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Kidman R, McKnight DT, Schwarzkopf L, Nordberg EJ. How turtles keep their cool: Seasonal and diel basking patterns in a tropical turtle. J Therm Biol 2024; 121:103834. [PMID: 38669745 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2024.103834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Behavioural thermoregulation by ectotherms is an important mechanism for maintaining body temperatures to optimise physiological performance. Experimental studies suggest that nocturnal basking by Krefft's river turtles (Emydura macquarii krefftii) in the tropics may allow them to avoid high water temperatures, however, this hypothesis has yet to be tested in the field. In this study, we examined the influence of environmental temperature on seasonal and diel patterns of basking in E. m. krefftii in tropical north Queensland, Australia. Wildlife cameras were used to document turtle basking events for seven consecutive days and nights for each month over a year (April 2020-March 2021). Air and water temperatures were recorded simultaneously using temperature loggers. We used a negative binomial mixed effects model to compare mean basking durations (min) occurring among four environmental temperature categories based on population thermal preference (26 °C): 1) air temperature above and water temperature below preferred temperature; 2) air temperature below and water temperature above preferred temperature; 3) air and water temperatures both above preferred temperature; and 4) air and water temperatures both below preferred temperature. Basking behaviour was influenced significantly by the relationship between air and water temperature. During the day, turtles spent significantly less time basking when both air and water temperatures were above their preferred temperatures. Conversely, at night, turtles spent significantly more time basking when water temperatures were warm and air temperatures were cool relative to their preferred temperature. This study adds to the growing body of work indicating pronounced heat avoidance as a thermoregulatory strategy among tropical reptile populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie Kidman
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia.
| | - Donald T McKnight
- Savanna Field Station, La Democracia, Belize District, Belize; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Lin Schwarzkopf
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
| | - Eric J Nordberg
- Ecosystem Management, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia; College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, 4811, Australia
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2
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Bonanno G, Veneziano V. Rise, fall and hope for the Sicilian endemic plant Muscari gussonei: A story of survival in the face of narrow germination optimum, climate changes, desertification and habitat fragmentation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169208. [PMID: 38101628 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Muscari gussonei is an endangered endemic plant growing on fragmented Mediterranean coastal dunes. This study focused on the germination performance of M. gussonei at two fixed temperatures, 10 and 15 °C, and at an alternating one, 10/20 °C, and on the multi-temporal trends of temperature and rainfall during 1931-2020, as well as on the patterns of desertification and land-cover changes over the last 60 years. High and similar germinability was found for different populations of M. gussonei, in particular, the final germination percentage (FGP) was ≥95 % for the three treatments. The general pattern was the lower the temperature the higher and faster the germination. However, germination speed varied significantly among populations. This intraspecific variability of germination behavior may suggest a certain level of ecophysiological plasticity in M. gussonei, thus raising hopes on the capacity of M. gussonei to respond better to the ongoing severe environmental changes. In the period 1931-2020, indeed, the average temperature rose by 1.5 °C, from 16.8 to 18.3 °C, which is equivalent to the enormous increase of 0.17 °C per decade. Similarly, the average rainfall declined by 100 mm, from 600 to 500 mm. Another serious stressor was desertification, which affects >90 % of the distributional area of M. gussonei. A further factor of ecological degradation is a considerably altered landscape, where the agricultural component accounts for c. 85 %, whereas natural and seminatural areas were only c. 10 %. Increasing temperature and dryness will inevitably reduce the germinability of M. gussonei, characterized by a narrow germination optimum of 10-15 °C. The future of M. gussonei looks even more dramatic if we consider its small and scattered populations distributed in an agricultural matrix affected by high levels of desertification. Only multivariate information at different space-time scales can provide an exhaustive picture for implementing effective conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Bonanno
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Antonino Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Antonino Longo 19, 95125 Catania, Italy
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3
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Sanpradit P, Niyomdecha S, Masae M, Peerakietkhajorn S. Thermal stress-stimulated ZnO toxicity inhibits reproduction of freshwater crustacean Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123171. [PMID: 38128714 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Elevated temperatures due to climate change pose a variety of environmental risks to the freshwater ecosystem. At the same time, zinc oxide (ZnO) has become widely used and has entered the freshwater environment. As thermal stress may potentially impact the physicochemical properties of ZnO, its toxicity to freshwater organisms in the face of global warming is poorly understood. The potential effects on reproductive performances, including oogenesis, are of particular concern. In this study, we investigate the reproductive performances and related mRNA abundance of the zooplankton Daphnia magna under conditions of ZnO exposure and heat stress. The results revealed that ZnO and elevated temperature delayed maturity and juvenile production of D. magna. Histological observations indicated that oogenesis was inhibited, and the number and size of oocytes were reduced in the condition of ZnO exposure under heat stress. Eventual offspring in the same treatment exhibited decreased numbers, size, and quality. Congenital juvenile anomalies were increased, such as deformed eye, and impaired antenna and tail spine. Moreover, both ZnO and elevated temperature treatments inhibited expression levels of reproduction-related genes (vtg, EcR and VMO1) and induced the dmrt93b gene involved in the production of male offspring. Furthermore, we found that D. magna tried to cope with ZnO and thermal stress by upregulating hsp90, HIF-1α and HIF-1β. ZnO and heat stress inhibited the reproductive capacity of D. magna, produced deleterious effects on reproduction-associated physiological pathways, and damaged reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweena Sanpradit
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Seree Niyomdecha
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Murnee Masae
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Saranya Peerakietkhajorn
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand.
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Serrano ARM. Ground beetles of the tribes Chlaeniini Brull, 1834 and Rhopalomelini Alluaud, 1930 (Carabidae: Licininae) of Guinea-Bissau: description of two new species and faunistic notes. Zootaxa 2024; 5397:1-35. [PMID: 38221221 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5397.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Two new species of ground beetles of the genus Chlaenius Bonelli, 1810 (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Guinea-Bissau are described: C. (Chlaeniostenus) kirschenhoferi n. sp. and C. (Chlaeniostenus) silvai n. sp., together with illustrations of their habitus and aedeagus. An annotated checklist of 20 species and subspecies of the tribes Chlaeniini and Rhopalomelini is provided, including data on general distribution, new country and new distribution records at country level. The list includes novel information from two entomological missions to that country carried out in 2006 and 2009 and also corrigenda data on previous published species. A new synonymy is established: Chlaenius (Paracallistoides) opisthographus Alluaud, 1934 is proposed as a junior synonym of Chlaenius (Chlaenius) zygogrammus LaFert-Snectre, 1851. Further, a dichotomic key is made available for the identification of the Guinea-Bissau species of Chlaenius (Chlaeniostenus) Kuntzen, 1919 subgenus. A historical review, as well as some considerations on the distribution and conservation status of these beetles in Guinea-Bissau is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur R M Serrano
- CE3cCenter for Ecology; Evolution and Environmental Changes & CHANGEGlobal Change and Sustainability Institute; Departamento de Biologia Animal; Faculdade de Cincias da Universidade de Lisboa; R. Ernesto de Vasconcelos; Ed. C2; Campo Grande; 1749-016 Lisboa; PORTUGAL.
