG2) is an intracellular protein cross-linking enzyme that has an important role in LB formation during PD pathogenesis. This study identifies PINK1 as a novel TG2 binding partner and shows that PINK1 stabilizes the half-life of TG2 via inhibition of TG2 ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation. PINK1 affects TG2 stability in a kinase-dependent manner. In addition, PINK1 directly phosphorylates TG2 in carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine-induced mitochondrial damaged states, thereby enhancing TG2 accumulation and intracellular protein cross-linking products. This study further confirms the functional link between upstream PINK1 and downstream TG2 in Drosophila melanogaster. These data suggest that PINK1 positively regulates TG2 activity, which may be closely associated with aggresome formation in neuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boram Min
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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Vajapey R, Rini D, Walston J, Abadir P. The impact of age-related dysregulation of the angiotensin system on mitochondrial redox balance. Front Physiol 2014; 5:439. [PMID: 25505418 PMCID: PMC4241834 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with the accumulation of various deleterious changes in cells. According to the free radical and mitochondrial theory of aging, mitochondria initiate most of the deleterious changes in aging and govern life span. The failure of mitochondrial reduction-oxidation (redox) homeostasis and the formation of excessive free radicals are tightly linked to dysregulation in the Renin Angiotensin System (RAS). A main rate-controlling step in RAS is renin, an enzyme that hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to generate angiotensin I. Angiotensin I is further converted to Angiotensin II (Ang II) by angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Ang II binds with equal affinity to two main angiotensin receptors—type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R). The binding of Ang II to AT1R activates NADPH oxidase, which leads to increased generation of cytoplasmic reactive oxygen species (ROS). This Ang II-AT1R–NADPH-ROS signal triggers the opening of mitochondrial KATP channels and mitochondrial ROS production in a positive feedback loop. Furthermore, RAS has been implicated in the decrease of many of ROS scavenging enzymes, thereby leading to detrimental levels of free radicals in the cell. AT2R is less understood, but evidence supports an anti-oxidative and mitochondria-protective function for AT2R. The overlap between age related changes in RAS and mitochondria, and the consequences of this overlap on age-related diseases are quite complex. RAS dysregulation has been implicated in many pathological conditions due to its contribution to mitochondrial dysfunction. Decreased age-related, renal and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction was seen in patients treated with angiotensin receptor blockers. The aim of this review is to: (a) report the most recent information elucidating the role of RAS in mitochondrial redox hemostasis and (b) discuss the effect of age-related activation of RAS on generation of free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramya Vajapey
- School of Medicine, Northeast Ohio Medical University Rootstown, OH, USA
| | - David Rini
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Art as Applied to Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jeremy Walston
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Peter Abadir
- Division of Geriatrics Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, MD, USA
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Wu K, Liu J, Zhuang N, Wang T. UCP4A protects against mitochondrial dysfunction and degeneration in pink1/parkin models of Parkinson's disease. FASEB J 2014; 28:5111-21. [PMID: 25145627 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-255802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Genetic mutations in parkin or pink1 are the most common causes of familial Parkinson's disease. PINK1 and Parkin are components of a mitochondrial quality control pathway that degrades dysfunctional mitochondria via autophagy. Using a candidate gene approach, we discovered that overexpression of uncoupling protein 4A (ucp4A) suppresses a range of pink1 mutant phenotypes, including male sterility, locomotor defects, and muscle degeneration that result from abnormal mitochondrial morphology and function. Furthermore, UCP4A overexpression in pink1 mutants rescued mitochondria-specific phenotypes associated with mitochondrial membrane potential, production of reactive oxygen species, resistance to oxidative stress, efficiency of the electron transport chain, and mitochondrial morphology. Consistent with its role in protecting mitochondria, UCP4A rescued mitochondrial phenotypes of parkin mutant flies, as well. Finally, the genetic deletion of ucp4A resulted in increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, a phenotype that was enhanced by the loss of PINK1. Taken together, these results indicate that UCP4A prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and that modulation of UCP activity protects cells in a situation relevant for human Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Na Zhuang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China;
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Cantera R, Barrio R. Do the genes of the innate immune response contribute to neuroprotection in Drosophila? J Innate Immun 2014; 7:3-10. [PMID: 25115549 DOI: 10.1159/000365195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A profound debate exists on the relationship between neurodegeneration and the innate immune response in humans. Although it is clear that such a relation exists, the causes and consequences of this complex association remain to be determined in detail. Drosophila is being used to investigate the mechanisms involved in neurodegeneration, and all genomic studies on this issue have generated gene catalogues enriched in genes of the innate immune response. We review the data reported in these publications and propose that the abundance of immune genes in studies of neurodegeneration reflects at least two phenomena: (i) some proteins have functions in both immune and nervous systems, and (ii) immune genes might also be of neuroprotective value in Drosophila. This review opens this debate in Drosophila, which could thus be used as an instrumental model to elucidate this question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cantera
- Zoology Department, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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47
