1
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Yasuda I, Endo K, Arai N, Yasuoka K. In-layer inhomogeneity of molecular dynamics in quasi-liquid layers of ice. Commun Chem 2024; 7:117. [PMID: 38811834 PMCID: PMC11136980 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Quasi-liquid layers (QLLs) are present on the surface of ice and play a significant role in its distinctive chemical and physical properties. These layers exhibit considerable heterogeneity across different scales ranging from nanometers to millimeters. Although the formation of partially ice-like structures has been proposed, the molecular-level understanding of this heterogeneity remains unclear. Here, we examined the heterogeneity of molecular dynamics on QLLs based on molecular dynamics simulations and machine learning analysis of the simulation data. We demonstrated that the molecular dynamics of QLLs do not comprise a mixture of solid- and liquid water molecules. Rather, molecules having similar behaviors form dynamical domains that are associated with the dynamical heterogeneity of supercooled water. Nonetheless, molecules in the domains frequently switch their dynamical state. Furthermore, while there is no observable characteristic domain size, the long-range ordering strongly depends on the temperature and crystal face. Instead of a mixture of static solid- and liquid-like regions, our results indicate the presence of heterogeneous molecular dynamics in QLLs, which offers molecular-level insights into the surface properties of ice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikki Yasuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Endo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Arai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kenji Yasuoka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.
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2
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Lin Y, Zhou T, Rosenmann ND, Yu L, Gage TE, Banik S, Neogi A, Chan H, Lei A, Lin XM, Holt M, Arslan I, Wen J. Surface premelting of ice far below the triple point. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304148120. [PMID: 37844213 PMCID: PMC10622896 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304148120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Premelting of ice, a quasi-liquid layer (QLL) at the surface below the melting temperature, was first postulated by Michael Faraday 160 y ago. Since then, it has been extensively studied theoretically and experimentally through many techniques. Existing work has been performed predominantly on hexagonal ice, at conditions close to the triple point. Whether the same phenomenon can persist at much lower pressure and temperature, where stacking disordered ice sublimates directly into water vapor, remains unclear. Herein, we report direct observations of surface premelting on ice nanocrystals below the sublimation temperature using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Similar to what has been reported on hexagonal ice, a QLL is found at the solid-vapor interface. It preferentially decorates certain facets, and its thickness increases as the phase transition temperature is approached. In situ TEM reveals strong diffusion of the QLL, while electron energy loss spectroscopy confirms its amorphous nature. More significantly, the premelting observed in this work is thought to be related to the metastable low-density ultraviscous water, instead of ambient liquid water as in the case of hexagonal ice. This opens a route to understand premelting and grassy liquid state, far away from the normal water triple point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulin Lin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | | | - Lei Yu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Thomas E. Gage
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Suvo Banik
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Arnab Neogi
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Henry Chan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Aiwen Lei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, the Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan430072, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Min Lin
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Martin Holt
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Ilke Arslan
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
| | - Jianguo Wen
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL60439
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3
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Prakash P, Fall B, Aguirre J, Sonnenberg LA, Chinnam PR, Chereddy S, Dikin DA, Venkatnathan A, Wunder SL, Zdilla MJ. A soft co-crystalline solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:627-635. [PMID: 37055559 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-023-01508-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Alternative solid electrolytes are the next key step in advancing lithium batteries with better thermal and chemical stability. A soft solid electrolyte, (Adpn)2LiPF6 (Adpn, adiponitrile), is synthesized and characterized that exhibits high thermal and electrochemical stability and good ionic conductivity, overcoming several limitations of conventional organic and ceramic materials. The surface of the electrolyte possesses a liquid nano-layer of Adpn that links grains for a facile ionic conduction without high pressure/temperature treatments. Further, the material can quickly self-heal if fractured and provides liquid-like conduction paths via the grain boundaries. A substantially high ion conductivity (~10-4 S cm-1) and lithium-ion transference number (0.54) are obtained due to weak interactions between 'hard' (charge dense) Li+ ions and the 'soft' (electronically polarizable) -C≡N group of Adpn. Molecular simulations predict that Li+ ions migrate at the co-crystal grain boundaries with a (preferentially) lower activation energy Ea and within the interstitial regions between the co-crystals with higher Ea values, where the bulk conductivity is a smaller but extant contribution. These co-crystals establish a special concept of crystal design to increase the thermal stability of LiPF6 by separating ions in the Adpn solvent matrix, and also exhibit a unique mechanism of ion conduction via low-resistance grain boundaries, which contrasts with ceramics or gel electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhat Prakash
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India
| | - Birane Fall
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jordan Aguirre
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Parameswara Rao Chinnam
- Energy Storage & Advanced Transportation Department, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, ID, USA
- Rivian, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Sumanth Chereddy
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dmitriy A Dikin
- Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Arun Venkatnathan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Energy Science, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune, India.