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Gutiérrez-Fonseca PE, Pringle CM, Ramírez A, Gómez JE, García P. Hurricane disturbance drives trophic changes in neotropical mountain stream food webs. Ecology 2024; 105:e4202. [PMID: 37926483 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Food webs are complex ecological networks that reveal species interactions and energy flow in ecosystems. Prevailing ecological knowledge on forested streams suggests that their food webs are based on allochthonous carbon, driven by a constant supply of organic matter from adjacent vegetation and limited primary production due to low light conditions. Extreme climatic disturbances can disrupt these natural ecosystem dynamics by altering resource availability, which leads to changes in food web structure and functioning. Here, we quantify the response of stream food webs to two major hurricanes (Irma and María, Category 5 and 4, respectively) that struck Puerto Rico in September 2017. Within two tropical forested streams (first and second order), we collected ecosystem and food web data 6 months prior to the hurricanes and 2, 9, and 18 months afterward. We assessed the structural (e.g., canopy) and hydrological (e.g., discharge) characteristics of the ecosystem and monitored changes in basal resources (i.e., algae, biofilm, and leaf litter), consumers (e.g., aquatic invertebrates, riparian consumers), and applied Layman's community-wide metrics using the isotopic composition of 13 C and 15 N. Continuous stream discharge measurements indicated that the hurricanes did not cause an extreme hydrological event. However, the sixfold increase in canopy openness and associated changes in litter input appeared to trigger an increase in primary production. These food webs were primarily based on terrestrially derived carbon before the hurricanes, but most taxa (including Atya and Xiphocaris shrimp, the consumers with highest biomass) shifted their food source to autochthonous carbon within 2 months of the hurricanes. We also found evidence that the hurricanes dramatically altered the structure of the food web, resulting in shorter (i.e., smaller food-chain length), narrower (i.e., lower diversity of carbon sources) food webs, as well as increased trophic species packing. This study demonstrates how hurricane disturbance can alter stream food webs, changing the trophic base from allochthonous to autochthonous resources via changes in the physical environment (i.e., canopy defoliation). As hurricanes become more frequent and severe due to climate change, our findings greatly contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms that maintain forested stream trophic interactions amidst global change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo E Gutiérrez-Fonseca
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | | | - Alonso Ramírez
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jesús E Gómez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Pavel García
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
- Ecology and Evolution Program, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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Cunningham CX, Williamson GJ, Nolan RH, Teckentrup L, Boer MM, Bowman DMJS. Pyrogeography in flux: Reorganization of Australian fire regimes in a hotter world. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17130. [PMID: 38273509 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Changes to the spatiotemporal patterns of wildfire are having profound implications for ecosystems and society globally, but we have limited understanding of the extent to which fire regimes will reorganize in a warming world. While predicting regime shifts remains challenging because of complex climate-vegetation-fire feedbacks, understanding the climate niches of fire regimes provides a simple way to identify locations most at risk of regime change. Using globally available satellite datasets, we constructed 14 metrics describing the spatiotemporal dimensions of fire and then delineated Australia's pyroregions-the geographic area encapsulating a broad fire regime. Cluster analysis revealed 18 pyroregions, notably including the (1) high-intensity, infrequent fires of the temperate forests, (2) high-frequency, smaller fires of the tropical savanna, and (3) low-intensity, diurnal, human-engineered fires of the agricultural zones. To inform the risk of regime shifts, we identified locations where the climate under three CMIP6 scenarios is projected to shift (i) beyond each pyroregion's historical climate niche, and (ii) into climate space that is novel to the Australian continent. Under middle-of-the-road climate projections (SSP2-4.5), an average of 65% of the extent of the pyroregions occurred beyond their historical climate niches by 2081-2100. Further, 52% of pyroregion extents, on average, were projected to occur in climate space without present-day analogues on the Australian continent, implying high risk of shifting to states that also lack present-day counterparts. Pyroregions in tropical and hot-arid climates were most at risk of shifting into both locally and continentally novel climate space because (i) their niches are narrower than southern temperate pyroregions, and (ii) their already-hot climates lead to earlier departure from present-day climate space. Such a shift implies widespread risk of regime shifts and the emergence of no-analogue fire regimes. Our approach can be applied to other regions to assess vulnerability to rapid fire regime change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum X Cunningham
- Fire Centre, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Grant J Williamson
- Fire Centre, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Rachael H Nolan
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lina Teckentrup
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Matthias M Boer
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David M J S Bowman
- Fire Centre, School of Natural Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Farnan H, Yeeles P, Lach L. Sublethal doses of insecticide reduce thermal tolerance of a stingless bee and are not avoided in a resource choice test. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230949. [PMID: 38026031 PMCID: PMC10663796 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Insecticides and climate change are among the multiple stressors that bees face, but little is known about their synergistic effects, especially for non-Apis bee species. In laboratory experiments, we tested whether the stingless bee Tetragonula hockingsi avoids insecticide in sucrose solutions and how T. hockingsi responds to insecticide and heat stress combined. We found that T. hockingsi neither preferred nor avoided sucrose solutions with either low (2.5 × 10-4 ng µl-1 imidacloprid or 1.0 × 10-4 ng µl-1 fipronil) or high (2.5 × 10-3 ng µl-1 imidacloprid or 1.0 × 10-3 ng µl-1 fipronil) insecticide concentrations when offered alongside sucrose without insecticide. In our combined stress experiment, the smallest dose of imidacloprid (7.5 × 10-4 ng) did not significantly affect thermal tolerance (CTmax). However, CTmax significantly reduced by 0.8°C (±0.16 SE) and by 0.5°C (±0.16 SE) when bees were fed as little as 7.5 × 10-3 ng of imidacloprid or 3.0 × 10-4 ng of fipronil, respectively, and as much as 1.5°C (±0.16 SE) and 1.2°C (±0.16 SE) when bees were fed 7.5 × 10-2 ng of imidacloprid or 3.0 × 10-2 ng of fipronil, respectively. Predictions of temperature increase, and increased insecticide use in the tropics suggest that T. hockingsi will be at increased risk of the effects of both stressors in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Farnan
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Peter Yeeles
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
| | - Lori Lach
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, PO Box 6811, Cairns, Queensland 4870, Australia
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8
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Masoudi M, Asrari E. Hazard assessment of global warming around the world using GIS. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1025. [PMID: 37550564 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11464-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is among the important environmental problems of the earth. The present research aims to study temperature variations around the world. For this purpose, the monthly temperature data of 178 points from the NOAA site were studied from 1950 to 2019. In this study, the temperature changes were investigated in terms of its increase, decrease, and significance level by the Mann-Kendall method. Geographic Information System (GIS) and interpolation methods were used to determine the changes in temperature in global warming maps. According to the obtained results, except for 3.8% of the designated area, other parts of the world show change toward warmer conditions. Overall, the world's land temperature has increased by 1.08℃ during the study period. Also, about 85% of the designated area shows moderate and severe hazardous conditions in terms of global warming. The spatial analysis showed higher change and hazardous conditions for global warming in mid-longitude and high-latitude close to both poles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Masoudi
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agricultural, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Elham Asrari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Vergunst F, Berry HL, Minor K, Chadi N. Climate Change and Substance-Use Behaviors: A Risk-Pathways Framework. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2023; 18:936-954. [PMID: 36441663 PMCID: PMC10336608 DOI: 10.1177/17456916221132739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is undermining the mental and physical health of global populations, but the question of how it is affecting substance-use behaviors has not been systematically examined. In this narrative synthesis, we find that climate change could increase harmful substance use worldwide through at least five pathways: psychosocial stress arising from the destabilization of social, environmental, economic, and geopolitical support systems; increased rates of mental disorders; increased physical-health burden; incremental harmful changes to established behavior patterns; and worry about the dangers of unchecked climate change. These pathways could operate independently, additively, interactively, and cumulatively to increase substance-use vulnerability. Young people face disproportionate risks because of their high vulnerability to mental-health problems and substance-use disorders and greater number of life years ahead in which to be exposed to current and worsening climate change. We suggest that systems thinking and developmental life-course approaches provide practical frameworks for conceptualizing this relationship. Further conceptual, methodological, and empirical work is urgently needed to evaluate the nature and scope of this burden so that effective adaptive and preventive action can be taken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Vergunst
- Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal
- Ste-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Helen L Berry
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University
| | - Kelton Minor
- Center for Social Data Science, University of Copenhagen
- Data Science Institute, Columbia University
| | - Nicholas Chadi
- Ste-Justine University Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal
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Mikula P, Tomášek O, Romportl D, Aikins TK, Avendaño JE, Braimoh-Azaki BDA, Chaskda A, Cresswell W, Cunningham SJ, Dale S, Favoretto GR, Floyd KS, Glover H, Grim T, Henry DAW, Holmern T, Hromada M, Iwajomo SB, Lilleyman A, Magige FJ, Martin RO, de A Maximiano MF, Nana ED, Ncube E, Ndaimani H, Nelson E, van Niekerk JH, Pienaar C, Piratelli AJ, Pistorius P, Radkovic A, Reynolds C, Røskaft E, Shanungu GK, Siqueira PR, Tarakini T, Tejeiro-Mahecha N, Thompson ML, Wamiti W, Wilson M, Tye DRC, Tye ND, Vehtari A, Tryjanowski P, Weston MA, Blumstein DT, Albrecht T. Bird tolerance to humans in open tropical ecosystems. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2146. [PMID: 37081049 PMCID: PMC10119130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal tolerance towards humans can be a key factor facilitating wildlife-human coexistence, yet traits predicting its direction and magnitude across tropical animals are poorly known. Using 10,249 observations for 842 bird species inhabiting open tropical ecosystems in Africa, South America, and Australia, we find that avian tolerance towards humans was lower (i.e., escape distance was longer) in rural rather than urban populations and in populations exposed to lower human disturbance (measured as human footprint index). In addition, larger species and species with larger clutches and enhanced flight ability are less tolerant to human approaches and escape distances increase when birds were approached during the wet season compared to the dry season and from longer starting distances. Identification of key factors affecting animal tolerance towards humans across large spatial and taxonomic scales may help us to better understand and predict the patterns of species distributions in the Anthropocene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Mikula
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA.
