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Vij R, Hube B, Brunke S. Uncharted territories in the discovery of antifungal and antivirulence natural products from bacteria. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1244-1252. [PMID: 33680363 PMCID: PMC7905183 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fungi can cause deadly diseases in humans, and nearly every human will suffer from some kind of fungal infection in their lives. Only few antifungals are available, and some of these fail to treat intrinsically resistant species and the ever-increasing number of fungal strains that have acquired resistance. In nature, bacteria and fungi display versatile interactions that range from friendly co-existence to predation. The first antifungal drugs, nystatin and amphotericin B, were discovered in bacteria as mediators of such interactions, and bacteria continue to be an important source of antifungals. To learn more about the ecological bacterial-fungal interactions that drive the evolution of natural products and exploit them, we need to identify environments where such interactions are pronounced, and diverse. Here, we systematically analyze historic and recent developments in this field to identify potentially under-investigated niches and resources. We also discuss alternative strategies to treat fungal infections by utilizing the antagonistic potential of bacteria to target fungal stress pathways and virulence factors, and thereby suppress the evolution of antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Vij
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Germany
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Germany
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Ghosh C, Manjunath GB, Konai MM, Uppu DSSM, Paramanandham K, Shome BR, Ravikumar R, Haldar J. Aryl-alkyl-lysines: Membrane-Active Small Molecules Active against Murine Model of Burn Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:111-22. [PMID: 27624962 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Infections caused by drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens continue to be significant contributors to human morbidity. The recent advent of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (blaNDM-1) producing pathogens, against which few drugs remain active, has aggravated the problem even further. This paper shows that aryl-alkyl-lysines, membrane-active small molecules, are effective in treating infections caused by Gram-negative pathogens. One of the compounds of the study was effective in killing planktonic cells as well as dispersing biofilms of Gram-negative pathogens. The compound was extremely effective in disrupting preformed biofilms and did not select resistant bacteria in multiple passages. The compound retained activity in different physiological conditions and did not induce any toxic effect in female Balb/c mice until concentrations of 17.5 mg/kg. In a murine model of Acinetobacter baumannii burn infection, the compound was able to bring the bacterial burden down significantly upon topical application for 7 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandradhish Ghosh
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Goutham B. Manjunath
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohini M. Konai
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Divakara S. S. M. Uppu
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Paramanandham
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Bibek R. Shome
- National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI) Ramagondanahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
| | - Raju Ravikumar
- Department of Neuromicrobiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Hosur Road, Bengaluru 560029, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayanta Haldar
- Chemical
Biology and Medicinal Chemistry Laboratory, New Chemistry Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Jakkur, Bengaluru 560064, Karnataka, India
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Abstract
The practice of medicine was profoundly transformed by the introduction of the antibiotics (compounds isolated from Nature) and the antibacterials (compounds prepared by synthesis) for the control of bacterial infection. As a result of the extraordinary success of these compounds over decades of time, a timeless biological activity for these compounds has been presumed. This presumption is no longer. The inexorable acquisition of resistance mechanisms by bacteria is retransforming medical practice. Credible answers to this dilemma are far better recognized than they are being implemented. In this perspective we examine (and in key respects, reiterate) the chemical and biological strategies being used to address the challenge of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jed F. Fisher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556–5670, USA
| | - Shahriar Mobashery
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame IN 46556–5670, USA
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