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Jiao K, Becerra-Mora N, Russell B, Migone A, Gemeinhardt ME, Goodson BM, Kohli P. Simultaneous Writing and Erasing Using Probe Lithography Synchronized Erasing and Deposition (PLiSED). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:12630-12643. [PMID: 36201686 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous writing and erasing of two and three molecules in one single step at the microscale using Polymeric Lithography Editor (PLE) probes is demonstrated. Simultaneous writing and erasing of three molecules was accomplished by rastering a nanoporous probe that was loaded with rhodamine B and fluorescein over a quinine-coated glass substrate. The solvated quinine molecules were erased and transported into the probe matrix, whereas both rhodamine and fluorescein molecules were simultaneously deposited and aligned with the path of the erased quinine on the substrate. The simultaneous writing and erasing of molecules is referred to as PLiSED. The writing and erasing speed can be easily tuned by adjusting the probe speed to as large as 10,000 μm2/s. The microscale patterns on the orders of square millimeter area were fabricated by erasing fluorescein with an efficiency (ηe) > 95% while simultaneously depositing rhodamine molecules at the erased spots. The roles of the probe porosity, transport medium, and kinetics of solvation for editing were also investigated─the presence of a transport medium at the probe-substrate interface is required for the transport of the molecules into and out of the probe. The physical and mechanical properties of the polymeric probes influenced molecular editing. Young's modulus values of the hydrated hydrogels composed of varying monomer/cross-linker ratios were estimated using atomic force microscopy. Probes with the highest observed erasing capacity were used for further experiments to investigate the effects of relative humidity and erasing time on editing. Careful control over experimental conditions provided high-quality editing of microscale patterns at high editing speed. Combining erasing and deposition of multiple molecules in one single step offers a unique opportunity to significantly improve the efficiency and the accuracy of lithographic editing at the microscale. PLiSED enables rapid on-site lithographic rectification and has considerable application values in high-quality lithography and solid surface modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Jiao
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Nathalie Becerra-Mora
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Brice Russell
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Aldo Migone
- School of Physics and Applied Physics, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Max E Gemeinhardt
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Boyd M Goodson
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
- Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Punit Kohli
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Sciences, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
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Patino CA, Mukherjee P, Berns EJ, Moully EH, Stan L, Mrksich M, Espinosa HD. High-Throughput Microfluidics Platform for Intracellular Delivery and Sampling of Biomolecules from Live Cells. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7937-7946. [PMID: 35500232 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nondestructive cell membrane permeabilization systems enable the intracellular delivery of exogenous biomolecules for cell engineering tasks as well as the temporal sampling of cytosolic contents from live cells for the analysis of dynamic processes. Here, we report a microwell array format live-cell analysis device (LCAD) that can perform localized-electroporation induced membrane permeabilization, for cellular delivery or sampling, and directly interfaces with surface-based biosensors for analyzing the extracted contents. We demonstrate the capabilities of the LCAD via an automated high-throughput workflow for multimodal analysis of live-cell dynamics, consisting of quantitative measurements of enzyme activity using self-assembled monolayers for MALDI mass spectrometry (SAMDI) and deep-learning enhanced imaging and analysis. By combining a fabrication protocol that enables robust assembly and operation of multilayer devices with embedded gold electrodes and an automated imaging workflow, we successfully deliver functional molecules (plasmid and siRNA) into live cells at multiple time-points and track their effect on gene expression and cell morphology temporally. Furthermore, we report sampling performance enhancements, achieving saturation levels of protein tyrosine phosphatase activity measured from as few as 60 cells, and demonstrate control over the amount of sampled contents by optimization of electroporation parameters using a lumped model. Lastly, we investigate the implications of cell morphology on electroporation-induced sampling of fluorescent molecules using a deep-learning enhanced image analysis workflow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar A Patino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Prithvijit Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Eric J Berns
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Elamar Hakim Moully
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Liliana Stan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Milan Mrksich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
| | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Theoretical and Applied Mechanics Program, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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Chuang CK, Lin WM. Points of View on the Tools for Genome/Gene Editing. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9872. [PMID: 34576035 PMCID: PMC8470269 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretically, a DNA sequence-specific recognition protein that can distinguish a DNA sequence equal to or more than 16 bp could be unique to mammalian genomes. Long-sequence-specific nucleases, such as naturally occurring Homing Endonucleases and artificially engineered ZFN, TALEN, and Cas9-sgRNA, have been developed and widely applied in genome editing. In contrast to other counterparts, which recognize DNA target sites by the protein moieties themselves, Cas9 uses a single-guide RNA (sgRNA) as a template for DNA target recognition. Due to the simplicity in designing and synthesizing a sgRNA for a target site, Cas9-sgRNA has become the most current tool for genome editing. Moreover, the RNA-guided DNA recognition activity of Cas9-sgRNA is independent of both of the nuclease activities of it on the complementary strand by the HNH domain and the non-complementary strand by the RuvC domain, and HNH nuclease activity null mutant (H840A) and RuvC nuclease activity null mutant (D10A) were identified. In accompaniment with the sgRNA, Cas9, Cas9(D10A), Cas9(H840A), and Cas9(D10A, H840A) can be used to achieve double strand breakage, complementary strand breakage, non-complementary strand breakage, and no breakage on-target site, respectively. Based on such unique characteristics, many engineered enzyme activities, such as DNA methylation, histone methylation, histone acetylation, cytidine deamination, adenine deamination, and primer-directed mutation, could be introduced within or around the target site. In order to prevent off-targeting by the lasting expression of Cas9 derivatives, a lot of transient expression methods, including the direct delivery of Cas9-sgRNA riboprotein, were developed. The issue of biosafety is indispensable in in vivo applications; Cas9-sgRNA packaged into virus-like particles or extracellular vesicles have been designed and some in vivo therapeutic trials have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Kai Chuang
- Animal Technology Research Center, Division of Animal Technology, Agricultural Technology Research Institute, No. 52, Kedong 2nd Rd., Zhunan Township, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan;
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Morshedi Rad D, Alsadat Rad M, Razavi Bazaz S, Kashaninejad N, Jin D, Ebrahimi Warkiani M. A Comprehensive Review on Intracellular Delivery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005363. [PMID: 33594744 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular delivery is considered an indispensable process for various studies, ranging from medical applications (cell-based therapy) to fundamental (genome-editing) and industrial (biomanufacture) approaches. Conventional macroscale delivery systems critically suffer from such issues as low cell viability, cytotoxicity, and inconsistent material delivery, which have opened up an interest in the development of more efficient intracellular delivery systems. In line with the advances in microfluidics and nanotechnology, intracellular delivery based on micro- and nanoengineered platforms has progressed rapidly and held great promises owing to their unique features. These approaches have been advanced to introduce a smorgasbord of diverse cargoes into various cell types with the maximum efficiency and the highest precision. This review differentiates macro-, micro-, and nanoengineered approaches for intracellular delivery. The macroengineered delivery platforms are first summarized and then each method is categorized based on whether it employs a carrier- or membrane-disruption-mediated mechanism to load cargoes inside the cells. Second, particular emphasis is placed on the micro- and nanoengineered advances in the delivery of biomolecules inside the cells. Furthermore, the applications and challenges of the established and emerging delivery approaches are summarized. The topic is concluded by evaluating the future perspective of intracellular delivery toward the micro- and nanoengineered approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Morshedi Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Maryam Alsadat Rad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Sajad Razavi Bazaz
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Dayong Jin
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute for Biomedical Materials & Devices (IBMD), Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Device fabrication on curvilinear two-dimensional surfaces using polymer probes. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Nanofountain Probe Electroporation for Monoclonal Cell Line Generation. Methods Mol Biol 2019. [PMID: 31468479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9740-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
In the field of genetic engineering, the modification of genes to produce stable cell lines has a variety of applications ranging from the development of novel therapeutics to patient specific treatments. To successfully generate a cell line, the gene of interest must be delivered into the cell and integrated into the genome. The efficiency of cell line generation systems therefore depends on the efficiency of delivery of genetically modifying molecules such as plasmids and CRISPR/CAS9 complexes. In this work, we describe a localized electroporation-based system to generate stable monoclonal cell lines. By employing the nanofountain probe electroporation (NFP-E) system, single cells in patterned cultures are selectively transfected with plasmids, grown, and harvested to obtain stably expressing cell lines. Methods for microcontact printing, cell culture, electroporation, and harvesting are detailed in this chapter.
