1
|
Fernandes AI, Pinto AJ, Silvério D, Zedler U, Ferreira C, Duarte IF, Silvestre R, Dorhoi A, Saraiva M. Genetically Diverse Mycobacterium tuberculosis Isolates Manipulate Inflammasome and Interleukin 1β Secretion Independently of Macrophage Metabolic Rewiring. J Infect Dis 2025; 231:e671-e684. [PMID: 39570738 PMCID: PMC11998582 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 11/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2025] Open
Abstract
The diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis impacts the outcome of tuberculosis. We previously showed that M. tuberculosis isolates obtained from patients with severe disease induced low inflammasome activation and interleukin 1β (IL-1β) production by infected macrophages. Here we questioned whether this differential modulation of macrophages by M. tuberculosis isolates depended on distinct metabolic reprogramming. We found that the macrophage metabolic landscape was similar regardless of the infecting M. tuberculosis isolate. Paralleling single-Toll-like receptor (TLR) activated macrophages, glycolysis inhibition during infection impaired IL-1β secretion. However, departing from TLR -based models, in infected macrophages, IL-1β secretion was independent of mitochondrial metabolic changes and hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α). Additionally, we found an unappreciated impact of a host metabolic inhibitor on the pathogen, and show that inflammasome activation and IL-1β production by macrophages require metabolically active bacteria. Our study highlights the potential confounding effect of host metabolic inhibitors on the pathogen and uncoupling of M. tuberculosis-inflammasome modulation from the host metabolic reprogramming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Isabel Fernandes
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Jorge Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diogo Silvério
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Doctoral Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ulrike Zedler
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carolina Ferreira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Iola F Duarte
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Silvestre
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Anca Dorhoi
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Margarida Saraiva
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Liang Y, Bueler SA, Cook GM, Rubinstein JL. Structure of Mycobacterial NDH-2 Bound to a 2-Mercapto-Quinazolinone Inhibitor. J Med Chem 2025; 68:7579-7591. [PMID: 40117195 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2025]
Abstract
Mycobacterial type II NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2) is a promising drug target because of its central role in energy metabolism in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other pathogens, and because it lacks a known mammalian homologue. To facilitate optimization of lead compounds, we used electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) to determine the structure of NDH-2 from Mycobacterium smegmatis, a fast-growing nonpathogenic model for respiration in M. tuberculosis. The structure shows that active mycobacterial NDH-2 is dimeric, with an arrangement of monomers in the dimer that differs from the arrangement described for other prokaryotic NDH-2 dimers, instead resembling dimers formed by NDH-2 in the eukaryotes Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Plasmodium falciparum. A structure of the enzyme bound to a 2-mercapto-quinazolinone inhibitor shows that the compound interacts directly with the flavin adenine dinucleotide cofactor, blocking the menaquinone-reducing site. These results reveal structural elements of NDH-2 that could be used to design specific inhibitors of the mycobacterial enzyme.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Liang
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Stephanie A Bueler
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - John L Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Di Trani JM, Yu J, Courbon GM, Lobez Rodriguez AP, Cheung CY, Liang Y, Coupland CE, Bueler SA, Cook GM, Brzezinski P, Rubinstein JL. Cryo-EM of native membranes reveals an intimate connection between the Krebs cycle and aerobic respiration in mycobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2025; 122:e2423761122. [PMID: 39969994 PMCID: PMC11874196 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2423761122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2025] [Indexed: 02/21/2025] Open
Abstract
To investigate the structure of the mycobacterial oxidative phosphorylation machinery, we prepared inverted membrane vesicles from Mycobacterium smegmatis, enriched for vesicles containing complexes of interest, and imaged the vesicles with electron cryomicroscopy. We show that this analysis allows determination of the structure of both mycobacterial ATP synthase and the supercomplex of respiratory complexes III and IV in their native membrane. The latter structure reveals that the enzyme malate:quinone oxidoreductase (Mqo) physically associates with the respiratory supercomplex, an interaction that is lost on extraction of the proteins from the lipid bilayer. Mqo catalyzes an essential reaction in the Krebs cycle, and in vivo survival of mycobacterial pathogens is compromised when its activity is absent. We show with high-speed spectroscopy that the Mqo:supercomplex interaction enables rapid electron transfer from malate to the supercomplex. Further, the respiratory supercomplex is necessary for malate-driven, but not NADH-driven, electron transport chain activity and oxygen consumption. Together, these findings indicate a connection between the Krebs cycle and aerobic respiration that directs electrons along a single branch of the mycobacterial electron transport chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Di Trani
