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Lou H, Deng Z, Luo D, Pan J, Zhou L, Xie G, Gu C, Li W. High-SNR mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy using active phase control cooperating with CWs-dependent phase correction. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5826-5836. [PMID: 38439299 DOI: 10.1364/oe.514809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (MIR) dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) is a highly effective method for molecular metrology of rovibrational transition spectra in a quick accurate manner. However, due to limited comb frequency instability, manipulating coherence between two frequency combs to accomplish high-quality spectral analysis in the MIR region is a huge challenge. Here, we developed a comb-teeth resolved MIR DCS based on active phase control cooperating with a CWs-dependent (CWD) interferogram timing correction. Firstly, four meticulously engineered actuators were individually integrated into two near-infrared (NIR) seed combs to facilitate active coherence maintenance. Subsequently, two PPLN waveguides were adopted to achieve parallel difference frequency generations (DFG), directly achieving a coherent MIR dual-comb spectrometer. To improve coherence and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), a CWD resampled interferogram timing correction was used to optimize the merit of DCS from 7.5 × 105 to 2.5 × 106. Meanwhile, we carried out the measurement of MIR DCS on the methane hot-band absorption spectra (v3 band), which exhibited a good agreement with HITRAN by a standard deviation on recording residual of 0.76%. These experimental results confirm that this MIR DCS with CWD interferogram timing correction has significant potential to characterize the rovibrational transitions of MIR molecules.
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2
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Ghosh S, Eisenstein G. Highly coherent hybrid dual-comb spectrometer. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:25093-25103. [PMID: 37475322 DOI: 10.1364/oe.496190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Dual comb spectroscopy (DCS) is a broadband technique offering high resolution and fast data acquisition. Current state-of-the-art designs are based on a pair of fiber or solid-state lasers, which allow broadband spectroscopy but require a complicated stabilization setup. Semiconductor lasers are tunable, cost-effective, and easily integrable while limited by a narrow bandwidth. This motivates a hybrid design combining the advantages of both systems. However, establishing sufficiently long mutual coherence time remains challenging. This work describes a hybrid dual-comb spectrometer comprising a broadband fiber laser (FC) and an actively mode-locked semiconductor laser (MLL) with a narrow but tunable spectrum. A high mutual coherence time of around 100 seconds has been achieved by injection locking the MLL to a continuous laser (CW), which is locked on a single line of the FC. We have also devised a method to directly stabilize the entire spectrum of FC to a high finesse cavity. This results in a long term stability of 5 × 10-12 at 1 second and 5 × 10-14 at 350 seconds. Additionally, we have addressed the effect of cavity dispersion on the locking quality, which is important for broadband comb lasers.
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3
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Liu M, Gray RM, Costa L, Markus CR, Roy A, Marandi A. Mid-infrared cross-comb spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1044. [PMID: 36828826 PMCID: PMC9957991 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36811-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy has been proven beneficial in molecular characterization but remains challenging in the mid-infrared region due to difficulties in sources and efficient photodetection. Here we introduce cross-comb spectroscopy, in which a mid-infrared comb is upconverted via sum-frequency generation with a near-infrared comb of a shifted repetition rate and then interfered with a spectral extension of the near-infrared comb. We measure CO2 absorption around 4.25 µm with a 1-µm photodetector, exhibiting a 233-cm-1 instantaneous bandwidth, 28000 comb lines, a single-shot signal-to-noise ratio of 167 and a figure of merit of 2.4 × 106 Hz1/2. We show that cross-comb spectroscopy can have superior signal-to-noise ratio, sensitivity, dynamic range, and detection efficiency compared to other dual-comb-based methods and mitigate the limits of the excitation background and detector saturation. This approach offers an adaptable and powerful spectroscopic method outside the well-developed near-IR region and opens new avenues to high-performance frequency-comb-based sensing with wavelength flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Robert M Gray
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Luis Costa
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Charles R Markus
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Arkadev Roy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Alireza Marandi
- Department of Electrical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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4
