1
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Palos-Fernández R, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Puebla-Planas G, Berger H, Studt-Reinhold L, Strauss J, Di Pietro A, López-Berges MS. Copper acquisition is essential for plant colonization and virulence in a root-infecting vascular wilt fungus. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012671. [PMID: 39495784 PMCID: PMC11563359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Revised: 11/14/2024] [Accepted: 10/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant pathogenic fungi provoke devastating agricultural losses and are difficult to control. How these organisms acquire micronutrients during growth in the host environment remains poorly understood. Here we show that efficient regulation of copper acquisition mechanisms is crucial for plant colonization and virulence in the soilborne ascomycete Fusarium oxysporum, the causal agent of vascular wilt disease in more than 150 different crops. Using a combination of RNA-seq and ChIP-seq, we establish a direct role of the transcriptional regulator Mac1 in activation of copper deficiency response genes, many of which are induced during plant infection. Loss of Mac1 impaired growth of F. oxysporum under low copper conditions and abolishes pathogenicity on tomato plants and on the invertebrate animal host Galleria mellonella. Importantly, overexpression of two Mac1 target genes encoding a copper reductase and a copper transporter was sufficient to restore virulence in the mac1 mutant background. Our results establish a previously unrecognized role of copper reduction and uptake in fungal infection of plants and reveal new ways to protect crops from phytopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Palos-Fernández
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Victoria Aguilar-Pontes
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Gema Puebla-Planas
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Harald Berger
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lena Studt-Reinhold
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joseph Strauss
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Institute of Microbial Genetics, BOKU University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Sánchez López-Berges
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
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2
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Wiese C, Abele M, Al B, Altmann M, Steiner A, Kalbfuß N, Strohmayr A, Ravikumar R, Park CH, Brunschweiger B, Meng C, Facher E, Ehrhardt DW, Falter-Braun P, Wang ZY, Ludwig C, Assaad FF. Regulation of adaptive growth decisions via phosphorylation of the TRAPPII complex in Arabidopsis. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202311125. [PMID: 38558238 PMCID: PMC10983811 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202311125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants often adapt to adverse or stress conditions via differential growth. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) has been implicated in stress responses, but it is not clear in what capacity it mediates adaptive growth decisions. In this study, we assess the role of the TGN in stress responses by exploring the previously identified interactome of the Transport Protein Particle II (TRAPPII) complex required for TGN structure and function. We identified physical and genetic interactions between AtTRAPPII and shaggy-like kinases (GSK3/AtSKs) and provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that the TRAPPII phosphostatus mediates adaptive responses to abiotic cues. AtSKs are multifunctional kinases that integrate a broad range of signals. Similarly, the AtTRAPPII interactome is vast and considerably enriched in signaling components. An AtSK-TRAPPII interaction would integrate all levels of cellular organization and instruct the TGN, a central and highly discriminate cellular hub, as to how to mobilize and allocate resources to optimize growth and survival under limiting or adverse conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wiese
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Miriam Abele
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Benjamin Al
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Melina Altmann
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center (MTTC), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Steiner
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Nils Kalbfuß
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Alexander Strohmayr
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Raksha Ravikumar
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Chan Ho Park
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Barbara Brunschweiger
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Chen Meng
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Eva Facher
- Systematic Botany and Mycology, Faculty of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) München, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - David W. Ehrhardt
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Pascal Falter-Braun
- Institute of Network Biology (INET), Molecular Targets and Therapeutics Center (MTTC), Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Zhi-Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christina Ludwig
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry (BayBioMS), TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Farhah F. Assaad
- Biotechnology of Natural Products, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Botany, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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3
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Wiese C, Abele M, Al B, Altmann M, Steiner A, Kalbfuß N, Strohmayr A, Ravikumar R, Park CH, Brunschweiger B, Meng C, Facher E, Ehrhardt DW, Falter-Braun P, Wang ZY, Ludwig C, Assaad FF. Regulation of adaptive growth decisions via phosphorylation of the TRAPPII complex in Arabidopsis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.24.537966. [PMID: 37986925 PMCID: PMC10659361 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.24.537966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants often adapt to adverse or stress conditions via differential growth. The trans-Golgi Network (TGN) has been implicated in stress responses, but it is not clear in what capacity it mediates adaptive growth decisions. In this study, we assess the role of the TGN in stress responses by exploring the interactome of the Transport Protein Particle II (TRAPPII) complex, required for TGN structure and function. We identified physical and genetic interactions between TRAPPII and shaggy-like kinases (GSK3/AtSKs). Kinase assays and pharmacological inhibition provided in vitro and in vivo evidence that AtSKs target the TRAPPII-specific subunit AtTRS120/TRAPPC9. GSK3/AtSK phosphorylation sites in AtTRS120/TRAPPC9 were mutated, and the resulting AtTRS120 phosphovariants subjected to a variety of single and multiple stress conditions in planta . The non-phosphorylatable TRS120 mutant exhibited enhanced adaptation to multiple stress conditions and to osmotic stress whereas the phosphomimetic version was less resilient. Higher order inducible trappii atsk mutants had a synthetically enhanced defect in root gravitropism. Our results suggest that the TRAPPII phosphostatus mediates adaptive responses to abiotic cues. AtSKs are multifunctional kinases that integrate a broad range of signals. Similarly, the TRAPPII interactome is vast and considerably enriched in signaling components. An AtSK-TRAPPII interaction would integrate all levels of cellular organization and instruct the TGN, a central and highly discriminate cellular hub, as to how to mobilize and allocate resources to optimize growth and survival under limiting or adverse conditions.
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4
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Bravo-Plaza I, Tagua VG, Arst HN, Alonso A, Pinar M, Monterroso B, Galindo A, Peñalva MA. The Uso1 globular head interacts with SNAREs to maintain viability even in the absence of the coiled-coil domain. eLife 2023; 12:e85079. [PMID: 37249218 PMCID: PMC10275640 DOI: 10.7554/elife.85079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Uso1/p115 and RAB1 tether ER-derived vesicles to the Golgi. Uso1/p115 contains a globular-head-domain (GHD), a coiled-coil (CC) mediating dimerization/tethering, and a C-terminal region (CTR) interacting with golgins. Uso1/p115 is recruited to vesicles by RAB1. Genetic studies placed Uso1 paradoxically acting upstream of, or in conjunction with RAB1 (Sapperstein et al., 1996). We selected two missense mutations in uso1 resulting in E6K and G540S in the GHD that rescued lethality of rab1-deficient Aspergillus nidulans. The mutations are phenotypically additive, their combination suppressing the complete absence of RAB1, which emphasizes the key physiological role of the GHD. In living hyphae Uso1 recurs on puncta (60 s half-life) colocalizing partially with the Golgi markers RAB1, Sed5, and GeaA/Gea1/Gea2, and totally with the retrograde cargo receptor Rer1, consistent with Uso1 dwelling in a very early Golgi compartment from which ER residents reaching the Golgi recycle back to the ER. Localization of Uso1, but not of Uso1E6K/G540S, to puncta is abolished by compromising RAB1 function, indicating that E6K/G540S creates interactions bypassing RAB1. That Uso1 delocalization correlates with a decrease in the number of Gea1 cisternae supports that Uso1-and-Rer1-containing puncta are where the protein exerts its physiological role. In S-tag-coprecipitation experiments, Uso1 is an associate of the Sed5/Bos1/Bet1/Sec22 SNARE complex zippering vesicles with the Golgi, with Uso1E6K/G540S showing a stronger association. Using purified proteins, we show that Bos1 and Bet1 bind the Uso1 GHD directly. However, Bet1 is a strong E6K/G540S-independent binder, whereas Bos1 is weaker but becomes as strong as Bet1 when the GHD carries E6K/G540S. G540S alone markedly increases GHD binding to Bos1, whereas E6K causes a weaker effect, correlating with their phenotypic contributions. AlphaFold2 predicts that G540S increases the binding of the GHD to the Bos1 Habc domain. In contrast, E6K lies in an N-terminal, potentially alpha-helical, region that sensitive genetic tests indicate as required for full Uso1 function. Remarkably, this region is at the end of the GHD basket opposite to the end predicted to interact with Bos1. We show that, unlike dimeric full-length and CTR∆ Uso1 proteins, the GHD lacking the CC/CTR dimerization domain, whether originating from bacteria or Aspergillus extracts and irrespective of whether it carries or not E6K/G540S, would appear to be monomeric. With the finding that overexpression of E6K/G540S and wild-type GHD complement uso1∆, our data indicate that the GHD monomer is capable of providing, at least partially, the essential Uso1 functions, and that long-range tethering activity is dispensable. Rather, these findings strongly suggest that the essential role of Uso1 involves the regulation of SNAREs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
| | - Victor G Tagua
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de CandelariaSanta Cruz de TenerifeSpain
| | - Herbert N Arst
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Flowers Building, Imperial CollegeLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ana Alonso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
| | - Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
| | - Begoña Monterroso
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
| | - Antonio Galindo
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick AvenueCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, CSIC Centro de Investigaciones BiológicasMadridSpain
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5
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Sun S, Sui SF. Structural insights into assembly of TRAPPII and its activation of Rab11/Ypt32. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 80:102596. [PMID: 37068358 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2023.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Transport protein particle (TRAPP) complexes belong to the multisubunit tethering complex. They are guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) that play essential roles in secretory and endocytic recycling pathway and autophagy. There are two major forms of TRAPP complexes, TRAPPII and TRAPPIII, which share a core set of small subunits. TRAPPIII activates Rab1, while TRAPPII primarily activates Rab11. A steric gating mechanism has been proposed to control the substrate selection in vivo. However, the detailed mechanisms underlying the transition from TRAPPIII's GEF activity for Rab1 to TRAPPII's GEF activity for Rab11 and the roles of the complex-specific subunits in this transition are insufficiently understood. In this review, we discuss recent advances in understanding the mechanism of specific activation of Rab11/Ypt32 by TRAPPII, with a particular focus on new findings from structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Sen-Fang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; School of Life Sciences, Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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6
