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Lee EH, Zinshteyn D, Miglo F, Wang MQ, Reinach J, Chau CM, Grosstephan JM, Correa I, Costa K, Vargas A, Johnson A, Longo SM, Alexander JI, O'Reilly AM. Sequential events during the quiescence to proliferation transition establish patterns of follicle cell differentiation in the Drosophila ovary. Biol Open 2023; 12:bio059625. [PMID: 36524613 PMCID: PMC9867896 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells cycle between periods of quiescence and proliferation to promote tissue health. In Drosophila ovaries, quiescence to proliferation transitions of follicle stem cells (FSCs) are exquisitely feeding-dependent. Here, we demonstrate feeding-dependent induction of follicle cell differentiation markers, eyes absent (Eya) and castor (Cas) in FSCs, a patterning process that does not depend on proliferation induction. Instead, FSCs extend micron-scale cytoplasmic projections that dictate Eya-Cas patterning. We identify still life and sickie as necessary and sufficient for FSC projection growth and Eya-Cas induction. Our results suggest that sequential, interdependent events establish long-term differentiation patterns in follicle cell precursors, independently of FSC proliferation induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric H. Lee
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Daniel Zinshteyn
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Fred Miglo
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Melissa Q. Wang
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Jessica Reinach
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Cindy M. Chau
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | | - Iliana Correa
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Kelly Costa
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Alberto Vargas
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Aminah Johnson
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Sheila M. Longo
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
| | - Jennifer I. Alexander
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Alana M. O'Reilly
- Molecular Therapeutics Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Immersion Science Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Molecular and Cellular Biology and Genetics Graduate Program, Philadelphia, PA 19129, USA
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Brar HK, Dey S, Bhardwaj S, Pande D, Singh P, Dey S, Ghosh-Roy A. Dendrite regeneration in C. elegans is controlled by the RAC GTPase CED-10 and the RhoGEF TIAM-1. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010127. [PMID: 35344539 PMCID: PMC8989329 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurons are vulnerable to physical insults, which compromise the integrity of both dendrites and axons. Although several molecular pathways of axon regeneration are identified, our knowledge of dendrite regeneration is limited. To understand the mechanisms of dendrite regeneration, we used the PVD neurons in C. elegans with stereotyped branched dendrites. Using femtosecond laser, we severed the primary dendrites and axon of this neuron. After severing the primary dendrites near the cell body, we observed sprouting of new branches from the proximal site within 6 hours, which regrew further with time in an unstereotyped manner. This was accompanied by reconnection between the proximal and distal dendrites, and fusion among the higher-order branches as reported before. We quantified the regeneration pattern into three aspects–territory length, number of branches, and fusion phenomena. Axonal injury causes a retraction of the severed end followed by a Dual leucine zipper kinase-1 (DLK-1) dependent regrowth from the severed end. We tested the roles of the major axon regeneration signalling hubs such as DLK-1-RPM-1, cAMP elevation, let-7 miRNA, AKT-1, Phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure/PS in dendrite regeneration. We found that neither dendrite regrowth nor fusion was affected by the axon injury pathway molecules. Surprisingly, we found that the RAC GTPase, CED-10 and its upstream GEF, TIAM-1 play a cell-autonomous role in dendrite regeneration. Additionally, the function of CED-10 in epidermal cell is critical for post-dendrotomy fusion phenomena. This work describes a novel regulatory mechanism of dendrite regeneration and provides a framework for understanding the cellular mechanism of dendrite regeneration using PVD neuron as a model system. The knowledge of the repair of injured neural circuits comes from the study of the regeneration of injured axons. The information receiving neurites, namely dendrites, are also vulnerable to physical insult during stroke and trauma. However, little knowledge is available on the mechanism of dendrite regeneration since the study of Cajal. In order to get insight into this process, we severed both axon and dendrites of PVD neuron in C. elegans using laser. By comparing the roles of axon regeneration pathways in both dendrite and axon regeneration in this neuron, we found that dendrite regeneration is independent of molecular mechanisms involving axon regrowth. We discovered that dendrite regeneration is dependent on the RAC GTPase CED-10 and GEF TIAM-1. Moreover, we found that CED-10 plays roles within both neuron and in the surrounding epithelia for mounting regeneration response to dendrite injury. This work provides mechanistic insight into the process of dendrite repair after physical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harjot Kaur Brar