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Zhu S, Duan R, Chen W, Wang F, Han J, Xu X, Wu L, Ye M, Sun F, Han S, Zhao X, Tan CS, Liang H, Liu Z, Wang QJ. Ultrastrong Optical Harmonic Generations in Layered Platinum Disulfide in the Mid-Infrared. ACS NANO 2023; 17:2148-2158. [PMID: 36706067 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical activities (e.g., harmonic generations) in two-dimensional (2D) layered materials have attracted much attention due to the great promise in diverse optoelectronic applications such as nonlinear optical modulators, nonreciprocal optical device, and nonlinear optical imaging. Exploration of nonlinear optical response (e.g., frequency conversion) in the infrared, especially the mid-infrared (MIR) region, is highly desirable for ultrafast MIR laser applications ranging from tunable MIR coherent sources, MIR supercontinuum generation, and MIR frequency-comb-based spectroscopy to high harmonic generation. However, nonlinear optical effects in 2D layered materials under MIR pump are rarely reported, mainly due to the lack of suitable 2D layered materials. Van der Waals layered platinum disulfide (PtS2) with a sizable bandgap from the visible to the infrared region is a promising candidate for realizing MIR nonlinear optical devices. In this work, we investigate the nonlinear optical properties including third-and fifth-harmonic generation (THG and FHG) in thin layered PtS2 under infrared pump (1550-2510 nm). Strikingly, the ultrastrong third-order nonlinear susceptibility χ(3)(-3ω;ω,ω,ω) of thin layered PtS2 in the MIR region was estimated to be over 10-18 m2/V2, which is about one order of that in traditional transition metal chalcogenides. Such excellent performance makes air-stable PtS2 a potential candidate for developing next-generation MIR nonlinear photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Zhu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ruihuan Duan
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Wenduo Chen
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Fakun Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiayue Han
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin150001, P. R. China
| | - Lishu Wu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Ming Ye
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Fangyuan Sun
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Song Han
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaoxu Zhao
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chuan Seng Tan
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Houkun Liang
- School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan610064, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
| | - Qi Jie Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Nanyang Technological University, 637371, Singapore
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5
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Tian H, Li R, Sterczewski LA, Kato T, Asahara A, Minoshima K. Quasi-real-time dual-comb spectroscopy with 750-MHz Yb:fiber combs. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:28427-28437. [PMID: 36299038 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present quasi-real-time dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) using two Yb:fiber combs with ∼750 MHz repetition rates. A computational coherent averaging technique is employed to correct timing and phase fluctuations of the measured dual-comb interferogram (IGM). Quasi-real-time phase correction of 1-ms long acquisitions occurs every 1.5 seconds and is assisted by coarse radio frequency (RF) phase-locking of an isolated RF comb mode. After resampling and global offset phase correction, the RF comb linewidth is reduced from 200 kHz to ∼1 kHz, while the line-to-floor ratio increases 13 dB in power in 1 ms. Using simultaneous offset frequency correction in opposite phases, we correct the aliased RF spectrum spanning three Nyquist zones, which yields an optical coverage of ∼180 GHz around 1.035 µm probed on a sub-microsecond timescale. The absorption profile of gaseous acetylene is observed to validate the presented technique.
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Twayana K, Rebolledo-Salgado I, Deriushkina E, Schröder J, Karlsson M, Torres-Company V. Spectral Interferometry with Frequency Combs. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13040614. [PMID: 35457918 PMCID: PMC9026469 DOI: 10.3390/mi13040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this review paper, we provide an overview of the state of the art in linear interferometric techniques using laser frequency comb sources. Diverse techniques including Fourier transform spectroscopy, linear spectral interferometry and swept-wavelength interferometry are covered in detail. The unique features brought by laser frequency comb sources are shown, and specific applications highlighted in molecular spectroscopy, optical coherence tomography and the characterization of photonic integrated devices and components. Finally, the possibilities enabled by advances in chip scale swept sources and frequency combs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Twayana
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.T.); (I.R.-S.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Israel Rebolledo-Salgado
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.T.); (I.R.-S.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (M.K.)