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Zhu Y, Saribas AS, Liu J, Lin Y, Bodnar B, Zhao R, Guo Q, Ting J, Wei Z, Ellis A, Li F, Wang X, Yang X, Wang H, Ho WZ, Yang L, Hu W. Protein expression/secretion boost by a novel unique 21-mer cis-regulatory motif (Exin21) via mRNA stabilization. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1136-1158. [PMID: 36793212 PMCID: PMC9927791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Boosting protein production is invaluable in both industrial and academic applications. We discovered a novel expression-increasing 21-mer cis-regulatory motif (Exin21) that inserts between SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein-encoding sequence and luciferase reporter gene. This unique Exin21 (CAACCGCGGTTCGCGGCCGCT), encoding a heptapeptide (QPRFAAA, designated as Qα), significantly (34-fold on average) boosted E production. Both synonymous and nonsynonymous mutations within Exin21 diminished its boosting capability, indicating the exclusive composition and order of 21 nucleotides. Further investigations demonstrated that Exin21/Qα addition could boost the production of multiple SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins (S, M, and N) and accessory proteins (NSP2, NSP16, and ORF3), and host cellular gene products such as IL-2, IFN-γ, ACE2, and NIBP. Exin21/Qα enhanced the packaging yield of S-containing pseudoviruses and standard lentivirus. Exin21/Qα addition on the heavy and light chains of human anti-SARS-CoV monoclonal antibody robustly increased antibody production. The extent of such boosting varied with protein types, cellular density/function, transfection efficiency, reporter dosage, secretion signaling, and 2A-mediated auto-cleaving efficiency. Mechanistically, Exin21/Qα increased mRNA synthesis/stability, and facilitated protein expression and secretion. These findings indicate that Exin21/Qα has the potential to be used as a universal booster for protein production, which is of importance for biomedicine research and development of bioproducts, drugs, and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjun Zhu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - A. Sami Saribas
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Jinbiao Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Brittany Bodnar
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ruotong Zhao
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Julia Ting
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Zhengyu Wei
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Aidan Ellis
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Fang Li
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ling Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics & Molecular Biochemistry, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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7
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Bagde SR, Fromme JC. The TRAPP complexes: discriminating GTPases in context. FEBS Lett 2022; 597:721-733. [PMID: 36481981 PMCID: PMC10050150 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Correct localization of Rab GTPases in cells is critical for proper function in membrane trafficking. Guanine-nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) act as the primary determinants of Rab localization by activating and stabilizing their Rab substrates on specific organelle and vesicle membranes. The TRAPP complexes TRAPPII and TRAPPIII are two related GEFs that use the same catalytic site to activate distinct Rabs, Rab11 and Rab1, respectively. The Rab C-terminal hypervariable domain (HVD) is an important specificity determinant for the budding yeast TRAPP complexes, with the length of the HVD playing a critical role in counter-selection. Several recent studies have used cryo-EM to illuminate how the yeast and metazoan TRAPP complexes identify and activate their substrates. This review summarizes recently characterized Rab substrate selection mechanisms and highlights how the membrane surface provides critical context for the GEF-GTPase interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saket R Bagde
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - J Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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8
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Pinar M, Alonso A, de los Ríos V, Bravo-Plaza I, de la Gandara Á, Galindo A, Arias-Palomo E, Peñalva MÁ. The type V myosin-containing complex HUM is a RAB11 effector powering movement of secretory vesicles. iScience 2022; 25:104514. [PMID: 35754728 PMCID: PMC9213775 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In the apex-directed RAB11 exocytic pathway of Aspergillus nidulans, kinesin-1/KinA conveys secretory vesicles (SVs) to the hyphal tip, where they are transferred to the type V myosin MyoE. MyoE concentrates SVs at an apical store located underneath the PM resembling the presynaptic active zone. A rod-shaped RAB11 effector, UDS1, and the intrinsically disordered and coiled-coil HMSV associate with MyoE in a stable HUM (HMSV-UDS1-MyoE) complex recruited by RAB11 to SVs through an interaction network involving RAB11 and HUM components, with the MyoE globular tail domain (GTD) binding both HMSV and RAB11-GTP and RAB11-GTP binding both the MyoE-GTD and UDS1. UDS1 bridges RAB11-GTP to HMSV, an avid interactor of the MyoE-GTD. The interaction between the UDS1-HMSV sub-complex and RAB11-GTP can be reconstituted in vitro. Ablating UDS1 or HMSV impairs actomyosin-mediated transport of SVs to the apex, resulting in spreading of RAB11 SVs across the apical dome as KinA/microtubule-dependent transport gains prominence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Alonso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian de los Ríos
- Proteomics Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro de la Gandara
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Galindo
- Division of Cell Biology, MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, CB2 0QH Cambridge, UK
| | - Ernesto Arias-Palomo
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Á. Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding author
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9
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Ohtsuka H, Imada K, Shimasaki T, Aiba H. Sporulation: A response to starvation in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Microbiologyopen 2022; 11:e1303. [PMID: 35765188 PMCID: PMC9214231 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe employs two main strategies to adapt to the environment and survive when starved for nutrients. The strategies employ sporulation via sexual differentiation and extension of the chronological lifespan. When a cell is exposed to nutrient starvation in the presence of a cell of the opposite sex, the cells undergo fusion through conjugation and sporulation through meiosis. S. pombe spores are highly resistant to diverse stresses and may survive for a very long time. In this minireview, among the various sexual differentiation processes induced by starvation, we focused on and summarized the findings of the molecular mechanisms of spore formation in fission yeast. Furthermore, comparative measurements of the chronological lifespan of stationary phase cells and G0 cells and the survival period of spore cells revealed that the spore cells survived for a long period, indicating the presence of an effective mechanism for survival. Currently, many molecules involved in sporulation and their functions are being discovered; however, our understanding of these is not complete. Further understanding of spores may not only deepen our comprehension of sexual differentiation but may also provide hints for sustaining life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hokuto Ohtsuka
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesNagoya UniversityChikusa‐kuNagoyaJapan
| | - Kazuki Imada
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryNational Institute of Technology (KOSEN), Suzuka CollegeSuzukaJapan
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of ScienceOsaka City UniversitySumiyoshi‐kuOsakaJapan
| | - Takafumi Shimasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesNagoya UniversityChikusa‐kuNagoyaJapan
| | - Hirofumi Aiba
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Basic Medicinal Sciences, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical SciencesNagoya UniversityChikusa‐kuNagoyaJapan
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10
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Mi C, Zhang L, Huang G, Shao G, Yang F, You X, Dong MQ, Sun S, Sui SF. Structural basis for assembly of TRAPPII complex and specific activation of GTPase Ypt31/32. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabi5603. [PMID: 35080977 PMCID: PMC8791620 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi5603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Transport protein particle (TRAPP) complexes belong to the multiprotein tethering complex and exist in three forms-core TRAPP/TRAPPI, TRAPPII, and TRAPPIII. TRAPPII activates GTPase Ypt31/Ypt32 as the guanine nucleotide exchange factor in the trans-Golgi network to determine the maturation of Golgi cisternae into post-Golgi carriers in yeast. Here, we present cryo-EM structures of yeast TRAPPII in apo and Ypt32-bound states. All the structures show a dimeric architecture assembled by two triangle-shaped monomers, while the monomer in the apo state exhibits both open and closed conformations, and the monomer in the Ypt32-bound form only captures the closed conformation. Located in the interior of the monomer, Ypt32 binds with both core TRAPP/TRAPPI and Trs120 via its nucleotide-binding domain and binds with Trs31 via its hypervariable domain. Combined with functional analysis, the structures provide insights into the assembly of TRAPPII and the mechanism of the specific activation of Ypt31/Ypt32 by TRAPPII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenchen Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guoqiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guangcan Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xin You
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sen-Fang Sui
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Biology, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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11
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Cairns TC, Zheng X, Feurstein C, Zheng P, Sun J, Meyer V. A Library of Aspergillus niger Chassis Strains for Morphology Engineering Connects Strain Fitness and Filamentous Growth With Submerged Macromorphology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 9:820088. [PMID: 35111742 PMCID: PMC8801610 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.820088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Submerged fermentation using filamentous fungal cell factories is used to produce a diverse portfolio of useful molecules, including food, medicines, enzymes, and platform chemicals. Depending on strain background and abiotic culture conditions, different macromorphologies are formed during fermentation, ranging from dispersed hyphal fragments to approximately spherical pellets several millimetres in diameter. These macromorphologies are known to have a critical impact on product titres and rheological performance of the bioreactor. Pilot productivity screens in different macromorphological contexts is technically challenging, time consuming, and thus a significant limitation to achieving maximum product titres. To address this bottleneck, we developed a library of conditional expression mutants in the organic, protein, and secondary metabolite cell factory Aspergillus niger. Thirteen morphology-associated genes transcribed during fermentation were placed via CRISPR-Cas9 under control of a synthetic Tet-on gene switch. Quantitative analysis of submerged growth reveals that these strains have distinct and titratable macromorphologies for use as chassis during strain engineering programs. We also used this library as a tool to quantify how pellet formation is connected with strain fitness and filamentous growth. Using multiple linear regression modelling, we predict that pellet formation is dependent largely on strain fitness, whereas pellet Euclidian parameters depend on fitness and hyphal branching. Finally, we have shown that conditional expression of the putative kinase encoding gene pkh2 can decouple fitness, dry weight, pellet macromorphology, and culture heterogeneity. We hypothesize that further analysis of this gene product and the cell wall integrity pathway in which it is embedded will enable more precise engineering of A. niger macromorphology in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Cairns
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timothy C. Cairns, ; Jibin Sun, ; Vera Meyer,
| | - Xiaomei Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Claudia Feurstein
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ping Zheng
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
| | - Jibin Sun
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- Key Laboratory of Systems Microbial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- National Technology Innovation Center of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Timothy C. Cairns, ; Jibin Sun, ; Vera Meyer,
| | - Vera Meyer
- Chair of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Timothy C. Cairns, ; Jibin Sun, ; Vera Meyer,
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12
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Pereira C, Di Sansebastiano GP. Mechanisms of membrane traffic in plant cells. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 169:102-111. [PMID: 34775176 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The organelles of the secretory pathway are characterized by specific organization and function but they communicate in different ways with intense functional crosstalk. The best known membrane-bound transport carriers are known as protein-coated vesicles. Other traffic mechanisms, despite the intense investigations, still show incongruences. The review intends to provide a general view of the mechanisms involved in membrane traffic. We evidence that organelles' biogenesis involves mechanisms that actively operate during the entire cell cycle and the persistent interconnections between the Endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, trans-Golgi network (TGN) and endosomes, the vacuolar complex and the plasma membrane (PM) may be seen as a very dynamic membrane network in which vesicular traffic is part of a general maturation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Pereira
- GreenUPorto-Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, S/nº, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Gian Pietro Di Sansebastiano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DISTEBA), University of Salento, Campus ECOTEKNE, 73100, Lecce, Italy.