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Swagata Dey
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Smriti Bhardwaj
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Devashish Pande
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Pallavi Singh
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
| | - Shirshendu Dey
- Fluorescence Microscopy Division, Bruker India Scientific Pvt. Ltd., International Trade Tower, Nehru Place, New Delhi, India
| | - Anindya Ghosh-Roy
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
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Rapti G. A perspective on C. elegans neurodevelopment: from early visionaries to a booming neuroscience research. J Neurogenet 2021; 34:259-272. [PMID: 33446023 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1837799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the nervous system and its striking complexity is a remarkable feat of development. C. elegans served as a unique model to dissect the molecular events in neurodevelopment, from its early visionaries to the current booming neuroscience community. Soon after being introduced as a model, C. elegans was mapped at the level of genes, cells, and synapses, providing the first metazoan with a complete cell lineage, sequenced genome, and connectome. Here, I summarize mechanisms underlying C. elegans neurodevelopment, from the generation and diversification of neural components to their navigation and connectivity. I point out recent noteworthy findings in the fields of glia biology, sex dimorphism and plasticity in neurodevelopment, highlighting how current research connects back to the pioneering studies by Brenner, Sulston and colleagues. Multifaceted investigations in model organisms, connecting genes to cell function and behavior, expand our mechanistic understanding of neurodevelopment while allowing us to formulate emerging questions for future discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Rapti
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Unit of Developmental Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
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4
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Puri D, Ponniah K, Biswas K, Basu A, Dey S, Lundquist EA, Ghosh-Roy A. Wnt signaling establishes the microtubule polarity in neurons through regulation of Kinesin-13. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:212396. [PMID: 34137792 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal polarization is facilitated by the formation of axons with parallel arrays of plus-end-out and dendrites with the nonuniform orientation of microtubules. In C. elegans, the posterior lateral microtubule (PLM) neuron is bipolar with its two processes growing along the anterior-posterior axis under the guidance of Wnt signaling. Here we found that loss of the Kinesin-13 family microtubule-depolymerizing enzyme KLP-7 led to the ectopic extension of axon-like processes from the PLM cell body. Live imaging of the microtubules and axonal transport revealed mixed polarity of the microtubules in the short posterior process, which is dependent on both KLP-7 and the minus-end binding protein PTRN-1. KLP-7 is positively regulated in the posterior process by planar cell polarity components of Wnt involving rho-1/rock to induce mixed polarity of microtubules, whereas it is negatively regulated in the anterior process by the unc-73/ced-10 cascade to establish a uniform microtubule polarity. Our work elucidates how evolutionarily conserved Wnt signaling establishes the microtubule polarity in neurons through Kinesin-13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmendra Puri
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Keerthana Ponniah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Kasturi Biswas
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Atrayee Basu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Swagata Dey
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
| | - Erik A Lundquist
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS
| | - Anindya Ghosh-Roy
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana, India
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Johnson A, Nasser TIN, Spencer GE. Inhibition of Rho GTPases in Invertebrate Growth Cones Induces a Switch in Responsiveness to Retinoic Acid. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9090460. [PMID: 31500289 PMCID: PMC6769630 DOI: 10.3390/biom9090460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, growth cones are essential for axon pathfinding by sensing numerous guidance cues in their environment. Retinoic acid, the metabolite of vitamin A, is important for neurite outgrowth during vertebrate development, but may also play a role in axon guidance, though little is known of the cellular mechanisms involved. Our previous studies showed that retinoid-induced growth cone turning of invertebrate motorneurons requires local protein synthesis and calcium influx. However, the signalling pathways that link calcium influx to cytoskeletal dynamics involved in retinoid-mediated growth cone turning are not currently known. The Rho GTPases, Cdc42 and Rac, are known regulators of the growth cone cytoskeleton. Here, we demonstrated that inhibition of Cdc42 or Rac not only prevented growth cone turning toward retinoic acid but could also induce a switch in growth cone responsiveness to chemorepulsion or growth cone collapse. However, the effects of Cdc42 or Rac inhibition on growth cone responsiveness differed, depending on whether the turning was induced by the all-trans or 9-cis retinoid isomer. The effects also differed depending on whether the growth cones maintained communication with the cell body. These data strongly suggest that Cdc42 and Rac are downstream effectors of retinoic acid during growth cone guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha Johnson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Tamara I N Nasser