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Yang R, Lemaître V, Huang C, Haddadi A, McNaughton R, Espinosa HD. Monoclonal Cell Line Generation and CRISPR/Cas9 Manipulation via Single-Cell Electroporation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1702495. [PMID: 29430869 PMCID: PMC6016377 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201702495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Stably transfected cell lines are widely used in drug discovery and biological research to produce recombinant proteins. Generation of these cell lines requires the isolation of multiple clones, using time-consuming dilution methods, to evaluate the expression levels of the gene of interest. A new and efficient method is described for the generation of monoclonal cell lines, without the need for dilution cloning. In this new method, arrays of patterned cell colonies and single cell transfection are employed to deliver a plasmid coding for a reporter gene and conferring resistance to an antibiotic. Using a nanofountain probe electroporation system, probe positioning is achieved through a micromanipulator with sub-micron resolution and resistance-based feedback control. The array of patterned cell colonies allows for rapid selection of numerous stably transfected clonal cell lines located on the same culture well, conferring a significant advantage over slower and labor-intensive traditional methods. In addition to plasmid integration, this methodology can be seamlessly combined with CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, paving the way for advanced cell engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiguo Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | | | - Changjin Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
| | - Abbas Haddadi
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | | | - Horacio D Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
- Institute for Cellular Engineering Technologies, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
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Rajasekaran PR, Zhou C, Dasari M, Voss KO, Trautmann C, Kohli P. Polymeric lithography editor: Editing lithographic errors with nanoporous polymeric probes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602071. [PMID: 28630898 PMCID: PMC5466373 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A new lithographic editing system with an ability to erase and rectify errors in microscale with real-time optical feedback is demonstrated. The erasing probe is a conically shaped hydrogel (tip size, ca. 500 nm) template-synthesized from track-etched conical glass wafers. The "nanosponge" hydrogel probe "erases" patterns by hydrating and absorbing molecules into a porous hydrogel matrix via diffusion analogous to a wet sponge. The presence of an interfacial liquid water layer between the hydrogel tip and the substrate during erasing enables frictionless, uninterrupted translation of the eraser on the substrate. The erasing capacity of the hydrogel is extremely high because of the large free volume of the hydrogel matrix. The fast frictionless translocation and interfacial hydration resulted in an extremely high erasing rate (~785 μm2/s), which is two to three orders of magnitude higher in comparison with the atomic force microscopy-based erasing (~0.1 μm2/s) experiments. The high precision and accuracy of the polymeric lithography editor (PLE) system stemmed from coupling piezoelectric actuators to an inverted optical microscope. Subsequently after erasing the patterns using agarose erasers, a polydimethylsiloxane probe fabricated from the same conical track-etched template was used to precisely redeposit molecules of interest at the erased spots. PLE also provides a continuous optical feedback throughout the entire molecular editing process-writing, erasing, and rewriting. To demonstrate its potential in device fabrication, we used PLE to electrochemically erase metallic copper thin film, forming an interdigitated array of microelectrodes for the fabrication of a functional microphotodetector device. High-throughput dot and line erasing, writing with the conical "wet nanosponge," and continuous optical feedback make PLE complementary to the existing catalog of nanolithographic/microlithographic and three-dimensional printing techniques. This new PLE technique will potentially open up many new and exciting avenues in lithography, which remain unexplored due to the inherent limitations in error rectification capabilities of the existing lithographic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chuanhong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | - Mallika Dasari
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
| | | | - Christina Trautmann
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
- Technische Universität, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Punit Kohli
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Abstract
Tip-based nanofabrication (TBN) is a family of emerging nanofabrication techniques that use a nanometer scale tip to fabricate nanostructures. In this review, we first introduce the history of the TBN and the technology development. We then briefly review various TBN techniques that use different physical or chemical mechanisms to fabricate features and discuss some of the state-of-the-art techniques. Subsequently, we focus on those TBN methods that have demonstrated potential to scale up the manufacturing throughput. Finally, we discuss several research directions that are essential for making TBN a scalable nano-manufacturing technology.