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13
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Joiner AMN, Phillips BP, Yugandhar K, Sanford EJ, Smolka MB, Yu H, Miller EA, Fromme JC. Structural basis of TRAPPIII-mediated Rab1 activation. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107607. [PMID: 34018207 PMCID: PMC8204860 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The GTPase Rab1 is a master regulator of the early secretory pathway and is critical for autophagy. Rab1 activation is controlled by its guanine nucleotide exchange factor, the multisubunit TRAPPIII complex. Here, we report the 3.7 Å cryo-EM structure of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae TRAPPIII complex bound to its substrate Rab1/Ypt1. The structure reveals the binding site for the Rab1/Ypt1 hypervariable domain, leading to a model for how the complex interacts with membranes during the activation reaction. We determined that stable membrane binding by the TRAPPIII complex is required for robust activation of Rab1/Ypt1 in vitro and in vivo, and is mediated by a conserved amphipathic α-helix within the regulatory Trs85 subunit. Our results show that the Trs85 subunit serves as a membrane anchor, via its amphipathic helix, for the entire TRAPPIII complex. These findings provide a structural understanding of Rab activation on organelle and vesicle membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron MN Joiner
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | | | - Kumar Yugandhar
- Department of Computational Biology/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Ethan J Sanford
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Marcus B Smolka
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | - Haiyuan Yu
- Department of Computational Biology/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
| | | | - J Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaNYUSA
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14
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Pinar M, Peñalva MA. The fungal RABOME: RAB GTPases acting in the endocytic and exocytic pathways of Aspergillus nidulans (with excursions to other filamentous fungi). Mol Microbiol 2021; 116:53-70. [PMID: 33724562 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RAB GTPases are major determinants of membrane identity that have been exploited as highly specific reporters to study intracellular traffic in vivo. A score of fungal papers have considered individual RABs, but systematic, integrated studies on the localization and physiological role of these regulators and their effectors have been performed only with Aspergillus nidulans. These studies have influenced the intracellular trafficking field beyond fungal specialists, leading to findings such as the maturation of trans-Golgi (TGN) cisternae into post-Golgi RAB11 secretory vesicles, the concept that these RAB11 secretory carriers are loaded with three molecular nanomotors, the understanding of the role of endocytic recycling mediated by RAB6 and RAB11 in determining the hyphal mode of life, the discovery that early endosome maturation and the ESCRT pathway are essential, the identification of specific adaptors of dynein-dynactin to RAB5 endosomes, the exquisite dependence that autophagy displays on RAB1 activity, the role of TRAPPII as a GEF for RAB11, or the conclusion that the RAB1-to-RAB11 transition is not mediated by TRAPP maturation. A remarkable finding was that the A. nidulans Spitzenkörper contains four RABs: RAB11, Sec4, RAB6, and RAB1. How these RABs cooperate during exocytosis represents an as yet outstanding question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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15
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Peñalva MA, Moscoso‐Romero E, Hernández‐González M. Tracking exocytosis of aGPI‐anchored protein inAspergillus nidulans. Traffic 2020; 21:675-688. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Esteban Moscoso‐Romero
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
- Morphogenesis and Cell Polarity Unit Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica CSIC‐Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca Spain
| | - Miguel Hernández‐González
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
- The Francis Crick Institute London UK
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16
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Bodnar B, DeGruttola A, Zhu Y, Lin Y, Zhang Y, Mo X, Hu W. Emerging role of NIK/IKK2-binding protein (NIBP)/trafficking protein particle complex 9 (TRAPPC9) in nervous system diseases. Transl Res 2020; 224:55-70. [PMID: 32434006 PMCID: PMC7442628 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
NFκB signaling and protein trafficking network play important roles in various biological and pathological processes. NIK-and-IKK2-binding protein (NIBP), also known as trafficking protein particle complex 9 (TRAPPC9), is a prototype member of a novel protein family, and has been shown to regulate both NFκB signaling pathway and protein transport/trafficking. NIBP is extensively expressed in the nervous system and plays an important role in regulating neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. NIBP/TRAPPC9 mutations have been linked to an autosomal recessive intellectual disability syndrome, called NIBP Syndrome, which is characterized by nonsyndromic autosomal recessive intellectual disability along with other symptoms such as obesity, microcephaly, and facial dysmorphia. As more cases of NIBP Syndrome are identified, new light is being shed on the role of NIBP/TRAPPC9 in the central nervous system developments and diseases. NIBP is also involved in the enteric nervous system. This review will highlight the importance of NIBP/TRAPPC9 in central and enteric nervous system diseases, and the established possible mechanisms for developing a potential therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Bodnar
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; MD/PhD and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Arianna DeGruttola
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; MD/PhD and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yuanjun Zhu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Peking University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Lin
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Yonggang Zhang
- Center for Stem Cell Research and Application, Institute of Blood Transfusion, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College (CAMS & PUMC), Chengdu, China
| | - Xianming Mo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenhui Hu
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; MD/PhD and Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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17
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Pinar M, Peñalva MA. En bloc TGN recruitment of Aspergillus TRAPPII reveals TRAPP maturation as unlikely to drive RAB1-to-RAB11 transition. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs241141. [PMID: 32327558 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.241141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Transport protein particle (TRAPP) complexes regulate membrane traffic. TRAPPII and TRAPPIII share a core hetero-heptamer, also denoted TRAPPI. In fungi TRAPPIII and TRAPPII mediate GDP exchange on RAB1 and RAB11, respectively, regulating traffic across the Golgi, with TRAPPIII also activating RAB1 in autophagosomes. Our finding that Aspergillus nidulans TRAPPII can be assembled by addition of a TRAPPII-specific subcomplex onto core TRAPP prompted us to investigate the possibility that TRAPPI and/or TRAPPIII already residing in the Golgi matures into TRAPPII to determine a RAB1-to-RAB11 conversion as Golgi cisternae progress from early Golgi to TGN identity. By time-resolved microscopy, we determine that the TRAPPII reporter Trs120 (the homolog of metazoan TRAPPC9) is recruited to existing trans-Golgi network (TGN) cisternae slightly before RAB11 arrives, and resides for ∼45 s on them before cisternae tear off into RAB11 secretory carriers. Notably, the core TRAPP reporter Bet3 (the homolog of metazoan TRAPPC3) was not detectable in early Golgi cisternae, being instead recruited to TGN cisternae simultaneously with Trs120, indicating en bloc recruitment of TRAPPII to the Golgi and arguing strongly against the TRAPP maturation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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18
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Pinar M, Arias-Palomo E, de los Ríos V, Arst HN, Peñalva MA. Characterization of Aspergillus nidulans TRAPPs uncovers unprecedented similarities between fungi and metazoans and reveals the modular assembly of TRAPPII. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008557. [PMID: 31869332 PMCID: PMC6946167 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAnsport Protein Particle complexes (TRAPPs) are ubiquitous regulators of membrane traffic mediating nucleotide exchange on the Golgi regulatory GTPases RAB1 and RAB11. In S. cerevisiae and metazoans TRAPPs consist of two large oligomeric complexes: RAB11-activating TRAPPII and RAB1-activating TRAPPIII. These share a common core TRAPPI hetero-heptamer, absent in metazoans but detected in minor proportions in yeast, likely originating from in vitro-destabilized TRAPPII/III. Despite overall TRAPP conservation, the budding yeast genome has undergone extensive loss of genes, and lacks homologues of some metazoan TRAPP subunits. With nearly twice the total number of genes of S. cerevisiae, another ascomycete Aspergillus nidulans has also been used for studies on TRAPPs. We combined size-fractionation chromatography with single-step purification coupled to mass-spectrometry and negative-stain electron microscopy to establish the relative abundance, composition and architecture of Aspergillus TRAPPs, which consist of TRAPPII and TRAPPIII in a 2:1 proportion, plus a minor amount of TRAPPI. We show that Aspergillus TRAPPIII contains homologues of metazoan TRAPPC11, TRAPPC12 and TRAPPC13 subunits, absent in S. cerevisiae, and establish that these subunits are recruited to the complex by Tca17/TRAPPC2L, which itself binds to the ‘Trs33 side’ of the complex. Thus Aspergillus TRAPPs compositionally resemble mammalian TRAPPs to a greater extent than those in budding yeast. Exploiting the ability of constitutively-active (GEF-independent, due to accelerated GDP release) RAB1* and RAB11* alleles to rescue viability of null mutants lacking essential TRAPP subunits, we establish that the only essential role of TRAPPs is activating RAB1 and RAB11, and genetically classify each essential subunit according to their role(s) in TRAPPII (TRAPPII-specific subunits) or TRAPPII and TRAPPIII (core TRAPP subunits). Constitutively-active RAB mutant combinations allowed examination of TRAPP composition in mutants lacking essential subunits, which led to the discovery of a stable Trs120/Trs130/Trs65/Tca17 TRAPPII-specific subcomplex whose Trs20- and Trs33-dependent assembly onto core TRAPP generates TRAPPII. TRAPPs govern intracellular traffic across eukaryotes, activating the Golgi GTPases RAB1 and RAB11. Other genetically tractable fungi are emerging as alternatives to baker’s yeast for cell-biological studies. We exploit Aspergillus nidulans, a filamentous ascomycete that has a lifestyle highly demanding for exocytosis and, that unlike baker’s yeast, has not undergone extensive gene loss. We show that fungal and metazoan TRAPPs are more similar than previously thought, after identifying three A. nidulans subunits previously believed exclusive to metazoans and demonstrating that TRAPPI is very minor, if it exists at all. Also importantly we classified, using a novel genetic approach, essential TRAPP subunits according to their role in activating RAB1 and/or RAB11, which demonstrated that the only indispensable role for TRAPPs is mediating nucleotide exchange on these GTPases and led to the discovery of a stable four-subunit subcomplex that assembles onto the also stable seven-subunit core to form the TRAPPII holocomplex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Arias-Palomo