- Measurement Science and Technology, RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SE-50115 Borås, Sweden
| | - Ekaterina Deriushkina
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.T.); (I.R.-S.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Jochen Schröder
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.T.); (I.R.-S.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Magnus Karlsson
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.T.); (I.R.-S.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Victor Torres-Company
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden; (K.T.); (I.R.-S.); (E.D.); (J.S.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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The development and application of dual-comb spectroscopy in analytical chemistry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2022.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Zhao J, Mei D, Wang W, Wu Y, Xue D. Recent advances in nonlinear optical rare earth structures. J RARE EARTH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jre.2021.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Bao C, Yuan Z, Wu L, Suh MG, Wang H, Lin Q, Vahala KJ. Architecture for microcomb-based GHz-mid-infrared dual-comb spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6573. [PMID: 34772953 PMCID: PMC8589843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26958-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) offers high sensitivity and wide spectral coverage without the need for bulky spectrometers or mechanical moving parts. And DCS in the mid-infrared (mid-IR) is of keen interest because of inherently strong molecular spectroscopic signatures in these bands. We report GHz-resolution mid-IR DCS of methane and ethane that is derived from counter-propagating (CP) soliton microcombs in combination with interleaved difference frequency generation. Because all four combs required to generate the two mid-IR combs rely upon stability derived from a single high-Q microcavity, the system architecture is both simplified and does not require external frequency locking. Methane and ethane spectra are measured over intervals as short as 0.5 ms, a time scale that can be further reduced using a different CP soliton arrangement. Also, tuning of spectral resolution on demand is demonstrated. Although at an early phase of development, the results are a step towards mid-IR gas sensors with chip-based architectures for chemical threat detection, breath analysis, combustion studies, and outdoor observation of trace gases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengying Bao
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instruments, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiquan Yuan
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Lue Wu
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Myoung-Gyun Suh
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
- Physics & Informatics Laboratories, NTT Research, Inc. 940 Stewart Dr, Sunnyvale, CA, 94085, USA
| | - Heming Wang
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Qiang Lin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Kerry J Vahala
- T. J. Watson Laboratory of Applied Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA.
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10
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Mei D, Cao W, Wang N, Jiang X, Zhao J, Wang W, Dang J, Zhang S, Wu Y, Rao P, Lin Z. Breaking through the "3.0 eV wall" of energy band gap in mid-infrared nonlinear optical rare earth chalcogenides by charge-transfer engineering. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:2330-2334. [PMID: 34846438 DOI: 10.1039/d1mh00562f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing the energy band gap under the premise to maintain a large nonlinear optical (NLO) response is a challenging issue for the exploration and molecular design of mid-infrared nonlinear optical crystals. Utilizing a charge-transfer engineering method, we designed and synthesized a rare earth chalcogenide, KYGeS4. With an NLO effect as large as that in AgGaS2, KYGeS4 breaks through the limitation of energy band gap, i.e., the "3.0 eV wall", in NLO rare earth chalcogenides, and thus exhibits an excellent comprehensive NLO performance. First-principles electronic structure analysis demonstrates that the large band gap in KYGeS4 is ascribed to the decreased covalency of Y-S bonds by transferring charge from [YS7] to [GeS4] polyhedra. The charge-transfer engineering strategy would have significant implications for the exploration of good-performance NLO crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dajiang Mei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai 201620, China.
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11
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Schuster V, Liu C, Klas R, Dominguez P, Rothhardt J, Limpert J, Bernhardt B. Ultraviolet dual comb spectroscopy: a roadmap. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:21859-21875. [PMID: 34265964 DOI: 10.1364/oe.424940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dual Comb Spectroscopy proved its versatile capabilities in molecular fingerprinting in different spectral regions, but not yet in the ultraviolet (UV). Unlocking this spectral window would expand fingerprinting to the electronic energy structure of matter. This will access the prime triggers of photochemical reactions with unprecedented spectral resolution. In this research article, we discuss the milestones marking the way to the first UV dual comb spectrometer. We present experimental and simulated studies towards UV dual comb spectroscopy, directly applied to planned absorption measurements of formaldehyde (centered at 343 nm, 3.6 eV) and argon (80 nm, 16 eV). This will enable an unparalleled relative resolution of up to 10-9 - with a table-top UV source surpassing any synchrotron-linked spectrometer by at least two and any grating-based UV spectrometer by up to six orders of magnitude.