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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Tao T, Sun J, Peng Y, Li Y, Wang P, Chen X, Zhao W, Zheng YY, Wei L, Wang W, Zhou Y, Liu J, Shi YS, Zhu MS. Golgi-resident TRIO regulates membrane trafficking during neurite outgrowth. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:10954-10968. [PMID: 31152060 PMCID: PMC6635450 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.007318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth requires coordinated cytoskeletal rearrangements in the growth cone and directional membrane delivery from the neuronal soma. As an essential Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF), TRIO is necessary for cytoskeletal dynamics during neurite outgrowth, but its participation in the membrane delivery is unclear. Using co-localization studies, live-cell imaging, and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis, along with neurite outgrowth assay and various biochemical approaches, we here report that in mouse cerebellar granule neurons, TRIO protein pools at the Golgi and regulates membrane trafficking by controlling the directional maintenance of both RAB8 (member RAS oncogene family 8)- and RAB10-positive membrane vesicles. We found that the spectrin repeats in Golgi-resident TRIO confer RAB8 and RAB10 activation by interacting with and activating the RAB GEF RABIN8. Constitutively active RAB8 or RAB10 could partially restore the neurite outgrowth of TRIO-deficient cerebellar granule neurons, suggesting that TRIO-regulated membrane trafficking has an important functional role in neurite outgrowth. Our results also suggest cross-talk between Rho GEF and Rab GEF in controlling both cytoskeletal dynamics and membrane trafficking during neuronal development. They further highlight how protein pools localized to specific organelles regulate crucial cellular activities and functions. In conclusion, our findings indicate that TRIO regulates membrane trafficking during neurite outgrowth in coordination with its GEF-dependent function in controlling cytoskeletal dynamics via Rho GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tao
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Jie Sun
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yajing Peng
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Yeqiong Li
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Pei Wang
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Xin Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Wei Zhao
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yan-Yan Zheng
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Lisha Wei
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Wei Wang
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yuwei Zhou
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Jianghuai Liu
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Yun Stone Shi
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and
| | - Min-Sheng Zhu
- Model Animal Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Neurology of the Affiliated Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China and.
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Perspectives of RAS and RHEB GTPase Signaling Pathways in Regenerating Brain Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19124052. [PMID: 30558189 PMCID: PMC6321366 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19124052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular activation of RAS GTPases into the GTP-binding “ON” state is a key switch for regulating brain functions. Molecular protein structural elements of rat sarcoma (RAS) and RAS homolog protein enriched in brain (RHEB) GTPases involved in this switch are discussed including their subcellular membrane localization for triggering specific signaling pathways resulting in regulation of synaptic connectivity, axonal growth, differentiation, migration, cytoskeletal dynamics, neural protection, and apoptosis. A beneficial role of neuronal H-RAS activity is suggested from cellular and animal models of neurodegenerative diseases. Recent experiments on optogenetic regulation offer insights into the spatiotemporal aspects controlling RAS/mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) or phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI3K) pathways. As optogenetic manipulation of cellular signaling in deep brain regions critically requires penetration of light through large distances of absorbing tissue, we discuss magnetic guidance of re-growing axons as a complementary approach. In Parkinson’s disease, dopaminergic neuronal cell bodies degenerate in the substantia nigra. Current human trials of stem cell-derived dopaminergic neurons must take into account the inability of neuronal axons navigating over a large distance from the grafted site into striatal target regions. Grafting dopaminergic precursor neurons directly into the degenerating substantia nigra is discussed as a novel concept aiming to guide axonal growth by activating GTPase signaling through protein-functionalized intracellular magnetic nanoparticles responding to external magnets.