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian de los Ríos
- Proteomics Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Herbert N. Arst
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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19
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Identification of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor for SAR1 in the filamentous fungal model Aspergillus nidulans. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2019; 1866:118551. [PMID: 31487505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In spite of its basic and applied interest, the regulation of ER exit by filamentous fungi is insufficiently understood. In previous work we isolated a panel of conditional mutations in sarA encoding the master GTPase SarASAR1 in A. nidulans and demonstrated its key role in exocytosis and hyphal morphogenesis. However, the SAR1 guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), Sec12, has not been characterized in any filamentous fungus, largely due to the fact that SEC12 homologues share little amino acid sequence identity beyond a GGGGxxxxGϕxN motif involved in guanine nucleotide exchange. Here we demonstrate that AN11127 encodes A. nidulans Sec12, which is an essential protein that localizes to the ER and that, when overexpressed, rescues the growth defect resulting from a hypomorphic sarA6ts mutation at 37 °C. Using purified, bacterially expressed proteins we demonstrate that the product of AN11127 accelerates nucleotide exchange on SarASAR1, but not on its closely related GTPase ArfAARF1, as expected for a bona fide GEF. The unequivocal characterization of A. nidulans Sec12 paves the way for the tailored modification of ER exit in a model organism that is closely related to industrial species of filamentous fungi.
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20
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Lipatova Z, Segev N. Ypt/Rab GTPases and their TRAPP GEFs at the Golgi. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:2488-2500. [PMID: 31400292 PMCID: PMC6989042 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The conserved Ypt/Rab GTPases regulate the different steps of all intracellular trafficking pathways. Ypt/Rabs are activated by their specific nucleotide exchangers termed GEFs, and when GTP bound, they recruit their downstream effectors, which mediate vesicular transport substeps. In the yeast exocytic pathway, Ypt1 and Ypt31/32 regulate traffic through the Golgi and the conserved modular TRAPP complex acts a GEF for both Ypt1 and Ypt31/32. However, the precise localization and function of these Ypts have been under debate, as is the identity of their corresponding GEFs. We have established that Ypt1 and Ypt31 reside on the two sides of the Golgi, early and late, respectively, and regulate Golgi cisternal progression. We and others have shown that whereas a single TRAPP complex, TRAPP II, activates Ypt31, three TRAPP complexes can activate Ypt1: TRAPPs I, III, and IV. We propose that TRAPP I and II activate Ypt1 and Ypt31, respectively, at the Golgi, whereas TRAPP III and IV activate Ypt1 in autophagy. Resolving these issues is important because both Rabs and TRAPPs are implicated in multiple human diseases, ranging from cancer to neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Lipatova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nava Segev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL, USA
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21
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Otsuka Y, Satoh T, Nakayama N, Inaba R, Yamashita H, Satoh AK. Parcas is the predominant Rab11-GEF for rhodopsin transport in Drosophila photoreceptors. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.231431. [PMID: 31296556 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.231431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab11 is essential for polarized post-Golgi vesicle trafficking to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres in Drosophila photoreceptors. Here, we found that Parcas (Pcs), recently shown to have guanine nucleotide exchange (GEF) activity toward Rab11, co-localizes with Rab11 on the trans-side of Golgi units and post-Golgi vesicles at the base of the rhabdomeres in pupal photoreceptors. Pcs fused with the electron micrography tag APEX2 localizes on 150-300 nm vesicles at the trans-side of Golgi units, which are presumably fly recycling endosomes. Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11 deficiency. In contrast, loss of Rab11-specific subunits of the TRAPPII complex, another known Rab11-GEF, does not cause any defects in eye development nor the transport of rhabdomere proteins; however, simultaneous loss of TRAPPII and Pcs results in severe defects in eye development. These results indicate that both TRAPPII and Pcs are required for eye development, but Pcs functions as the predominant Rab11-GEF for post-Golgi transport to photosensitive membrane rhabdomeres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Otsuka
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Takunori Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Nozomi Nakayama
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Ryota Inaba
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Hitomi Yamashita
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akiko K Satoh
- Program of Life and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Integral Science for Life, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
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22
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Pantazopoulou A, Glick BS. A Kinetic View of Membrane Traffic Pathways Can Transcend the Classical View of Golgi Compartments. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:153. [PMID: 31448274 PMCID: PMC6691344 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing assumption is that the cisternae of the Golgi apparatus can be grouped into functionally distinct compartments, yet the molecular identities of those compartments have not been clearly described. The concept of a compartmentalized Golgi is challenged by the cisternal maturation model, which postulates that cisternae form de novo and then undergo progressive biochemical changes. Cisternal maturation can potentially be reconciled with Golgi compartmentation by defining compartments as discrete kinetic stages in the maturation process. These kinetic stages are distinguished by the traffic pathways that are operating. For example, a major transition occurs when a cisterna stops producing COPI vesicles and begins producing clathrin-coated vesicles. This transition separates one kinetic stage, the "early Golgi," from a subsequent kinetic stage, the "late Golgi" or "trans-Golgi network (TGN)." But multiple traffic pathways drive Golgi maturation, and the periods of operation for different traffic pathways can partially overlap, so there is no simple way to define a full set of Golgi compartments in terms of kinetic stages. Instead, we propose that the focus should be on the series of transitions experienced by a Golgi cisterna as various traffic pathways are switched on and off. These traffic pathways drive changes in resident transmembrane protein composition. Transitions in traffic pathways seem to be the fundamental, conserved determinants of Golgi organization. According to this view, the initial goal is to identify the relevant traffic pathways and place them on the kinetic map of Golgi maturation, and the ultimate goal is to elucidate the logic circuit that switches individual traffic pathways on and off as a cisterna matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Benjamin S Glick
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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23
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Schultzhaus Z, Cunningham GA, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Shaw BD. The phospholipid flippase DnfD localizes to late Golgi and is involved in asexual differentiation in Aspergillus nidulans. Mycologia 2019; 111:13-25. [PMID: 30699058 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1543927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of cell shape requires finely tuned and robust vesicle trafficking in order to provide sufficient plasma membrane materials. The hyphal cells of filamentous fungi are an extreme example of cell shape maintenance due to their ability to grow rapidly and respond to the environment while keeping a relatively consistent shape. We have previously shown that two phospholipid flippases, which regulate the asymmetry of specific phospholipids within the plasma membrane, are important for hyphal growth in Aspergillus nidulans. Here, we examine the rest of the phospholipid flippases encoded by A. nidulans by obtaining single and double deletions of all four family members, dnfA, dnfB, dnfC, and dnfD. We find that deleting dnfC does not impart a noticeable phenotype, by itself or with other deletions, but that dnfD, the homolog of the essential yeast gene neo1, is important for conidiation. dnfD deletion mutants form misshapen conidiophore vesicles that are defective in metulae formation. We localize DnfD to late Golgi equivalents, where it appears just before dissociation of this organelle. We propose that DnfD functions in a trafficking process that is specifically required for the morphological changes that take place during conidiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Schultzhaus
- a Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , 2132 TAMU , College Station , Texas 77845.,b Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering , Naval Research laboratory , Washington , District of Columbia 20375
| | - G A Cunningham
- a Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , 2132 TAMU , College Station , Texas 77845
| | - R R Mouriño-Pérez
- c Departamento de Microbiología , Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada , Ensenada , Baja California , México
| | - B D Shaw
- a Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology , Texas A&M University , 2132 TAMU , College Station , Texas 77845
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24