| | - Oldřich Tomášek
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dušan Romportl
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Timothy K Aikins
- Department of Biodiversity Conservation and Management, University for Development Studies, P.O. Box TL 1882, Tamale, Ghana
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Jorge E Avendaño
- Laboratorio de Biología Evolutiva de Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
- Programa de Biología, Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Bukola D A Braimoh-Azaki
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- AP Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Adams Chaskda
- AP Leventis Ornithological Research Institute, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Will Cresswell
- Centre for Biological Diversity, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife, KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Susan J Cunningham
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Svein Dale
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, Norwegian, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | | | - Kelvin S Floyd
- International Crane Foundation/Endangered Wildlife Trust (ICF/EWT Partnership), P. O Box 33944, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Hayley Glover
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Tomáš Grim
- Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Ostrava, Chittussiho 10, 710 00, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Dominic A W Henry
- Centre for Statistics in Ecology, Environment and Conservation, Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7700, South Africa
| | - Tomas Holmern
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7091, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin Hromada
- Laboratory and Museum of Evolutionary Ecology, Department of Ecology, Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Prešov, 17. novembra 1, 081 16, Prešov, Slovakia
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Z. Szafrana 1, 65-516, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Soladoye B Iwajomo
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Lagos, Akoka, Yaba, Nigeria
- TETFUND Centre of Excellence in Biodiversity Conservation and Ecosystem Management, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Amanda Lilleyman
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, NT, 0909, Australia
| | - Flora J Magige
- Department of Zoology and Wildlife Conservation, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35064, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Rowan O Martin
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- Africa Conservation Programme, World Parrot Trust, Glanmor House, Hayle, TR27 4HB, UK
| | - Marina F de A Maximiano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia. Avenida André Araújo, 69067-375, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Eric D Nana
- Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IRAD), 1st Main road Nkolbisson - Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Emmanuel Ncube
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Henry Ndaimani
- International Fund for Animal Welfare, 22 Airdrie Road, Estlea, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Emma Nelson
- School of Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Ashton Street, L69 3GS, Liverpool, UK
| | - Johann H van Niekerk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, PO Box 392, Pretoria, 0003, South Africa
| | - Carina Pienaar
- BirdLife South Africa, Isdell House, 17 Hume Road, Dunkeld West, 2196, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - Augusto J Piratelli
- Departamento de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Rodovia João Leme dos Santos km 110, 18086-330, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Penny Pistorius
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Anna Radkovic
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Chevonne Reynolds
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits, 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Eivin Røskaft
- Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NTNU, NO-7091, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Griffin K Shanungu
- International Crane Foundation/Endangered Wildlife Trust (ICF/EWT Partnership), P. O Box 33944, Lusaka, Zambia
- Department of Biology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Paulo R Siqueira
- Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Presidente Antônio Carlos avenue 6627, 31270-901, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tawanda Tarakini
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, Chinhoyi University of Technology, P Bag 7724, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
- Research and Education for Sustainable Actions, 9934 Katanda, Chinhoyi, Zimbabwe
| | - Nattaly Tejeiro-Mahecha
- Grupo de investigación ECOTONOS, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad de Los Llanos, Villavicencio, Colombia
- Colecciones Biológicas, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá, Colombia
| | - Michelle L Thompson
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Wanyoike Wamiti
- Zoology Department, National Museums of Kenya, Museum Hill Rd., P.O. BOX 40658- 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mark Wilson
- British Trust for Ornithology, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Donovan R C Tye
- Organisation for Tropical Studies, PO Box 33, Skukuza, 1350, South Africa
| | | | - Aki Vehtari
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, PO Box 15400, 00076, Aalto, Finland
| | - Piotr Tryjanowski
- Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71c, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
- TUM School of Life Sciences, Ecoclimatology, Technical University of Munich, 85354, Freising, Germany
- Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael A Weston
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and the Built Environment, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Hwy, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
| | - Daniel T Blumstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 621 Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-1606, USA
| | - Tomáš Albrecht
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Květná 8, 603 65, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, 128 44, Praha 2, Czech Republic
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11
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Rubanschi S, Meyer ST, Hof C, Weisser WW. Modelling potential biotope composition on a regional scale revealed that climate variables are stronger drivers than soil variables. DIVERS DISTRIB 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Rubanschi
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Technical University Munich Freising Germany
| | - Sebastian T. Meyer
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Technical University Munich Freising Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Technical University Munich Freising Germany
| | - Wolfgang W. Weisser
- Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, School of Life Sciences Technical University Munich Freising Germany
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12
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Warrington MH, Waterman J. Temperature-associated morphological changes in an African arid-zone ground squirrel. J Mammal 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyac107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The ecology, life histories, and physiology of many animals are changing in response to human-induced climate change. As the Earth warms, the ability of an animal to thermoregulate becomes ecologically and physiologically significant. Morphological adaptations to warmer temperatures include larger appendages and smaller bodies. We examined morphological features in a ground squirrel, Xerus inauris, living in the arid zones of South Africa, to examine whether squirrels have responded to increases in temperature and changes in seasonal rainfall with morphological modifications over the last 18 years. We found that over time, absolute hindfoot length and proportional hindfoot length increased, while spine length decreased. These changes are consistent with ecogeographical rules (Allen’s rule and Bergmann’s rule) and provide evidence in support of “shape-shifting” in response to climatic warming. Body mass also increased with time; however, these changes were not consistent with Bergmann’s rule, indicating that mass is influenced by other ecological factors (e.g., resource availability). Our study adds to the growing evidence that animal morphologies are changing in response to changing climatic conditions, although it remains to be seen whether these changes are adaptive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyako H Warrington
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
| | - Jane Waterman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba , Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2 , Canada
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria , Pretoria 0028 , South Africa
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13
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Mateo RG, Arellano G, Gómez-Rubio V, Tello JS, Fuentes AF, Cayola L, Loza MI, Cala V, Macía MJ. Insights on biodiversity drivers to predict species richness in tropical forests at the local scale. Ecol Modell 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2022.110133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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14
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Boza Espinoza TE, Kessler M. A monograph of the genus Polylepis (Rosaceae). PHYTOKEYS 2022; 203:1-274. [PMID: 36761034 PMCID: PMC9849045 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.203.83529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present a monograph of the high Andean tree genus Polylepis (Rosaceae), based on a species concept considering morphological, climatic and biogeographic distinctness as indicators of evolutionary independence. In total, we recognize 45 species of Polylepis, grouped in five sections. Polylepissect.Sericeae is represented by 15 species in four subsections, P.sect.Reticulatae by seven species, P.sect.Subsericantes by three species, P.sect.Australes by two species and P.sect.Incanaee by three subsections with 18 species. We describe seven new species, one from Colombia (P.frontinensis), one from Ecuador (P.simpsoniae) and five from Peru (P.acomayensis, P.fjeldsaoi, P.occidentalis, P.pilosissima and P.sacra). Three species from Peru (P.albicans, P.pallidistigma and P.serrata) are re-instated as valid species. Two taxa from Bolivia (P.incanoides and P.nana) are elevated from subspecies to species rank. The morphology, habitat, distribution, ecology and conservation status of each species are documented. We also provide an identification key to the species of the genus and general introductions on taxonomic history, morphology, evolution, ecology and conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Erika Boza Espinoza
- Institute for Nature, Earth and Energy (INTE), Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP), Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 15088, PeruPontificia Universidad Católica del Perú (PUCP)LimaPeru
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zollikerstrasse 107, CH-8008 Zurich, SwitzerlandUniversity of ZurichZürichSwitzerland
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15
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Abstract
Documenting temporal trends in the extent of ecosystems is essential to monitoring their status but combining this information with the degree of protection helps us assess the effectiveness of societal actions for conserving ecosystem diversity and related ecosystem services. We demonstrated indicators in the Tropical Andes using both potential (pre-industrial) and recent (~2010) distribution maps of terrestrial ecosystem types. We measured long-term ecosystem loss, representation of ecosystem types within the current protected areas, quantifying the additional representation offered by protecting Key Biodiversity Areas. Six (4.8%) ecosystem types (i.e., measured as 126 distinct vegetation macrogroups) have lost >50% in extent across four Andean countries since pre-industrial times. For ecosystem type representation within protected areas, regarding the pre-industrial extent of each type, a total of 32 types (25%) had higher representation (>30%) than the post-2020 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) draft target in existing protected areas. Just 5 of 95 types (5.2%) within the montane Tropical Andes hotspot are currently represented with >30% within the protected areas. Thirty-nine types (31%) within these countries could cross the 30% CBD 2030 target with the addition of Key Biodiversity Areas. This indicator is based on the Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBV) and responds directly to the needs expressed by the users of these countries.