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Momotenko D, Page A, Adobes-Vidal M, Unwin PR. Write-Read 3D Patterning with a Dual-Channel Nanopipette. ACS NANO 2016; 10:8871-8. [PMID: 27569272 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nanopipettes are becoming extremely versatile and powerful tools in nanoscience for a wide variety of applications from imaging to nanoscale sensing. Herein, the capabilities of nanopipettes to build complex free-standing three-dimensional (3D) nanostructures are demonstrated using a simple double-barrel nanopipette device. Electrochemical control of ionic fluxes enables highly localized delivery of precursor species from one channel and simultaneous (dynamic and responsive) ion conductance probe-to-substrate distance feedback with the other for reliable high-quality patterning. Nanopipettes with 30-50 nm tip opening dimensions of each channel allowed confinement of ionic fluxes for the fabrication of high aspect ratio copper pillar, zigzag, and Γ-like structures, as well as permitted the subsequent topographical mapping of the patterned features with the same nanopipette probe as used for nanostructure engineering. This approach offers versatility and robustness for high-resolution 3D "printing" (writing) and read-out at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Momotenko
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Page
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Adobes-Vidal
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry and ‡MOAC Doctoral Training Centre, University of Warwick , Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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Onses MS, Sutanto E, Ferreira PM, Alleyne AG, Rogers JA. Mechanisms, Capabilities, and Applications of High-Resolution Electrohydrodynamic Jet Printing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2015; 11:4237-4266. [PMID: 26122917 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201500593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This review gives an overview of techniques used for high-resolution jet printing that rely on electrohydrodynamically induced flows. Such methods enable the direct, additive patterning of materials with a resolution that can extend below 100 nm to provide unique opportunities not only in scientific studies but also in a range of applications that includes printed electronics, tissue engineering, and photonic and plasmonic devices. Following a brief historical perspective, this review presents descriptions of the underlying processes involved in the formation of liquid cones and jets to establish critical factors in the printing process. Different printing systems that share similar principles are then described, along with key advances that have been made in the last decade. Capabilities in terms of printable materials and levels of resolution are reviewed, with a strong emphasis on areas of potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Serdar Onses
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanotechnology Research Center (ERNAM), Erciyes University, Kayseri, 38039, Turkey
| | - Erick Sutanto
- The Dow Chemical Company, Collegeville, PA, 19426, USA
| | - Placid M Ferreira
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Andrew G Alleyne
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John A Rogers
- Departments of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute and Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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13
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Electrohydrodynamic Dispenser for Delivering Multiphase Samples at Nanoscale. SPRINGER SERIES IN SURFACE SCIENCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-06998-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Petersson L, Berthet Duroure N, Auger A, Dexlin-Mellby L, Borrebaeck CA, Ait Ikhlef A, Wingren C. Generation of miniaturized planar ecombinant antibody arrays using a microcantilever-based printer. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 25:275104. [PMID: 24960426 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/25/27/275104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized (Ø 10 μm), multiplexed (>5-plex), and high-density (>100 000 spots cm(-2)) antibody arrays will play a key role in generating protein expression profiles in health and disease. However, producing such antibody arrays is challenging, and it is the type and range of available spotters which set the stage. This pilot study explored the use of a novel microspotting tool, Bioplume(TM)-consisting of an array of micromachined silicon cantilevers with integrated microfluidic channels-to produce miniaturized, multiplexed, and high-density planar recombinant antibody arrays for protein expression profiling which targets crude, directly labelled serum. The results demonstrated that 16-plex recombinant antibody arrays could be produced-based on miniaturized spot features (78.5 um(2), Ø 10 μm) at a 7-125-times increased spot density (250 000 spots cm(-2)), interfaced with a fluorescent-based read-out. This prototype platform was found to display adequate reproducibility (spot-to-spot) and an assay sensitivity in the pM range. The feasibility of the array platform for serum protein profiling was outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linn Petersson
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Medicon Village, SE-22381 Lund, Sweden. CREATE Health, Lund University, Medicon Village, SE-22381 Lund, Sweden
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16
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Clausmeyer J, Schuhmann W, Plumeré N. Electrochemical patterning as a tool for fabricating biomolecule microarrays. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Schön P, Geerlings J, Tas N, Sarajlic E. AFM Cantilever with in Situ Renewable Mercury Microelectrode. Anal Chem 2013; 85:8937-42. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400521p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Schön
- Materials Science
and Technology of Polymers, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Joël Geerlings
- Transducers Science
and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Tas
- Transducers Science
and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Edin Sarajlic
- Transducers Science
and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
- SmartTip B.V., Enschede, The Netherlands