| | | | - Michael J Zdilla
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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4
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Sun Q, Xiao D, Zhang W, Mao X. Quasi-water layer sandwiched between hexagonal ice and wall and its influences on the ice tensile stress. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13324-13333. [PMID: 36065833 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02042d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of a quasi-water/premelting layer at the interface between wall and ice when the temperature (T) is below the melting point was extensively observed in experiments. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations are performed to analyze the underlying physics of the quasi-water layer and the effects of the layer on the ice tensile stress. The results indicate that each molecule and its four nearest neighbours in the quasi-water layer representing an equilibrium structure gradually form a tetrahedral ice-like arrangement from an unstructured liquid-like structure along the direction away from the wall. The average density of the quasi-water layer is equal to or higher than the bulk density of water at T ≥ 240 K or T ≤ 240 K respectively, and reaches 1.155 g cm-3 at T = 210 K, suggesting a structural correlation with the high-density liquid phase of water. Depending on the temperature and wall wettability, the thickness of the quasi-water layer (Hq) ranges from ∼2 Å to ∼25 Å. For prescribed hydrophilic walls, Hq increases monotonically with temperature, and is almost proportional to(Tm - T)-1/3, where Tm is the melting temperature of ice. Hq keeps an almost constant value (2 Å) as the temperature increases and rises sharply after passing a threshold temperature of T ≈ 250 K. In the joint effects of the wall wettability and quasi-water layer's thickness, the ice tensile stress decreasing monotonically at a larger temperature shows an upward trend and then reduces to almost a constant value as the wall changes from a hydrophobic to a hydrophilic one. The results reveal the potential development of anti-icing/de-icing techniques by heating the wall or modifying its surface to increase Hq.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Sun
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Dandan Xiao
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
| | - Xuerui Mao
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.
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5
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Berrens ML, Bononi FC, Donadio D. Effect of sodium chloride adsorption on the surface premelting of ice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20932-20940. [PMID: 36040383 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02277j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We characterise the structural properties of the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) at two low-index ice surfaces in the presence of sodium chloride (Na+/Cl-) ions by molecular dynamics simulations. We find that the presence of a high surface density of Na+/Cl- pairs changes the surface melting behaviour from step-wise to gradual melting. The ions lead to an overall increase of the thickness and the disorder of the QLL, and to a low-temperature roughening transition of the air-ice interface. The local molecular structure of the QLL is similar to that of liquid water, and the differences between the basal and primary prismatic surface are attenuated by the presence of Na+/Cl- pairs. These changes modify the crystal growth rates of different facets and the solvation environment at the surface of sea-water ice with a potential impact on light scattering and environmental chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret L Berrens
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Fernanda C Bononi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Davide Donadio
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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6
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Stress accumulation by confined ice in a temperature gradient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2200748119. [PMID: 35905317 PMCID: PMC9351533 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2200748119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
When materials freeze, they often undergo damage due to ice growth. Although this damage is commonly ascribed to the volumetric expansion of water upon freezing, it is usually driven by the flow of water toward growing ice crystals that feeds their growth. The freezing of this additional water can cause a large buildup of stress. Here, we demonstrate a technique for characterizing this stress buildup with unprecedented spatial resolution. We create a stable ice-water interface in a controlled temperature gradient and measure the deformation of the confining boundary. Analysis of the deformation field reveals stresses applied to the boundary with [Formula: see text](micrometers) spatial resolution. Globally, stresses increase steadily over time as liquid water is transported to more deeply undercooled regions. Locally, stresses increase until ice growth is stalled by the confining stresses. Importantly, we find a strong localization of stresses, which significantly increases the likelihood of damage caused by the presence of ice, even in apparently benign freezing situations. Ultimately, the limiting stress that the ice exerts is proportional to the local undercooling, in accordance with the Clapeyron equation, which describes the equilibrium between a stressed solid and its melt. Our results are closely connected to the condensation pressure during liquid-liquid phase separation and the crystallization pressure for growing crystals. Thus, they are highly relevant in fields ranging from cryopreservation and frost heave to food science, rock weathering, and art conservation.
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7
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Luengo-Márquez J, Izquierdo-Ruiz F, MacDowell LG. Intermolecular forces at ice and water interfaces: premelting, surface freezing and regelation. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:044704. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0097378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using Lifshitz theory we assess the role of van der Waals forces at interfaces of ice and water. The results are combined with measured structural forces from computer simulations to develop a quantitative model of the surface free energy of premelting films. This input is employed within the framework of wetting theory and allows us to predict qualitatively the behavior of quasi-liquid layer thickness as a function of ambient conditions. Our results emphasize the significance of vapor pressure. The ice vapor interface is shown to exhibit only incomplete premelting, but the situation can shift to a state of complete surface melting above water saturation. The results obtained serve also to assess the role of subsurface freezing at the water-vapor interface, and we show that intermolecular forces favor subsurface ice nucleation only in conditions of water undersaturation. We show ice regelation at ambient pressure may be explained as a process of capillary freezing, without the need to invoke the action of bulk pressure melting. Our results for van der Waals forces are exploited in order to gauge dispersion interactions in empirical point charge models of water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Luis G. MacDowell
- Dpto. de Quimica Fisica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Spain
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8
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Step-bunching instability of growing interfaces between ice and supercooled water. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2115955119. [PMID: 35238661 PMCID: PMC8915970 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2115955119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Step-bunching instability (SBI) is one of the interfacial instabilities driven by self-organization of elementary step flow associated with crystal-growth dynamics, which has been observed in diverse crystalline materials. However, despite theoretical suggestions of its presence, no direct observations of SBI for simple melt growth have been achieved so far. Here, with the aid of a type of optical microscope and its combination with a two-beam interferometer, we realized quantitative in situ observations of the spatiotemporal dynamics of the SBI. This enables us to examine the origin of the SBI at the level of the step–step interaction. We also found that the SBI spontaneously induces a highly stable spiral growth mode, governing the late stage of the growth process. Ice-crystal growth in supercooled water is one of the most familiar examples of phase-transition dynamics, playing essential roles in various natural phenomena on Earth. Despite its fundamental importance, the microscopic view at the elementary step level remains elusive. Here, using an advanced optical microscope, we find self-organization of elementary steps during ice-crystal growth, called step-bunching instability (SBI), driven by the competition between step dynamics, interfacial stiffness, and latent heat diffusions. We also find that the SBI transiently induces screw dislocations and resulting spiral growth in the late stage of the growth process. Furthermore, quantitative observations with a two-beam interferometer allow us to obtain insights into the relative importance of the various mechanisms of the step–step interactions. Our finding offers a significant clue to understanding the general mechanism of melt growth beyond ice-crystal growth, inseparably involving several broad research fields, including cryobiological, geophysical, and material branches.