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16
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Identifying the potential global distribution and conservation areas for Terminalia chebula, an important medicinal tree species under changing climate scenario. Trop Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42965-022-00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Jenouvrier S, Long MC, Coste CFD, Holland M, Gamelon M, Yoccoz NG, Sæther B. Detecting climate signals in populations across life histories. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2236-2258. [PMID: 34931401 PMCID: PMC9303565 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Climate impacts are not always easily discerned in wild populations as detecting climate change signals in populations is challenged by stochastic noise associated with natural climate variability, variability in biotic and abiotic processes, and observation error in demographic rates. Detection of the impact of climate change on populations requires making a formal distinction between signals in the population associated with long-term climate trends from those generated by stochastic noise. The time of emergence (ToE) identifies when the signal of anthropogenic climate change can be quantitatively distinguished from natural climate variability. This concept has been applied extensively in the climate sciences, but has not been explored in the context of population dynamics. Here, we outline an approach to detecting climate-driven signals in populations based on an assessment of when climate change drives population dynamics beyond the envelope characteristic of stochastic variations in an unperturbed state. Specifically, we present a theoretical assessment of the time of emergence of climate-driven signals in population dynamics ( ToE pop ). We identify the dependence of ToE pop on the magnitude of both trends and variability in climate and also explore the effect of intrinsic demographic controls on ToE pop . We demonstrate that different life histories (fast species vs. slow species), demographic processes (survival, reproduction), and the relationships between climate and demographic rates yield population dynamics that filter climate trends and variability differently. We illustrate empirically how to detect the point in time when anthropogenic signals in populations emerge from stochastic noise for a species threatened by climate change: the emperor penguin. Finally, we propose six testable hypotheses and a road map for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Jenouvrier
- Biology DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods HoleMassachusettsUSA
| | | | - Christophe F. D. Coste
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Marika Holland
- National Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulderColoradoUSA
| | - Marlène Gamelon
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie ÉvolutiveCNRSUnité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5558Université Lyon 1Université de LyonVilleurbanneFrance
| | - Nigel G. Yoccoz
- Department of Arctic and Marine BiologyUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| | - Bernt‐Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsDepartment of BiologyNorwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
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18
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A nearly complete database on the records and ecology of the rarest boreal tiger moth from 1840s to 2020. Sci Data 2022; 9:107. [PMID: 35338150 PMCID: PMC8956709 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Global environmental changes may cause dramatic insect declines but over century-long time series of certain species’ records are rarely available for scientific research. The Menetries’ Tiger Moth (Arctia menetriesii) appears to be the most enigmatic example among boreal insects. Although it occurs throughout the entire Eurasian taiga biome, it is so rare that less than 100 specimens were recorded since its original description in 1846. Here, we present the database, which contains nearly all available information on the species’ records collected from 1840s to 2020. The data on A. menetriesii records (N = 78) through geographic regions, environments, and different timeframes are compiled and unified. The database may serve as the basis for a wide array of future research such as the distribution modeling and predictions of range shifts under climate changes. It represents a unique example of a more than century-long dataset of distributional, ecological, and phenological data designed for an exceptionally rare but widespread boreal insect, which primarily occurs in hard-to-reach, uninhabited areas of Eurasia. Measurement(s) | specimen record • biological parameters of specimen • environmental characteristics • sampling date • habitat image • specimen image | Technology Type(s) | digital curation | Factor Type(s) | year • month • ten-day period • day • geographic location • altitude • habitat • landscape type • presence of waterbody • ecoregion • developmental stage • sex • individual condition | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Menetries’ Tiger Moth Arctia menetriesii (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Erebidae) | Sample Characteristic - Environment | taiga biome • high-altitude environment | Sample Characteristic - Location | Northern Eurasia |
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19
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Ordóñez-Delgado L, Iñiguez-Armijos C, Díaz M, Escudero A, Gosselin E, Waits LP, Espinosa CI. The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly of Urbanization: Response of a Bird Community in the Neotropical Andes. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.844944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Urbanization constitutes one of the most aggressive drivers of habitat and biodiversity loss worldwide. However, studies focused on determining the response of local biodiversity to urbanization are still scarce, especially in tropical ecosystems. Urban ecosystems are characterized by low biological productivity which in turn leads to a reduction in biodiversity. However, the responses to urbanization should be species dependent. For instance, changes in the availability of resources can favor certain species with specific characteristics. We assessed the effects of the urbanization process on a bird community in a city located in the Tropical Andes of southern Ecuador, a region widely recognized for its diversity and endemism of birds. We selected three independent localities in each of the four levels of the urbanization gradient in the study area (forest, forest-pasture, pasture, and urban). In each locality, we sampled the bird community by visual and auditory surveys along 1 km transects between 2016 and 2017. We recorded a total of 1,257 individuals belonging to 74 bird species. We evaluated if the responses of richness and abundance of birds are dependent on trophic guild and foraging strata. We found a significant decrease in bird species richness and abundance from forest to urban sites. However, the response of birds was dependent on the trophic guild and foraging strata. Granivorous birds showed a positive response associated with the urbanization gradient while insectivorous birds showed a negative response. Insectivorous birds were more abundant in forest sites and decreased in abundance across the urbanization gradient. We found that the proportion of birds using different foraging strata drastically changed along urban gradient. Forest sites exhibited a bird community using a variety of habitats, but the bird community became simpler toward the most urbanized sites. Our findings showed different effects of urbanization on bird communities. The ugly: urbanization leads to a dramatic reduction in the diversity of birds, which is consistent in cities with different characteristics and ecological contexts. On the other hand, the responses of bird guilds to urbanization are species dependent. Some guilds are positively impacted by urbanization and show increases in species richness and abundance while other guilds are negatively impacted.
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20
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Wambugu PW, Henry R. Supporting in situ conservation of the genetic diversity of crop wild relatives using genomic technologies. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2207-2222. [PMID: 35170117 PMCID: PMC9303585 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed huge technological advances in genomics, particularly in DNA sequencing. Here, we review the actual and potential application of genomics in supporting in situ conservation of crop wild relatives (CWRs). In addition to helping in prioritization of protection of CWR taxa and in situ conservation sites, genome analysis is allowing the identification of novel alleles that need to be prioritized for conservation. Genomics is enabling the identification of potential sources of important adaptive traits that can guide the establishment or enrichment of in situ genetic reserves. Genomic tools also have the potential for developing a robust framework for monitoring and reporting genome‐based indicators of genetic diversity changes associated with factors such as land use or climate change. These tools have been demonstrated to have an important role in managing the conservation of populations, supporting sustainable access and utilization of CWR diversity, enhancing accelerated domestication of new crops and forensic genomics thus preventing misappropriation of genetic resources. Despite this great potential, many policy makers and conservation managers have failed to recognize and appreciate the need to accelerate the application of genomics to support the conservation and management of biodiversity in CWRs to underpin global food security. Funding and inadequate genomic expertise among conservation practitioners also remain major hindrances to the widespread application of genomics in conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peterson W Wambugu
- Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Genetic Resources Research Institute, P.O. Box 30148, 00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Robert Henry
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Plant Success in Nature and Agriculture, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4072, Australia
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21
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Elsen PR, Saxon EC, Simmons BA, Ward M, Williams BA, Grantham HS, Kark S, Levin N, Perez-Hammerle KV, Reside AE, Watson JEM. Accelerated shifts in terrestrial life zones under rapid climate change. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:918-935. [PMID: 34719077 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid climate change is impacting biodiversity, ecosystem function, and human well-being. Though the magnitude and trajectory of climate change are becoming clearer, our understanding of how these changes reshape terrestrial life zones-distinct biogeographic units characterized by biotemperature, precipitation, and aridity representing broad-scale ecosystem types-is limited. To address this gap, we used high-resolution historical climatologies and climate projections to determine the global distribution of historical (1901-1920), contemporary (1979-2013), and future (2061-2080) life zones. Comparing the historical and contemporary distributions shows that changes from one life zone to another during the 20th century impacted 27 million km2 (18.3% of land), with consequences for social and ecological systems. Such changes took place in all biomes, most notably in Boreal Forests, Temperate Coniferous Forests, and Tropical Coniferous Forests. Comparing the contemporary and future life zone distributions shows the pace of life zone changes accelerating rapidly in the 21st century. By 2070, such changes would impact an additional 62 million km2 (42.6% of land) under "business-as-usual" (RCP8.5) emissions scenarios. Accelerated rates of change are observed in hundreds of ecoregions across all biomes except Tropical Coniferous Forests. While only 30 ecoregions (3.5%) had over half of their areas change to a different life zone during the 20th century, by 2070 this number is projected to climb to 111 ecoregions (13.1%) under RCP4.5 and 281 ecoregions (33.2%) under RCP8.5. We identified weak correlations between life zone change and threatened vertebrate richness, levels of vertebrate endemism, cropland extent, and human population densities within ecoregions, illustrating the ubiquitous risks of life zone changes to diverse social-ecological systems. The accelerated pace of life zone changes will increasingly challenge adaptive conservation and sustainable development strategies that incorrectly assume current ecological patterns and livelihood provisioning systems will persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Elsen
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Earl C Saxon
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - B Alexander Simmons
- Global Development Policy Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle Ward
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- WWF Australia, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Brooke A Williams
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hedley S Grantham
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Global Conservation Program, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Salit Kark
- The Biodiversity Research Group, The School of Biological Sciences, NESP Threatened Species Recovery Hub, Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Noam Levin
- Department of Geography, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Remote Sensing Research Centre, School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Katharina-Victoria Perez-Hammerle
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - April E Reside
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - James E M Watson
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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22