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Takeshita N. Control of Actin and Calcium for Chitin Synthase Delivery to the Hyphal Tip of Aspergillus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:113-129. [PMID: 31974757 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are covered by a cell wall consisting mainly of chitin and glucan. The synthesis of chitin, a β-1,4-linked homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is essential for hyphal morphogenesis. Fungal chitin synthases are integral membrane proteins that have been classified into seven classes. ChsB, a class III chitin synthase, is known to play a key role in hyphal tip growth and has been used here as a model to understand the cell biology of cell wall biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Chitin synthases are transported on secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane for new cell wall synthesis. Super-resolution localization imaging as a powerful biophysical approach indicated dynamics of the Spitzenkörper where spatiotemporally regulated exocytosis and cell extension, whereas high-speed pulse-chase imaging has revealed ChsB transport mechanism mediated by kinesin-1 and myosin-5. In addition, live imaging analysis showed correlations among intracellular Ca2+ levels, actin assembly, and exocytosis in growing hyphal tips. This suggests that pulsed Ca2+ influxes coordinate the temporal control of actin assembly and exocytosis, which results in stepwise cell extension. It is getting clear that turgor pressure and cell wall pressure are involved in the activation of Ca2+ channels for Ca2+ oscillation and cell extension. Here the cell wall synthesis and tip growth meet again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takeshita
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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25
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Hernández-González M, Bravo-Plaza I, de Los Ríos V, Pinar M, Pantazopoulou A, Peñalva MA. COPI localizes to the early Golgi in Aspergillus nidulans. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 123:78-86. [PMID: 30550852 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Coatomer-I (COPI) is a heteromeric protein coat that facilitates the budding of membranous carriers mediating Golgi-to-ER and intra-Golgi transport. While the structural features of COPI have been thoroughly investigated, its physiological role is insufficiently understood. Here we exploit the amenability of A. nidulans for studying intracellular traffic, taking up previous studies by Breakspear et al. (2007) with the α-COP/CopA subunit of COPI. Endogenously tagged α-COP/CopA largely localizes to SedVSed5 syntaxin-containing early Golgi cisterna, and acute inactivation of ER-to-Golgi traffic delocalizes COPI to a haze, consistent with the cisternal maturation model. In contrast, the Golgi localization of COPI is independent of the TGN regulators HypBSec7 and HypATrs120, implying that COPI budding predominates at the SedVSed5 early Golgi, with lesser contribution of the TGN. This finding agrees with the proposed role of COPI-mediated intra-Golgi retrograde traffic in driving cisternal maturation, which predicts that the capacity of the TGN to generate COPI carriers is low. The COPI early Golgi compartments intimately associates with Sec13-containing ER exit sites. Characterization of the heat-sensitive copA1ts (sodVIC1) mutation showed that it results in a single residue substitution in the ε-COP-binding Carboxyl-Terminal-Domain of α-COP that likely destabilizes its folding. However, we show that Golgi disorganization by copA1ts necessitates >150 min-long incubation at 42 °C. This weak subcellular phenotype makes it unsuitable for inactivating COPI traffic acutely for microscopy studies, and explains the aneuploidy-stabilizing role of the mutation at subrestrictive temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández-González
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; Centre for Mechanochemical Cell Biology, Gibbet Hill Road, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK(1)
| | - Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Vivian de Los Ríos
- Proteomics and Genomics Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Division, The University of Chicago, United States(1).
| | - Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain.
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26
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Thomas LL, van der Vegt SA, Fromme JC. A Steric Gating Mechanism Dictates the Substrate Specificity of a Rab-GEF. Dev Cell 2018; 48:100-114.e9. [PMID: 30528786 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Correct localization of Rab GTPases in cells is critical for proper function in membrane trafficking, yet the mechanisms that target Rabs to specific subcellular compartments remain controversial. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) activate and consequently stabilize Rab substrates on membranes, thus implicating GEFs as the primary determinants of Rab localization. A competing hypothesis is that the Rab C-terminal hypervariable domain (HVD) serves as a subcellular targeting signal. In this study, we present a unifying mechanism in which the HVD controls targeting of certain Rabs by mediating interaction with their GEFs. We demonstrate that the TRAPP complexes, two related GEFs that use the same catalytic site to activate distinct Rabs, distinguish between Ypt1 (Rab1) and Ypt31/32 (Rab11) via their divergent HVDs. Remarkably, we find that HVD length gates Rab access to the TRAPPII complex by constraining the distance between the nucleotide-binding domain and the membrane surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Solveig A van der Vegt
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - J Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics/Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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27
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Morris C, Foster OK, Handa S, Peloza K, Voss L, Somhegyi H, Jian Y, Vo MV, Harp M, Rambo FM, Yang C, Hermann GJ. Function and regulation of the Caenorhabditis elegans Rab32 family member GLO-1 in lysosome-related organelle biogenesis. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007772. [PMID: 30419011 PMCID: PMC6268011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell type-specific modifications of conventional endosomal trafficking pathways lead to the formation of lysosome-related organelles (LROs). C. elegans gut granules are intestinally restricted LROs that coexist with conventional degradative lysosomes. The formation of gut granules requires the Rab32 family member GLO-1. We show that the loss of glo-1 leads to the mistrafficking of gut granule proteins but does not significantly alter conventional endolysosome biogenesis. GLO-3 directly binds to CCZ-1 and they both function to promote the gut granule association of GLO-1, strongly suggesting that together, GLO-3 and CCZ-1 activate GLO-1. We found that a point mutation in GLO-1 predicted to spontaneously activate, and function independently of it guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), localizes to gut granules and partially restores gut granule protein localization in ccz-1(-) and glo-3(-) mutants. CCZ-1 forms a heterodimeric complex with SAND-1(MON1), which does not function in gut granule formation, to activate RAB-7 in trafficking pathways to conventional lysosomes. Therefore, our data suggest a model whereby the function of a Rab GEF can be altered by subunit exchange. glo-3(-) mutants, which retain low levels of GLO-3 activity, generate gut granules that lack GLO-1 and improperly accumulate RAB-7 in a SAND-1 dependent process. We show that GLO-1 and GLO-3 restrict the distribution of RAB-7 to conventional endolysosomes, providing insights into the segregation of pathways leading to conventional lysosomes and LROs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Morris
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Olivia K. Foster
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Simran Handa
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Peloza
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Laura Voss
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Hannah Somhegyi
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Youli Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - My Van Vo
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Marie Harp
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Fiona M. Rambo
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Chonglin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Greg J. Hermann
- Department of Biology, Lewis & Clark College, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Hernández‐González M, Pantazopoulou A, Spanoudakis D, Seegers CL, Peñalva MA. Genetic dissection of the secretory route followed by a fungal extracellular glycosyl hydrolase. Mol Microbiol 2018; 109:781-800. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández‐González
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and WhiteBiotech Interdepartmental Unit Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and WhiteBiotech Interdepartmental Unit Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology The University of Chicago Chicago IL USA
| | - Dimitris Spanoudakis
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and WhiteBiotech Interdepartmental Unit Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
| | - Christel L.C. Seegers
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and WhiteBiotech Interdepartmental Unit Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
- Avebe UA Foxhol The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A. Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and WhiteBiotech Interdepartmental Unit Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC Madrid Spain
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29
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Secretory Vesicle Polar Sorting, Endosome Recycling and Cytoskeleton Organization Require the AP-1 Complex in Aspergillus nidulans. Genetics 2018; 209:1121-1138. [PMID: 29925567 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The AP-1 complex is essential for membrane protein traffic via its role in the pinching-off and sorting of secretory vesicles (SVs) from the trans-Golgi and/or endosomes. While its essentiality is undisputed in metazoa, its role in simpler eukaryotes seems less clear. Here, we dissect the role of AP-1 in the filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans and show that it is absolutely essential for growth due to its role in clathrin-dependent maintenance of polar traffic of specific membrane cargoes toward the apex of growing hyphae. We provide evidence that AP-1 is involved in both anterograde sorting of RabERab11-labeled SVs and RabA/BRab5-dependent endosome recycling. Additionally, AP-1 is shown to be critical for microtubule and septin organization, further rationalizing its essentiality in cells that face the challenge of cytoskeleton-dependent polarized cargo traffic. This work also opens a novel issue on how nonpolar cargoes, such as transporters, are sorted to the eukaryotic plasma membrane.