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9
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Jiao X, He C, Yu H, He J, Wang C. Photo-generated hydroxyl radicals contribute to the formation of halogen radicals leading to ozone depletion on and within polar stratospheric clouds surface. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132816. [PMID: 34752833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs), of which the surface is a dynamic liquid water layer and might consist of aqueous HNO3 and H2O2, is a well-known key meteorological condition contributing to the ozone hole in the polar stratosphere. PSCs has been considered to provide abundant surface for the heterogeneous reactions causing the formation of the Cl2 and HOCl, which are further photolyzed into Cl and ClO radicals leading to the ozone destruction. Here we demonstrated that the sunlight drives the massive and stable production of OH radicals in aqueous HNO3 and its main photo-induced byproduct HNO2. We also found that the photo-generated OH radicals in aqueous HNO3, HNO2 and H2O2 have the remarkable capability to react with the dissolved HCl, Cl- and Br- to form halogen radicals. In addition, we observed that the H2O2 can react with dissolved HCl and Br- in darkness to form and release Cl2 and Br2 gases, which could further be photolyzed into reactive halogen radicals whenever sunlight is available. All these findings suggest that, except for the well-known heterogeneous reactions, photochemical reactions involving the aqueous HNO3 and H2O2 on and within PSCs surface might constitute another important halogen activation pathway for ozone destruction. This study may shed deeper insights into the mechanism of halogen radicals resulting in ozone depletion in polar stratosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Jiao
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Congcong He
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Huan Yu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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10
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Demmenie M, Kolpakov P, Nagata Y, Woutersen S, Bonn D. Scratch-Healing Behavior of Ice by Local Sublimation and Condensation. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:2179-2183. [PMID: 35145575 PMCID: PMC8819648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c09590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We show that the surface of ice is scratch healing: micrometer-deep scratches in the ice surface spontaneously disappear by thermal relaxation on the time scale of roughly an hour. Following the dynamics and comparing it to different mass transfer mechanisms, we find that sublimation from and condensation onto the ice surface is the dominant scratch-healing mechanism. The scratch-healing kinetics shows a strong temperature dependence, following an Arrhenius behavior with an activation energy of ΔE = 58.6 ± 4.6 kJ/mol, agreeing with the proposed sublimation mechanism and at odds with surface diffusion or fluid flow or evaporation-condensation from a quasi-liquid layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno Demmenie
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Kolpakov
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yuki Nagata
- Max
Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sander Woutersen
- Van’t
Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University
of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Institute
of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Nikiforidis VM, Datta S, Borg MK, Pillai R. Impact of surface nanostructure and wettability on interfacial ice physics. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:234307. [PMID: 34937379 DOI: 10.1063/5.0069896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ice accumulation on solid surfaces is a severe problem for safety and functioning of a large variety of engineering systems, and its control is an enormous challenge that influences the safety and reliability of many technological applications. The use of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is popular, but as ice nucleation is a rare event when compared to simulation timescales, the simulations need to be accelerated to force ice to form on a surface, which affects the accuracy and/or applicability of the results obtained. Here, we present an alternative seeded MD simulation approach, which reduces the computational cost while still ensuring accurate simulations of ice growth on surfaces. In addition, this approach enables, for the first time, brute-force all-atom water simulations of ice growth on surfaces unfavorable for nucleation within MD timescales. Using this approach, we investigate the effect of surface wettability and structure on ice growth in the crucial surface-ice interfacial region. Our main findings are that the surface structure can induce a flat or buckled overlayer to form within the liquid, and this transition is mediated by surface wettability. The first overlayer and the bulk ice compete to structure the intermediate water layers between them, the relative influence of which is traced using density heat maps and diffusivity measurements. This work provides new understanding on the role of the surface properties on the structure and dynamics of ice growth, and we also present a useful framework for future research on surface icing simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios-Martin Nikiforidis
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Saikat Datta
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew K Borg
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
| | - Rohit Pillai
- School of Engineering, Institute for Multiscale Thermofluids, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, United Kingdom
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12
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Liu W, Li N, Zhang M, Arisha AH, Hua J. The role of Eif2s3y in mouse spermatogenesis. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 17:750-755. [PMID: 34727865 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x16666211102091513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 3 and structural gene Y-linked (Eif2s3y) gene, the gene encoding eIF2γ protein, is located on the mouse Y chromosome short arm. The Eif2s3y gene is globally expressed in all tissues and plays an important role in regulating global and gene-specific mRNA translation initiation. During the process of protein translation initiation, Eif2s3x(its homolog) and Eif2s3y encoded eIF2γ perform similar functions. However, it has been noticed that Eif2s3y plays a crucial role in spermatogenesis, including spermatogonia mitosis, meiosis, and spermiogenesis of spermatids, which may account for infertility. In the period of spermatogenesis, the role of Eif2s3x and Eif2s3y are not equivalent. Importance of Eif2s3y has been observed in ESC and implicated in several aspects, including the pluripotency state and the proliferation rate. Here, we discuss the functional significance of Eif2s3y in mouse spermatogenesis and self-renewal of ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 . China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 . China