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jiacheng Yu
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Gautier M. Courbon
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Ana Paula Lobez Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, StockholmSE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
| | - Yingke Liang
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Claire E. Coupland
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Bueler
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Gregory M. Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin9016, New Zealand
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD4000, Australia
| | - Peter Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The Arrhenius Laboratories for Natural Sciences, Stockholm University, StockholmSE-106 91, Sweden
| | - John L. Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ONM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ONM5G 1L7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Azarkina NV. Requirement of Bacillus subtilis succinate:menaquinone oxidoreductase activity for membrane energization depends on the direction of catalysis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2025; 1866:149522. [PMID: 39521199 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2024] [Revised: 10/03/2024] [Accepted: 11/04/2024] [Indexed: 11/16/2024]
Abstract
Succinate:quinone oxidoreductases (SQR) from Bacilli catalyze reduction of menaquinone by succinate, as well as the reverse reaction. The direct activity is energetically unfavorable and lost upon ΔμН+ dissipation, thus suggesting ΔμН+ to be consumed during catalysis. Paradoxically, the generation of ΔμН+ upon fumarate reduction was never confirmed. Thus, the exact role of ΔμН+ in the operation of bacillary-type SQRs remained questionable. The purpose of this work was to clarify this issue. We have described the different operating modes of the membrane-bound SQR from Bacillus subtilis. Tightly coupled membrane vesicles from both wild-type cells and the mutant containing cytochrome bd as the only terminal oxidase were studied. This made it possible to compare the respiratory chains with 2 versus 1H+/e- stoichiometry of ΔμН+ generation. Direct and reverse activities of SQR were determined under either energized or deenergized conditions. The wild-type membranes demonstrated high succinate oxidase activity very sensitive to uncoupling. On the contrary, the mutant showed extremely low succinate oxidase activity resistant to uncoupling. ΔμН+ generation at the cost of ATP hydrolysis restored the uncoupling sensitive succinate respiration in the mutant. Membranes of the both types effectively reduced fumarate by menaquinol. This activity was not affected by energization or uncoupling, neither it was followed by ΔμН+ generation. Thus, B. subtilis SQR demonstrates two regimes: ΔμН+-coupled and not coupled. This behavior can be explained by assuming the presence of two menaquinone binding sites which drastically differ in affinity for the oxidized and reduced substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Azarkina
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow State University, Vorobjovy Gory, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matar IK, Dong Z, Matta CF. Exploring the Chemical Space of Mycobacterial Oxidative Phosphorylation Inhibitors Using Molecular Modeling. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202400303. [PMID: 39302818 PMCID: PMC11581423 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202400303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
Mycobacteria are opportunistic intracellular pathogens that have plagued humans and other animals throughout history and still are today. They manipulate and hijack phagocytic cells of immune systems, enabling them to occupy this peculiar infection niche. Mycobacteria exploit a plethora of mechanisms to resist antimicrobials (e. g., waxy cell walls, efflux pumps, target modification, biofilms, etc.) thereby evolving into superbugs, such as extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR TB) bacilli and the emerging pathogenic Mycobacterium abscessus complex. This review summarizes the mechanisms of action of some of the surging antimycobacterial strategies. Exploiting the fact that mycobacteria are obligate aerobes and the differences between their oxidative phosphorylation pathways versus their human counterpart opens a promising avenue for drug discovery. The polymorphism of respiratory complexes across mycobacterial pathogens imposes challenges on the repositioning of antimycobacterial agents to battle the rise in nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. In silico strategies exploiting mycobacterial respiratory machinery data to design novel therapeutic agents are touched upon. The potential druggability of mycobacterial respiratory elements is reviewed. Future research addressing the health challenges associated with mycobacterial pathogens is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Islam K. Matar
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University923 Robie StreetB3H 3C3Halifax, NSCanada
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsMount Saint Vincent University166 Bedford HighwayB3M 2J6Halifax, NSCanada
| | - Zhongmin Dong
- Department of BiologySaint Mary's University923 Robie StreetB3H 3C3Halifax, NSCanada
| | - Chérif F. Matta
- Department of ChemistrySaint Mary's University923 Robie StreetB3H 3C3Halifax, NSCanada
