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McGrosky A, Swanson ZS, Rimbach R, Bethancourt H, Ndiema E, Nzunza R, Braun DR, Rosinger AY, Pontzer H. Total daily energy expenditure and elevated water turnover in a small-scale semi-nomadic pastoralist society from Northern Kenya. Ann Hum Biol 2024; 51:2310724. [PMID: 38594936 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2024.2310724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pastoralists live in challenging environments, which may be accompanied by unique activity, energy, and water requirements. AIM Few studies have examined whether the demands of pastoralism contribute to differences in total energy expenditure (TEE) and water turnover (WT) compared to other lifestyles. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Accelerometer-derived physical activity, doubly labelled water-derived TEE and WT, and anthropometric data were collected for 34 semi-nomadic Daasanach adults from three northern Kenyan communities with different levels of pastoralist activity. Daasanach TEEs and WTs were compared to those of other small-scale and industrialised populations. RESULTS When modelled as a function of fat-free-mass, fat-mass, age, and sex, TEE did not differ between Daasanach communities. Daasanach TEE (1564-4172 kcal/day) was not significantly correlated with activity and 91% of TEEs were within the range expected for individuals from comparison populations. Mean WT did not differ between Daasanach communities; Daasanach absolute (7.54 litres/day men; 7.46 litres/day women), mass-adjusted, and TEE-adjusted WT was higher than most populations worldwide. CONCLUSIONS The similar mass-adjusted TEE of Daasanach and industrialised populations supports the hypothesis that habitual TEE is constrained, with physically demanding lifestyles necessitating trade-offs in energy allocation. Elevated WT in the absence of elevated TEE likely reflects a demanding active lifestyle in a hot, arid climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zane S Swanson
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Global Food and Water Security Program, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, WA, USA
| | - Rebecca Rimbach
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Emmanuel Ndiema
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - David R Braun
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Anthropology Department, George Washington University, Washington, WA, USA
- Technological Primate Research Group, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Asher Y Rosinger
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, PA State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Anthropology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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2
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Boës X, Van Bocxlaer B, Prat S, Feibel C, Lewis J, Arrighi V, Taylor N, Harmand S. Aridity, availability of drinking water and freshwater foods, and hominin and archeological sites during the Late Pliocene-Early Pleistocene in the western region of the Turkana Basin (Kenya): A review. J Hum Evol 2024; 186:103466. [PMID: 38134581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Although the Turkana Basin is one of the driest regions of the East African Rift, its Plio-Pleistocene sediments are rich in freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates, providing evidence that freshwater resources were available to hominins in this region during the Plio-Pleistocene (4.2-0.7 Ma). Here we provide an overview of the hydroconnectivity of the Turkana Basin. We then review the period during which freshwater river and lake systems expanded into the western region of the Turkana Basin, where hominin and archeological sites have been discovered in sediments dating back to the Late Pliocene-Pleistocene. Freshwater conditions are reconstructed from river and lake sediments and the flora and micro- and macofauna they contain. Data synthesis suggests that drinking water and freshwater foods prevailed in the western region of the Turkana Basin at 4.20-3.98 Ma, 3.70-3.10 Ma, 2.53-2.22 Ma, then between 2.10 and 1.30 Ma and intermittently from 1.27 to 0.75 Ma. Milestones in hominin evolution occurred in this context, such as the first occurrence of Australopithecus anamensis (4.20-4.10 Ma) and Kenyanthropus platyops (3.50 Ma and 3.30-3.20 Ma), the presence of Paranthropus aethiopicus (2.53-2.45 Ma), early Homo (2.33 Ma), Paranthropus boisei (2.25 Ma and 1.77-1.72 Ma) and Homo ergaster/Homo erectus (1.75 Ma, 1.47-1.42 Ma and 1.10-0.90 Ma). Developments in hominin behavior also occurred during this timeframe, including the first known stone tools (3.30 Ma), the oldest Oldowan sites (2.34 Ma and 2.25 Ma) in the Turkana Basin, the earliest known evidence for the emergence of bifacial shaping in eastern Africa (1.80 Ma), and the first known Acheulean site (1.76 Ma). Our synthesis suggests that, diachronic variation in hydroconnectivity played a role on the amount of drinking water and freshwater foods available in the western region of the Turkana Basin, despite regional aridity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Boës
- Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP), 140 Avenue Du Maréchal Leclerc, 33323 Bordeaux-Bègles, France; CNRS/MNHN/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, UMR 7194, Musée de L'Homme, Palais Chaillot, 17 Place Du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris Cedex 16, France; Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.
| | | | - Sandrine Prat
- CNRS/MNHN/UPVD, Alliance Sorbonne Université, UMR 7194, Musée de L'Homme, Palais Chaillot, 17 Place Du Trocadéro, 75116 Paris Cedex 16, France
| | - Craig Feibel
- Department of Anthropology and Center for Human Evolutionary Studies, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Jason Lewis
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Chronicle Heritage, 319 E Palm Lane, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Vincent Arrighi
- Institut National de Recherches Archéologiques Préventives (INRAP), 13 Rue Du Négoce, 31650 Orens de Gameville, France
| | - Nicholas Taylor
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Turkana University College, Lodwar Rd., Lodwar, Kenya
| | - Sonia Harmand
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; Laboratoire TRACES-UMR 5608, Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès, Maison de La Recherche, 5 Allée Antonio Machado, 31058 Toulouse, France; Institut Français de Recherche en Afrique (IFRA), UMIFRE, USR 3336, CNRS, Laikipia Road, Kileleshwa, Nairobi, Kenya
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3
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Beverly EJ. Using climate to model ancient human migration. Science 2023; 381:605-606. [PMID: 37561860 DOI: 10.1126/science.adj4631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Modeling fills gaps in the fossil record of early hominin movement from Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Beverly
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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4
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Villaseñor A, Uno KT, Kinyanjui RN, Behrensmeyer AK, Bobe R, Advokaat EL, Bamford M, Carvalho SC, Hammond AS, Palcu DV, Sier MJ, Ward CV, Braun DR. Pliocene hominins from East Turkana were associated with mesic environments in a semiarid basin. J Hum Evol 2023; 180:103385. [PMID: 37229946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2023.103385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During the middle Pliocene (∼3.8-3.2 Ma), both Australopithecus afarensis and Kenyanthropus platyops are known from the Turkana Basin, but between 3.60 and 3.44 Ma, most hominin fossils are found on the west side of Lake Turkana. Here, we describe a new hominin locality (ET03-166/168, Area 129) from the east side of the lake, in the Lokochot Member of the Koobi Fora Formation (3.60-3.44 Ma). To reconstruct the paleoecology of the locality and its surroundings, we combine information from sedimentology, the relative abundance of associated mammalian fauna, phytoliths, and stable isotopes from plant wax biomarkers, pedogenic carbonates, and fossil tooth enamel. The combined evidence provides a detailed view of the local paleoenvironment occupied by these Pliocene hominins, where a biodiverse community of primates, including hominins, and other mammals inhabited humid, grassy woodlands in a fluvial floodplain setting. Between <3.596 and 3.44 Ma, increases in woody vegetation were, at times, associated with increases in arid-adapted grasses. This suggests that Pliocene vegetation included woody species that were resilient to periods of prolonged aridity, resembling vegetation structure in the Turkana Basin today, where arid-adapted woody plants are a significant component of the ecosystem. Pedogenic carbonates indicate more woody vegetation than other vegetation proxies, possibly due to differences in temporospatial scale and ecological biases in preservation that should be accounted for in future studies. These new hominin fossils and associated multiproxy paleoenvironmental indicators from a single locale through time suggest that early hominin species occupied a wide range of habitats, possibly including wetlands within semiarid landscapes. Local-scale paleoecological evidence from East Turkana supports regional evidence that middle Pliocene eastern Africa may have experienced large-scale, climate-driven periods of aridity. This information extends our understanding of hominin environments beyond the limits of simple wooded, grassy, or mosaic environmental descriptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Villaseñor
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Arkansas, 330 Old Main, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA.
| | - Kevin T Uno
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Division of Biology and Paleo Environment, Palisades, NY, 10964, USA
| | - Rahab N Kinyanjui
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, 40658-00100, Kenya; Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology, 07745, Jena, Germany; Human Origins Program, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - Anna K Behrensmeyer
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, MRC 121, Washington, DC, 20013, USA
| | - René Bobe
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PN, UK; Gorongosa National Park, Sofala, Mozambique
| | - Eldert L Advokaat
- Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Bamford
- Evolutionary Studies Institute and School of Geosciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P Bag 3, WITS, 2050, South Africa
| | - Susana C Carvalho
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Institute of Human Sciences, University of Oxford, 64 Banbury Road, Oxford, OX2 6PN, UK; Gorongosa National Park, Sofala, Mozambique; Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ashley S Hammond
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History (AMNH), New York, NY, 10024, USA; New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology at AMNH, New York, NY, 10024, USA
| | - Dan V Palcu
- Oceanographic Institute of the University of São Paulo, Brazil; Paleomagnetic Laboratory 'Fort Hoofddijk', Utrecht University, Budapestlaan 17, 3584 CD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mark J Sier
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Sobre la Evolución Humana (CENIEH), Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain; Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, OX1 3AN, Oxford, UK; Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8A, 3584 CB Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Carol V Ward
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - David R Braun
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Anthropology Department, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
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5
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The utility of body size as a functional trait to link the past and present in a diverse reptile clade. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2201948119. [PMID: 36745796 PMCID: PMC9964042 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201948119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the relationships between functional traits and environment is increasingly important for assessing ecosystem health and forecasting biotic responses to future environmental change. Taxon-free analyses of functional traits (ecometrics) allow for testing the performance of such traits through time, utilizing both the fossil record and paleoenvironmental proxies. Here, we test the role of body size as a functional trait with respect to climate, using turtles as a model system. We examine the influence of mass-specific metabolic rate as a functional factor in the sorting of body size with environmental temperature and investigate the utility of community body size composition as an ecometric correlated to climate variables. We then apply our results to the fossil record of the Plio-Pleistocene Shungura Formation in Ethiopia. Results show that turtle body sizes scale with mass-specific metabolic rate for larger taxa, but not for the majority of species, indicating that metabolism is not a primary driver of size. Body size ecometrics have stronger predictive power at continental than at global scales, but without a single, dominant predictive functional relationship. Application of ecometrics to the Shungura fossil record suggests that turtle paleocommunity ecometrics coarsely track independent paleoclimate estimates at local scales. We hypothesize that both human disruption and biotic interactions limit the ecometric fit of size to climate in this clade. Nonetheless, examination of the consistency of trait-environment relationships through deep and shallow time provides a means for testing anthropogenic influences on ecosystems.