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30
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Riquelme M, Aguirre J, Bartnicki-García S, Braus GH, Feldbrügge M, Fleig U, Hansberg W, Herrera-Estrella A, Kämper J, Kück U, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Takeshita N, Fischer R. Fungal Morphogenesis, from the Polarized Growth of Hyphae to Complex Reproduction and Infection Structures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00068-17. [PMID: 29643171 PMCID: PMC5968459 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00068-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi constitute a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that grow by forming simple tube-like hyphae that are capable of differentiating into more-complex morphological structures and distinct cell types. Hyphae form filamentous networks by extending at their tips while branching in subapical regions. Rapid tip elongation requires massive membrane insertion and extension of the rigid chitin-containing cell wall. This process is sustained by a continuous flow of secretory vesicles that depends on the coordinated action of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons and the corresponding motors and associated proteins. Vesicles transport cell wall-synthesizing enzymes and accumulate in a special structure, the Spitzenkörper, before traveling further and fusing with the tip membrane. The place of vesicle fusion and growth direction are enabled and defined by the position of the Spitzenkörper, the so-called cell end markers, and other proteins involved in the exocytic process. Also important for tip extension is membrane recycling by endocytosis via early endosomes, which function as multipurpose transport vehicles for mRNA, septins, ribosomes, and peroxisomes. Cell integrity, hyphal branching, and morphogenesis are all processes that are largely dependent on vesicle and cytoskeleton dynamics. When hyphae differentiate structures for asexual or sexual reproduction or to mediate interspecies interactions, the hyphal basic cellular machinery may be reprogrammed through the synthesis of new proteins and/or the modification of protein activity. Although some transcriptional networks involved in such reprogramming of hyphae are well studied in several model filamentous fungi, clear connections between these networks and known determinants of hyphal morphogenesis are yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salomon Bartnicki-García
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ursula Fleig
- Institute for Functional Genomics of Microorganisms, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Hansberg
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Ruhr University Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Norio Takeshita
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
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31
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Hernández-González M, Bravo-Plaza I, Pinar M, de los Ríos V, Arst HN, Peñalva MA. Endocytic recycling via the TGN underlies the polarized hyphal mode of life. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007291. [PMID: 29608571 PMCID: PMC5880334 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular traffic in Aspergillus nidulans hyphae must cope with the challenges that the high rates of apical extension (1μm/min) and the long intracellular distances (>100 μm) impose. Understanding the ways in which the hyphal tip cell coordinates traffic to meet these challenges is of basic importance, but is also of considerable applied interest, as fungal invasiveness of animals and plants depends critically upon maintaining these high rates of growth. Rapid apical extension requires localization of cell-wall-modifying enzymes to hyphal tips. By combining genetic blocks in different trafficking steps with multidimensional epifluorescence microscopy and quantitative image analyses we demonstrate that polarization of the essential chitin-synthase ChsB occurs by indirect endocytic recycling, involving delivery/exocytosis to apices followed by internalization by the sub-apical endocytic collar of actin patches and subsequent trafficking to TGN cisternae, where it accumulates for ~1 min before being re-delivered to the apex by a RAB11/TRAPPII-dependent pathway. Accordingly, ChsB is stranded at the TGN by Sec7 inactivation but re-polarizes to the apical dome if the block is bypassed by a mutation in geaAgea1 that restores growth in the absence of Sec7. That polarization is independent of RAB5, that ChsB predominates at apex-proximal cisternae, and that upon dynein impairment ChsB is stalled at the tips in an aggregated endosome indicate that endocytosed ChsB traffics to the TGN via sorting endosomes functionally located upstream of the RAB5 domain and that this step requires dynein-mediated basipetal transport. It also requires RAB6 and its effector GARP (Vps51/Vps52/Vps53/Vps54), whose composition we determined by MS/MS following affinity chromatography purification. Ablation of any GARP component diverts ChsB to vacuoles and impairs growth and morphology markedly, emphasizing the important physiological role played by this pathway that, we propose, is central to the hyphal mode of growth. Filamentous fungi form long tubular cells, called hyphae, which grow rapidly by apical extension, enabling these sessile organisms to explore substrates and facilitating tissue invasion in the case of pathogenic species. Because the shape of the hyphae is determined by an external cell wall, hyphal growth requires that cell-wall sculpting enzymes polarize to the tips. Endocytosis is essential for hyphal growth, and it was suspected that this results from its participation in a recycling pathway that takes up cell-wall enzymes from the plasma membrane and re-delivers them to the apex. Here we track the trafficking of a chitin synthase (a cell-wall modifying enzyme) to demonstrate that it is polarized by endocytic recycling. This chitin synthase is delivered by exocytosis to the apex, but diffuses away until being captured by a subapical collar of actin patches (sites of endocytosis) from where it reaches a sorting endosome before undergoing transport to the nearest trans-Golgi cisternae and incorporating into secretory vesicles that re-deliver the enzyme to the apex. Because impairing transit across this pathway compromises apical extension markedly and results in severe morphological defects, the pathway could be manipulated to prevent fungal pathogenicity of plants and humans, an enormous burden on human welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Hernández-González
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Intradepartmental WhiteBiotech Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio Bravo-Plaza
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Intradepartmental WhiteBiotech Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Pinar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Intradepartmental WhiteBiotech Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian de los Ríos
- Proteomics Facility, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
| | - Herbert N. Arst
- Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, Flowers Building, Armstrong Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Miguel A. Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Intradepartmental WhiteBiotech Unit, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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32
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Zhou L, Evangelinos M, Wernet V, Eckert AF, Ishitsuka Y, Fischer R, Nienhaus GU, Takeshita N. Superresolution and pulse-chase imaging reveal the role of vesicle transport in polar growth of fungal cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:e1701798. [PMID: 29387789 PMCID: PMC5787382 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1701798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarized growth of filamentous fungi requires continuous transport of biomolecules to the hyphal tip. To this end, construction materials are packaged in vesicles and transported by motor proteins along microtubules and actin filaments. We have studied these processes with quantitative superresolution localization microscopy of live Aspergillus nidulans cells expressing the photoconvertible protein mEosFPthermo fused to the chitin synthase ChsB. ChsB is mainly located at the Spitzenkörper near the hyphal tip and produces chitin, a key component of the cell wall. We have visualized the pulsatory dynamics of the Spitzenkörper, reflecting vesicle accumulation before exocytosis and their subsequent fusion with the apical plasma membrane. Furthermore, high-speed pulse-chase imaging after photoconversion of mEosFPthermo in a tightly focused spot revealed that ChsB is transported with two different speeds from the cell body to the hyphal tip and vice versa. Comparative analysis using motor protein deletion mutants allowed us to assign the fast movements (7 to 10 μm s-1) to transport of secretory vesicles by kinesin-1, and the slower ones (2 to 7 μm s-1) to transport by kinesin-3 on early endosomes. Our results show how motor proteins ensure the supply of vesicles to the hyphal tip, where temporally regulated exocytosis results in stepwise tip extension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhou
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Minoas Evangelinos
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valentin Wernet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Antonia F. Eckert
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Yuji Ishitsuka
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - G. Ulrich Nienhaus
- Institute of Applied Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, KIT, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Norio Takeshita
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, KIT, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
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Rosquete MR, Davis DJ, Drakakaki G. The Plant Trans-Golgi Network: Not Just a Matter of Distinction. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:187-198. [PMID: 29192030 PMCID: PMC5761815 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network in plants is a major sorting station of Golgi derived cargo while it also receives recycled material from endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Destiny Jade Davis
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Georgia Drakakaki
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 95616
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Riedel F, Galindo A, Muschalik N, Munro S. The two TRAPP complexes of metazoans have distinct roles and act on different Rab GTPases. J Cell Biol 2017; 217:601-617. [PMID: 29273580 PMCID: PMC5800803 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201705068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In yeast, the TRAPP complexes activate Rab1 with TRAPPII also activating Rab11, but less is known about the two TRAPPs in metazoans. Riedel et al. show that in Drosophila melanogaster, TRAPPIII is an essential Rab1 activator, and TRAPPII activates Rab1 and Rab11 and becomes essential when an unrelated Rab11 activator is deleted. Originally identified in yeast, transport protein particle (TRAPP) complexes are Rab GTPase exchange factors that share a core set of subunits. TRAPPs were initially found to act on Ypt1, the yeast orthologue of Rab1, but recent studies have found that yeast TRAPPII can also activate the Rab11 orthologues Ypt31/32. Mammals have two TRAPP complexes, but their role is less clear, and they contain subunits that are not found in the yeast complexes but are essential for cell growth. To investigate TRAPP function in metazoans, we show that Drosophila melanogaster have two TRAPP complexes similar to those in mammals and that both activate Rab1, whereas one, TRAPPII, also activates Rab11. TRAPPII is not essential but becomes so in the absence of the gene parcas that encodes the Drosophila orthologue of the SH3BP5 family of Rab11 guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs). Thus, in metazoans, Rab1 activation requires TRAPP subunits not found in yeast, and Rab11 activation is shared by TRAPPII and an unrelated GEF that is metazoan specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falko Riedel
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Antonio Galindo
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Nadine Muschalik
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England, UK
| | - Sean Munro
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, England, UK
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35
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Etxebeste O, Espeso EA. Neurons show the path: tip-to-nucleus communication in filamentous fungal development and pathogenesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2017; 40:610-24. [PMID: 27587717 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple fungal species penetrate substrates and accomplish host invasion through the fast, permanent and unidirectional extension of filamentous cells known as hyphae. Polar growth of hyphae results, however, in a significant increase in the distance between the polarity site, which also receives the earliest information about ambient conditions, and nuclei, where adaptive responses are executed. Recent studies demonstrate that these long distances are overcome by signal transduction pathways which convey sensory information from the polarity site to nuclei, controlling development and pathogenesis. The present review compares the striking connections of the mechanisms for long-distance communication in hyphae with those from neurons, and discusses the importance of their study in order to understand invasion and dissemination processes of filamentous fungi, and design strategies for developmental control in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Etxebeste