| | - Mengfei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 . China
| | - Ahmed H Arisha
- Department of physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig El_Sharkia 44519 . Egypt
| | - Jinlian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering & Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100 . China
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13
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Qiu H, Zhao W, Zhou W, Guo W. Edge premelting of two-dimensional ices. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:044706. [PMID: 34340399 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface of a three-dimensional ice crystal naturally has a quasi-liquid layer (QLL) at temperatures below its bulk melting point, due to a phenomenon called surface premelting. Here, we show that the edges of a two-dimensional (2D) bilayer hexagonal ice adsorbed on solid surfaces undergo premelting as well, resulting in the formation of quasi-liquid bands (QLBs) at the edges. Our extensive molecular dynamics simulations show that the QLB exhibits structure and dynamics indistinguishable from the bilayer liquid phase, acting as a lower-dimensional analog of the QLL on the bulk ice. We further find that at low temperatures, the width of the QLBs at armchair-type edges of the 2D ice is almost identical to that at zigzag-type edges but becomes far greater than the latter at temperatures near the melting point. The chirality-dependent edge premelting of 2D ices should add an important new ingredient to the heterogeneity of premelting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Wen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Wanqi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures and Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of MOE, Institute of Nano Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
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14
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Sibley DN, Llombart P, Noya EG, Archer AJ, MacDowell LG. How ice grows from premelting films and water droplets. Nat Commun 2021; 12:239. [PMID: 33431836 PMCID: PMC7801427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Close to the triple point, the surface of ice is covered by a thin liquid layer (so-called quasi-liquid layer) which crucially impacts growth and melting rates. Experimental probes cannot observe the growth processes below this layer, and classical models of growth by vapor deposition do not account for the formation of premelting films. Here, we develop a mesoscopic model of liquid-film mediated ice growth, and identify the various resulting growth regimes. At low saturation, freezing proceeds by terrace spreading, but the motion of the buried solid is conveyed through the liquid to the outer liquid-vapor interface. At higher saturations water droplets condense, a large crater forms below, and freezing proceeds undetectably beneath the droplet. Our approach is a general framework that naturally models freezing close to three phase coexistence and provides a first principle theory of ice growth and melting which may prove useful in the geosciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Sibley
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Pablo Llombart
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, Madrid, 28006, Spain
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Eva G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Andrew J Archer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Luis G MacDowell
- Departamento de Química Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, 28040, Spain.
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15
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Nishikawa K, Fujii K, Hashimoto Y, Tozaki KI. Unique phase behavior of a room-temperature ionic liquid, trimethylpropylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide: surface melting and its crystallization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:20634-20642. [PMID: 32966414 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03073b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The phase behavior of a representative ammonium-based ionic liquid, trimethylpropylammonium bis(fluorosulfonyl)amide ([N1113][FSA]), was investigated using a laboratory-made differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The apparatus possesses extremely high sensitivities with stability of ±2 nW in thermal flux and ±1 mK in temperature and a very slow scanning rate of 0.001 mK s-1 in the slowest scanning speed. Besides two ordinary signals from crystallization and melting, a very weak exothermic peak, 1/1000 times that of the main crystallization peak, was observed during the cooling process. The peak was assigned to the crystallization of the surface-melting layer. Both the normal and novel crystallizations occurred during the structural relaxation process. The thickness of the surface-melting layer was estimated to be roughly 70-200 nm. To study the details of the melting processes, DSC experiments were performed with very slow scanning rates (0.02 and 0.03 mK s-1). Two novel endothermic peaks were found in the usual melting trace for the sample with the surface crystallization, and no unusual peaks were observed in the sample without the surface crystallization. We believe that the structure of the surface crystallization phase is different from that of the bulk crystalline phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Nishikawa
- Toyota Physical & Chemical Research Institute, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1192, Japan. and Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Kozo Fujii
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hashimoto
- WPI Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Tozaki
- Faculty of Education, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
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16
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Niinomi H, Yamazaki T, Nada H, Hama T, Kouchi A, Okada JT, Nozawa J, Uda S, Kimura Y. High-Density Liquid Water at a Water-Ice Interface. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6779-6784. [PMID: 32706961 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Because ice surfaces catalyze various key chemical reactions impacting nature and human life, the structure and dynamics of interfacial layers between water vapor and ice have been extensively debated with attention to the quasi-liquid layer. Other interfaces between liquid water and ice remain relatively underexplored, despite their importance and abundance on the Earth and icy extraterrestrial bodies. By in situ optical microscopy, we found that a high-density liquid layer, distinguishable from bulk water, formed at the interface between water and high-pressure ice III or VI, when they were grown or melted in a sapphire anvil cell. The liquid layer showed a bicontinuous pattern, indicating that immiscible waters with distinct structures were separated on the interfaces in a similar manner to liquid-liquid phase separation through spinodal decomposition. Our observations not only provide a novel opportunity to explore ice surfaces but also give insight into the two kinds of structured water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromasa Niinomi