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Lucarelli JK, Carroll HM, Ulrich RN, Elliott BM, Coplen TB, Eagle RA, Tripati A. Equilibrated Gas and Carbonate Standard-Derived Dual (Δ47 and Δ48) Clumped Isotope Values. GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS : G(3) 2023; 24:e2022GC010458. [PMID: 37829604 PMCID: PMC10569407 DOI: 10.1029/2022gc010458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Carbonate clumped isotope geochemistry has primarily focused on mass spectrometric determination of m/z 47 CO2 for geothermometry, but theoretical calculations and recent experiments indicate paired analysis of the m/z 47 (13C18O16O) and m/z 48 (12C18O18O) isotopologues (referred to as Δ 47 and Δ 48 ) can be used to study non-equilibrium isotope fractionations and refine temperature estimates. We utilize 5,448 Δ 47 and 3,400 Δ 48 replicate measurements of carbonate samples and standards, and 183 Δ 47 and 195 Δ 48 replicate measurements of gas standards from 2015 to 2021 from a multi-year and multi-instrument data set to constrain Δ 47 and Δ 48 values for 27 samples and standards, including Devils Hole cave calcite, and study equilibrium Δ 47 -Δ 48 , Δ 47 -temperature, and Δ 48 -temperature relationships. We compare results to previously published findings and calculate equilibrium regressions based on data from multiple laboratories. We report acid digestion fractionation factors, Δ * 63 - 47 and Δ * 64 - 48 , and account for their dependence on the initial clumped isotope values of the mineral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Lucarelli
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hannah M Carroll
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Robert N Ulrich
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ben M Elliott
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Robert A Eagle
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Aradhna Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Cazenave M, Kivell TL. Challenges and perspectives on functional interpretations of australopith postcrania and the reconstruction of hominin locomotion. J Hum Evol 2023; 175:103304. [PMID: 36563461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In 1994, Hunt published the 'postural feeding hypothesis'-a seminal paper on the origins of hominin bipedalism-founded on the detailed study of chimpanzee positional behavior and the functional inferences derived from the upper and lower limb morphology of the Australopithecus afarensis A.L. 288-1 partial skeleton. Hunt proposed a model for understanding the potential selective pressures on hominins, made robust, testable predictions based on Au. afarensis functional morphology, and presented a hypothesis that aimed to explain the dual functional signals of the Au. afarensis and, more generally, early hominin postcranium. Here we synthesize what we have learned about Au. afarensis functional morphology and the dual functional signals of two new australopith discoveries with relatively complete skeletons (Australopithecus sediba and StW 573 'Australopithecus prometheus'). We follow this with a discussion of three research approaches that have been developed for the purpose of drawing behavioral inferences in early hominins: (1) developments in the study of extant apes as models for understanding hominin origins; (2) novel and continued developments to quantify bipedal gait and locomotor economy in extant primates to infer the locomotor costs from the anatomy of fossil taxa; and (3) novel developments in the study of internal bone structure to extract functional signals from fossil remains. In conclusion of this review, we discuss some of the inherent challenges of the approaches and methodologies adopted to reconstruct the locomotor modes and behavioral repertoires in extinct primate taxa, and notably the assessment of habitual terrestrial bipedalism in early hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Cazenave
- Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, USA; Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, South Africa.
| | - Tracy L Kivell
- Skeletal Biology Research Centre, School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK; Centre for the Exploration of the Deep Human Journey, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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U-Pb dating and geochemical dataset of fracture-filling calcite veins from the Bóixols-Sant Corneli anticline (Southern Pyrenees). Data Brief 2022; 45:108636. [PMID: 36425981 PMCID: PMC9679491 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2022.108636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
U-Pb dating and geochemical analyzes (δ18O, δ13C, Δ47, 87Sr/86Sr and elemental composition) have been applied to fracture-filling calcite veins and host carbonates from the Bóixols-Sant Corneli anticline, which developed along the front of the Bóixols thrust sheet in the Southern Pyrenees. This robust dataset is used to determine: (i) the absolute timing of fracturing and mineralization from fluid flow; (ii) the age and duration of fold evolution; and (iii) the variations and implications of fluid behavior across the anticline, as has been described in the article “Spatio-temporal variation of fluid flow behavior along a fold: The Bóixols-Sant Corneli anticline (Southern Pyrenees) from U–Pb dating and structural, petrographic, and geochemical constraints – Marine and Petroleum Geology (2022) (Muñoz-López et al., 2022). In this new contribution, we present the raw data that have been analyzed and discussed in the related research article and, also, the whole elemental and REE composition of calcite veins and host carbonates that has not been published yet. These data may be used to unravel the age and origin of veins, to understand their sequential evolution in orogenic belts and to compare our results with those obtained in similar settings worldwide.
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Hora M, Pontzer H, Struška M, Entin P, Sládek V. Comparing walking and running in persistence hunting. J Hum Evol 2022; 172:103247. [PMID: 36152433 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2022.103247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
It has been proposed that humans' exceptional locomotor endurance evolved partly with foraging in hot open habitats and subsequently about 2 million years ago with persistence hunting, for which endurance running was instrumental. However, persistence hunting by walking, if successful, could select for locomotor endurance even before the emergence of any running-related traits in human evolution. Using a heat exchange model validated here in 73 humans and 55 ungulates, we simulated persistence hunts for prey of three sizes (100, 250, and 400 kg) and three sweating capacities (nonsweating, low, high) at 6237 combinations of hunter's velocity (1-5 m s-1, intermittent), air temperature (25-45 °C), relative humidity (30-90%), and start time (8:00-16:00). Our simulations predicted that walking would be successful in persistence hunting of low- and nonsweating prey, especially under hot and humid conditions. However, simulated persistence hunts by walking yielded a 30-74% lower success rate than hunts by running or intermittent running. In addition, despite requiring 10-30% less energy, successful simulated persistence hunts by walking were twice as long and resulted in greater exhaustion of the hunter than hunts by running and intermittent running. These shortcomings of pursuit by walking compared to running identified in our simulations could explain why there is only a single direct description of persistence hunting by walking among modern hunter-gatherers. Nevertheless, walking down prey could be a viable option for hominins who did not possess the endurance-running phenotype of the proposed first persistence hunter, Homo erectus. Our simulation results suggest that persistence hunting could select for both long-distance walking and endurance running and contribute to the evolution of locomotor endurance seen in modern humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hora
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12800, Czech Republic; Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Global Health Institute, Duke University, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Michal Struška
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12800, Czech Republic
| | - Pauline Entin
- College of Arts & Sciences, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, Dartmouth, MA, 02747, USA
| | - Vladimír Sládek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 12800, Czech Republic
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10
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Liu X, Deng W, Guo Y, Wei G. Improved Apparatus for Phosphoric Acid Digestion of Carbonates to Determine the Carbon, Oxygen and Clumped Isotope Compositions. ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1904252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangrui Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gangjian Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Upadhyay D, Lucarelli J, Arnold A, Flores R, Bricker H, Ulrich RN, Jesmok G, Santi L, Defliese W, Eagle RA, Carroll HM, Bateman JB, Petryshyn V, Loyd SJ, Tang J, Priyadarshi A, Elliott B, Tripati A. Carbonate clumped isotope analysis (Δ 47 ) of 21 carbonate standards determined via gas-source isotope-ratio mass spectrometry on four instrumental configurations using carbonate-based standardization and multiyear data sets. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e9143. [PMID: 34131977 PMCID: PMC9284978 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clumped isotope geochemistry examines the pairing or clumping of heavy isotopes in molecules and provides information about the thermodynamic and kinetic controls on their formation. The first clumped isotope measurements of carbonate minerals were first published 15 years ago, and since then, interlaboratory offsets have been observed, and laboratory and community practices for measurement, data analysis, and instrumentation have evolved. Here we briefly review historical and recent developments for measurements, share Tripati Lab practices for four different instrument configurations, test a recently published proposal for carbonate-based standardization on multiple instruments using multi-year data sets, and report values for 21 different carbonate standards that allow for recalculations of previously published data sets. METHODS We examine data from 4628 standard measurements on Thermo MAT 253 and Nu Perspective IS mass spectrometers, using a common acid bath (90°C) and small-sample (70°C) individual reaction vessels. Each configuration was investigated by treating some standards as anchors (working standards) and the remainder as unknowns (consistency standards). RESULTS We show that different acid digestion systems and mass spectrometer models yield indistinguishable results when instrument drift is well characterized. For linearity correction, mixed gas-and-carbonate standardization or carbonate-only standardization yields similar results. No difference is observed in the use of three or eight working standards for the construction of transfer functions. CONCLUSIONS We show that all configurations yield similar results if instrument drift is robustly characterized and validate a recent proposal for carbonate-based standardization using large multiyear data sets. Δ47 values are reported for 21 carbonate standards on both the absolute reference frame (ARF; also refered to as the Carbon Dioxide Equilibrated Scale or CDES) and the new InterCarb-Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium Scale (I-CDES) reference frame, facilitating intercomparison of data from a diversity of labs and instrument configurations and restandardization of a broad range of sample sets between 2006, when the first carbonate measurements were published, and the present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Upadhyay