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12
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Herman DI, Weerasekara C, Hutcherson LC, Giorgetta FR, Cossel KC, Waxman EM, Colacion GM, Newbury NR, Welch SM, DePaola BD, Coddington I, Santos EA, Washburn BR. Precise multispecies agricultural gas flux determined using broadband open-path dual-comb spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabe9765. [PMID: 33789900 PMCID: PMC8011971 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe9765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in spectroscopy have the potential to improve our understanding of agricultural processes and associated trace gas emissions. We implement field-deployed, open-path dual-comb spectroscopy (DCS) for precise multispecies emissions estimation from livestock. With broad atmospheric dual-comb spectra, we interrogate upwind and downwind paths from pens containing approximately 300 head of cattle, providing time-resolved concentration enhancements and fluxes of CH4, NH3, CO2, and H2O. The methane fluxes determined from DCS data and fluxes obtained with a colocated closed-path cavity ring-down spectroscopy gas analyzer agree to within 6%. The NH3 concentration retrievals have sensitivity of 10 parts per billion and yield corresponding NH3 fluxes with a statistical precision of 8% and low systematic uncertainty. Open-path DCS offers accurate multispecies agricultural gas flux quantification without external calibration and is easily extended to larger agricultural systems where point-sampling-based approaches are insufficient, presenting opportunities for field-scale biogeochemical studies and ecological monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel I Herman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | | | | | - Fabrizio R Giorgetta
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Kevin C Cossel
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Eleanor M Waxman
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Gabriel M Colacion
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Nathan R Newbury
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Stephen M Welch
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brett D DePaola
- Department of Physics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Ian Coddington
- Applied Physics Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Eduardo A Santos
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Brian R Washburn
- Time and Frequency Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
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13
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Han NS, Kim J, Yoon TH, Cho M. Broadband Infrared Spectroscopy of Molecules in Solutions with Two Intrapulse Difference-Frequency-Generated Mid-Infrared Frequency Combs. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:307-316. [PMID: 33325228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c09595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mid-infrared (mid-IR) spectroscopy is an incisive tool for studying structures and dynamics of complicated molecules in condensed phases. Developing a compact and broadband mid-IR spectrometer has thus been a long-standing challenge. Here, we show that a highly coherent and broadband mid-IR frequency comb can be generated by using an intrapulse difference-frequency-generation with a train of pulses from a few-cycle pulse Ti:sapphire oscillator. By tightly focusing the oscillator output beam into a single-pass, fan-out-type periodically poled lithium niobate crystal and tilting the orientation of the crystal, we show that a mid-IR frequency comb with more than an octave spectral bandwidth from 1550 cm-1 (46 THz) to 3650 cm-1 (110 THz) and vanishing carrier-envelope-offset phase can be generated. Using two coherent mid-IR frequency combs with different repetition frequencies, we demonstrate that a broadband mid-IR dual-frequency comb spectroscopy of aromatic compounds or amino acids in solutions is feasible. We thus anticipate that researchers will find our mid-IR frequency combs useful for developing ultrafast and broadband linear and nonlinear IR spectroscopy of chemically reactive or biologically important molecules in condensed phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noh Soo Han
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - JunWoo Kim
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Tai Hyun Yoon
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Physics, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhaeng Cho
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and Dynamics, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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14
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Wang R, Täschler P, Kapsalidis F, Shahmohammadi M, Beck M, Faist J. Mid-infrared quantum cascade laser frequency combs based on multi-section waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:6462-6465. [PMID: 33258837 DOI: 10.1364/ol.411027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We present quantum cascade laser (QCL) frequency comb devices with engineered waveguides for managing the dispersion. The QCL waveguide consists of multiple sections with different waveguide widths. The narrow and wide sections of the waveguide are designed in a way to compensate the group velocity dispersion (GVD) of each other and thereby produce a flat and slightly negative GVD for the QCL. The QCL exhibits continuous comb operation over a large part of the dynamic range of the laser. Strong and narrow-linewidth intermode beatnotes are achieved in a more than 300 mA wide operation current range. The comb device also features considerably high output power (>380mW) and wide optical bandwidth (>55cm-1).
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15
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Abbas MA, van Dijk L, Jahromi KE, Nematollahi M, Harren FJM, Khodabakhsh A. Broadband Time-Resolved Absorption and Dispersion Spectroscopy of Methane and Ethane in a Plasma Using a Mid-Infrared Dual-Comb Spectrometer. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6831. [PMID: 33260402 PMCID: PMC7730292 DOI: 10.3390/s20236831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Conventional mechanical Fourier Transform Spectrometers (FTS) can simultaneously measure absorption and dispersion spectra of gas-phase samples. However, they usually need very long measurement times to achieve time-resolved spectra with a good spectral and temporal resolution. Here, we present a mid-infrared dual-comb-based FTS in an asymmetric configuration, providing broadband absorption and dispersion spectra with a spectral resolution of 5 GHz (0.18 nm at a wavelength of 3333 nm), a temporal resolution of 20 μs, a total wavelength coverage over 300 cm-1 and a total measurement time of ~70 s. We used the dual-comb spectrometer to monitor the reaction dynamics of methane and ethane in an electrical plasma discharge. We observed ethane/methane formation as a recombination reaction of hydrocarbon radicals in the discharge in various static and dynamic conditions. The results demonstrate a new analytical approach for measuring fast molecular absorption and dispersion changes and monitoring the fast dynamics of chemical reactions over a broad wavelength range, which can be interesting for chemical kinetic research, particularly for the combustion and plasma analysis community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Abbas
- Trace Gas Research Group, Department of Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute of Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (L.v.D.); (K.E.J.); (M.N.); (F.J.M.H.); (A.K.)