- Biochemistry II laboratory, Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eduardo A Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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36
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Pinar M, Peñalva MA. Aspergillus nidulansBapH is a RAB11 effector that connects membranes in the Spitzenkörper with basal autophagy. Mol Microbiol 2017; 106:452-468. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pinar
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9; Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Miguel A. Peñalva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9; Madrid 28040 Spain
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37
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Steinberg G, Peñalva MA, Riquelme M, Wösten HA, Harris SD. Cell Biology of Hyphal Growth. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5:10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0034-2016. [PMID: 28429675 PMCID: PMC11687463 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.funk-0034-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are a large and ancient clade of microorganisms that occupy a broad range of ecological niches. The success of filamentous fungi is largely due to their elongate hypha, a chain of cells, separated from each other by septa. Hyphae grow by polarized exocytosis at the apex, which allows the fungus to overcome long distances and invade many substrates, including soils and host tissues. Hyphal tip growth is initiated by establishment of a growth site and the subsequent maintenance of the growth axis, with transport of growth supplies, including membranes and proteins, delivered by motors along the cytoskeleton to the hyphal apex. Among the enzymes delivered are cell wall synthases that are exocytosed for local synthesis of the extracellular cell wall. Exocytosis is opposed by endocytic uptake of soluble and membrane-bound material into the cell. The first intracellular compartment in the endocytic pathway is the early endosomes, which emerge to perform essential additional functions as spatial organizers of the hyphal cell. Individual compartments within septated hyphae can communicate with each other via septal pores, which allow passage of cytoplasm or organelles to help differentiation within the mycelium. This article introduces the reader to more detailed aspects of hyphal growth in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gero Steinberg
- Department of Biosciences, College of Live and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, EX1 1TE Exeter, United Kingdom
- Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Scientific Research and Higher Education of Ensenada, CICESE, Ensenada, Baja California C.P. 22860, Mexico
| | - Han A Wösten
- Department of Biology, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven D Harris
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0660
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38
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Peñalva MA, Zhang J, Xiang X, Pantazopoulou A. Transport of fungal RAB11 secretory vesicles involves myosin-5, dynein/dynactin/p25, and kinesin-1 and is independent of kinesin-3. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:947-961. [PMID: 28209731 PMCID: PMC5385943 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-08-0566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In Aspergillus nidulans, the distribution of exocytic carriers involves interplay between kinesin-1, myosin-5, and dynein. Engagement of the dynein complex to these carriers requires dynactin p25, but, unlike that of early endosomes, it does not require the Hook complex. Hyphal tip cells of the fungus Aspergillus nidulans are useful for studying long-range intracellular traffic. Post-Golgi secretory vesicles (SVs) containing the RAB11 orthologue RabE engage myosin-5 as well as plus end– and minus end–directed microtubule motors, providing an experimental system with which to investigate the interplay between microtubule and actin motors acting on the same cargo. By exploiting the fact that depolymerization of F-actin unleashes SVs focused at the apex by myosin-5 to microtubule-dependent motors, we establish that the minus end–directed transport of SVs requires the dynein/dynactin supercomplex. This minus end–directed transport is largely unaffected by genetic ablation of the Hook complex adapting early endosomes (EEs) to dynein but absolutely requires p25 in dynactin. Thus dynein recruitment to two different membranous cargoes, namely EEs and SVs, requires p25, highlighting the importance of the dynactin pointed-end complex to scaffold cargoes. Finally, by studying the behavior of SVs and EEs in null and rigor mutants of kinesin-3 and kinesin-1 (UncA and KinA, respectively), we demonstrate that KinA is the major kinesin mediating the anterograde transport of SVs. Therefore SVs arrive at the apex of A. nidulans by anterograde transport involving cooperation of kinesin-1 with myosin-5 and can move away from the apex powered by dynein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Peñalva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
| | - Xin Xiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD 20814-4799
| | - Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid 28040, Spain
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39
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Pantazopoulou A. The Golgi apparatus: insights from filamentous fungi. Mycologia 2017; 108:603-22. [DOI: 10.3852/15-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Areti Pantazopoulou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, Madrid 28040, Spain
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40
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Phospholipid flippases DnfA and DnfB exhibit differential dynamics within the A. nidulans Spitzenkörper. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 99:26-28. [PMID: 28034798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2016.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Spitzenkörper is a structure at the apex of growing cells in many filamentous fungi. Ultrastructural studies indicate that the Spitzenkörper is an organized mass of secretory vesicles, with different types of vesicles present in outer and inner layers. Here, we used live-cell imaging to demonstrate that the phospholipid flippases DnfA and DnfB, which preferentially localize to the outer and inner layers, respectively, exhibit different dynamics in the Spitzenkörper of Aspergillus nidulans. Additionally, deletion of dnfA partially destabilized the Spitzenkörper, while the depletion of cdc50, an essential β-subunit of most flippases, had dramatic effects on hyphal tip organization and morphology.
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41
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Schultzhaus Z, Johnson TB, Shaw BD. Clathrin localization and dynamics in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:299-318. [PMID: 27741567 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell growth necessitates extensive membrane remodeling events including vesicle fusion or fission, processes that are regulated by coat proteins. The hyphal cells of filamentous fungi concentrate both exocytosis and endocytosis at the apex. This investigation focuses on clathrin in Aspergillus nidulans, with the aim of understanding its role in membrane remodeling in growing hyphae. We examined clathrin heavy chain (ClaH-GFP) which localized to three distinct subcellular structures: late Golgi (trans-Golgi equivalents of filamentous fungi), which are concentrated just behind the hyphal tip but are intermittently present throughout all hyphal cells; the region of concentrated endocytosis just behind the hyphal apex (the "endocytic collar"); and small, rapidly moving puncta that were seen trafficking long distances in nearly all hyphal compartments. ClaH localized to distinct domains on late Golgi, and these clathrin "hubs" dispersed in synchrony after the late Golgi marker PHOSBP . Although clathrin was essential for growth, ClaH did not colocalize well with the endocytic patch marker fimbrin. Tests of FM4-64 internalization and repression of ClaH corroborated the observation that clathrin does not play an important role in endocytosis in A. nidulans. A minor portion of ClaH puncta exhibited bidirectional movement, likely along microtubules, but were generally distinct from early endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Schultzhaus
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - T B Johnson
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
| | - B D Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, 2132 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77845, USA
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42
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Thomas LL, Fromme JC. GTPase cross talk regulates TRAPPII activation of Rab11 homologues during vesicle biogenesis. J Cell Biol 2016; 215:499-513. [PMID: 27872253 PMCID: PMC5119942 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201608123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases control vesicle formation and transport, but which proteins are important for their regulation is incompletely understood. Thomas and Fromme provide definitive evidence that TRAPPII is a GEF for the yeast Rab11 homologues Ypt31/32 and implicate the GTPase Arf1 in TRAPPII recruitment, suggesting that a bidirectional cross talk mechanism drives vesicle biogenesis. Rab guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) control cellular trafficking pathways by regulating vesicle formation, transport, and tethering. Rab11 and its paralogs regulate multiple secretory and endocytic recycling pathways, yet the guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates Rab11 in most eukaryotic cells is unresolved. The large multisubunit transport protein particle (TRAPP) II complex has been proposed to act as a GEF for Rab11 based on genetic evidence, but conflicting biochemical experiments have created uncertainty regarding Rab11 activation. Using physiological Rab-GEF reconstitution reactions, we now provide definitive evidence that TRAPPII is a bona fide GEF for the yeast Rab11 homologues Ypt31/32. We also uncover a direct role for Arf1, a distinct GTPase, in recruiting TRAPPII to anionic membranes. Given the known role of Ypt31/32 in stimulating activation of Arf1, a bidirectional cross talk mechanism appears to drive biogenesis of secretory and endocytic recycling vesicles. By coordinating simultaneous activation of two essential GTPase pathways, this mechanism ensures recruitment of the complete set of effectors needed for vesicle formation, transport, and tethering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura L Thomas
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - J Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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43
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Kim JJ, Lipatova Z, Majumdar U, Segev N. Regulation of Golgi Cisternal Progression by Ypt/Rab GTPases. Dev Cell 2016; 36:440-52. [PMID: 26906739 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Current models entail that transport through the Golgi-the main sorting compartment of the cell-occurs via cisternal progression/maturation and that Ypt/Rab GTPases regulate this process. However, there is very limited evidence that cisternal progression is regulated, and no evidence for involvement of Ypt/Rab GTPases in such a regulation. Moreover, controversy about the placement of two of the founding members of the Ypt/Rab family, Ypt1 and Ypt31, to specific Golgi cisternae interferes with addressing this question in yeast, where cisternal progression has been extensively studied. Here, we establish the localization of Ypt1 and Ypt31 to opposite faces of the Golgi: early and late, respectively. Moreover, we show that they partially overlap on a transitional compartment. Finally, we determine that changes in Ypt1 and Ypt31 activity affect Golgi cisternal progression, early-to-transitional and transitional-to-late, respectively. These results show that Ypt/Rab GTPases regulate two separate steps of Golgi cisternal progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Zhanna Lipatova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Molecular Biology Research Building, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Uddalak Majumdar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Molecular Biology Research Building, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
| | - Nava Segev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Molecular Biology Research Building, 900 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60607, USA.