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Jamie Lucarelli
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Alexandrea Arnold
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Randy Flores
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Hayley Bricker
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Robert N. Ulrich
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Gregory Jesmok
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
- Department of Geological SciencesCalifornia State UniversityNorthridgeCalifornia
| | - Lauren Santi
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
- GSI Environmental IncIrvineCalifornia
| | - William Defliese
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
- School of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of QueenslandSt LuciaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Robert A. Eagle
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Hannah M. Carroll
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Jesse Bloom Bateman
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
- Biological Sciences DepartmentState University of New YorkCortlandNew York
| | - Victoria Petryshyn
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
- Environmental Studies ProgramDepartment of Environmental Studies, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Sean J. Loyd
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
- Geological Sciences DepartmentCalifornia State University FullertonFullertonCalifornia
| | - Jianwu Tang
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Antra Priyadarshi
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Ben Elliott
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
| | - Aradhna Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic SciencesInstitute of the Environment and Sustainability, Center for Diverse Leadership in Science, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCalifornia
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12
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Hunt KD, Dunevant SE, Yohler RM, Carlson KJ. Femoral Bicondylar Angles among Dry-Habitat Chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Resemble Those of Humans: Implications for Knee Function, Australopith Sexual Dimorphism, and the Evolution of Bipedalism. JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1086/715398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Bernasconi SM, Daëron M, Bergmann KD, Bonifacie M, Meckler AN, Affek HP, Anderson N, Bajnai D, Barkan E, Beverly E, Blamart D, Burgener L, Calmels D, Chaduteau C, Clog M, Davidheiser‐Kroll B, Davies A, Dux F, Eiler J, Elliott B, Fetrow AC, Fiebig J, Goldberg S, Hermoso M, Huntington KW, Hyland E, Ingalls M, Jaggi M, John CM, Jost AB, Katz S, Kelson J, Kluge T, Kocken IJ, Laskar A, Leutert TJ, Liang D, Lucarelli J, Mackey TJ, Mangenot X, Meinicke N, Modestou SE, Müller IA, Murray S, Neary A, Packard N, Passey BH, Pelletier E, Petersen S, Piasecki A, Schauer A, Snell KE, Swart PK, Tripati A, Upadhyay D, Vennemann T, Winkelstern I, Yarian D, Yoshida N, Zhang N, Ziegler M. InterCarb: A Community Effort to Improve Interlaboratory Standardization of the Carbonate Clumped Isotope Thermometer Using Carbonate Standards. GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS : G(3) 2021; 22:e2020GC009588. [PMID: 34220359 PMCID: PMC8244079 DOI: 10.1029/2020gc009588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increased use and improved methodology of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry has greatly enhanced our ability to interrogate a suite of Earth-system processes. However, interlaboratory discrepancies in quantifying carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47) measurements persist, and their specific sources remain unclear. To address interlaboratory differences, we first provide consensus values from the clumped isotope community for four carbonate standards relative to heated and equilibrated gases with 1,819 individual analyses from 10 laboratories. Then we analyzed the four carbonate standards along with three additional standards, spanning a broad range of δ47 and Δ47 values, for a total of 5,329 analyses on 25 individual mass spectrometers from 22 different laboratories. Treating three of the materials as known standards and the other four as unknowns, we find that the use of carbonate reference materials is a robust method for standardization that yields interlaboratory discrepancies entirely consistent with intralaboratory analytical uncertainties. Carbonate reference materials, along with measurement and data processing practices described herein, provide the carbonate clumped isotope community with a robust approach to achieve interlaboratory agreement as we continue to use and improve this powerful geochemical tool. We propose that carbonate clumped isotope data normalized to the carbonate reference materials described in this publication should be reported as Δ47 (I-CDES) values for Intercarb-Carbon Dioxide Equilibrium Scale.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Daëron
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’EnvironnementLSCE/IPSLCEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - K. D. Bergmann
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - M. Bonifacie
- Université de ParisInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisCNRSParisFrance
| | - A. N. Meckler
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - H. P. Affek
- Institute of Earth SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - N. Anderson
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - D. Bajnai
- Institute of GeosciencesGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - E. Barkan
- Institute of Earth SciencesHebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - E. Beverly
- Now at Department of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of HoustonHoustonTXUSA
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - D. Blamart
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’EnvironnementLSCE/IPSLCEA‐CNRS‐UVSQUniversité Paris‐SaclayGif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - L. Burgener
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - D. Calmels
- Université de ParisInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisCNRSParisFrance
- Now at Geosciences Paris Sud (GEOPS)Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSOrsayFrance
| | - C. Chaduteau
- Université de ParisInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisCNRSParisFrance
| | - M. Clog
- Scottish Universities Environmental Research Centre (SUERC)ScotlandUK
| | | | - A. Davies
- Now at Stockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Imperial CollegeLondonUK
| | - F. Dux
- Now at School of Earth and Life SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongongAustralia
- School of GeographyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - J. Eiler
- Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - B. Elliott
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | | | - J. Fiebig
- Institute of GeosciencesGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - S. Goldberg
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - M. Hermoso
- Université de ParisInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisCNRSParisFrance
- Univ. Littoral Côte d’OpaleUniv. LilleCNRSLaboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences (UMR 8187 LOG)WimereuxFrance
| | | | - E. Hyland
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric SciencesNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - M. Ingalls
- Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Now at Department of GeosciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| | - M. Jaggi
- Geological InstituteETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | | | - A. B. Jost
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - S. Katz
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - J. Kelson
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - T. Kluge
- Imperial CollegeLondonUK
- Now at Karlsruher Institut für Technologie KITKarlsruheGermany
| | - I. J. Kocken
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - A. Laskar
- Institute of Earth SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - T. J. Leutert
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Now at Max Planck Institute for ChemistryMainzGermany
| | - D. Liang
- Institute of Earth SciencesAcademia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - J. Lucarelli
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - T. J. Mackey
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
- Now at Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerqueNMUSA
| | - X. Mangenot
- Université de ParisInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisCNRSParisFrance
- Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - N. Meinicke
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - S. E. Modestou
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | - I. A. Müller
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - A. Neary
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - N. Packard
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - B. H. Passey
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - E. Pelletier
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - S. Petersen
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - A. Piasecki
- Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research and Department of Earth ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Now at Department of Earth SciencesDartmouth CollegeHanoverNHUSA
| | | | | | - P. K. Swart
- Department of Marine GeosciencesRostiel School of Marine and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of MiamiMiamiFLUSA
| | - A. Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - D. Upadhyay
- Department of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUniversity of California Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - T. Vennemann
- Institute of Earth Surface DynamicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - I. Winkelstern
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
- Now at Geology DepartmentGrand Valley State UniversityAllendaleMIUSA
| | - D. Yarian
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of MichiganAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - N. Yoshida
- Earth‐Life Science InstituteTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyoJapan
- National Institute of Information and Communications TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - N. Zhang
- Earth‐Life Science InstituteTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyoJapan
| | - M. Ziegler
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
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14