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Nørgaard S, Deng S, Cao W, Pocock R. Distinct CED-10/Rac1 domains confer context-specific functions in development. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007670. [PMID: 30265669 PMCID: PMC6179291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rac GTPases act as master switches to coordinate multiple interweaved signaling pathways. A major function for Rac GTPases is to control neurite development by influencing downstream effector molecules and pathways. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the Rac proteins CED-10, RAC-2 and MIG-2 act in parallel to control axon outgrowth and guidance. Here, we have identified a single glycine residue in the CED-10/Rac1 Switch 1 region that confers a non-redundant function in axon outgrowth but not guidance. Mutation of this glycine to glutamic acid (G30E) reduces GTP binding and inhibits axon outgrowth but does not affect other canonical CED-10 functions. This demonstrates previously unappreciated domain-specific functions within the CED-10 protein. Further, we reveal that when CED-10 function is diminished, the adaptor protein NAB-1 (Neurabin) and its interacting partner SYD-1 (Rho-GAP-like protein) can act as inhibitors of axon outgrowth. Together, we reveal that specific domains and residues within Rac GTPases can confer context-dependent functions during animal development. Brain development requires that neurite outgrowth and guidance are precisely regulated. Previous studies have shown that molecular switch proteins called Rac GTPases perform redundant functions in controlling neurite development. Using a pair of bilateral neurons in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to model neurite development, we found that a single amino acid in a conserved domain of the Rac GTPase CED-10 is crucial for controlling neurite outgrowth in a partially non-redundant manner. Further, we revealed that lesions in discrete domains in the CED-10 protein lead to distinct developmental defects. Therefore, our in vivo study proposes that regulation of distinct signalling pathways through Rac GTPase protein domains can drive different developmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Nørgaard
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuer Deng
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wei Cao
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roger Pocock
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Matsukawa T, Morita K, Omizu S, Kato S, Koriyama Y. Mechanisms of RhoA inactivation and CDC42 and Rac1 activation during zebrafish optic nerve regeneration. Neurochem Int 2017; 112:71-80. [PMID: 29129556 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
When axons of the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) are injured, they fail to regenerate, while those of lower vertebrates undergo regeneration after injury. Wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnt) proteins play important roles in the CNS, and are reported to be activated after mammalian spinal cord or brain injury. Moreover, for axon growth to proceed, it is thought that small G-proteins, such as CDC42 and Rac1, need to be activated, whereas RhoA must be inactivated. However, the cell and molecular mechanisms involved in optic nerve regeneration remain unclear. In this study, we investigated axonal regeneration after injury using the zebrafish optic nerve as a model system. We sought to clarify the role of Wnt proteins and the mechanisms involved in the activation and inactivation of small G-proteins in nerve regeneration. After optic nerve injury, mRNA levels of Wnt5b, TAX1BP3 and ICAT increased in the retina, while those of Wnt10a decreased. These changes were associated with a reduction in β-catenin in nuclei. We found that Wnt5b activated CDC42 and Rac1, leading to the inactivation of RhoA, which appeared to be dependent on increased TAX1BP3 mRNA levels. Furthermore, we found that mRNA levels of Daam1a and ARHGEF16 decreased. We speculate that the decrease in β-catenin levels, which also further reduces levels of active RhoA, might contribute to regeneration in the zebrafish. Collectively, our novel results suggest that Wnt5b, Wnt10a, ICAT and TAX1BP3 participate in the activation and inactivation of small G-proteins, such as CDC42, Rac1 and RhoA, during the early stage of optic nerve regeneration in the zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Matsukawa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8508, Japan.
| | - Kazune Morita
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8508, Japan
| | - Shou Omizu
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Department of Life Science, Setsunan University, Neyagawa, Osaka, 572-8508, Japan
| | - Satoru Kato
- Wellness Promotion Science Center, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, 920-0942, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Koriyama
- Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, 513-8670, Japan