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Colado R, Pallarés S, Fresneda J, Mammola S, Rizzo V, Sánchez-Fernández D. Climatic stability, not average habitat temperature, determines thermal tolerance of subterranean beetles. Ecology 2022; 103:e3629. [PMID: 35018629 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The climatic variability hypothesis predicts the evolution of species with wide thermal tolerance ranges in environments with variable temperatures, and the evolution of thermal specialists in thermally stable environments. In caves, the extent of spatial and temporal thermal variability experienced by taxa decreases with their degree of specialization to deep subterranean habitats. We use Phylogenetic Generalized Least Squares to model the relationship between thermal tolerance (upper lethal limits), subterranean specialization (estimated using ecomorphological traits) and habitat temperature in sixteen beetle species of the tribe Leptodirini (Leiodidae). We found a significant, negative relationship between thermal tolerance and the degree of subterranean specialization. Conversely, habitat temperature had only a marginal effect on lethal limits. In agreement with the climatic variability hypothesis and under a climate change context, we show that the specialization process to live in deep subterranean habitats involves a reduction of upper lethal limits, but not an adjustment to habitat temperature. Thermal variability seems to exert a higher evolutionary pressure than mean habitat temperature to configure the thermal niche of subterranean species. Our results provide novel insights on thermal physiology of species with poor dispersal capabilities and on the evolutionary process of adaptation to subterranean environments. We further emphasize that the pathways determining vulnerability of subterranean species to climate change greatly depend on the degree of specialization to deep subterranean environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Colado
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
| | - Susana Pallarés
- Departamento de Biogeografía y Cambio Global, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Calle José Gutierrez Abascal 2, 28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fresneda
- Ca de Massa, 25526 Llesp- El Pont de Suert, Lleida, Spain; Museu de Ciències Naturals (Zoología), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefano Mammola
- LIBRe-Laboratory for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Finnish Museum of Natural History, University of Helsinki, Pohjoinen Rautatiekatu 13, Helsinki, Finland.,DarkMEG-Molecular Ecology Group, Water Research Institute (IRSA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Largo Tonolli 50, 28922, Verbania Pallanza, Italy
| | | | - David Sánchez-Fernández
- Departamento de Ecología e Hidrología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus Espinardo, Murcia, Spain
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23
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Dickey JWE, Coughlan NE, Dick JTA, Médoc V, McCard M, Leavitt PR, Lacroix G, Fiorini S, Millot A, Cuthbert RN. Breathing space: deoxygenation of aquatic environments can drive differential ecological impacts across biological invasion stages. Biol Invasions 2021; 23:2831-2847. [PMID: 34720687 PMCID: PMC8550720 DOI: 10.1007/s10530-021-02542-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The influence of climate change on the ecological impacts of invasive alien species (IAS) remains understudied, with deoxygenation of aquatic environments often-overlooked as a consequence of climate change. Here, we therefore assessed how oxygen saturation affects the ecological impact of a predatory invasive fish, the Ponto-Caspian round goby (Neogobius melanostomus), relative to a co-occurring endangered European native analogue, the bullhead (Cottus gobio) experiencing decline in the presence of the IAS. In individual trials and mesocosms, we assessed the effect of high, medium and low (90%, 60% and 30%) oxygen saturation on: (1) functional responses (FRs) of the IAS and native, i.e. per capita feeding rates; (2) the impact on prey populations exerted; and (3) how combined impacts of both fishes change over invasion stages (Pre-invasion, Arrival, Replacement, Proliferation). Both species showed Type II potentially destabilising FRs, but at low oxygen saturation, the invader had a significantly higher feeding rate than the native. Relative Impact Potential, combining fish per capita effects and population abundances, revealed that low oxygen saturation exacerbates the high relative impact of the invader. The Relative Total Impact Potential (RTIP), modelling both consumer species’ impacts on prey populations in a system, was consistently higher at low oxygen saturation and especially high during invader Proliferation. In the mesocosm experiment, low oxygen lowered RTIP where both species were present, but again the IAS retained high relative impact during Replacement and Proliferation stages at low oxygen. We also found evidence of multiple predator effects, principally antagonism. We highlight the threat posed to native communities by IAS alongside climate-related stressors, but note that solutions may be available to remedy hypoxia and potentially mitigate impacts across invasion stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W E Dickey
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK.,Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB), 12587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Neil E Coughlan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK.,School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork, Distillery Fields, North Mall, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jaimie T A Dick
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Vincent Médoc
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle (ENES), Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon (CRNL), CNRS, INSERM, Université de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Monica McCard
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Peter R Leavitt
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK.,Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2 Canada
| | - Gérard Lacroix
- iEES-Paris, Institut d'Ecologie et des Sciences de l'Environnement de Paris (IRD, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, INRA, UPEC, Université Paris Diderot), CC237 Paris, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-De-France), UMS 3194, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Sarah Fiorini
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-De-France), UMS 3194, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Alexis Millot
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, Centre de Recherche en Écologie Expérimentale et Prédictive (CEREEP-Ecotron Ile-De-France), UMS 3194, PSL Research University, Saint-Pierre-lès-Nemours, France
| | - Ross N Cuthbert
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, 19 Chlorine Gardens, Belfast, BT9 5DL Northern Ireland, UK.,GEOMAR, Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel, 24105 Kiel, Germany
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24
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Van Houtan KS, Tanaka KR, Gagné TO, Becker SL. The geographic disparity of historical greenhouse emissions and projected climate change. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/29/eabe4342. [PMID: 34261645 PMCID: PMC8279500 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe4342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
One challenge in climate change communication is that the causes and impacts of global warming are unrelated at local spatial scales. Using high-resolution datasets of historical anthropogenic greenhouse emissions and an ensemble of 21st century surface temperature projections, we developed a spatially explicit index of local climate disparity. This index identifies positive (low emissions, large temperature shifts) and negative disparity regions (high emissions, small temperature shifts), with global coverage. Across all climate change projections we analyzed, 99% of the earth's surface area has a positive index value. This result underscores that while emissions are geographically concentrated, warming is globally widespread. From our index, the regions of the greatest positive disparity appear concentrated in the polar arctic, Central Asia, and Africa with negative disparity regions in western Europe, Southeast Asia, and eastern North America. Straightforward illustrations of this complex relationship may inform on equity, enhance public understanding, and increase collective global action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle S Van Houtan
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA.
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Kisei R Tanaka
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Tyler O Gagné
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - Sarah L Becker
- Monterey Bay Aquarium, 886 Cannery Row, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
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25
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Mazungula DN, Chakona A. An integrative taxonomic review of the Natal mountain catfish, Amphilius natalensis Boulenger 1917 (Siluriformes, Amphiliidae), with description of four new species. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2021; 99:219-239. [PMID: 33635552 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An integrative taxonomic analysis combining mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences, morphology, colour pattern and two species delimitation approaches revealed the existence of five lineages within the Natal mountain catfish, Amphilius natalensis, in southern Africa. These lineages are separated by substantial genetic divergences (1.6%-9.46%), and they can be consistently distinguished from one another based on a combination of morphology and colour pattern differences. Additionally, the lineages are allopatrically distributed and confined to isolated river systems draining discrete mountain ranges, which makes gene flow among them unlikely. One of these lineages is A. natalensis s.s., which is confined to the uMngeni and Tukela river systems in KwaZulu Natal (KZN) Province in South Africa. The other four lineages represent new species to science which are described as Amphilius zuluorum sp. nov., endemic to the uMkhomazi River system in KZN, Amphilius engelbrechti sp. nov., endemic to the Inkomati River system in Mpumalanga Province in South Africa, Amphilius marshalli sp. nov., endemic to the Pungwe and Lower Zambezi river systems in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, and Amphilius leopardus sp. nov., endemic to the Ruo River in Malawi. The results show that Amphilius laticaudatus which is endemic to the Buzi River system in Zimbabwe and Mozambique, belongs to the A. natalensis s.l. complex. A redescription of A. laticaudatus is presented and an updated identification key for the mountain catfishes of southern Africa is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Nkosinathi Mazungula
- National Research Foundation - South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda (Grahamstown), South Africa
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda (Grahamstown), South Africa
| | - Albert Chakona
- National Research Foundation - South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity, Makhanda (Grahamstown), South Africa
- Department of Ichthyology and Fisheries Science, Rhodes University, Makhanda (Grahamstown), South Africa
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26
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Paniw M, James TD, Ruth Archer C, Römer G, Levin S, Compagnoni A, Che-Castaldo J, Bennett JM, Mooney A, Childs DZ, Ozgul A, Jones OR, Burns JH, Beckerman AP, Patwary A, Sanchez-Gassen N, Knight TM, Salguero-Gómez R. The myriad of complex demographic responses of terrestrial mammals to climate change and gaps of knowledge: A global analysis. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1398-1407. [PMID: 33825186 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 25% of mammals are currently threatened with extinction, a risk that is amplified under climate change. Species persistence under climate change is determined by the combined effects of climatic factors on multiple demographic rates (survival, development and reproduction), and hence, population dynamics. Thus, to quantify which species and regions on Earth are most vulnerable to climate-driven extinction, a global understanding of how different demographic rates respond to climate is urgently needed. Here, we perform a systematic review of literature on demographic responses to climate, focusing on terrestrial mammals, for which extensive demographic data are available. To assess the full spectrum of responses, we synthesize information from studies that quantitatively link climate to multiple demographic rates. We find only 106 such studies, corresponding to 87 mammal species. These 87 species constitute <1% of all terrestrial mammals. Our synthesis reveals a strong mismatch between the locations of demographic studies and the regions and taxa currently recognized as most vulnerable to climate change. Surprisingly, for most mammals and regions sensitive to climate change, holistic demographic responses to climate remain unknown. At the same time, we reveal that filling this knowledge gap is critical as the effects of climate change will operate via complex demographic mechanisms: a vast majority of mammal populations display projected increases in some demographic rates but declines in others, often depending on the specific environmental context, complicating simple projections of population fates. Assessments of population viability under climate change are in critical need to gather data that account for multiple demographic responses, and coordinated actions to assess demography holistically should be prioritized for mammals and other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paniw
- Ecological and Forestry Applications Research Centre (CREAF), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tamora D James
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - C Ruth Archer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Gesa Römer
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics (CPop), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Sam Levin
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Aldo Compagnoni
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Judy Che-Castaldo
- Alexander Center for Applied Population Biology, Conservation & Science Department, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joanne M Bennett
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Centre for Applied Water Science, Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Andrew Mooney
- School of Natural Sciences, Zoology, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dylan Z Childs
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Owen R Jones
- Interdisciplinary Centre on Population Dynamics (CPop), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense M, Denmark
| | - Jean H Burns