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Quinn RL, Lepre CJ. Contracting eastern African C 4 grasslands during the extinction of Paranthropus boisei. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7164. [PMID: 33785831 PMCID: PMC8009881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86642-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The extinction of the Paranthropus boisei estimated to just before 1 Ma occurred when C4 grasslands dominated landscapes of the Eastern African Rift System (EARS). P. boisei has been characterized as an herbivorous C4 specialist, and paradoxically, its demise coincided with habitats favorable to its dietary ecology. Here we report new pedogenic carbonate stable carbon (δ13CPC) and oxygen (δ18OPC) values (nodules = 53, analyses = 95) from an under-sampled interval (1.4-0.7 Ma) in the Turkana Basin (Kenya), one of the most fossiliferous locales of P. boisei. We combined our new results with published δ13CPC values from the EARS dated to 3-0 Ma, conducted time-series analysis of woody cover (ƒWC), and compared the EARS ƒWC trends to regional and global paleo-environmental and -climatic datasets. Our results demonstrate that the long-term rise of C4 grasslands was punctuated by a transient but significant increase in C3 vegetation and warmer temperatures, coincident with the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (1.3-0.7 Ma) and implicating a short-term rise in pCO2. The contraction of C4 grasslands escalated dietary competition amongst the abundant C4-feeders, likely influencing P. boisei's demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda L. Quinn
- grid.263379.a0000 0001 2172 0072Department of Sociology, Anthropology, Social Work and Criminal Justice, Seton Hall University, 400 South Orange Ave, South Orange, NJ 07079 USA ,grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Christopher J. Lepre
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
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Pramanik C, Ghosh P, Banerjee S, Liang MC. Ab initio quantum chemical studies of isotopic fractionation during acid digestion reaction of dolomite for clumped isotope application. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8926. [PMID: 32812263 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE In 'clumped isotope paleothermometry' carbonates are reacted with anhydrous phosphoric acid to extract CO2 that carries the isotopic signature of the reacting carbonates, and the amount of clumping in the product CO2 is measured. Previous theoretical models for determining clumped isotopic fractionation in product CO2 during acid digestion of carbonates are independent of the cations present in the carbonate lattice. Hence further study is required to understand the cationic effect. METHODS We studied the acid reaction mechanism based on the protonation of carbonates, calculated the acid fractionation factor for dolomite using the partition functions and vibrational frequencies obtained for the transition state structure, and determined the effect of cations on the acid fractionation factor. Experimentally, carbonates are reacted using the modified sealed vessel method and analyzed in the dual inlet of a ThermoFinnigan MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS The oretically obtained acid fractionation factor can be expressed as Δ47 acid fractionation in dolomite = -0.28563 + 0.49508 * (105 /T2 ) - 0.08231 * (105 /T2 )2 for a temperature range between 278.15 and 383.15 K. The theoretical slope of the dolomite-acid digestion curve is lower than that of the calcite-acid digestion curve obtained using the identical reaction mechanism. Our theoretical slope is consistent with the result from the common acid bath experiments but higher than the slope obtained in our experimental study using the modified sealed vessel method and in a previous theoretical study using the H2 CO3 model. CONCLUSIONS The transition state structure, obtained in our study, includes the cations present in the carbonate minerals and provides distinct acid fractionation factors for calcite and dolomite. The observed gentler slope of the theoretically calculated dolomite-acid digestion curve than of the calcite curve is expected considering the stronger Mg-O bond. Our experimental approach invokes post-digestion isotopic exchange and agrees with the previous theoretical estimates where post-digestion isotopic fractionation was considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirantan Pramanik
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Prosenjit Ghosh
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sanchita Banerjee
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Mao-Chang Liang
- Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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16
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Villaseñor A, Bobe R, Behrensmeyer AK. Middle Pliocene hominin distribution patterns in Eastern Africa. J Hum Evol 2020; 147:102856. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2020.102856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dual clumped isotope thermometry resolves kinetic biases in carbonate formation temperatures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4005. [PMID: 32778658 PMCID: PMC7418028 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface temperature is a fundamental parameter of Earth’s climate. Its evolution through time is commonly reconstructed using the oxygen isotope and the clumped isotope compositions of carbonate archives. However, reaction kinetics involved in the precipitation of carbonates can introduce inaccuracies in the derived temperatures. Here, we show that dual clumped isotope analyses, i.e., simultaneous ∆47 and ∆48 measurements on the single carbonate phase, can identify the origin and quantify the extent of these kinetic biases. Our results verify theoretical predictions and evidence that the isotopic disequilibrium commonly observed in speleothems and scleractinian coral skeletons is inherited from the dissolved inorganic carbon pool of their parent solutions. Further, we show that dual clumped isotope thermometry can achieve reliable palaeotemperature reconstructions, devoid of kinetic bias. Analysis of a belemnite rostrum implies that it precipitated near isotopic equilibrium and confirms the warmer-than-present temperatures during the Early Cretaceous at southern high latitudes. Some palaeotemperature proxies suffer from inaccuracies related to kinetic fractionations occurring during carbonate mineral growth. Here, the authors show that dual clumped isotope thermometry can identify the origin of these kinetic biases and allows for the reconstruction of accurate environmental temperatures.
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18
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Pramanik C, Chatterjee S, Fosu BR, Ghosh P. Isotopic fractionation during acid digestion of calcite: A combined ab initio quantum chemical simulation and experimental study. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8790. [PMID: 32207173 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carbonate clumped isotope analysis involves the reaction of carbonate minerals with phosphoric acid to release CO2 for measurement in a gas-source isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Although the clumped isotope proxy is based on the temperature dependence of 13 C-18 O bonding preference in the mineral lattice, which is captured in the product CO2 , there is limited information on the phosphoric acid reaction mechanism and the magnitude of clumped isotopic fractionation (mass 63 in CO3 2- to mass 47 in CO2 ) during the acid digestion. METHODS We studied the reaction mechanism for the phosphoric acid digestion of calcite using first-principles density functional theory. We identified the transition state structures for each reaction involving different isotopologues and used the corresponding vibrational frequencies in reduced partition function theory to estimate the Δ47 acid fractionation. Experimental Δ47 data were acquired by processing the sample CO2 gas through the dual-inlet peripheral of a ThermoFinnigan MAT253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer. RESULTS We showed that the acid digestion reaction, which results in the formation of CO2 enriched with 13 C-18 O bonds, began with the protonation of calcium carbonate in the presence of water. Our simulations yielded a relationship between the Δ47 acid fractionation and reaction temperature as Δ47 = -0.30175 + 0.57700 × (105 /T2 ) - 0.10791 × (105 /T2 )2 , with T varying between 298.15 and 383.15 K. CONCLUSIONS We propose a reaction mechanism that shows a higher slope (Δ47 acid fractionation vs. 1/T2 curve) for the phosphoric acid digestion of calcite than in previous studies. The theoretical estimates from the present and earlier studies encapsulate experimental observations from both "sealed vessel" and "common acid bath" acid digestion methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chirantan Pramanik
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Swastika Chatterjee
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research-Kolkata, Nadia, India
| | - Benjamin R Fosu
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Prosenjit Ghosh
- Centre for Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Massive formation of early diagenetic dolomite in the Ediacaran ocean: Constraints on the "dolomite problem". Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:14005-14014. [PMID: 32513736 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916673117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Paleozoic and Precambrian sedimentary successions frequently contain massive dolomicrite [CaMg(CO3)2] units despite kinetic inhibitions to nucleation and precipitation of dolomite at Earth surface temperatures (<60 °C). This paradoxical observation is known as the "dolomite problem." Accordingly, the genesis of these dolostones is usually attributed to burial-hydrothermal dolomitization of primary limestones (CaCO3) at temperatures of >100 °C, thus raising doubt about the validity of these deposits as archives of Earth surface environments. We present a high-resolution, >63-My-long clumped-isotope temperature (TΔ47) record of shallow-marine dolomicrites from two drillcores of the Ediacaran (635 to 541 Ma) Doushantuo Formation in South China. Our T∆47 record indicates that a majority (87%) of these dolostones formed at temperatures of <100 °C. When considering the regional thermal history, modeling of the influence of solid-state reordering on our TΔ47 record further suggests that most of the studied dolostones formed at temperatures of <60 °C, providing direct evidence of a low-temperature origin of these dolostones. Furthermore, calculated δ18O values of diagenetic fluids, rare earth element plus yttrium compositions, and petrographic observations of these dolostones are consistent with an early diagenetic origin in a rock-buffered environment. We thus propose that a precursor precipitate from seawater was subsequently dolomitized during early diagenesis in a near-surface setting to produce the large volume of dolostones in the Doushantuo Formation. Our findings suggest that the preponderance of dolomite in Paleozoic and Precambrian deposits likely reflects oceanic conditions specific to those eras and that dolostones can be faithful recorders of environmental conditions in the early oceans.