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoya Yamazaki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Hiroki Nada
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba 305-8569, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Komaba Institute for Science, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8902, Japan
| | - Akira Kouchi
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Junpei T Okada
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Nozawa
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uda
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yuki Kimura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Kita-19, Nishi-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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17
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Kim K, Park MJ. Ice-assisted synthesis of functional nanomaterials: the use of quasi-liquid layers as nanoreactors and reaction accelerators. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:14320-14338. [PMID: 32458875 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02624g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of peculiar quasi-liquid layers on ice surfaces marks a major breakthrough in ice-related sciences, as the facile tuning of the reactions and morphologies of substances in contact with these layers make ice-assisted chemistry a low-cost, environmentally benign, and ubiquitous methodology for the synthesis of nanomaterials with improved functionality. Ice-templated synthesis of porous materials offers the appealing features of rapid self-organization and remarkable property changes arising from confinement effects and affords materials that have found a diverse range of applications such as batteries, supercapacitors, and gas separation. Moreover, much attention has been drawn to the acceleration of chemical reactions and transformations on the ice surface due to the freeze concentration effect, fast self-diffusion of surface water, and modulated surface potential energy. Some of these results are related to the accumulation of inorganic contaminants in glaciers and the blockage of natural gas pipelines. As an emerging theme in nanomaterial design, the dimension-controlled synthesis of hybrid materials with unprecedentedly enhanced properties on ice surfaces has attracted much interest. However, a deep understanding of quasi-liquid layer characteristics (and hence, the development of cutting-edge analytical technologies with high surface sensitivity) is required to achieve the current goal of ice-assisted chemistry, namely the preparation of tailor-made materials with the desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784.
| | - Moon Jeong Park
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea 790-784.
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18
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Llombart P, Noya EG, Sibley DN, Archer AJ, MacDowell LG. Rounded Layering Transitions on the Surface of Ice. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:065702. [PMID: 32109130 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.065702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the wetting properties of premelting films requires knowledge of the film's equation of state, which is not usually available. Here we calculate the disjoining pressure curve of premelting films and perform a detailed thermodynamic characterization of premelting behavior on ice. Analysis of the density profiles reveals the signature of weak layering phenomena, from one to two and from two to three water molecular layers. However, disjoining pressure curves, which closely follow expectations from a renormalized mean field liquid state theory, show that there are no layering phase transitions in the thermodynamic sense along the sublimation line. Instead, we find that transitions at mean field level are rounded due to capillary wave fluctuations. We see signatures that true first order layering transitions could arise at low temperatures, for pressures between the metastable line of water-vapor coexistence and the sublimation line. The extrapolation of the disjoining pressure curve above water-vapor saturation displays a true first order phase transition from a thin to a thick film consistent with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Llombart
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - David N Sibley
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Archer
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Luis G MacDowell
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Appearance and Disappearance of Quasi-Liquid Layers on Ice Crystals in the Presence of Nitric Acid Gas. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The surfaces of ice crystals near the melting point are covered with thin liquid water layers, called quasi-liquid layers (QLLs), which play crucial roles in various chemical reactions in nature. So far, there have been many spectroscopic studies of such chemical reactions on ice surfaces, however, revealing the effects of atmospheric gases on ice surfaces remains an experimental challenge. In this study, we chose HNO3 as a model atmospheric gas, and directly observed the ice basal faces by advanced optical microscopy under partial pressure of HNO3 (~10−4 Pa), relevant to those found in the atmosphere. We found that droplets (HNO3-QLLs) appeared on ice surfaces at temperatures ranging from −0.9 to −0.2 °C with an increase in temperature, and that they disappeared at temperatures ranging from −0.6 to −1.3 °C with decreasing temperature. We also found that the size of the HNO3-QLLs decreased immediately after we started reducing the temperature. From the changes in size and the liquid–solid phase diagram of the HNO3-H2O binary system, we concluded that the HNO3-QLLs did not consist of pure water, but rather aqueous HNO3 solutions, and that the temperature and HNO3 concentration of the HNO3-QLLs also coincided with those along a liquidus line.
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20
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Esteso V, Carretero-Palacios S, MacDowell LG, Fiedler J, Parsons DF, Spallek F, Míguez H, Persson C, Buhmann SY, Brevik I, Boström M. Premelting of ice adsorbed on a rock surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:11362-11373. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06836h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Considering ice-premelting on a quartz rock surface (i.e. silica) we calculate the Lifshitz excess pressures in a four layer system with rock–ice–water–air.