- Department of Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew P Beckerman
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Abir Patwary
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Tiffany M Knight
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Halle (Saale), Germany
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27
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Boyle SA, de la Sancha NU, Pérez P, Kabelik D. Small mammal glucocorticoid concentrations vary with forest fragment size, trap type, and mammal taxa in the Interior Atlantic Forest. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2111. [PMID: 33542277 PMCID: PMC7862606 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81073-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Species that live in degraded habitats often show signs of physiological stress. Glucocorticoid hormones (e.g., corticosterone and cortisol) are often assessed as a proxy of the extent of physiological stress an animal has experienced. Our goal was to quantify glucocorticoids in free-ranging small mammals in fragments of Interior Atlantic Forest. We extracted glucocorticoids from fur samples of 106 small mammals (rodent genera Akodon and Oligoryzomys, and marsupial genera Gracilinanus and Marmosa) from six forest fragments (2–1200 ha) in the Reserva Natural Tapytá, Caazapá Department, Paraguay. To our knowledge, this is the first publication of corticosterone and cortisol levels for three of the four sampled genera (Akodon, Oligoryzomys, and Marmosa) in this forest system. We discovered three notable results. First, as predicted, glucocorticoid levels were higher in individuals living withing small forest fragments. Second, animals captured live using restraint trapping methods (Sherman traps) had higher glucocorticoid levels than those animals captured using kill traps (Victor traps), suggesting that hair glucocorticoid measures can reflect acute stress levels in addition to long-term glucocorticoid incorporation. These acute levels are likely due to urinary steroids diffusing into the hair shaft. This finding raises a concern about the use of certain trapping techniques in association with fur hormone analysis. Finally, as expected, we also detected genus-specific differences in glucocorticoid levels, as well as cortisol/corticosterone ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Boyle
- Department of Biology and Program in Environmental Studies and Sciences, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Noé U de la Sancha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Chicago State University, Chicago, IL, USA.,The Field Museum, Integrative Research Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Pastor Pérez
- Facultad Politécnica, Universidad Nacional de Asunción, Asunción, Paraguay
| | - David Kabelik
- Department of Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Rhodes College, Memphis, TN, USA
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28
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Eyasu G, Tolera M, Negash M. Woody species composition, structure, and diversity of homegarden agroforestry systems in southern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05500. [PMID: 33426318 PMCID: PMC7779702 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, the conservation of biodiversity is a major environmental challenge globally. Homegarden agroforestry systems (HGAFs) have a large potential for biodiversity conservation. However, little attention has been given to the relative importance of HGAFs in terms of biodiversity conservation. The present study, therefore, aimed to estimate and compare the woody species diversity and structure of HGAFs and adjacent natural forest (NF) in Northern Ethiopia. Three sites were purposively selected based on the presence of HGAFs and NF adjacent to each other. A stratified sampling system was used to select representative homegardens from different wealth categories. In NF, a systematic transect sampling technique was employed. A total of 90 sample plots (10 m × 20 m) were used to collect vegetation data. A total of 32 species representing 26 genera and 20 families were identified from the studied HGAFs and NF. Thirty woody species belonging to 24 genera and 20 families were recorded in the HGAFs whereas, 11 species, belonging to 9 genera and 8 families were recorded in the NF. Native woody species accounted for 66% of all woody species recorded in both HGAFs and NF. Stem density, richness, and diversities of woody species were significantly higher in HGAFs than in NF (p ≤ 0.05). Trees and shrubs in the HGAFs had significantly lower stem diameters, height, and basal area than the adjacent NF (p ≤ 0.05). The results show that HGAFs complements the NF for biodiversity conservation and supports in counteracting the loss of woody species from the natural ecosystem. Hence, promoting HGAFs habitats in human-dominated landscapes should be part of the biodiversity conservation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gebru Eyasu
- Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle Agricultural Research Center P.O. Box 258, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Motuma Tolera
- Hawassa University, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 128, Shashmene, Ethiopia
| | - Mesele Negash
- Hawassa University, Wondo Genet College of Forestry and Natural Resources, P.O. Box 128, Shashmene, Ethiopia
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29
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Wineland SM, Fovargue R, Gill KC, Rezapour S, Neeson TM. Conservation planning in an uncertain climate: Identifying projects that remain valuable and feasible across future scenarios. PEOPLE AND NATURE 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pan3.10169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Wineland
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
| | - Rachel Fovargue
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
| | - Ken C. Gill
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
| | - Shabnam Rezapour
- Enterprise and Logistics Engineering Florida International University Miami FL USA
| | - Thomas M. Neeson
- Department of Geography and Environmental Sustainability University of Oklahoma Norman OK USA
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30
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Kletty F, Pelé M, Capber F, Habold C. Are All Conservation Measures for Endangered Species Legitimate? Lines of Thinking With the European Hamster. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.536937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When dealing with the protection of an endangered species, it appears more and more important to address the ethical limits and the societal perception of the implemented conservation measures. This will be illustrated here through the example of conservation programs of the European hamster (Cricetus cricetus) in France. The main threats for this critically endangered rodent are the impoverishment and fragmentation of its habitat due to recent changes in agricultural practices and urbanization. Thus, the status of this species changed from harmful to endangered in only a few decades. This must lead to acceptance of the species by citizens and especially farmers paid to destroy this species until the 1990s while nowadays to protect it. To stem the decline, several measures have been taken through the last 20 years including population reinforcement, wild animal tracking, and implementation of suitable habitats. One can, therefore, discuss the efficiency of these measures and their integration in the entire socio-ecosystem. Population reinforcement and the questions that can arise from it will first be addressed. Secondly, in situ animal monitoring and implications of the methods used will be discussed. Third, we will deal with agricultural practices favorable to the species. Finally, we will highlight the links between European hamster conservation measures and wider problematics.
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31
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Cox DTC, Maclean IMD, Gardner AS, Gaston KJ. Global variation in diurnal asymmetry in temperature, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation and its association with leaf area index. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:7099-7111. [PMID: 32998181 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of the changing climate on the biological world vary across latitudes, habitats and spatial scales. By contrast, the time of day at which these changes are occurring has received relatively little attention. As biologically significant organismal activities often occur at particular times of day, any asymmetry in the rate of change between the daytime and night-time will skew the climatic pressures placed on them, and this could have profound impacts on the natural world. Here we determine global spatial variation in the difference in the mean annual rate at which near-surface daytime maximum and night-time minimum temperatures and mean daytime and mean night-time cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation have changed over land. For the years 1983-2017, we derived hourly climate data and assigned each hour as occurring during daylight or darkness. In regions that showed warming asymmetry of >0.5°C (equivalent to mean surface temperature warming during the 20th century) we investigated corresponding changes in cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation. We then examined the proportional change in leaf area index (LAI) as one potential biological response to diel warming asymmetry. We demonstrate that where night-time temperatures increased by >0.5°C more than daytime temperatures, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation increased. Conversely, where daytime temperatures increased by >0.5°C more than night-time temperatures, cloud cover, specific humidity and precipitation decreased. Driven primarily by increased cloud cover resulting in a dampening of daytime temperatures, over twice the area of land has experienced night-time warming by >0.25°C more than daytime warming, and has become wetter, with important consequences for plant phenology and species interactions. Conversely, greater daytime relative to night-time warming is associated with hotter, drier conditions, increasing species vulnerability to heat stress and water budgets. This was demonstrated by a divergent response of LAI to warming asymmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T C Cox
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Ilya M D Maclean
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | | | - Kevin J Gaston
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
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32
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Kalacska M, Arroyo-Mora JP, Lucanus O, Sousa L, Pereira T, Vieira T. Deciphering the many maps of the Xingu River Basin – an assessment of land cover classifications at multiple scales. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 2020. [DOI: 10.1635/053.166.0118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Kalacska
- Applied Remote Sensing Lab, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal QC, H3A 0B9 Canada
| | - J. Pablo Arroyo-Mora
- Flight Research Lab, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa ON, K1V 2B1 Canada
| | - Oliver Lucanus
- Applied Remote Sensing Lab, Department of Geography, McGill University, Montreal QC, H3A 0B9 Canada
| | - Leandro Sousa
- Laboratório de Ictiologia de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará, Altamira PA 68372040, Brazil Laboratório de Aquicultura de Peixes Ornamentais do Xingu, Universidade Federal do Pará, Altamira PA 68372040, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Pereira
- Laboratório de Aquicultura de Peixes Ornamentais do Xingu, Universidade Federal do Pará, Altamira PA 68372040, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vieira
- Laboratório de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Altamira PA 68372040, Brazil
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33
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Damasceno G, Fidelis A. Abundance of invasive grasses is dependent on fire regime and climatic conditions in tropical savannas. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 271:111016. [PMID: 32778299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Invasive grasses are a threat to some tropical savannas, but despite being fire-prone ecosystems, little is known about the relationships between fire season, climatic conditions and invasive species on these systems. We evaluated the response of the perennial invasive grasses Melinis minutiflora and Urochloa brizantha to three fire seasons in an open tropical savanna in South America: Early-Dry (May), Mid-Dry (July) and Late-Dry (October) in relation to unburned Controls. Moreover, we investigated how these responses were influenced by precipitation and extreme air temperatures. We hypothesized that biomass of both species would be reduced by fires during their reproductive period and that climatic conditions would affect them equally. We conducted prescribed burns on 15 × 15 m plots (4 plots x 4 treatment x 2 invasive species = 32 plots) in 2014. We sampled the biomass before the burn experiments and for the next two years (five 0.25 m2 samples/plot). Our experiments revealed that the fire season did not influence the abundance of either species. However, the two species responded differently to fire occurrence: M. minutiflora decreased whereas U. brizantha was not affected by fires. Early-Dry and Late-Dry fire treatments enhanced the replacement of M. minutiflora by U. brizantha. We found that the influence of precipitation depended on the species: it reduced M. minutiflora but increased U. brizantha abundance. Lower monthly minimum temperatures decreased the abundance of both species. It directly reduced live M. minutiflora and increased dead U. brizantha biomass. Monthly maximum temperatures affected the invasive grasses by reducing live M. minutiflora. Since tropical savannas are predicted to face climatic instability and that climate influences the differential response of invasive species, the management of invaders should consider both the identity of the target species and the possible interactions with other invasive species. Moreover, it is essential to keep an adaptive management approach to face the uncertainties that climate change may pose to biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Damasceno
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, Brazil.
| | - Alessandra Fidelis
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Instituto de Biociências, Rio Claro, Brazil.