- Department of Chemistry and PhysicsMount Saint Vincent University166 Bedford HighwayB3M 2J6Halifax, NSCanada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhou S, Liu D, Fan K, Liu H, Zhang XD. Atomic-level design of biomimetic iron-sulfur clusters for biocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:18644-18665. [PMID: 39257356 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr02883j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Designing biomimetic materials with high activity and customized biological functions by mimicking the central structure of biomolecules has become an important avenue for the development of medical materials. As an essential electron carrier, the iron-sulfur (Fe-S) clusters have the advantages of simple structure and high electron transport capacity. To rationally design and accurately construct functional materials, it is crucial to clarify the electronic structure and conformational relationships of Fe-S clusters. However, due to the complex catalytic mechanism and synthetic process in vitro, it is hard to reveal the structure-activity relationship of Fe-S clusters accurately. This review introduces the main structural types of Fe-S clusters and their catalytic mechanisms first. Then, several typical structural design strategies of biomimetic Fe-S clusters are systematically introduced. Furthermore, the development of Fe-S clusters in the biocatalytic field is enumerated, including tumor treatment, antibacterial, virus inhibition and plant photoprotection. Finally, the problems and development directions of Fe-S clusters are summarized. This review aims to guide people to accurately understand and regulate the electronic structure of Fe-S at the atomic level, which is of great significance for designing biomimetic materials with specific functions and expanding their applications in biocatalysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sufei Zhou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Di Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Kelong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Drugs, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Haile Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Security and Water Environment Protection in Plateau Intersection (NWNU), Ministry of Education; Key Lab of Bioelectrochemistry and Environmental Analysis of Gansu Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neuroengineering, Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Department of Physics and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Materials Physics and Preparing Technology, School of Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Adolph C, Hards K, Williams ZC, Cheung CY, Keighley LM, Jowsey WJ, Kyte M, Inaoka DK, Kita K, Mackenzie JS, Steyn AJC, Li Z, Yan M, Tian GB, Zhang T, Ding X, Furkert DP, Brimble MA, Hickey AJR, McNeil MB, Cook GM. Identification of Chemical Scaffolds That Inhibit the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Respiratory Complex Succinate Dehydrogenase. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:3496-3515. [PMID: 39268963 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a significant cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality for which new antimicrobials are urgently needed. Inhibitors of mycobacterial respiratory energy metabolism have emerged as promising next-generation antimicrobials, but a number of targets remain unexplored. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), a focal point in mycobacterial central carbon metabolism and respiratory energy production, is required for growth and survival in M. tuberculosis under a number of conditions, highlighting the potential of inhibitors targeting mycobacterial SDH enzymes. To advance SDH as a novel drug target in M. tuberculosis, we utilized a combination of biochemical screening and in-silico deep learning technologies to identify multiple chemical scaffolds capable of inhibiting mycobacterial SDH activity. Antimicrobial susceptibility assays show that lead inhibitors are bacteriostatic agents with activity against wild-type and drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Mode of action studies on lead compounds demonstrate that the specific inhibition of SDH activity dysregulates mycobacterial metabolism and respiration and results in the secretion of intracellular succinate. Interaction assays demonstrate that the chemical inhibition of SDH activity potentiates the activity of other bioenergetic inhibitors and prevents the emergence of resistance to a variety of drugs. Overall, this study shows that SDH inhibitors are promising next-generation antimicrobials against M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Zoe C Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Laura M Keighley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - William J Jowsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Matson Kyte
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Daniel Ken Inaoka
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Department of Molecular Infection Dynamics, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
- Department of Host-Defence Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Jared S Mackenzie
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
- Centres for AIDS Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United States
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ming Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guo-Bao Tian
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- Advanced Medical Technology Centre, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Diseases Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Xiaobo Ding
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Daniel P Furkert
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J R Hickey