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Kang W, McNaughton RL, Yavari F, Minary-Jolandan M, Safi A, Espinosa HD. Microfluidic parallel patterning and cellular delivery of molecules with a nanofountain probe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 19:100-9. [PMID: 23897012 DOI: 10.1177/2211068213495395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This brief report describes a novel tool for microfluidic patterning of biomolecules and delivery of molecules into cells. The microdevice is based on integration of nanofountain probe (NFP) chips with packaging that creates a closed system and enables operation in liquid. The packaged NFP can be easily coupled to a micro/nano manipulator or atomic force microscope for precise position and force control. We demonstrate here the functionality of the device for continuous direct-write parallel patterning on a surface in air and in liquid. Because of the small volume of the probes (~3 pL), we can achieve flow rates as low as 1 fL/s and have dispensed liquid drops with submicron to 10 µm diameters in a liquid environment. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this microdevice can be used for delivery of molecules into single cells by transient permeabilization of the cell membrane (i.e., electroporation). The significant advantage of NFP-based electroporation compared with bulk electroporation and other transfection techniques is that it allows for precise and targeted delivery while minimizing stress to the cell. We discuss the ongoing development of the tool toward automated operation and its potential as a multifunctional device for microarray applications and time-dependent single-cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmo Kang
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Kang W, Yavari F, Minary-Jolandan M, Giraldo-Vela JP, Safi A, McNaughton RL, Parpoil V, Espinosa HD. Nanofountain probe electroporation (NFP-E) of single cells. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2448-57. [PMID: 23650871 PMCID: PMC3736975 DOI: 10.1021/nl400423c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The ability to precisely deliver molecules into single cells is of great interest to biotechnology researchers for advancing applications in therapeutics, diagnostics, and drug delivery toward the promise of personalized medicine. The use of bulk electroporation techniques for cell transfection has increased significantly in the past decade, but the technique is nonspecific and requires high voltage, resulting in variable efficiency and low cell viability. We have developed a new tool for electroporation using nanofountain probe (NFP) technology, which can deliver molecules into cells in a manner that is highly efficient and gentler to cells than bulk electroporation or microinjection. Here we demonstrate NFP electroporation (NFP-E) of single HeLa cells within a population by transfecting them with fluorescently labeled dextran and imaging the cells to evaluate the transfection efficiency and cell viability. Our theoretical analysis of the mechanism of NFP-E reveals that application of the voltage creates a localized electric field between the NFP cantilever tip and the region of the cell membrane in contact with the tip. Therefore, NFP-E can deliver molecules to a target cell with minimal effect of the electric potential on the cell. Our experiments on HeLa cells confirm that NFP-E offers single cell selectivity, high transfection efficiency (>95%), qualitative dosage control, and very high viability (92%) of transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonmo Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Winnetka, IL 60093, USA
| | - Fazel Yavari
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Majid Minary-Jolandan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Asmahan Safi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Rebecca L. McNaughton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- iNfinitesimal LLC, Winnetka, IL 60093, USA
| | | | - Horacio D. Espinosa
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Corresponding author: , Phone: 847-467-5989; Fax: 847-491-3915
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20
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Johnson BN, Mutharasan R. Electrochemical piezoelectric-excited millimeter-sized cantilever (ePEMC) for simultaneous dual transduction biosensing. Analyst 2013; 138:6365-71. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an01353g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Valyaev DA, Clair S, Patrone L, Abel M, Porte L, Chuzel O, Parrain JL. Grafting a homogeneous transition metal catalyst onto a silicon AFM probe: a promising strategy for chemically constructive nanolithography. Chem Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3sc50979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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22
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Kim J, Shin YH, Yun SH, Choi DS, Nam JH, Kim SR, Moon SK, Chung BH, Lee JH, Kim JH, Kim KY, Kim KM, Lim JH. Direct-Write Patterning of Bacterial Cells by Dip-Pen Nanolithography. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:16500-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3073808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bong Hyun Chung
- BioNanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 305-806, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyuck Lee
- Department of Molecular Science
and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon
443-749, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Kim
- Department of Molecular Science
and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon
443-749, Korea
| | - Ki-Young Kim
- Department of Textile Convergence of Biotechnology & Nanotechnology, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Ansan, Korea
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23
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Abstract
Clinical application of molecular technologies to elucidate, diagnose, and monitor human diseases is referred to as molecular diagnosis. It is a broader term than DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) diagnostics and refers to the use of technologies that use DNA, RNA (ribonucleic acid), genes, or proteins as bases for diagnostic tests. The scope of the subject is much wider and includes in vivo imaging and diagnosis at the single-molecule level. A more detailed description of molecular diagnostics is presented elsewhere (Jain 2012a).