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20
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Alemseged Z, Wynn JG, Geraads D, Reed D, Andrew Barr W, Bobe R, McPherron SP, Deino A, Alene M, J Sier M, Roman D, Mohan J. Fossils from Mille-Logya, Afar, Ethiopia, elucidate the link between Pliocene environmental changes and Homo origins. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2480. [PMID: 32427848 PMCID: PMC7237685 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16060-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Several hypotheses posit a link between the origin of Homo and climatic and environmental shifts between 3 and 2.5 Ma. Here we report on new results that shed light on the interplay between tectonics, basin migration and faunal change on the one hand and the fate of Australopithecus afarensis and the evolution of Homo on the other. Fieldwork at the new Mille-Logya site in the Afar, Ethiopia, dated to between 2.914 and 2.443 Ma, provides geological evidence for the northeast migration of the Hadar Basin, extending the record of this lacustrine basin to Mille-Logya. We have identified three new fossiliferous units, suggesting in situ faunal change within this interval. While the fauna in the older unit is comparable to that at Hadar and Dikika, the younger units contain species that indicate more open conditions along with remains of Homo. This suggests that Homo either emerged from Australopithecus during this interval or dispersed into the region as part of a fauna adapted to more open habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeresenay Alemseged
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Jonathan G Wynn
- Division of Earth Sciences, National Science Foundation, Alexandria, VA, USA
| | - Denis Geraads
- CR2P, Sorbonne Universités, MNHN, CNRS, UPMC, CP 38, 8 rue Buffon, 75231, PARIS Cedex 05, France
| | - Denne Reed
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - W Andrew Barr
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology. Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - René Bobe
- Primate Models for Behavioural Evolution Lab, Institute of Cognitive & Evolutionary Anthropology, School of Anthropology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Gorongosa National Park, Sofala, Mozambique
- Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behavior (ICArEHB), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Shannon P McPherron
- Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alan Deino
- Berkeley Geochronology Center, 2455 Ridge Road, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mulugeta Alene
- School of Earth Sciences, Addis Ababa University, P. O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mark J Sier
- CENIEH, Paseo Sierra de Atapuerca 3, 09002, Burgos, Spain
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Diana Roman
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, 20015-1305, USA
| | - Joseph Mohan
- Climate Change Institute, University of Maine, Orono, ME, 04469-5790, USA
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Chang B, Defliese WF, Li C, Huang J, Tripati A, Algeo TJ. Effects of different constants and standards on the reproducibility of carbonate clumped isotope (Δ 47 ) measurements: Insights from a long-term dataset. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34:e8678. [PMID: 31814194 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Carbonate clumped isotope (Δ47 ) thermometry examines the temperature-dependent excess abundance of the 13 C-18 O bond in the carbonate lattice. Inconsistent temperature calibrations and standard values have been reported among laboratories, which has led to the use of equilibrated gases and carbonate standards for standardization. Furthermore, different acid fractionation factors and isotopic parameter sets have been proposed for improving inter-laboratory data comparability. However, few long-term datasets have been generated to explore the effects of these factors on the long-term reproducibility of Δ47 data within a laboratory. METHODS Four standards (ISTB-1, NBS-19, GBWO4416, and GB04417) were analyzed as unknowns by isotope ratio mass spectrometry from 2015 to 2019. The values of Δ47 were calibrated using the ETH standards. We investigated the Assonov, Brand, and Gonfiantini isotope parameter sets for carbon and oxygen isotopes, as well as two correction schemes of equilibrated gas and carbonate standardization, using the same sample measurements to determine which procedures enhanced reproducibility. ISTB-1 (calcite) and ZK312-346W (dolomite) were measured to determine the 90°C acid fractionation factor. RESULTS The corrected 90°C acid fractionation factors are 0.076 ± 0.008‰ for ISTB-1 and 0.077 ± 0.009‰ for ZK312-346W. The choice of isotope parameter set had no significant influence on final Δ47 values in this study. However, using the Assonov parameters to calculate Δ47 values improved the reproducibility of the results. The use of carbonate standards improved reproducibility through time compared with the use of equilibrated gases for standardization. CONCLUSIONS At 90°C, the acid fractionation factors of calcite and dolomite are statistically indistinguishable. We find an insignificant effect from changing the isotope parameter set, suggesting that the choice of isotope parameter set among laboratories is not a major factor affecting inter-laboratory reproducibility. We find that using carbonate standards improved the reproducibility of results, suggesting that the use of carbonate standards may help to achieve inter-laboratory comparability of results in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - William F Defliese
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072, QLD, Australia
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Junhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Aradhna Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Thomas J Algeo
- State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- Department of Geology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0013, USA
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Revisiting the pedogenic carbonate isotopes and paleoenvironmental interpretation of Kanapoi. J Hum Evol 2020; 140:102549. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Manthi FK, Plavcan JM, Ward CV. Introduction to special issue Kanapoi: Paleobiology of a Pliocene site in Kenya. J Hum Evol 2020; 140:102718. [PMID: 32057416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces this Special Issue of the Journal of Human Evolution entitled "Kanapoi: Paleobiology of a Pliocene site in Kenya." Kanapoi, West Turkana, Kenya, is part of the Omo-Turkana Basin and is the type site of the earliest known genus of Australopithecus, A. anamensis. Kanapoi preserves among the earliest earliest evidence of Australopithecus in deposits dated between 4.195 to 4.108 million years old. Explored by several teams since the 1960s, the Kanapoi sediments have yielded a rich and abundant fauna, providing important information about the paleoenvironments and the context surrounding the earliest evolution of the genus Australopithecus, as well as about the evolution and biogeography of African Pliocene vertebrate faunas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrick K Manthi
- Integrative Anatomy Program, Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, M263 Medical Sciences Building, One Hospital Drive, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
| | - J Michael Plavcan
- Department of Anthropology, 330 Old Main, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
| | - Carol V Ward
- Department of Earth Sciences, National Museums of Kenya, P.O. Box 40658, Nairobi, Kenya.
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Hora M, Pontzer H, Wall-Scheffler CM, Sládek V. Dehydration and persistence hunting in Homo erectus. J Hum Evol 2020; 138:102682. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2019.102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Trumble BC, Finch CE. THE EXPOSOME IN HUMAN EVOLUTION: FROM DUST TO DIESEL. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW OF BIOLOGY 2019; 94:333-394. [PMID: 32269391 PMCID: PMC7141577 DOI: 10.1086/706768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Global exposures to air pollution and cigarette smoke are novel in human evolutionary history and are associated with about 16 million premature deaths per year. We investigate the history of the human exposome for relationships between novel environmental toxins and genetic changes during human evolution in six phases. Phase I: With increased walking on savannas, early human ancestors inhaled crustal dust, fecal aerosols, and spores; carrion scavenging introduced new infectious pathogens. Phase II: Domestic fire exposed early Homo to novel toxins from smoke and cooking. Phases III and IV: Neolithic to preindustrial Homo sapiens incurred infectious pathogens from domestic animals and dense communities with limited sanitation. Phase V: Industrialization introduced novel toxins from fossil fuels, industrial chemicals, and tobacco at the same time infectious pathogens were diminishing. Thereby, pathogen-driven causes of mortality were replaced by chronic diseases driven by sterile inflammogens, exogenous and endogenous. Phase VI: Considers future health during global warming with increased air pollution and infections. We hypothesize that adaptation to some ancient toxins persists in genetic variations associated with inflammation and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin C Trumble
- School of Human Evolution & Social Change and Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University Tempe, Arizona 85287 USA
| | - Caleb E Finch
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology and Dornsife College, University of Southern California Los Angeles, California 90089-0191 USA
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McLester E, Brown M, Stewart FA, Piel AK. Food abundance and weather influence habitat-specific ranging patterns in forest- and savanna mosaic-dwelling red-tailed monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 170:217-231. [PMID: 31423563 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Primates that live in predominantly forested habitats and open, savanna mosaics should exhibit behavioral responses to differing food distributions and weather. We compared ecological constraints on red-tailed monkey ranging behavior in forest and savanna mosaic environments. Intraspecific variation in adaptations to these conditions may reflect similar pressures faced by hominins during the Plio-Pleistocene. METHODS We followed six groups in moist evergreen forest at Ngogo (Uganda) and one group in a savanna-woodland mosaic at the Issa Valley (Tanzania). We used spatial analyses to compare home range sizes and daily travel distances (DTD) between sites. We used measures of vegetation density and phenology to interpolate spatially explicit indices of food (fruit, flower, and leaves) abundance. We modeled DTD and range use against food abundance. We modeled DTD and at Issa hourly travel distances (HTD), against temperature and rainfall. RESULTS Compared to Issa, monkeys at Ngogo exhibited significantly smaller home ranges and less variation in DTD. DTD related negatively to fruit abundance, which had a stronger effect at Issa. DTD and HTD related negatively to temperature but not rainfall. This effect did not differ significantly between sites. Home range use did not relate to food abundance at either site. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate food availability and thermoregulatory constraints influence red-tailed monkey ranging patterns. Intraspecific variation in home range sizes and DTD likely reflects different food distributions in closed and open habitats. We compare our results with hypotheses of evolved hominin behavior associated with the Plio-Pleistocene shift from similar closed to open environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward McLester
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Brown
- Department of Anthropology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Fiona A Stewart
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation Project, Box 60118, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Alex K Piel
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Greater Mahale Ecosystem Research and Conservation Project, Box 60118, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Faith JT, Rowan J, Du A, Koch PL. Plio-Pleistocene decline of African megaherbivores: No evidence for ancient hominin impacts. Science 2019; 362:938-941. [PMID: 30467167 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
It has long been proposed that pre-modern hominin impacts drove extinctions and shaped the evolutionary history of Africa's exceptionally diverse large mammal communities, but this hypothesis has yet to be rigorously tested. We analyzed eastern African herbivore communities spanning the past 7 million years-encompassing the entirety of hominin evolutionary history-to test the hypothesis that top-down impacts of tool-bearing, meat-eating hominins contributed to the demise of megaherbivores prior to the emergence of Homo sapiens We document a steady, long-term decline of megaherbivores beginning ~4.6 million years ago, long before the appearance of hominin species capable of exerting top-down control of large mammal communities and predating evidence for hominin interactions with megaherbivore prey. Expansion of C4 grasslands can account for the loss of megaherbivore diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Tyler Faith
- Natural History Museum of Utah, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA. .,Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - John Rowan
- Institute of Human Origins and School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85282, USA.,Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Andrew Du
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Paul L Koch
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Caesar KH, Kyle JR, Lyons TW, Tripati A, Loyd SJ. Carbonate formation in salt dome cap rocks by microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane. Nat Commun 2019; 10:808. [PMID: 30778057 PMCID: PMC6379371 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08687-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Major hydrocarbon accumulations occur in traps associated with salt domes. Whereas some of these hydrocarbons remain to be extracted for economic use, significant amounts have degraded in the subsurface, yielding mineral precipitates as byproducts. Salt domes of the Gulf of Mexico Basin typically exhibit extensive deposits of carbonate that form as cap rock atop salt structures. Despite previous efforts to model cap rock formation, the details of subsurface reactions (including the role of microorganisms) remain largely unknown. Here we show that cap rock mineral precipitation occurred via closed-system sulfate reduction, as indicated by new sulfur isotope data. 13C-depleted carbonate carbon isotope compositions and low clumped isotope-derived carbonate formation temperatures indicate that microbial, sulfate-dependent, anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) contributed to carbonate formation. These findings suggest that AOM serves as an unrecognized methane sink that reduces methane emissions in salt dome settings perhaps associated with an extensive, deep subsurface biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Caesar
- Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA
| | - J R Kyle
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 2275 Speedway Stop C9000, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - T W Lyons
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - A Tripati
- Department of Earth, Space and Planetary Sciences, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, 595 Charles Young Drive, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - S J Loyd
- Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, 800 North State College Boulevard, Fullerton, CA, 92831, USA.