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34
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Hoffmann S, Beierkuhnlein C. Climate change exposure and vulnerability of the global protected area estate from an international perspective. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hoffmann
- Department of Biogeography University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of Biogeography University of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research BayCEERUniversity of Bayreuth Bayreuth Germany
- Geographical Institute University of BayreuthGIB Bayreuth Germany
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35
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Gill KC, Fovargue RE, Neeson TM. Hotspots of species loss do not vary across future climate scenarios in a drought-prone river basin. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9200-9213. [PMID: 32953055 PMCID: PMC7487257 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to alter the distributions of species around the world, but estimates of species' outcomes vary widely among competing climate scenarios. Where should conservation resources be directed to maximize expected conservation benefits given future climate uncertainty? Here, we explore this question by quantifying variation in fish species' distributions across future climate scenarios in the Red River basin south-central United States. We modeled historical and future stream fish distributions using a suite of environmental covariates derived from high-resolution hydrologic and climatic modeling of the basin. We quantified variation in outcomes for individual species across climate scenarios and across space, and identified hotspots of species loss by summing changes in probability of occurrence across species. Under all climate scenarios, we find that the distribution of most fish species in the Red River Basin will contract by 2050. However, the variability across climate scenarios was more than 10 times higher for some species than for others. Despite this uncertainty in outcomes for individual species, hotspots of species loss tended to occur in the same portions of the basin across all climate scenarios. We also find that the most common species are projected to experience the greatest range contractions, underscoring the need for directing conservation resources toward both common and rare species. Our results suggest that while it may be difficult to predict which species will be most impacted by climate change, it may nevertheless be possible to identify spatial priorities for climate mitigation actions that are robust to future climate uncertainty. These findings are likely to be generalizable to other ecosystems around the world where future climate conditions follow prevailing historical patterns of key environmental covariates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth C. Gill
- Department of Geography and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
| | - Rachel E. Fovargue
- Department of Geography and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
| | - Thomas M. Neeson
- Department of Geography and Environmental SustainabilityUniversity of OklahomaNormanOKUSA
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36
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Soil carbon loss by experimental warming in a tropical forest. Nature 2020; 584:234-237. [PMID: 32788738 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tropical soils contain one-third of the carbon stored in soils globally1, so destabilization of soil organic matter caused by the warming predicted for tropical regions this century2 could accelerate climate change by releasing additional carbon dioxide (CO2) to the atmosphere3-6. Theory predicts that warming should cause only modest carbon loss from tropical soils relative to those at higher latitudes5,7, but there have been no warming experiments in tropical forests to test this8. Here we show that in situ experimental warming of a lowland tropical forest soil on Barro Colorado Island, Panama, caused an unexpectedly large increase in soil CO2 emissions. Two years of warming of the whole soil profile by four degrees Celsius increased CO2 emissions by 55 per cent compared to soils at ambient temperature. The additional CO2 originated from heterotrophic rather than autotrophic sources, and equated to a loss of 8.2 ± 4.2 (one standard error) tonnes of carbon per hectare per year from the breakdown of soil organic matter. During this time, we detected no acclimation of respiration rates, no thermal compensation or change in the temperature sensitivity of enzyme activities, and no change in microbial carbon-use efficiency. These results demonstrate that soil carbon in tropical forests is highly sensitive to warming, creating a potentially substantial positive feedback to climate change.
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Barria AM, Zamorano D, Parada A, Labra FA, Estay SA, Bacigalupe LD. The Importance of Intraspecific Variation for Niche Differentiation and Species Distribution Models: The Ecologically Diverse Frog Pleurodema thaul as Study Case. Evol Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-020-09510-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Cuervo-Robayo AP, Ureta C, Gómez-Albores MA, Meneses-Mosquera AK, Téllez-Valdés O, Martínez-Meyer E. One hundred years of climate change in Mexico. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0209808. [PMID: 32673306 PMCID: PMC7365465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial assessments of historical climate change provide information that can be used by scientists to analyze climate variation over time and evaluate, for example, its effects on biodiversity, in order to focus their research and conservation efforts. Despite the fact that there are global climatic databases available at high spatial resolution, they represent a short temporal window that impedes evaluating historical changes of climate and their impacts on biodiversity. To fill this gap, we developed climate gridded surfaces for Mexico for three periods that cover most of the 20th and early 21st centuries: t1-1940 (1910–1949), t2-1970 (1950–1979) and t3-2000 (1980–2009), and used these interpolated surfaces to describe how climate has changed over time, both countrywide and in its 19 biogeographic provinces. Results from our characterization of climate change indicate that the mean annual temperature has increased by nearly 0.2°C on average across the whole country from t2-1970 to t3-2000. However, changes have not been spatially uniform: Nearctic provinces in the north have suffered higher temperature increases than southern tropical regions. Central and southern provinces cooled at the beginning of the 20th century but warmed consistently since the 1970s. Precipitation increased between t1-1940 and t2-1970 across the country, more notably in the northern provinces, and it decreased between t2-1970 and t3-2000 in most of the country. Results on the historical climate conditions in Mexico may be useful for climate change analyses for both environmental and social sciences. Nonetheless, our climatology was based on information from climate stations for which 9.4–36.2% presented inhomogeneities over time probably owing to non-climatic factors, and climate station density changed over time. Therefore, the estimated changes observed in our analysis need to be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela P. Cuervo-Robayo
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (Conabio), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Carolina Ureta
- Cátedras-Departamento de Ciencias Atmosféricas, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel A. Gómez-Albores
- Instituto Interamericano de Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Toluca, Estado de México, México
| | - Anny K. Meneses-Mosquera
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Oswaldo Téllez-Valdés
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Unidad de Biotecnología y Prototipos, Laboratorio de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, México
| | - Enrique Martínez-Meyer
- Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
- * E-mail:
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Ruiz-García M, Castellanos A, Arias-Vásquez JY, Shostell JM. Genetics of the Andean bear ( Tremarctos ornatus; Ursidae, Carnivora) in Ecuador: when the Andean Cordilleras are not an Obstacle. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2020; 31:190-208. [PMID: 32468901 DOI: 10.1080/24701394.2020.1769088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
One of the top carnivores in the Andean mountains is the Andean bear (Tremarctos ornatus, Ursidae), the only bear in South America. This is a flagship and key umbrella species in Ecuador because its conservation has a positive impact on the conservation of many other species in the Andes. But to preserve, first one must know the genetic characteristics of a species, among other things. For this, we analyzed six mitochondrial genes and seven nuclear DNA microsatellites of 108 Andean bear specimens sampled throughout Ecuador. We adopted three strategies for analyzing the data: by Province, by Region (north vs south), and by Cordillera. Four main results were obtained. First, the mitochondrial genetic diversity levels were elevated, but there were no differences in genetic diversity by Province or by Cordillera. By Regions, southern Ecuador had higher genetic diversity levels than to northern Ecuador. The genetic diversity for the microsatellites was only medium for the Andean bear at this country. Second, there was clear and significant evidence of female population expansions, for the overall sample, by Province, Region, and Cordillera. This population expansion was determined to have occurred in the time interval of 30,000-20,000 years ago (YA), during the last phase of the Pleistocene. We detected a population decrease to have occurred more recently, within the last 5000 years. It continued until about 300-200 YA when a population increase was again detected. Third, there were, practically, no phylogeographic pattern nor genetic differentiation among Andean bear populations in Ecuador by Province or by Cordillera for either mitochondrial or microsatellite markers. There was a little more genetic differentiation between northern and southern areas. Fourth, there was no trace of significant spatial genetic structure for the Andean bear in Ecuador in agreement with the genetic differentiation analyses. This shows that the Andean Cordilleras in this country did not present an obstacle to the dispersion of this species. Therefore, all of the Andean bear specimens in Ecuador should be treated as a unique Management Unit (MU) for conservation purposes, differently to that determined for other countries as Colombia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruiz-García
- Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.,Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Armando Castellanos
- Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Quito, Ecuador.,Andean Bear Foundation, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jessica Yanina Arias-Vásquez
- Laboratorio de Genética de Poblaciones Molecular-Biología Evolutiva, Unidad de Genética, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Joseph Mark Shostell
- Math, Science and Technology Department, University of Minnesota Crookston, Crookston, MN, USA
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Montejo-Kovacevich G, Martin SH, Meier JI, Bacquet CN, Monllor M, Jiggins CD, Nadeau NJ. Microclimate buffering and thermal tolerance across elevations in a tropical butterfly. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb220426. [PMID: 32165433 PMCID: PMC7174841 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.220426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microclimatic variability in tropical forests plays a key role in shaping species distributions and their ability to cope with environmental change, especially for ectotherms. Nonetheless, currently available climatic datasets lack data from the forest interior and, furthermore, our knowledge of thermal tolerance among tropical ectotherms is limited. We therefore studied natural variation in the microclimate experienced by tropical butterflies in the genus Heliconius across their Andean range in a single year. We found that the forest strongly buffers temperature and humidity in the understorey, especially in the lowlands, where temperatures are more extreme. There were systematic differences between our yearly records and macroclimate databases (WorldClim2), with lower interpolated minimum temperatures and maximum temperatures higher than expected. We then assessed thermal tolerance of 10 Heliconius butterfly species in the wild and found that populations at high elevations had significantly lower heat tolerance than those at lower elevations. However, when we reared populations of the widespread H. erato from high and low elevations in a common-garden environment, the difference in heat tolerance across elevations was reduced, indicating plasticity in this trait. Microclimate buffering is not currently captured in publicly available datasets, but could be crucial for enabling upland shifting of species sensitive to heat such as highland Heliconius Plasticity in thermal tolerance may alleviate the effects of global warming on some widespread ectotherm species, but more research is needed to understand the long-term consequences of plasticity on populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon H Martin
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Joana I Meier
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
- St John's College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | | | - Monica Monllor
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Chris D Jiggins
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Nicola J Nadeau
- Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
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Zotz G, Kappert N, Müller LLB, Wagner K. Temperature dependence of germination and growth in Anthurium (Araceae). PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2020; 22:184-190. [PMID: 31652363 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