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21
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Liang Z, Du H, Liang H, Yang Y. Grain boundary premelting of monolayer ices in 2D nano-channels. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1593532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zun Liang
- Physics Department, School of Physics and Material Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Du
- Physics Department, School of Physics and Material Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongtao Liang
- Physics Department, School of Physics and Material Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Physics Department, School of Physics and Material Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Llombart P, Bergua RM, Noya EG, MacDowell LG. Structure and water attachment rates of ice in the atmosphere: role of nitrogen. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:19594-19611. [PMID: 31464318 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03728d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work we perform computer simulations of the ice surface in order to elucidate the role of nitrogen in the crystal growth rates and crystal habits of snow in the atmosphere. In pure water vapor at temperatures typical of ice crystal formation in cirrus clouds, we find that basal and primary prismatic facets exhibit a layer of premelted ice, with thickness in the subnanometer range. For partial pressures of 1 bar, well above the expected values in the troposphere, we find that only small amounts of nitrogen are adsorbed. The adsorption takes place onto the premelted surface, and hardly any nitrogen dissolves within the premelting film. The premelting film thickness does not change either. We quantify the resulting change of the ice/vapor surface tension to be in the hundredth of mN m-1 and find that the structure of the pristine ice surface is not changed in a significant manner. We perform a trajectory analysis of colliding water molecules, and find that the attachment rates from direct ballistic collision are very close to unity irrespective of the nitrogen pressure. Nitrogen is however at sufficient density to deflect a fraction of trajectories with smaller distance than the mean free path. Our results show explicitly that the reported differences in growth rates measured in pure water vapor and a controlled nitrogen atmosphere are not related to a significant disruption of the ice surface due to nitrogen adsorption. On the contrary, we show clearly from our trajectory analysis that nitrogen slows down the crystal growth rates due to collisions between water molecules with bulk nitrogen gas. This clarifies the long standing controversy of the role of inert gases on crystal growth rates and demonstrates their influence is solely related to the diffusion limited flow of water vapor across the gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Llombart
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain and Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ramon M Bergua
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Eva G Noya
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Calle Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G MacDowell
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad de I+D+i Asociada al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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23
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Baker I. Microstructural characterization of snow, firn and ice. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2019; 377:20180162. [PMID: 30982454 PMCID: PMC6501914 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of techniques used to characterize the microstructure of snow, firn and ice. These range from traditional optical microscopy techniques such as examining thin sections between crossed polarizers to various electron-optical and X-ray techniques. Techniques that could have an impact on microstructural characterization of snow, firn and ice in the future are briefly outlined. This article is part of the theme issue 'The physics and chemistry of ice: scaffolding across scales, from the viability of life to the formation of planets'.
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24
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Quasi-Liquid Layer on Ice and Its Effect on the Confined Freezing of Porous Materials. CRYSTALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst9050250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Freezing of the water confined in thin pores can be destructive to the porous frame, but the effect of the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) between the confined ice and the pore walls remains still far from being fully understood. In the present study, the physical origins of the intermediate phase of QLL were discussed by thermodynamic analyses. Different interactions on QLL bring different models to estimate its thickness, which generally decays with temperature decreasing. Four representative models of QLL thickness were selected to unveil its effect on the growing rates and extents of ice in a concrete. The engineering consequences of the confined freezing were then discussed in the aspects of effective pore pressures built from the confined ice growth and deformations framed by a poro-elastic model. Overall, thickening QLL depresses ice growing rates and contents and, consequentially, decreases pore pressures and material deformations during freezing. The QLL corrections also narrow the gaps between the predicted and measured freezing deformations. The findings of this study contribute to profound understandings of confined freezing that may bridge over physical principles and engineering observations.
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25
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Nagata Y, Hama T, Backus EHG, Mezger M, Bonn D, Bonn M, Sazaki G. The Surface of Ice under Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Conditions. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1006-1015. [PMID: 30925035 PMCID: PMC6727213 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The ice
premelt, often called the quasi-liquid layer (QLL), is
key for the lubrication of ice, gas uptake by ice, and growth of aerosols.
Despite its apparent importance, in-depth understanding of the ice
premelt from the microscopic to the macroscopic scale has not been
gained. By reviewing data obtained using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations,
sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, and laser confocal differential
interference contrast microscopy (LCM-DIM), we provide a unified view
of the experimentally observed variation in quasi-liquid (QL) states.
In particular, we disentangle three distinct types of QL states of
disordered layers, QL-droplet, and QL-film and discuss their nature. The topmost ice layer is energetically unstable, as the topmost
interfacial H2O molecules lose a hydrogen bonding partner,
generating a disordered layer at the ice–air interface. This
disordered layer is homogeneously distributed over the ice surface.
The nature of the disordered layer changes over a wide temperature
range from −90 °C to the bulk melting point. Combined
MD simulations and SFG measurements reveal that the topmost ice surface
starts to be disordered around −90 °C through a process
that the topmost water molecules with three hydrogen bonds convert
to a doubly hydrogen-bonded species. When the temperature is further
increased, the second layer starts to become disordered at around
−16 °C. This disordering occurs not in a gradual manner,
but in a bilayer-by-bilayer manner. When the temperature reaches
−2 °C, more complicated
structures, QL-droplet and QL-film, emerge on the top of the ice surface.
These QL-droplets and QL-films are inhomogeneously distributed, in
contrast to the disordered layer. We show that these QL-droplet and
QL-film emerge only under supersaturated/undersaturated vapor pressure
conditions, as partial and pseudopartial wetting states, respectively.