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16
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Zhang G, Horvath R, Liu D, Geiser M, Farooq A. QCL-Based Dual-Comb Spectrometer for Multi-Species Measurements at High Temperatures and High Pressures. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E3602. [PMID: 32604869 PMCID: PMC7349716 DOI: 10.3390/s20123602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Rapid multi-species sensing is an overarching goal in time-resolved studies of chemical kinetics. Most current laser sources cannot achieve this goal due to their narrow spectral coverage and/or slow wavelength scanning. In this work, a novel mid-IR dual-comb spectrometer is utilized for chemical kinetic investigations. The spectrometer is based on two quantum cascade laser frequency combs and provides rapid (4 µs) measurements over a wide spectral range (~1175-1235 cm-1). Here, the spectrometer was applied to make time-resolved absorption measurements of methane, acetone, propene, and propyne at high temperatures (>1000 K) and high pressures (>5 bar) in a shock tube. Such a spectrometer will be of high value in chemical kinetic studies of future fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangle Zhang
- Clean Combustion Research Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Raphael Horvath
- IRsweep AG, Laubisruetistr. 44, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland; (R.H.) (M.G.)
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Clean Combustion Research Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (D.L.)
| | - Markus Geiser
- IRsweep AG, Laubisruetistr. 44, 8712 Staefa, Switzerland; (R.H.) (M.G.)
| | - Aamir Farooq
- Clean Combustion Research Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia; (G.Z.); (D.L.)
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Ycas G, Giorgetta FR, Friedlein JT, Herman D, Cossel KC, Baumann E, Newbury NR, Coddington I. Compact mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer for outdoor spectroscopy. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:14740-14752. [PMID: 32403509 DOI: 10.1364/oe.385860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript describes the design of a robust, mid-infrared dual-comb spectrometer operating in the 3.1-µm to 4-µm spectral window for future field applications. The design represents an improvement in system size, power consumption, and robustness relative to previous work while also providing a high spectral signal-to-noise ratio. We demonstrate a system quality factor of 2×106 and 30 hours of continuous operation over a 120-meter outdoor air path.
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Lins E, Read S, Unni B, Rosendahl SM, Burgess IJ. Microsecond Resolved Infrared Spectroelectrochemistry Using Dual Frequency Comb IR Lasers. Anal Chem 2020; 92:6241-6244. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erick Lins
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Canadian Light Source, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0X4, Canada
| | - Bipinlal Unni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
| | | | - Ian J. Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9, Canada
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19
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Gianella M, Nataraj A, Tuzson B, Jouy P, Kapsalidis F, Beck M, Mangold M, Hugi A, Faist J, Emmenegger L. High-resolution and gapless dual comb spectroscopy with current-tuned quantum cascade lasers. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:6197-6208. [PMID: 32225874 DOI: 10.1364/oe.379790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present gapless, high-resolution absorption and dispersion spectra obtained with quantum cascade laser frequency combs covering 55 cm-1. Using phase-sensitive dual comb design, the comb lines are gradually swept over 10 GHz, corresponding to the free spectral range of the laser devices, by applying a current modulation. We show that with interleaving the spectral point spacing is reduced by more than four orders of magnitude over the full spectral span of the frequency comb. The potential of this technique for high-precision gas sensing is illustrated by measuring the low pressure (107 hPa) absorption and dispersion spectra of methane spanning the range of 1170 cm-1 - 1225 cm-1 with a resolution of 0.001 cm-1.