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29
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Fosu BR, Ghosh P, Mishra D, Banerjee Y, K P, Sarkar A. Acid digestion of carbonates using break seal method for clumped isotope analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2019; 33:203-214. [PMID: 30304582 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acid digestion of carbonates to release CO2 is a crucial and sensitive step in sample preparation for clumped isotope analysis. In addition to data reduction and instrumental artefacts, many other uncertainties in the clumped isotope analysis of carbonates arise from the method used for the preparation of CO2 . We describe here an in-house-designed reaction vessel that circumvents degassing and contamination problems commonly associated with the McCrea-type digestion protocols. METHODS We designed a leak-free break seal reaction vessel (made of Pyrex™) suitable for prolonged acid digestion at 25°C. Using this new vessel, several carbonate reference materials widely used in the clumped isotope community and other in-house laboratory standards were acid-digested and analysed for their δ13 C, δ18 O and Δ47 values with a dual inlet MAT 253 isotope ratio mass spectrometer following standard gas chromatography purification and data evaluation protocols. RESULTS Long-term reproducibility in Δ47 determination was established using international references and in-house working standards as follows (mean and SE): Carrara-1 (0.395 ± 0.002‰, n = 43), Carrara-2 (0.441 ± 0.003‰, n = 22), OMC (0.587 ± 0.004‰, n = 16), NBS 19 (0.393 ± 0.005‰, n = 10), NBS 18 (0.473 ± 0.003‰, n = 5), ETH 1 (0.271 ± 0.005‰, n = 7), ETH 3 (0.698 ± 0.005‰, n = 3), MZ (0.715 ± 0.002‰, n = 3) and several others. CONCLUSIONS A new method using a break seal tube was found to be efficient for the clumped isotope analysis of carbonates that require longer reaction time at 25°C. This method yields good precision in Δ47 analysis and was found to be suitable for acid digestions at any desired temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Fosu
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Prosenjit Ghosh
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Divecha Centre for Climate Change, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Divya Mishra
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Yogaraj Banerjee
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Prasanna K
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
- Birbal Sahni Institute of Palaeosciences, 53 University Road, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Amrita Sarkar
- Centre for Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
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30
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Abstract
Clumped and stable isotope data of paleosol carbonate and fossil tooth enamel inform about paleoenvironments of Early Pleistocene hominins. Data on woodland- vs. grassland-dominated ecosystems, soil temperatures, aridity, and the diet of Homo rudolfensis and Paranthropus boisei ca. 2.4 Ma show that they were adapted to C3 resources in wooded savanna environments in relatively cool and wet climates in the Malawi Rift. In contrast, time-equivalent Paranthropus living in open and drier settings in the northern East African Rift relied on C4 plants, a trend that became enhanced after 2 Ma, while southern African Paranthropus persistently relied mainly on C3 resources. In its early evolutionary history, Homo already showed a high versatility, suggesting that Pleistocene Homo and Paranthropus were already dietary generalists. New geochemical data from the Malawi Rift (Chiwondo Beds, Karonga Basin) fill a major spatial gap in our knowledge of hominin adaptations on a continental scale. Oxygen (δ18O), carbon (δ13C), and clumped (Δ47) isotope data on paleosols, hominins, and selected fauna elucidate an unexpected diversity in the Pleistocene hominin diet in the various habitats of the East African Rift System (EARS). Food sources of early Homo and Paranthropus thriving in relatively cool and wet wooded savanna ecosystems along the western shore of paleolake Malawi contained a large fraction of C3 plant material. Complementary water consumption reconstructions suggest that ca. 2.4 Ma, early Homo (Homo rudolfensis) and Paranthropus (Paranthropus boisei) remained rather stationary near freshwater sources along the lake margins. Time-equivalent Paranthropus aethiopicus from the Eastern Rift further north in the EARS consumed a higher fraction of C4 resources, an adaptation that grew more pronounced with increasing openness of the savanna setting after 2 Ma, while Homo maintained a high versatility. However, southern African Paranthropus robustus had, similar to the Malawi Rift individuals, C3-dominated feeding strategies throughout the Early Pleistocene. Collectively, the stable isotope and faunal data presented here document that early Homo and Paranthropus were dietary opportunists and able to cope with a wide range of paleohabitats, which clearly demonstrates their high behavioral flexibility in the African Early Pleistocene.
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Smith TM, Austin C, Green DR, Joannes-Boyau R, Bailey S, Dumitriu D, Fallon S, Grün R, James HF, Moncel MH, Williams IS, Wood R, Arora M. Wintertime stress, nursing, and lead exposure in Neanderthal children. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaau9483. [PMID: 30402544 PMCID: PMC6209393 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau9483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Scholars endeavor to understand the relationship between human evolution and climate change. This is particularly germane for Neanderthals, who survived extreme Eurasian environmental variation and glaciations, mysteriously going extinct during a cool interglacial stage. Here, we integrate weekly records of climate, tooth growth, and metal exposure in two Neanderthals and one modern human from southeastern France. The Neanderthals inhabited cooler and more seasonal periods than the modern human, evincing childhood developmental stress during wintertime. In one instance, this stress may have included skeletal mobilization of elemental stores and weight loss; this individual was born in the spring and appears to have weaned 2.5 years later. Both Neanderthals were exposed to lead at least twice during the deep winter and/or early spring. This multidisciplinary approach elucidates direct relationships between ancient environments and hominin paleobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya M. Smith
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Christine Austin
- The Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Daniel R. Green
- Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Renaud Joannes-Boyau
- Southern Cross GeoScience, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales 2480, Australia
| | - Shara Bailey
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Dani Dumitriu
- The Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Stewart Fallon
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Rainer Grün
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Hannah F. James
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Marie-Hélène Moncel
- Département de Préhistoire, Institut de Paleontologie Humaine, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ian S. Williams
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Rachel Wood
- Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Manish Arora
- The Senator Frank R. Lautenberg Environmental Health Sciences Laboratory, Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Roach NT, Du A, Hatala KG, Ostrofsky KR, Reeves JS, Braun DR, Harris JW, Behrensmeyer AK, Richmond BG. Pleistocene animal communities of a 1.5 million-year-old lake margin grassland and their relationship to Homo erectus paleoecology. J Hum Evol 2018; 122:70-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Bernasconi SM, Müller IA, Bergmann KD, Breitenbach SFM, Fernandez A, Hodell DA, Jaggi M, Meckler AN, Millan I, Ziegler M. Reducing Uncertainties in Carbonate Clumped Isotope Analysis Through Consistent Carbonate-Based Standardization. GEOCHEMISTRY, GEOPHYSICS, GEOSYSTEMS : G(3) 2018; 19:2895-2914. [PMID: 30443200 PMCID: PMC6220777 DOI: 10.1029/2017gc007385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
About a decade after its introduction, the field of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry is rapidly expanding because of the large number of possible applications and its potential to solve long-standing questions in Earth Sciences. Major factors limiting the application of this method are the very high analytical precision required for meaningful interpretations, the relatively complex sample preparation procedures, and the mass spectrometric corrections needed. In this paper we first briefly review the evolution of the analytical and standardization procedures and discuss the major remaining sources of uncertainty. We propose that the use of carbonate standards to project the results to the carbon dioxide equilibrium scale can improve interlaboratory data comparability and help to solve long-standing discrepancies between laboratories and temperature calibrations. The use of carbonates reduces uncertainties related to gas preparation and cleaning procedures and ensures equal treatment of samples and standards. We present a set of carbonate standards of diverse composition, discuss how they can be used to correct for mass spectrometric biases, and demonstrate that their use significantly improves the comparability among four laboratories. We propose that the use of these standards or of a similar set of carbonate standards will improve the comparability of data across laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kristin D. Bergmann
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - Sebastian F. M. Breitenbach
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Now at Sediment & Isotope GeologyRuhr‐Universität BochumBochumGermany
| | | | - David A. Hodell
- Godwin Laboratory for Palaeoclimate Research, Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | | | - Anna Nele Meckler
- Bjerknes Center for Climate Research and Department of Earth ScienceUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
| | | | - Martin Ziegler
- Earth Science DepartmentUtrecht UniversityUtrechtNetherlands
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The costs of living at the edge: Seasonal stress in wild savanna-dwelling chimpanzees. J Hum Evol 2018; 121:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Oxygen isotope composition of the Phanerozoic ocean and a possible solution to the dolomite problem. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6602-6607. [PMID: 29891710 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1719681115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 18O/16O of calcite fossils increased by ∼8‰ between the Cambrian and present. It has long been controversial whether this change reflects evolution in the δ18O of seawater, or a decrease in ocean temperatures, or greater extents of diagenesis of older strata. Here, we present measurements of the oxygen and ‟clumped" isotope compositions of Phanerozoic dolomites and compare these data with published oxygen isotope studies of carbonate rocks. We show that the δ18O values of dolomites and calcite fossils of similar age overlap one another, suggesting they are controlled by similar processes. Clumped isotope measurements of Cambrian to Pleistocene dolomites imply crystallization temperatures of 15-158 °C and parent waters having δ18OVSMOW values from -2 to +12‰. These data are consistent with dolomitization through sediment/rock reaction with seawater and diagenetically modified seawater, over timescales of 100 My, and suggest that, like dolomite, temporal variations of the calcite fossil δ18O record are largely driven by diagenetic alteration. We find no evidence that Phanerozoic seawater was significantly lower in δ18O than preglacial Cenozoic seawater. Thus, the fluxes of oxygen-isotope exchange associated with weathering and hydrothermal alteration reactions have remained stable throughout the Phanerozoic, despite major tectonic, climatic and biologic perturbations. This stability implies that a long-term feedback exists between the global rates of seafloor spreading and weathering. We note that massive dolomites have crystallized in pre-Cenozoic units at temperatures >40 °C. Since Cenozoic platforms generally have not reached such conditions, their thermal immaturity could explain their paucity of dolomites.