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Zhou C, Rajasekaran PR, Wolff J, Li X, Kohli P. Photo-pens: a simple and versatile tool for maskless photolithography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:17726-32. [PMID: 20886901 PMCID: PMC2978279 DOI: 10.1021/la1028433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate conical pores etched in tracked glass chips for fabricating patterns at the micrometer scale. Highly fluorescent patterns based on photopolymerization of diacetylene films were formed by irradiating UV light through conical pores called "photo-pens". The properties of photopens were investigated through experiments, finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulations and numerical calculations based on Fresnel equations. We show that the pattern dimensions are easily controlled by adjusting the exposure time. Thus, patterns with a range of dimensions can be fabricated without any need of changes in the pore diameter. Parallel patterning was also demonstrated by simultaneously exposing the films to photons through multiple pores in the chip. Our method provides an inexpensive, versatile, and efficient way for patterning without the use of sophisticated masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | | | - Justin Wolff
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
| | - Punit Kohli
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901
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25
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Ferraro P, Coppola S, Grilli S, Paturzo M, Vespini V. Dispensing nano-pico droplets and liquid patterning by pyroelectrodynamic shooting. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2010; 5:429-435. [PMID: 20453855 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating and dispensing liquids on the micrometre- and nanoscale is important in biotechnology and combinatorial chemistry, and also for patterning inorganic, organic and biological inks. Several methods for dispensing liquids exist, but many require complicated electrodes and high-voltage circuits. Here, we show a simple way to draw attolitre liquid droplets from one or multiple sessile drops or liquid film reservoirs using a pyroelectrohydrodynamic dispenser. Local pyroelectric forces, which are activated by scanning a hot tip or an infrared laser beam over a lithium niobate substrate, draw liquid droplets from the reservoir below the substrate, and deposit them on the underside of the lithium niobate substrate. The shooting direction is altered by moving the hot tip or laser to form various patterns at different angles and locations. Our system does not require electrodes, nozzles or circuits, and is expected to have many applications in biochemical assays and various transport and mixing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ferraro
- CNR Istituto Nazionale di Ottica-Sezione di Napoli Via Campi Flegrei, 34-80078 Pozzuoli (Napoli), Italy.
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26
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Morris CA, Friedman AK, Baker LA. Applications of nanopipettes in the analytical sciences. Analyst 2010; 135:2190-202. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Zheng Z, Daniel W, Giam L, Huo F, Senesi A, Zheng G, Mirkin C. Multiplexed Protein Arrays Enabled by Polymer Pen Lithography: Addressing the Inking Challenge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200902649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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28
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Lam R, Ho D. Nanodiamonds as vehicles for systemic and localized drug delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:883-95. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240903156382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Loh O, Lam R, Chen M, Moldovan N, Huang H, Ho D, Espinosa HD. Nanofountain-probe-based high-resolution patterning and single-cell injection of functionalized nanodiamonds. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2009; 5:1667-1674. [PMID: 19437464 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200900361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are rapidly emerging as promising carriers for next-generation therapeutics and drug delivery. However, developing future nanoscale devices and arrays that harness these nanoparticles will require unrealized spatial control. Furthermore, single-cell in vitro transfection methods lack an instrument that simultaneously offers the advantages of having nanoscale dimensions and control and continuous delivery via microfluidic components. To address this, two modes of controlled delivery of functionalized diamond nanoparticles are demonstrated using a broadly applicable nanofountain probe, a tool for direct-write nanopatterning with sub-100-nm resolution and direct in vitro single-cell injection. This study demonstrates the versatility of the nanofountain probe as a tool for high-fidelity delivery of functionalized nanodiamonds and other agents in nanomanufacturing and single-cell biological studies. These initial demonstrations of controlled delivery open the door to future studies examining the nanofountain probe's potential in delivering specific doses of DNA, viruses, and other therapeutically relevant biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Loh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-3111, USA
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30
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Wu CC, Xu H, Otto C, Reinhoudt DN, Lammertink RGH, Huskens J, Subramaniam V, Velders AH. Porous Multilayer-Coated AFM Tips for Dip-Pen Nanolithography of Proteins. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:7526-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja901756a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Ching Wu
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, and Membrane Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Huaping Xu
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, and Membrane Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Cees Otto
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, and Membrane Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - David N. Reinhoudt
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, and Membrane Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Rob G. H. Lammertink
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, and Membrane Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, and Membrane Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Vinod Subramaniam
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, and Membrane Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Aldrik H. Velders
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry and Technology, Biophysical Engineering Group, Molecular Nanofabrication Group, and Membrane Technology Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology and Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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31
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Zheng Z, Daniel WL, Giam LR, Huo F, Senesi AJ, Zheng G, Mirkin CA. Multiplexed protein arrays enabled by polymer pen lithography: addressing the inking challenge. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:7626-9. [PMID: 19731290 PMCID: PMC3523346 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200902649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Weston L. Daniel
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Louise R. Giam
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Andrew J. Senesi
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Gengfeng Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
| | - Chad A. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and the International Institute for Nanotechnology Northwestern University 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL 60208-3113 (USA)
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