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20
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Szczepaniak U, Schneider SH, Horvath R, Kozuch J, Geiser M. Vibrational Stark Spectroscopy of Fluorobenzene Using Quantum Cascade Laser Dual Frequency Combs. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:347-356. [PMID: 31868520 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819888503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the performance of a dual frequency comb quantum cascade laser (QCL) spectrometer for the application of vibrational Stark spectroscopy. Measurements performed on fluorobenzene with the dual-comb spectrometer (DCS) were compared to results obtained using a conventional Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) instrument in terms of spectral response, parameter estimation, and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N). The dual-comb spectrometer provided similar qualitative and quantitative data as the FT-IR setup in 250 times shorter acquisition time. For fluorobenzene, the DCS measurement resulted in a more precise estimation of the fluorobenzene Stark tuning rate ((0.81 ± 0.09) cm-1/(MV/cm)) than with the FT-IR system ((0.89 ± 0.15) cm-1/(MV/cm)). Both values are in accordance with the previously reported value of 0.84 cm-1/(MV/cm). We also point to an improvement of signal-to-noise ratio in the DCS configuration. Additional characteristics of the dual-comb spectrometer applicable to vibrational Stark spectroscopy and their scaling properties for future applications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jacek Kozuch
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Ren X, Dai H, Li D, Huang K, Hu M, Lv T, Yan M, Zeng H. Mid-infrared electro-optic dual-comb spectroscopy with feedforward frequency stepping. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:776-779. [PMID: 32004309 DOI: 10.1364/ol.385464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we utilize an acoustic-optic frequency shifter in a feedforward manner for automatic interpolation of dual-comb spectroscopy, where frequency tuning can be achieved at 5.45 THz/s with the step size precisely locked to the line spacing (54.5 MHz) of a referenced optical comb without complicated electronics or control programs. Our dual-comb spectrometer involves two near-infrared electro-optic combs at 25 GHz line spacings, nonlinearly converted into the mid-infrared region, revealing fundamental absorption lines of methane gas at 54.5 MHz resolution within a spectral range from 88.04 to 89.04 THz. The method and the system may be useful in many applications, including gas sensing.
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22
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Krzempek K, Tomaszewska D, Głuszek A, Martynkien T, Mergo P, Sotor J, Foltynowicz A, Soboń G. Stabilized all-fiber source for generation of tunable broadband fCEO-free mid-IR frequency comb in the 7 - 9 µm range. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:37435-37445. [PMID: 31878523 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.037435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A compact and robust all-fiber difference frequency generation-based source of broadband mid-infrared radiation is presented. The source emits tunable radiation in the range between 6.5 µm and 9 µm with an average output power up to 5 mW at 125 MHz repetition frequency. The all-in-fiber construction of the source along with active stabilization techniques results in long-term repetition rate stability of 3 Hz per 10 h and a standard deviation of the output power better than 0.8% per 1 h. The applicability of the presented source to laser spectroscopy is demonstrated by measuring the absorption spectrum of nitrous oxide (N2O) around 7.8 µm. The robustness and good long- and short-term stability of the source opens up for applications outside the laboratory.
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Yu M, Okawachi Y, Griffith AG, Lipson M, Gaeta AL. Microfluidic mid-infrared spectroscopy via microresonator-based dual-comb source. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4259-4262. [PMID: 31465377 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, microresonator-based soliton combs based on photonic integration have broadened the scope of applications in sensing, ranging, and imaging. The large comb line spacing on the order of hundreds of gigahertz allows for rapid acquisition of absorption spectra in the condensed matter phase without aliasing via a dual-comb interferometer. We present a proof-of-principle demonstration of high-throughput label-free microresonator-based dual-comb spectroscopy in a microfluidic chip that dynamically probes the linear absorption of liquid acetone in the mid-infrared wavelength regime. We measure the flow dynamics of an acetone droplet with a spectral acquisition rate of 25 kHz (40 μs per spectrum) covering a spectral range from 2900 to 2990 nm. Combining microfluidics and silicon-photonic technology would potentially enable a compact time-resolved spectroscopy system for a wide range of applications such as chemical synthesis, biological cell-sorting, and lab-on-a-chip.
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Parriaux A, Hammani K, Millot G. Electro-optic dual-comb spectrometer in the thulium amplification band for gas sensing applications. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:4335-4338. [PMID: 31465396 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.004335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a dual-comb spectrometer based on the direct electro-optic modulation of a continuous-wave laser operating in the thulium amplification band. We show that the emergent two-micrometer technology is already suitable for developing all-fibered dual-comb setups employed here for gas sensing applications. By performing spectroscopic measurements around two micrometers on carbon dioxide, we obtain very good agreement between the experimental results and calculations provided by the HITRAN database. These results pave the way to the extension of electro-optic dual-comb spectrometry in the mid-infrared region.
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Luo PL, Horng EC, Guan YC. Fast molecular fingerprinting with a coherent, rapidly tunable dual-comb spectrometer near 3 μm. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18400-18405. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03090e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the multi-species determination and fast molecular fingerprinting under microseconds by employing a rapidly tunable dual-comb spectrometer based on electro-optic frequency combs near 3 μm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Luo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Er-Chien Horng
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Guan
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences
- Academia Sinica
- Taipei 10617
- Taiwan
- Department of Physics
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