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Landscape scale heterogeneity in the East Turkana ecosystem during the Okote Member (1.56–1.38 Ma). J Hum Evol 2017; 112:148-161. [PMID: 28760580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Fortelius M, Žliobaitė I, Kaya F, Bibi F, Bobe R, Leakey L, Leakey M, Patterson D, Rannikko J, Werdelin L. An ecometric analysis of the fossil mammal record of the Turkana Basin. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0232. [PMID: 27298463 PMCID: PMC4920289 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ecometric methods have been used to analyse fossil mammal faunas and environments of Eurasia and North America, such methods have not yet been applied to the rich fossil mammal record of eastern Africa. Here we report results from analysis of a combined dataset spanning east and west Turkana from Kenya between 7 and 1 million years ago (Ma). We provide temporally and spatially resolved estimates of temperature and precipitation and discuss their relationship to patterns of faunal change, and propose a new hypothesis to explain the lack of a temperature trend. We suggest that the regionally arid Turkana Basin may between 4 and 2 Ma have acted as a ‘species factory’, generating ecological adaptations in advance of the global trend. We show a persistent difference between the eastern and western sides of the Turkana Basin and suggest that the wetlands of the shallow eastern side could have provided additional humidity to the terrestrial ecosystems. Pending further research, a transient episode of faunal change centred at the time of the KBS Member (1.87–1.53 Ma), may be equally plausibly attributed to climate change or to a top-down ecological cascade initiated by the entry of technologically sophisticated humans. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Major transitions in human evolution’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Fortelius
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1066 Blindern, Oslo 0316, Norway Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - Indrė Žliobaitė
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland Helsinki Institute for Information Technology HIIT, PO Box 15600, Aalto 00076, Finland
| | - Ferhat Kaya
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Faysal Bibi
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity Science, Berlin 10115, Germany
| | - René Bobe
- Departamento de Antropología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Louise Leakey
- Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Meave Leakey
- Turkana Basin Institute, Nairobi, Kenya Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - David Patterson
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Janina Rannikko
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, PO Box 64, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lars Werdelin
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, Stockholm 104 05, Sweden
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Abstract
Clumped isotopes geochemistry measures the thermodynamic preference of two heavy, rare, isotopes to bind with each other. This preference is temperature dependent, and is more pronounced at low temperatures. Carbonate clumped isotope values are independent of the carbonate δ13C and δ18O, making them independent of the carbon or oxygen composition of the solution from which the carbonate precipitated. At equilibrium, it is therefore a direct proxy for the temperature in which the carbonate mineral formed. In most cases, carbonate clumped isotopes record the temperature of carbonate formation, irrespective of the mineral form (calcite, aragonite, or bioapatite) or the organism making it. The carbonate formation temperatures obtained from carbonate clumped isotope analysis can be used in conjunction with the δ18O of the same carbonate, to constrain the oxygen isotope composition of the water from which the carbonate has precipitated. There are, however, cases of deviation from thermodynamic equilibrium, where both clumped and oxygen isotopes are offset from the expected values. Such carbonates must be characterized and calibrated separately. For deep-time applications, special care must be paid to the preservation of the original signal, in particular with respect to diagenetic alteration associated with atomic scale diffusion that may be undetectable by common tests for diagenesis.
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Müller IA, Fernandez A, Radke J, van Dijk J, Bowen D, Schwieters J, Bernasconi SM. Carbonate clumped isotope analyses with the long-integration dual-inlet (LIDI) workflow: scratching at the lower sample weight boundaries. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2017; 31:1057-1066. [PMID: 28402589 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clumped isotope analyses (Δ47 ) of carbonates by dual inlet (DI) mass spectrometry require long integration times to reach the necessary high precision due to the low abundance of the rare isotopologue 13 C18 O16 O. Traditional DI protocols reach this only with large amounts of sample and/or a large number of replicates as a large portion of the analyte gas is wasted. We tested an improved analytical workflow that significantly reduces the sample sizes and total analysis time per sample while preserving precision and accuracy. METHODS We implemented the LIDI (long-integration dual-inlet) protocol to measure carbonates in micro-volume mode using a Kiel IV carbonate device coupled to a Thermo Scientific 253 Plus isotope ratio mass spectrometer without the new 1013 ohm amplifier technology. The LIDI protocol includes a single measurement of the sample gas (600 s integration) followed by a single measurement of the working gas (WG) with the same integration time. RESULTS The Δ47 measurements of four calcite standards over a period of 5 weeks demonstrate excellent long-term stability with a standard deviation of ±0.021 to ±0.025 ‰ for the final values of the individual aliquots. The Δ47 analyses of a coral, four foraminifera and a calcite precipitated in the laboratory demonstrate that 14 replicates of 90 to 120 μg are sufficient to achieve an external precision of ±0.007 ‰ (1SE) or of ±0.013 ‰ at the 95% confidence level. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that by using a Kiel IV-253 Plus system with LIDI it is possible to achieve the same analytical precision as conventional DI measurements with at least a factor of 40 less sample material. With the new 1013 ohm resistor technology there is the potential to reduce the required sample material even more. This opens new avenues of research in paleoceanography, paleoclimatology, low-temperature diagenesis and other currently sample size limited applications. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inigo A Müller
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Alvaro Fernandez
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Radke
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Hanna-Kunath-Strasse 11, 28199, Bremen, Germany
| | - Joep van Dijk
- Geological Institute, ETH Zürich, Sonneggstrasse 5, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Devon Bowen
- Ziggurat GmbH, Rainstrasse 56, 8712, Stäfa, Switzerland
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Abstract
Aridification is often considered a major driver of long-term ecological change and hominin evolution in eastern Africa during the Plio-Pleistocene; however, this hypothesis remains inadequately tested owing to difficulties in reconstructing terrestrial paleoclimate. We present a revised aridity index for quantifying water deficit (WD) in terrestrial environments using tooth enamel δ18O values, and use this approach to address paleoaridity over the past 4.4 million years in eastern Africa. We find no long-term trend in WD, consistent with other terrestrial climate indicators in the Omo-Turkana Basin, and no relationship between paleoaridity and herbivore paleodiet structure among fossil collections meeting the criteria for WD estimation. Thus, we suggest that changes in the abundance of C4 grass and grazing herbivores in eastern Africa during the Pliocene and Pleistocene may have been decoupled from aridity. As in modern African ecosystems, other factors, such as rainfall seasonality or ecological interactions among plants and mammals, may be important for understanding the evolution of C4 grass- and grazer-dominated biomes.