By the year 2100, temperatures are predicted to increase by about 6 °C at higher latitudes and about 3 °C in the tropics. In spite of the smaller increase in the tropics, consequences may be more severe because the climatic niches of tropical species are generally assumed to be rather narrow due to a high degree of climate stability and higher niche specialisation. However, rigorous data to back up this notion are rare. We chose the megadiverse genus Anthurium (Araceae) for study. Considering that the regeneration niche of a species is crucial for overall niche breadth, we focused on the response of germination and early growth through a temperature range of 24 °C of 15 Anthurium species, and compared the thermal niche breadth (TNB) with the temperature conditions in their current range, modelled from occurrence records. Surprisingly, an increase of 3 °C would lead to a larger overlap of TNB of germination and modelled in situ temperature conditions, while the overlap of TNB of growth with in situ conditions under current and future conditions is statistically indistinguishable. We conclude that future temperatures tend to be closer to the thermal optima of most species. Whether this really leads to an increase in performance depends on other abiotic and biotic factors, most prominently potentially changing precipitation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zotz
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, AG Funktionelle Ökologie der Pflanzen, Oldenburg, Germany
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa, Ancon, Panamá, República de Panamá
| | - N Kappert
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, AG Funktionelle Ökologie der Pflanzen, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - L-L B Müller
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, AG Funktionelle Ökologie der Pflanzen, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - K Wagner
- Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, AG Funktionelle Ökologie der Pflanzen, Oldenburg, Germany
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Wan JZ, Wang CJ, Zhang ZX. Environmental predictors of vascular plant richness at large spatial scales based on protected area data of China. Glob Ecol Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Leon-Garcia IV, Lasso E. High heat tolerance in plants from the Andean highlands: Implications for paramos in a warmer world. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224218. [PMID: 31693675 PMCID: PMC6834248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tropical plant species are expected to have high heat tolerance reflecting phenotypic adjustments to warm regions or their evolutionary adaptation history. However, tropical highland specialists adapted to the colder temperatures found in the highlands, where short and prostrated vegetation decouples plants from ambient conditions, could exhibit different upper thermal limits than those of their lowland counterparts. Here we evaluated leaf heat tolerance of 21 tropical alpine paramo species to determine: 1) whether species with restricted distribution (i.e., highland specialists) have lower heat tolerance and are more vulnerable to warming than species with widespread distribution; 2) whether different growth forms have different heat tolerance; and 3) whether species height (i.e., microhabitat) influences its heat tolerance. We quantified heat tolerance by evaluating T50, which is the temperature that causes a reduction in 50% of initial Fv/Fm values and reflects an irreversible damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Additionally, we estimated the thermal safety margins as the difference between T50 and the maximum leaf temperature registered for the species. All species presented high T50 values ranging between 45.4°C and 53.9°C, similar to those found for tropical lowland species. Heat tolerance was not correlated with species distributions or plant height, but showed a strong relationship with growth form, with rosettes having the highest heat tolerance. Thermal safety margins ranged from 12.1 to 31.0°C. High heat tolerance and broad thermal safety margins suggest low vulnerability of paramo species to warming as long as plants are capable of regulating the leaf temperature within this threshold. Whether paramo plants would be able to regulate leaf temperature if drought episodes become more frequent and transpirational cooling is compromised is the next question that needs to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indira V. Leon-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
| | - Eloisa Lasso
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Cundinamarca, Colombia
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panamá, República de Panamá
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Sheldon KS. Climate Change in the Tropics: Ecological and Evolutionary Responses at Low Latitudes. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110218-025005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is affecting every ecosystem on Earth. Though climate change is global in scope, literature reviews on the biotic impacts of climate change have focused on temperate and polar regions. Tropical species have distinct life histories and physiologies, and ecological communities are assembled differently across latitude. Thus, tropical species and communities may exhibit different responses to climate change compared with those in temperate and polar regions. What are the fingerprints of climate change in the tropics? This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on impacts of climate change in tropical regions and discusses research priorities to better understand the ways in which species and ecological communities are responding to climate change in the most biodiverse places on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly S. Sheldon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Hoffmann S, Irl SDH, Beierkuhnlein C. Predicted climate shifts within terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4787. [PMID: 31636257 PMCID: PMC6803628 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12603-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Protected areas (PA) are refugia of biodiversity. However, anthropogenic climate change induces a redistribution of life on Earth that affects the effectiveness of PAs. When species are forced to migrate from protected to unprotected areas to track suitable climate, they often face degraded habitats in human-dominated landscapes and a higher extinction threat. Here, we assess how climate conditions are expected to shift within the world's terrestrial PAs (n = 137,432). PAs in the temperate and northern high-latitude biomes are predicted to obtain especially high area proportions of climate conditions that are novel within the PA network at the local, regional and global scale by the end of this century. These PAs are predominantly small, at low elevation, with low environmental heterogeneity, high human pressure, and low biotic uniqueness. Our results guide adaptation measures towards PAs that are strongly affected by climate change, and of low adaption capacity and high conservation value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Hoffmann
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Severin D H Irl
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Institute of Physical Geography, Goethe-University, Altenhoeferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Department of Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research, BayCEER, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
- Geographical Institute of the University of Bayreuth, GIB, Universitaetsstr. 30, 95447, Bayreuth, Germany
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Wan JZ, Wang CJ. Determining key monitoring areas for the 10 most important weed species under a changing climate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:568-577. [PMID: 31146062 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
On a global level, weed species have a large potential to threaten ecosystems under a changing climate. The determination of key monitoring areas is an effective approach to prevent and control the spread of such species. The 10 most important weeds have been listed on a global scale. It is therefore crucial to delineate the areas with high monitoring ranks for the 10 most important weed species under climate change. We coupled conservation prioritization analysis with habitat suitability modelling to determine key monitoring areas for these species, based on different types and vulnerability levels of biomes under current and future (i.e., 2040-2069 and 2070-2099) scenarios. We determined some specific biomes (i.e., tropical and subtropical biomes, flooded grasslands and savannas, Mediterranean forests, woodlands and scrub, and mangroves) as key monitoring areas for the 10 most important weed species under a changing climate. These biomes are distributed in most regions of Latin America, the United States, Europe, central and south Africa, south and southeast Asia, southeast Australia, and New Zealand, including large vulnerable ecoregions. Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands were particularly vulnerable, because these biomes had the largest area with a high monitoring rank, and this rank was predicted to further increase in the near future. Our study highlights the importance of effective management strategies for the prevention and control of these species across different biomes on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Zhong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Chun-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China; College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China.
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Masoud MS, Abdel-Halim AM, El Ashmawy AA. Seasonal variation of nutrient salts and heavy metals in mangrove (Avicennia marina) environment, Red Sea, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:425. [PMID: 31183611 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7543-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the Egyptian Red Sea coast, nutrient salts, major ions, and heavy metals ion concentrations were examined in mangroves and the results were compared to respective concentrations in a reference area. Water samples were collected during the four seasons of 2012 from three different mangrove regions, Safaga, Abo Gheson, and El Quseer, besides, a mangrove free region, Marsa Alam. A temporal variation in the chemical composition of seawater of the mangrove and reference regions was recorded. Phosphorous and nitrogen forms were measured and calculated. Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Cd, and Pb ions were measured in water samples. Redfield nitrogen to phosphorous ratio explained the oligotrophic nature of the Red Sea. Ca and Mg ions besides total alkalinity showed negligible variations. The relatively greater concentration values of ammonium, 242.11 μg/l, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, 315.55 μg/l, and oxidizable organic matter, 0.4 mg-O2/l, may be caused by the impact of mangroves. Seawater contamination by heavy metals was assessed, using the metal index, in the mangrove regions which, compared to the reference region, were highly contaminated. Analysis of variance showed no significant variation among mangrove stations. Principal component analysis suggested that El Quseer and Safaga, mangrove regions, were contaminated by metal ions. Safaga possessed the highest concentration of Cd and Zn ions, while the highest concentrations of Mn, Cu, Ni, and Pb ions were observed at El Quseer. This may be attributed to industrial and shipping activities. It is concluded that the mangrove ecosystem along the Red Sea highly affects marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamdouh S Masoud
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Abdel-Halim
- Marine Chemistry Lab, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayetbai Street, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed A El Ashmawy
- Marine Chemistry Lab, National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Kayetbai Street, Alexandria, Egypt.
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Wang CJ, Li QF, Wan JZ. Potential invasive plant expansion in global ecoregions under climate change. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6479. [PMID: 30863672 PMCID: PMC6407507 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the risk of invasive plant expansion worldwide. However, few studies have specified the relationship between invasive plant expansion and ecoregions at the global scale under climate change. To address this gap, we provide risk maps highlighting the response of invasive plant species (IPS), with a focus on terrestrial and freshwater ecoregions to climate change, and further explore the climatic features of ecosystems with a high potential for invasive plant expansion under climate change. We use species distribution modelling to predict the suitable habitats of IPS with records at the global scale. Hotspots with a potential risk of IPS (such as aquatic plants, trees, and herbs) expanding in global ecoregions were distributed in Northern Europe, the UK, South America, North America, southwest China, and New Zealand. Temperature changes were related to the potential of IPS expansion in global ecoregions under climate change. Coastal and high latitude ecoregions, such as temperate forests, alpine vegetation, and coastal rivers, were severely infiltrated by IPS under climate change. Monitoring strategies should be defined for climate change for IPS, particularly for aquatic plants, trees, and herbs in the biomes of regions with coastal or high latitudes. The role of climate change on the potential for IPS expansion should be taken into consideration for biological conservation and risk evaluation of IPS at ecoregional scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Qiang-Feng Li
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, China
| | - Ji-Zhong Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai University, Xining, China
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