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Navarro JA, Heßner S, Yenisetti SC, Bayersdorfer F, Zhang L, Voigt A, Schneuwly S, Botella JA. Analysis of dopaminergic neuronal dysfunction in genetic and toxin-induced models of Parkinson's disease in Drosophila. J Neurochem 2014; 131:369-82. [PMID: 25040725 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster has contributed significantly to the understanding of disease mechanisms in Parkinson's disease (PD) as it is one of the very few PD model organisms that allow the study of age-dependent behavioral defects, physiology and histology, and genetic interactions among different PD-related genes. However, there have been contradictory results from a number of recent reports regarding the loss of dopaminergic neurons in different PD fly models. In an attempt to re-evaluate and clarify this issue, we have examined three different genetic (α-synuclein, Pink1, parkin) and two toxin-based (rotenone and paraquat) models of the disease for neuronal cell loss. Our results showed no dopaminergic neuronal loss in all models tested. Despite this surprising result, we found additional phenotypes showing the dysfunctional status of the dopaminergic neurons in most of the models analyzed. A common feature found in most models is a quantifiable decrease in the fluorescence of a green-fluorescent protein reporter gene in dopaminergic neurons that correlates well with other phenotypes found for these models and can be reliably used as a hallmark of the neurodegenerative process when modeling diseases affecting the dopaminergic system in Drosophila. Analyzing three genetic and two toxin-based Drosophila models of Parkinson's disease (PD) through green fluorescent protein reporter and α-tyrosine hydroxylase staining, we have found the number of dopaminergic neurons to remain unchanged. Despite the lack of neuronal loss, we have detected a remarkable decrease in a reporter green-fluorescent protein (GFP) signal in dopaminergic neurons, suggesting an abnormal neuronal status that correlates with the phenotypes associated with those PD fly models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Navarro
- Institute of Zoology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Linhart R, Wong SA, Cao J, Tran M, Huynh A, Ardrey C, Park JM, Hsu C, Taha S, Peterson R, Shea S, Kurian J, Venderova K. Vacuolar protein sorting 35 (Vps35) rescues locomotor deficits and shortened lifespan in Drosophila expressing a Parkinson's disease mutant of Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2). Mol Neurodegener 2014; 9:23. [PMID: 24915984 PMCID: PMC4126812 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-9-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the most common movement neurodegenerative movement disorder. An incomplete understanding of the molecular pathways involved in its pathogenesis impedes the development of effective disease-modifying treatments. To address this gap, we have previously generated a Drosophila model of PD that overexpresses PD pathogenic mutant form of the second most common causative gene of PD, Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2). Findings We employed this model in a genetic modifier screen and identified a gene that encodes for a core subunit of retromer – a complex essential for the sorting and recycling of specific cargo proteins from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network and cell surface. We present evidence that overexpression of the Vps35 or Vps26 component of the cargo-recognition subunit of the retromer complex ameliorates the pathogenic mutant LRRK2 eye phenotype. Furthermore, overexpression of Vps35 or Vps26 significantly protects from the locomotor deficits observed in mutant LRRK2 flies, as assessed by the negative geotaxis assay, and rescues their shortened lifespan. Strikingly, overexpressing Vps35 alone protects from toxicity of rotenone, a neurotoxin commonly used to model parkinsonism, both in terms of lifespan and locomotor activity of the flies, and this protection is sustained and even augmented in the presence of mutant LRRK2. Finally, we demonstrate that knocking down expression of Vps35 in dopaminergic neurons causes a significant locomotor impairment. Conclusions From these results we conclude that LRRK2 plays a role in the retromer pathway and that this pathway is involved in PD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Katerina Venderova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Thomas J, Long School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, 751 Brookside Rd, Stockton, CA 95211, USA.
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RNA metabolism in the pathogenesis of Parkinson׳s disease. Brain Res 2014; 1584:105-15. [PMID: 24631951 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson׳s disease are progressive disorders of the nervous system that affect the function and maintenance of specific neuronal populations. While most disease cases are sporadic with no known cause, a small percentage of disease cases are caused by inherited genetic mutations. The identification of genes associated with the familial forms of the diseases and subsequent studies of proteins encoded by the disease genes in cellular or animal models have offered much-needed insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying disease pathogenesis. Recent studies of the familial Parkinson׳s disease genes have emphasized the importance of RNA metabolism, particularly mRNA translation, in the disease process. It is anticipated that continued studies on the role of RNA metabolism in Parkinson׳s disease will offer unifying mechanisms for understanding the cause of neuronal dysfunction and degeneration and facilitate the development of novel and rational strategies for treating this debilitating disease.
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Antiaging properties of a grape-derived antioxidant are regulated by mitochondrial balance of fusion and fission leading to mitophagy triggered by a signaling network of Sirt1-Sirt3-Foxo3-PINK1-PARKIN. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:345105. [PMID: 24669285 PMCID: PMC3942197 DOI: 10.1155/2014/345105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
It was proposed that resveratrol, a polyphenolic antioxidant and a calorie restriction mimetic could promote longevity but subsequent studies could not prove this. The original proposal was based on the fact that a grape-derived antioxidant could activate the antiaging gene Sirt1. Most studies agree that indeed grape activates Sirt1, but a question remains whether Sirt1 is the cause or consequence of resveratrol treatment. Subsequently, mitochondrial Sirt3 was found to be activated. The present study on ischemic reperfusion (I/R) in rat hearts demonstrates that Foxo3a is activated subsequent to Sirt3 activation, which then activates PINK1. PINK1 potentiates activation of PARKIN leading to the activation of mitochondrial fission and mitophagy. Confocal microscopy conclusively shows the coexistence of Sirt3 with Foxo3a and Foxo3a with PINK1 and PARKIN. Mitophagy was demonstrated both by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Western blot analyses data are consistent with the results of confocal microscopy. It appears that the grape-derived antioxidant modifies the intracellular environment by changing the oxidizing milieu into a reducing milieu and upregulating intracellular glutathione, potentiates a signal transduction cascade consisting of Sirt1/Sirt3-Foxo3a-PINK1-PARKIN-mitochondrial fusion fission-mitophagy that leads to cardioprotection, and paves the way to an anti-aging environment.
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