Experiments with precisely controlled pressure show that, near the
water vapor pressure at the vapor-ice equilibrium condition, no QL-droplet
and QL-film can be observed, implying that the QL-droplet and QL-film
emerge exclusively under nonequilibrium conditions, as opposed to
the disordered layers formed under equilibrium conditions. These
findings are connected with many phenomena related to the
ice surface. For example, we explain how the disordering of the topmost
ice surface governs the slipperiness of the ice surface, allowing
for ice skating. Further focus is on the gas uptake mechanism on the
ice surface. Finally, we note the unresolved questions and future
challenges regarding the ice premelt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Nagata
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Tetsuya Hama
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ellen H. G. Backus
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mezger
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Daniel Bonn
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mischa Bonn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Gen Sazaki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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26
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Fulford M, Salvalaglio M, Molteni C. DeepIce: A Deep Neural Network Approach To Identify Ice and Water Molecules. J Chem Inf Model 2019; 59:2141-2149. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.9b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Fulford
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Salvalaglio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London WC1E 7JE, United Kingdom
| | - Carla Molteni
- Department of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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27
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Benet J, Llombart P, Sanz E, MacDowell LG. Structure and fluctuations of the premelted liquid film of ice at the triple point. Mol Phys 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2019.1583388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Benet
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Llombart
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Química Física Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Sanz
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis G. MacDowell
- Departamento de Química-Física (Unidad Asociada de I+D+i al CSIC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis G. MacDowell
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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29
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30
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Mitsui T, Aoki K. Fluctuation spectroscopy of surface melting of ice with and without impurities. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:010801. [PMID: 30780264 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.010801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Water is ubiquitous, and the surface properties of ice have been studied for some time, due to their importance. A liquidlike layer (LLL) is known to exist on ice, below the melting point. We use surface thermal fluctuation spectroscopy to study the LLL, including its thickness, for pure ice, and for ice with impurities. We find that the properties of the LLL are experimentally those of liquid water, with thickness much smaller than previous results. We also find that impurities cause the LLL to be thicker, and quite inhomogeneous, with properties depending on the dopant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Mitsui
- Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences and Department of Physics, Hiyoshi, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Aoki
- Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences and Department of Physics, Hiyoshi, Keio University, Yokohama 223-8521, Japan
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31
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Abstract
Molecular-dynamics simulations are used for examining the microscopic details of the homogeneous melting of benzene phase I. The equilibrium melting temperatures of our model were initially determined using the direct-coexistence method. Homogeneous melting at a higher temperature is achieved by heating a defect- and surfacefree crystal. The temperature-dependent potential energy and lattice parameters do not indicate a premelting phase even under superheated conditions. Further, statistical analyses using induction times computed from 200 melting trajectories were conducted, denoting that the homogeneous melting of benzene occurs stochastically, and that there is no intermediate transient state between the crystal and liquid phases. Additionally, the critical nucleus size is estimated using the seeding approach, along with the local bond order parameter. We found that the large diffusive motion arising from defect migration or neighbor-molecule swapping is of little importance during nucleation. Instead, the orientational disorder activated using the flipping motion of the benzene plane results in the melting nucleus.
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32
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Murata KI, Nagashima K, Sazaki G. How Do Ice Crystals Grow inside Quasiliquid Layers? PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:026102. [PMID: 30720327 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.026102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A microscopic understanding of crystal-melt interfaces, inseparably involved in the dynamics of crystallization, is a long-standing challenge in condensed matter physics. Here, using an advanced optical microscopy, we directly visualize growing interfaces between ice basal faces and quasiliquid layers (QLLs) during ice crystal growth. This system serves as a model for studying the molecular incorporation process of the crystal growth from a supercooled melt (the so-called melt growth), often hidden by inevitable latent heat diffusion and/or the extremely high crystal growth rate. We reveal that the growth of basal faces inside QLLs proceeds layer by layer via two-dimensional nucleation of monomolecular islands. We also find that the lateral growth rate of the islands is well described by the Wilson-Frenkel law, taking into account the slowing down of the dynamics of water molecules interfaced with ice. These results clearly indicate that, after averaging surface molecular fluctuations, the layer by layer stacking still survives even at the topmost layer on basal faces, which supports the kink-step-terrace picture even for the melt growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichiro Murata
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Ken Nagashima
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
| | - Gen Sazaki
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, N19-W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan
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33
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Walz MM, van der Spoel D. Systematically improved melting point prediction: a detailed physical simulation model is required. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12044-12047. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06177k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Our detailed physical simulation model allows for an unprecedented and systematically improved prediction of melting points of alkali halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Madeleine Walz
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology
- Uppsala University
- SE-75124 Uppsala
- Sweden
| | - David van der Spoel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology
- Uppsala University
- SE-75124 Uppsala
- Sweden
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Abstract
Premelting of ice at temperatures below 0 °C is of fundamental importance for environmental processes. Various experimental techniques have been used to investigate the temperature at which liquid-like water first appears at the ice-vapor interface, reporting onset temperatures from -160 to -2 °C. The signals that identify liquid-like order at the ice-vapor interface in these studies, however, do not show a sharp initiation with temperature. That is at odds with the expected first-order nature of surface phase transitions, and consistent with recent large-scale molecular simulations that show the first premelted layer to be sparse and to develop continuously over a wide range of temperatures. Here we perform a thermodynamic analysis to elucidate the origin of the continuous formation of the first layer of liquid at the ice-vapor interface. We conclude that a negative value of the line tension of the ice-liquid-vapor three-phase contact line is responsible for the continuous character of the transition and the sparse nature of the liquid-like domains in the incomplete first layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Qiu