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John CM, Bowen D. Community software for challenging isotope analysis: First applications of 'Easotope' to clumped isotopes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:2285-2300. [PMID: 27524507 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The measurement of complex isotope systems, notably the multiply substituted isotopologues of CO2 derived from carbonates, is challenging from a mass spectrometric point of view, but it is also time consuming and difficult from a data reduction and normalization perspective. Dedicated software often lags behind and currently limits fast, reliable and reproducible data analysis and inter-laboratory reproducibility. METHODS We have developed new community software 'Easotope' using Java and the Eclipse framework. The objectives were to reduce and normalize complex isotopic data easily using a program that could run on multiple platforms, with a central database to store data and constants, an open architecture giving end users a complete view of the data processing steps, and a permissions system allowing the administrator to empower each user in proportion to their expertise. RESULTS Easotope is now freely available to download, and comprises both a server and a client executable. The server can be run either on a remote machine accessible via the internet, or on a localhost. The client allows users to access the server, and to enter and manipulate data. Easotope currently supports full data storage, data processing and data normalization for bulk isotopes of carbon and oxygen, and for clumped isotopes. CONCLUSIONS Easotope greatly simplifies data processing, reducing processing time to less than a second compared with 30 min when done manually. The software also ensures consistency in data reduction and normalization both within a laboratory and between laboratories. Easotope is designed with the ability to implement other isotopic systems in the future. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric M John
- Imperial College London, Earth Science and Engineering, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Loyd SJ, Sample J, Tripati RE, Defliese WF, Brooks K, Hovland M, Torres M, Marlow J, Hancock LG, Martin R, Lyons T, Tripati AE. Methane seep carbonates yield clumped isotope signatures out of equilibrium with formation temperatures. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12274. [PMID: 27447820 PMCID: PMC4961868 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Methane cold seep systems typically exhibit extensive buildups of authigenic carbonate minerals, resulting from local increases in alkalinity driven by methane oxidation. Here, we demonstrate that modern seep authigenic carbonates exhibit anomalously low clumped isotope values (Δ47), as much as ∼0.2‰ lower than expected values. In modern seeps, this range of disequilibrium translates into apparent temperatures that are always warmer than ambient temperatures, by up to 50 °C. We examine various mechanisms that may induce disequilibrium behaviour in modern seep carbonates, and suggest that the observed values result from several factors including kinetic isotopic effects during methane oxidation, mixing of inorganic carbon pools, pH effects and rapid precipitation. Ancient seep carbonates studied here also exhibit potential disequilibrium signals. Ultimately, these findings indicate the predominance of disequilibrium clumped isotope behaviour in modern cold seep carbonates that must be considered when characterizing environmental conditions in both modern and ancient cold seep settings. The geochemistry of methane cold seep carbonates is often used to reconstruct environmental conditions. Loyd et al. find disequilibrium clumped isotope compositions in modern seep carbonates that suggest temperatures up to 50°C too high, raising doubt on seep carbonate temperature reconstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Loyd
- Department of Geological Sciences, California State University, Fullerton, California 92831, USA.,Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - J Sample
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86001, USA
| | - R E Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,European Institute of Marine Sciences (IUEM), Université de Brest, UMR 6538/6539, Rue Dumont D'Urville, and IFREMER, Plouzané 29019, France
| | - W F Defliese
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - K Brooks
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - M Hovland
- Centre for Geobiology, University of Bergen, Bergen 5003, Norway
| | - M Torres
- College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
| | - J Marlow
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - L G Hancock
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - R Martin
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences/Burke Museum, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - T Lyons
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - A E Tripati
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.,European Institute of Marine Sciences (IUEM), Université de Brest, UMR 6538/6539, Rue Dumont D'Urville, and IFREMER, Plouzané 29019, France
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Uno KT, Polissar PJ, Kahle E, Feibel C, Harmand S, Roche H, deMenocal PB. A Pleistocene palaeovegetation record from plant wax biomarkers from the Nachukui Formation, West Turkana, Kenya. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150235. [PMID: 27298466 PMCID: PMC4920292 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing vegetation at hominin fossil sites provides us critical information about hominin palaeoenvironments and the potential role of climate in their evolution. Here we reconstruct vegetation from carbon isotopes of plant wax biomarkers in sediments of the Nachukui Formation in the Turkana Basin. Plant wax biomarkers were extracted from samples from a wide range of lithologies that include fluvial-lacustrine sediments and palaeosols, and therefore provide a record of vegetation from diverse depositional environments. Carbon isotope ratios from biomarkers indicate a highly dynamic vegetation structure (ca 5-100% C4 vegetation) from 2.3 to 1.7 Ma, with an overall shift towards more C4 vegetation on the landscape after about 2.1 Ma. The biomarker isotope data indicate ca 25-30% more C4 vegetation on the landscape than carbon isotope data of pedogenic carbonates from the same sequence. Our data show that the environments of early Paranthropus and Homo in this part of the Turkana Basin were primarily mixed C3-C4 to C4-dominated ecosystems. The proportion of C4-based foods in the diet of Paranthropus increases through time, broadly paralleling the increase in C4 vegetation on the landscape, whereas the diet of Homo remains unchanged. Biomarker isotope data associated with the Kokiselei archaeological site complex, which includes the site where the oldest Acheulean stone tools to date were recovered, indicate 61-97% C4 vegetation on the landscape.This article is part of the themed issue 'Major transitions in human evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin T Uno
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Pratigya J Polissar
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA
| | - Emma Kahle
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Craig Feibel
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA Department of Anthropology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Sonia Harmand
- Turkana Basin Institute, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA CNRS, UMR 7055, Maison de l'Archéologie et de l'Ethnologie, Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, Cedex 92023, France
| | - Hélène Roche
- CNRS, UMR 7055, Maison de l'Archéologie et de l'Ethnologie, Université Paris Ouest-Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, Cedex 92023, France
| | - Peter B deMenocal
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, NY 10964, USA Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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Rowan J, Locke EM, Robinson JR, Campisano CJ, Wynn JG, Reed KE. Fossil Giraffidae (Mammalia, Artiodactyla) from Lee Adoyta, Ledi-Geraru, and Late Pliocene Dietary Evolution in Giraffids from the Lower Awash Valley, Ethiopia. J MAMM EVOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10914-016-9343-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Pleistocene footprints show intensive use of lake margin habitats by Homo erectus groups. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26374. [PMID: 27199261 PMCID: PMC4873780 DOI: 10.1038/srep26374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructing hominin paleoecology is critical for understanding our ancestors’ diets, social organizations and interactions with other animals. Most paleoecological models lack fine-scale resolution due to fossil hominin scarcity and the time-averaged accumulation of faunal assemblages. Here we present data from 481 fossil tracks from northwestern Kenya, including 97 hominin footprints attributed to Homo erectus. These tracks are found in multiple sedimentary layers spanning approximately 20 thousand years. Taphonomic experiments show that each of these trackways represents minutes to no more than a few days in the lives of the individuals moving across these paleolandscapes. The geology and associated vertebrate fauna place these tracks in a deltaic setting, near a lakeshore bordered by open grasslands. Hominin footprints are disproportionately abundant in this lake margin environment, relative to hominin skeletal fossil frequency in the same deposits. Accounting for preservation bias, this abundance of hominin footprints indicates repeated use of lakeshore habitats by Homo erectus. Clusters of very large prints moving in the same direction further suggest these hominins traversed this lakeshore in multi-male groups. Such reliance on near water environments, and possibly aquatic-linked foods, may have influenced hominin foraging behavior and migratory routes across and out of Africa.
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Pedothem carbonates reveal anomalous North American atmospheric circulation 70,000-55,000 years ago. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:919-24. [PMID: 26755592 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515478113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of climatic conditions, and therefore forcing factors, in North America during the past two glacial cycles is limited in part by the scarcity of long, well-dated, continuous paleoclimate records. Here, we present the first, to our knowledge, continuous, millennial-resolution paleoclimate proxy record derived from millimeter-thick pedogenic carbonate clast coatings (pedothems), which are widely distributed in semiarid to arid regions worldwide. Our new multiisotope pedothem record from the Wind River Basin in Wyoming confirms a previously hypothesized period of increased transport of Gulf of Mexico moisture northward into the continental interior from 70,000 to 55,000 years ago based on oxygen and carbon isotopes determined by ion microprobe and uranium isotopes and U-Th dating by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This pronounced meridional moisture transport, which contrasts with the dominant zonal transport of Pacific moisture into the North American interior by westerly winds before and after 70,000-55,000 years ago, may have resulted from a persistent anticyclone developed above the North American ice sheet during Marine Isotope Stage 4. We conclude that pedothems, when analyzed using microanalytical techniques, can provide high-resolution paleoclimate records that may open new avenues into understanding past terrestrial climates in regions where paleoclimate records are not otherwise available. When pedothem paleoclimate records are combined with existing records they will add complimentary soil-based perspectives on paleoclimate conditions.
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47
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Petersen SV, Winkelstern IZ, Lohmann KC, Meyer KW. The effects of Porapak™ trap temperature on δ(18)O, δ(13)C, and Δ47 values in preparing samples for clumped isotope analysis. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:199-208. [PMID: 26661987 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The clumped isotope paleothermometer, a new proxy widely applicable in studies of paleoclimate, tectonics, and paleontology, relates the abundance of doubly substituted isotopologues of carbonate-derived CO2 to the temperature of formation of the carbonate phase. As this technique becomes more widely used, more is discovered about the effects of everyday laboratory procedures on the clumped isotopic composition of CO2 gas. METHODS Preparation of CO2 for clumped isotope analysis requires the removal of isobaric contaminants prior to measurement, achieved dynamically by passing the CO2 through a gas chromatography column using a helium carrier gas or cryogenically pumping CO2 through a static trap filled with Porapak™ Q (PPQ) material. The stable and clumped isotopic compositions of carbonate standards prepared at PPQ trap temperatures between -40°C and -10°C were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry to evaluate potential artifacts introduced by the static PPQ trap method. RESULTS The stable isotopic composition of carbonates run at temperatures below -20°C was fractionated, despite achieving >99% retrieval of gas at temperatures as cold as -30°C. The δ(13)C and δ(18)O values decreased by ~0.01 and ~0.03 ‰/(°C below -20°C). The raw Δ47 values decreased by 0.003-0.005 ‰/(°C below -20°C), but the final reference-frame-corrected values (Δ47-RFAC ) were unaffected as long as the carbonate samples and standard gases were prepared identically. CONCLUSIONS Preparing carbonate samples for clumped isotope analysis using a PPQ trap that is too cold can result in erroneous stable isotopic compositions. New and existing labs using the static PPQ trap cleaning procedure should determine the ideal PPQ trap temperature for their particular system through monitoring not only yield through the PPQ trap, but also stable isotopic composition at various PPQ trap temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sierra V Petersen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA
| | - Ian Z Winkelstern
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA
| | - Kyger C Lohmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA
| | - Kyle W Meyer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, University of Michigan, 1100 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48103, USA
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Lüdecke T, Schrenk F, Thiemeyer H, Kullmer O, Bromage TG, Sandrock O, Fiebig J, Mulch A. Persistent C3 vegetation accompanied Plio-Pleistocene hominin evolution in the Malawi Rift (Chiwondo Beds, Malawi). J Hum Evol 2016; 90:163-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Isotopic ordering in eggshells reflects body temperatures and suggests differing thermophysiology in two Cretaceous dinosaurs. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8296. [PMID: 26462135 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the evolutionary transitions leading to the modern endothermic state of birds and mammals is incomplete, partly because tools available to study the thermophysiology of extinct vertebrates are limited. Here we show that clumped isotope analysis of eggshells can be used to determine body temperatures of females during periods of ovulation. Late Cretaceous titanosaurid eggshells yield temperatures similar to large modern endotherms. In contrast, oviraptorid eggshells yield temperatures lower than most modern endotherms but ∼ 6 °C higher than co-occurring abiogenic carbonates, implying that this taxon did not have thermoregulation comparable to modern birds, but was able to elevate its body temperature above environmental temperatures. Therefore, we observe no strong evidence for end-member ectothermy or endothermy in the species examined. Body temperatures for these two species indicate that variable thermoregulation likely existed among the non-avian dinosaurs and that not all dinosaurs had body temperatures in the range of that seen in modern birds.
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50
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