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Shan G, Tang T, Qian H, Xia Y. Expression of Tiam1 and Rac1 proteins in renal cell carcinoma and its clinical-pathological features. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 2017; 10:11114-11121. [PMID: 31966460 PMCID: PMC6965875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the connections between Tiam1 and Rac1 expression in renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and its pathological type, grading, invasion and metastasis. METHODS Tiam1 and Rac1 expression was measured in 60 specimens of RCC (including 42 clear cell cases, 12 papillary cases, and 6 chromophobe cases) and a 10-specimen control group using quantum dots IHC labeling, complete with clinical and pathological records, dated 2008 to 2014, were taken from the archives of the Department of Pathology, People's Hospital of Wuhan University. The expressions of Tiam1 and Rac1 proteins in specimens were measured using immunohistochemical (IHC) and quantum dots-labeling methods to examine their relationships to the clinical and pathological characteristics of RCC. The HIPAS-1000 software was used to quantitatively analyze on the results to obtain absorbance and positive area ratio (PAR) values, and SPSS 15.0 was used to perform single-factor analysis of variance and q verification. Spearman's rank correlation test is used to verify the correlation between absorbance and PAR of the two proteins. RESULTS 1. QDs IHC staining. Tiam1 and Rac1 expression is high in RCC, and low in surrounding tissues (P<0.05). 2. Expression levels of both proteins show no correlation with patient sex, age, or tumor size (P>0.05), yet correlate with the differentiation, stage, and lymphatic metastasis of tumors (P<0.05). Spearman's test shows a positive correlation between the expression levels of Tiam1 and Rac1 in RCC tissues (r=0.425, P<0.05). CONCLUSION 1. Abnormal Tiam1 and Rac1 expression may be an early molecular event in RCC, suggesting they are carcinogens related to proto-oncogenes. 2. Tiam1 and Rac1 expression levels correlate with the differentiation, stage, and lymphatic metastasis of RCC, suggesting they play important roles in its invasion and metastasis. 3. The expression levels of Tiam1 and Rac1 are positively correlated within RCC, suggesting a synergy between the two in controlling its pathogenesis and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Shan
- Department of Urologic II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Department of Oncology II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huijun Qian
- Department of Urologic II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Xia
- Department of Urologic II, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan UniversityWuhan, Hubei, China
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Zheng C, Diaz-Cuadros M, Nguyen KCQ, Hall DH, Chalfie M. Distinct effects of tubulin isotype mutations on neurite growth in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:2786-2801. [PMID: 28835377 PMCID: PMC5638583 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-06-0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Different tubulin isotypes perform different functions in the regulation of microtubule (MT) structure and neurite growth, and missense mutations of tubulin genes have three types of distinct effects on MT stability and neurite growth. One α-tubulin isotype appears to induce relative instability due to the lack of potential posttranslational modification sites. Tubulins, the building block of microtubules (MTs), play a critical role in both supporting and regulating neurite growth. Eukaryotic genomes contain multiple tubulin isotypes, and their missense mutations cause a range of neurodevelopmental defects. Using the Caenorhabditis elegans touch receptor neurons, we analyzed the effects of 67 tubulin missense mutations on neurite growth. Three types of mutations emerged: 1) loss-of-function mutations, which cause mild defects in neurite growth; 2) antimorphic mutations, which map to the GTP binding site and intradimer and interdimer interfaces, significantly reduce MT stability, and cause severe neurite growth defects; and 3) neomorphic mutations, which map to the exterior surface, increase MT stability, and cause ectopic neurite growth. Structure-function analysis reveals a causal relationship between tubulin structure and MT stability. This stability affects neuronal morphogenesis. As part of this analysis, we engineered several disease-associated human tubulin mutations into C. elegans genes and examined their impact on neuronal development at the cellular level. We also discovered an α-tubulin (TBA-7) that appears to destabilize MTs. Loss of TBA-7 led to the formation of hyperstable MTs and the generation of ectopic neurites; the lack of potential sites for polyamination and polyglutamination on TBA-7 may be responsible for this destabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaogu Zheng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | | | - Ken C Q Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - David H Hall
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Martin Chalfie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
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Sáenz‐Narciso B, Gómez‐Orte E, Zheleva A, Gastaca I, Cabello J. Control of developmental networks by Rac/Rho small GTPases: How cytoskeletal changes during embryogenesis are orchestrated. Bioessays 2016; 38:1246-1254. [PMID: 27790724 PMCID: PMC5132145 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Small GTPases in the Rho family act as major nodes with functions beyond cytoskeletal rearrangements shaping the Caenorhabditis elegans embryo during development. These small GTPases are key signal transducers that integrate diverse developmental signals to produce a coordinated response in the cell. In C. elegans, the best studied members of these highly conserved Rho family small GTPases, RHO-1/RhoA, CED-10/Rac, and CDC-42, are crucial in several cellular processes dealing with cytoskeletal reorganization. In this review, we update the functions described for the Rho family small GTPases in spindle orientation and cell division, engulfment, and cellular movements during C. elegans embryogenesis, focusing on the Rho subfamily Rac. Please also see the video abstract here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Gómez‐Orte
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR)LogroñoSpain
| | | | - Irene Gastaca
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR)LogroñoSpain
| | - Juan Cabello
- Center for Biomedical Research of La Rioja (CIBIR)LogroñoSpain
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