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0580 , United States
| | - Valeria Molinero
- Department of Chemistry , The University of Utah , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112-0580 , United States
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Louden PB, Gezelter JD. Why is Ice Slippery? Simulations of Shear Viscosity of the Quasi-Liquid Layer on Ice. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:3686-3691. [PMID: 29916247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The temperature and depth dependence of the shear viscosity (η) of the quasi-liquid layer (QLL) of water on ice-Ih crystals was determined using simulations of the TIP4P/Ice model. The crystals display either the basal {0001} or prismatic {101̅0} facets, and we find that the QLL viscosity depends on the presented facet, the distance from the solid/liquid interface, and the undercooling temperature. Structural order parameters provide two distinct estimates of the QLL widths, which are found to range from 6.0 to 7.8 Å, and depend on the facet and undercooling temperature. Above 260 K, the viscosity of the vapor-adjacent water layer is significantly less viscous than the solid-adjacent layer and is also lower than the viscosity of liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick B Louden
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Hall , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
| | - J Daniel Gezelter
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Notre Dame , 251 Nieuwland Science Hall , Notre Dame , Indiana 46556 , United States
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Thangswamy M, Maheshwari P, Dutta D, Rane V, Pujari PK. EPR Evidence of Liquid Water in Ice: An Intrinsic Property of Water or a Self-Confinement Effect? J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5177-5189. [PMID: 29782801 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid water (LW) existence in pure ice below 273 K has been a controversial aspect primarily because of the lack of experimental evidence. Recently, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has been used to study deeply supercooled water in a rapidly frozen polycrystalline ice. The same technique can also be used to probe the presence of LW in polycrystalline ice that has formed through a more conventional, slow cooling one. In this context, the present study aims to emphasize that in case of an external probe involving techniques such as EPR, the results are influenced by the binary phase (BP) diagram of the probe-water system, which also predicts the existence of LW domains in ice, up to the eutectic point. Here we report the results of our such EPR spin-probe studies on water, which demonstrate that smaller the concentration of the probe stronger is the EPR evidence of liquid domains in polycrystalline ice. We used computer simulations based on stochastic Liouville theory to analyze the lineshapes of the EPR spectra. We show that the presence of the spin probe modifies the BP diagram of water, at very low concentrations of the spin probe. The spin probe thus acts, not like a passive reporter of the behavior of the solvent and its environment, but as an active impurity to influence the solvent. We show that there exists a lower critical concentration, below which BP diagram needs to be modified, by incorporating the effect of confinement of the spin probe. With this approach, we demonstrate that the observed EPR evidence of LW domains in ice can be accounted for by the modified BP diagram of the probe-water system. The present work highlights the importance of taking cognizance of the possibility of spin probes affecting the host systems, when interpreting the EPR (or any other probe based spectroscopic) results of phase transitions of host, as its ignorance may lead to serious misinterpretations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Priya Maheshwari
- Radiochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Dhanadeep Dutta
- Radiochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Vinayak Rane
- Radiochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai 400085 , India
| | - Pradeep K Pujari
- Radiochemistry Division , Bhabha Atomic Research Centre , Trombay , Mumbai 400085 , India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute , Anushaktinagar , Mumbai 400094 , India
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Pickering I, Paleico M, Sirkin YAP, Scherlis DA, Factorovich MH. Grand Canonical Investigation of the Quasi Liquid Layer of Ice: Is It Liquid? J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:4880-4890. [PMID: 29660281 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b00784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the solid-vapor equilibrium and the quasi liquid layer (QLL) of ice Ih exposing the basal and primary prismatic faces were explored by means of grand canonical molecular dynamics simulations with the monatomic mW potential. For this model, the solid-vapor equilibrium was found to follow the Clausius-Clapeyron relation in the range examined, from 250 to 270 K, with a Δ Hsub of 50 kJ/mol in excellent agreement with the experimental value. The phase diagram of the mW model was constructed for the low pressure region around the triple point. The analysis of the crystallization dynamics during condensation and evaporation revealed that, for the basal face, both processes are highly activated, and in particular cubic ice is formed during condensation, producing stacking-disordered ice. The basal and primary prismatic surfaces of ice Ih were investigated at different temperatures and at their corresponding equilibrium vapor pressures. Our results show that the region known as QLL can be interpreted as the outermost layers of the solid where a partial melting takes place. Solid islands in the nanometer length scale are surrounded by interconnected liquid areas, generating a bidimensional nanophase segregation that spans throughout the entire width of the outermost layer even at 250 K. Two approaches were adopted to quantify the QLL and discussed in light of their ability to reflect this nanophase segregation phenomena. Our results in the μVT ensemble were compared with NPT and NVT simulations for two system sizes. No significant differences were found between the results as a consequence of model system size or of the working ensemble. Nevertheless, certain advantages of performing μVT simulations in order to reproduce the experimental situation are highlighted. On the one hand, the QLL thickness measured out of equilibrium might be affected because of crystallization being slower than condensation. On the other, preliminary simulations of AFM indentation experiments show that the tip can induce capillary condensation over the ice surface, enlarging the apparent QLL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Pickering
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. II , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina
| | - Martin Paleico
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. II , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina
| | - Yamila A Perez Sirkin
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. II , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina
| | - Damian A Scherlis
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. II , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina
| | - Matías H Factorovich
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales , Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria , Pab. II , Buenos Aires C1428EHA , Argentina.,Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Centro Atómico Constituyentes , Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica , Av. General Paz 1499 , San Martin , 1650 Buenos Aires , Argentina
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Haji-Akbari A, Debenedetti PG. Perspective: Surface freezing in water: A nexus of experiments and simulations. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:060901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4985879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Haji-Akbari
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - Pablo G. Debenedetti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, USA
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