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44
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Mellado L, Arst HN, Espeso EA. Proteolytic activation of both components of the cation stress-responsive Slt pathway in Aspergillus nidulans. Mol Biol Cell 2016; 27:2598-612. [PMID: 27307585 PMCID: PMC4985261 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-01-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerance of Aspergillus nidulans to alkalinity and elevated cation concentrations requires both SltA and SltB. Transcription factor SltA and the putative pseudokinase/protease signaling protein SltB comprise a regulatory pathway specific to filamentous fungi. In vivo, SltB is proteolytically cleaved into its two principal domains. Mutational analysis defines a chymotrypsin-like serine protease domain that mediates SltB autoproteolysis and proteolytic cleavage of SltA. The pseudokinase domain might modulate the protease activity of SltB. Three forms of the SltA transcription factor coexist in cells: a full-length, 78-kDa version and a processed, 32-kDa form, which is found in phosphorylated and unphosphorylated states. The SltA32kDa version mediates transcriptional regulation of sltB and, putatively, genes required for tolerance to cation stress and alkalinity. The full-length form, SltA78kDa, apparently has no transcriptional function. In the absence of SltB, only the primary product of SltA is detectable, and its level equals that of SltA78kDa. Mutations in sltB selected as suppressors of null vps alleles and resulting in cation/alkalinity sensitivity either reduced or eliminated SltA proteolysis. There is no evidence for cation or alkalinity regulation of SltB cleavage, but activation of sltB expression requires SltA. This work identifies the molecular mechanisms governing the Slt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mellado
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Herbert N Arst
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain Section of Microbiology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Eduardo A Espeso
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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45
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Ishida M, E Oguchi M, Fukuda M. Multiple Types of Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) for Rab Small GTPases. Cell Struct Funct 2016; 41:61-79. [PMID: 27246931 DOI: 10.1247/csf.16008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rab small GTPases are highly conserved master regulators of membrane traffic in all eukaryotes. The same as the activation and inactivation of other small GTPases, the activation and inactivation of Rabs are tightly controlled by specific GEFs (guanine nucleotide exchange factors) and GAPs (GTPase-activating proteins), respectively. Although almost all Rab-GAPs reported thus far have a TBC (Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16)/Rab-GAP domain in common, recent accumulating evidence has indicated the existence of a number of structurally unrelated types of Rab-GEFs, including DENN proteins, VPS9 proteins, Sec2 proteins, TRAPP complexes, heterodimer GEFs (Mon1-Ccz1, HPS1-HPS4 (BLOC-3 complex), Ric1-Rgp1 and Rab3GAP1/2), and other GEFs (e.g., REI-1 and RPGR). In this review article we provide an up-to-date overview of the structures and functions of all putative Rab-GEFs in mammals, with a special focus on their substrate Rabs, interacting proteins, associations with genetic diseases, and intracellular localizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morié Ishida
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking Mechanisms, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University
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46
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Wang N, Lee IJ, Rask G, Wu JQ. Roles of the TRAPP-II Complex and the Exocyst in Membrane Deposition during Fission Yeast Cytokinesis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002437. [PMID: 27082518 PMCID: PMC4833314 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cleavage-furrow tip adjacent to the actomyosin contractile ring is believed to be the predominant site for plasma-membrane insertion through exocyst-tethered vesicles during cytokinesis. Here we found that most secretory vesicles are delivered by myosin-V on linear actin cables in fission yeast cytokinesis. Surprisingly, by tracking individual exocytic and endocytic events, we found that vesicles with new membrane are deposited to the cleavage furrow relatively evenly during contractile-ring constriction, but the rim of the cleavage furrow is the main site for endocytosis. Fusion of vesicles with the plasma membrane requires vesicle tethers. Our data suggest that the transport particle protein II (TRAPP-II) complex and Rab11 GTPase Ypt3 help to tether secretory vesicles or tubulovesicular structures along the cleavage furrow while the exocyst tethers vesicles at the rim of the division plane. We conclude that the exocyst and TRAPP-II complex have distinct localizations at the division site, but both are important for membrane expansion and exocytosis during cytokinesis. Two putative vesicle tethers—the exocyst and TRAPP-II complexes—localize differently at the division plane to ensure efficient plasma-membrane deposition along the whole cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Cytokinesis partitions a mother cell into two daughter cells at the end of each cell-division cycle. A significant amount of new plasma membrane is needed at the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis in many cell types. Membrane expansion is achieved through the balance of exocytosis and endocytosis. It is poorly understood where and when the membrane is deposited and retrieved during cytokinesis. By tracking individual vesicles with high spatiotemporal resolution and using electron microscopy, we found that new membrane is deposited relatively evenly along the cleavage furrow in fission yeast, while the rim of the division plane is the predominant site for endocytosis. The secretory vesicles/compartments carrying new membrane are mainly delivered along formin-nucleated actin cables by myosin-V motors. Surprisingly, we find that both exocytosis and endocytosis at the division site are ramped up before contractile-ring constriction and last until daughter-cell separation. We discovered that two putative vesicle tethers, the exocyst and TRAPP-II complexes, localize to different sites at the cleavage furrow to promote tethering of different, yet overlapping, classes of secretory vesicles/compartments for exocytosis and new membrane deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - I-Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Galen Rask
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jian-Qiu Wu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim JJ, Lipatova Z, Segev N. TRAPP Complexes in Secretion and Autophagy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:20. [PMID: 27066478 PMCID: PMC4811894 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TRAPP is a highly conserved modular multi-subunit protein complex. Originally identified as a “transport protein particle” with a role in endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi transport, its multiple subunits and their conservation from yeast to humans were characterized in the late 1990s. TRAPP attracted attention when it was shown to act as a Ypt/Rab GTPase nucleotide exchanger, GEF, in the 2000s. Currently, three TRAPP complexes are known in yeast, I, II, and III, and they regulate two different intracellular trafficking pathways: secretion and autophagy. Core TRAPP contains four small subunits that self assemble to a stable complex, which has a GEF activity on Ypt1. Another small subunit, Trs20/Sedlin, is an adaptor required for the association of core TRAPP with larger subunits to form TRAPP II and TRAPP III. Whereas the molecular structure of the core TRAPP complex is resolved, the architecture of the larger TRAPP complexes, including their existence as dimers and multimers, is less clear. In addition to its Ypt/Rab GEF activity, and thereby an indirect role in vesicle tethering through Ypt/Rabs, a direct role for TRAPP as a vesicle tether has been suggested. This idea is based on TRAPP interactions with vesicle coat components. While much of the basic information about TRAPP complexes comes from yeast, mutations in TRAPP subunits were connected to human disease. In this review we will summarize new information about TRAPP complexes, highlight new insights about their function and discuss current controversies and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Zhanna Lipatova
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nava Segev
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, IL, USA
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Evangelinos M, Martzoukou O, Chorozian K, Amillis S, Diallinas G. BsdA(Bsd2) -dependent vacuolar turnover of a misfolded version of the UapA transporter along the secretory pathway: prominent role of selective autophagy. Mol Microbiol 2016; 100:893-911. [PMID: 26917498 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Transmembrane proteins translocate cotranslationally in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane and traffic as vesicular cargoes, via the Golgi, in their final membrane destination. Misfolding in the ER leads to protein degradation basically through the ERAD/proteasome system. Here, we use a mutant version of the purine transporter UapA (ΔR481) to show that specific misfolded versions of plasma membrane cargoes undergo vacuolar turnover prior to localization in the plasma membrane. We show that non-endocytic vacuolar turnover of ΔR481 is dependent on BsdA(Bsd2) , an ER transmembrane adaptor of HulA(Rsp5) ubiquitin ligase. We obtain in vivo evidence that BsdA(Bsd2) interacts with HulA(Rsp5) and ΔR481, primarily in the ER. Importantly, accumulation of ΔR481 in the ER triggers delivery of the selective autophagy marker Atg8 in vacuoles along with ΔR481. Genetic block of autophagy (atg9Δ, rabO(ts) ) reduces, but does not abolish, sorting of ΔR481 in the vacuoles, suggesting that a fraction of the misfolded transporter might be redirected for vacuolar degradation via the Golgi. Our results support that multiple routes along the secretory pathway operate for the detoxification of Aspergillus nidulans cells from misfolded membrane proteins and that BsdA is a key factor for marking specific misfolded cargoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minoas Evangelinos
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Martzoukou
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Koar Chorozian
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiris Amillis
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
| | - George Diallinas
- Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15784, Athens, Greece
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López-Berges MS, Pinar M, Abenza JF, Arst HN, Peñalva MA. TheAspergillus nidulanssyntaxin PepAPep12is regulated by two Sec1/Munc-18 proteins to mediate fusion events at early endosomes, late endosomes and vacuoles. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:199-216. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuel S. López-Berges
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Mario Pinar
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Juan F. Abenza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 Madrid 28040 Spain
| | - Herbert N. Arst
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 Madrid 28040 Spain
- Section of Microbiology; Flowers Building; Imperial College; London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Miguel A. Peñalva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas CSIC; Ramiro de Maeztu 9 Madrid 28040 Spain
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Vetter M, Wang J, Lorentzen E, Deretic D. Novel topography of the Rab11-effector interaction network within a ciliary membrane targeting complex. Small GTPases 2015; 6:165-73. [PMID: 26399276 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2015.1091539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Small GTPases function as universal molecular switches due to the nucleotide dependent conformational changes of their switch regions that allow interacting proteins to discriminate between the active GTP-bound and the inactive GDP-bound states. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) recognize the inactive GDP-bound conformation whereas GTPase activating proteins (GAPs), and the GTPase effectors recognize the active GTP-bound state. Small GTPases are linked to each other through regulatory and effector proteins into functional networks that regulate intracellular membrane traffic through diverse mechanisms that include GEF and GAP cascades, GEF-effector interactions, common effectors and positive feedback loops linking interacting proteins. As more structural and functional information is becoming available, new types of interactions between regulatory proteins, and new mechanisms by which GTPases are networked to control membrane traffic are being revealed. This review will focus on the structure and function of the novel Rab11-FIP3-Rabin8 dual effector complex and its implications for the targeting of sensory receptors to primary cilia, dysfunction of which causes cilia defects underlying human diseases and disorders know as ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Vetter
- a Department of Structural Cell Biology ; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry ; Martinsried , Germany
| | - Jing Wang
- b Departments of Surgery ; Division of Ophthalmology; University of New Mexico ; Albuquerque , NM USA
| | - Esben Lorentzen
- a Department of Structural Cell Biology ; Max-Planck-Institute of Biochemistry ; Martinsried , Germany
| | - Dusanka Deretic
- b Departments of Surgery ; Division of Ophthalmology; University of New Mexico ; Albuquerque , NM USA.,c Cell Biology and Physiology ; University of New Mexico ; Albuquerque , NM USA
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