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory on Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Adolph C, Cheung CY, McNeil MB, Jowsey WJ, Williams ZC, Hards K, Harold LK, Aboelela A, Bujaroski RS, Buckley BJ, Tyndall JDA, Li Z, Langer JD, Preiss L, Meier T, Steyn AJC, Rhee KY, Berney M, Kelso MJ, Cook GM. A dual-targeting succinate dehydrogenase and F 1F o-ATP synthase inhibitor rapidly sterilizes replicating and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2024; 31:683-698.e7. [PMID: 38151019 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterial bioenergetics is a validated target space for antitubercular drug development. Here, we identify BB2-50F, a 6-substituted 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride derivative as a potent, multi-targeting bioenergetic inhibitor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. We show that BB2-50F rapidly sterilizes both replicating and non-replicating cultures of M. tuberculosis and synergizes with several tuberculosis drugs. Target identification experiments, supported by docking studies, showed that BB2-50F targets the membrane-embedded c-ring of the F1Fo-ATP synthase and the catalytic subunit (substrate-binding site) of succinate dehydrogenase. Biochemical assays and metabolomic profiling showed that BB2-50F inhibits succinate oxidation, decreases the activity of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and results in succinate secretion from M. tuberculosis. Moreover, we show that the lethality of BB2-50F under aerobic conditions involves the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Overall, this study identifies BB2-50F as an effective inhibitor of M. tuberculosis and highlights that targeting multiple components of the mycobacterial respiratory chain can produce fast-acting antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cara Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Matthew B McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - William J Jowsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand
| | - Zoe C Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Kiel Hards
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Liam K Harold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Ashraf Aboelela
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Richard S Bujaroski
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Benjamin J Buckley
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Joel D A Tyndall
- School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Julian D Langer
- Proteomics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Preiss
- Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 3, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Meier
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Private University in the Principality of Liechtenstein, Triesen, Liechtenstein
| | - Adrie J C Steyn
- Africa Health Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, KwaZulu, Natal, South Africa; Department of Microbiology, Centers for AIDs Research and Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Kyu Y Rhee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Michael Berney
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael J Kelso
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Gregory M Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand; Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1042, New Zealand.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shleeva MO, Linge IA, Gligonov IA, Vostroknutova GN, Shashin DM, Tsedilin AM, Apt AS, Kaprelyants AS, Savitsky AP. Acquiring of photosensitivity by Mycobacterium tuberculosis in vitro and inside infected macrophages is associated with accumulation of endogenous Zn-porphyrins. Sci Rep 2024; 14:846. [PMID: 38191600 PMCID: PMC10774309 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is able to transition into a dormant state, causing the latent state of tuberculosis. Dormant mycobacteria acquire resistance to all known antibacterial drugs and can survive in the human body for decades before becoming active. In the dormant forms of M. tuberculosis, the synthesis of porphyrins and its Zn-complexes significantly increased when 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) was added to the growth medium. Transcriptome analysis revealed an activation of 8 genes involved in the metabolism of tetrapyrroles during the Mtb transition into a dormant state, which may lead to the observed accumulation of free porphyrins. Dormant Mtb viability was reduced by more than 99.99% under illumination for 30 min (300 J/cm2) with 565 nm light that correspond for Zn-porphyrin and coproporphyrin absorptions. We did not observe any PDI effect in vitro using active bacteria grown without ALA. However, after accumulation of active cells in lung macrophages and their persistence within macrophages for several days in the presence of ALA, a significant sensitivity of active Mtb cells (ca. 99.99%) to light exposure was developed. These findings create a perspective for the treatment of latent and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis by the eradication of the pathogen in order to prevent recurrence of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margarita O Shleeva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Irina A Linge
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivan A Gligonov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina N Vostroknutova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis M Shashin
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey M Tsedilin
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander S Apt
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, Central Tuberculosis Research Institute, Moscow, Russia
| | - Arseny S Kaprelyants
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander P Savitsky
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhu C, Shi Y, Yu J, Zhao W, Li L, Liang J, Yang X, Zhang B, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Chen X, Yang X, Zhang L, Guddat LW, Liu L, Yang H, Rao Z, Li J. Cryo-EM structures of a prokaryotic heme transporter CydDC. Protein Cell 2023; 14:919-923. [PMID: 37144855 PMCID: PMC10691846 DOI: 10.1093/procel/pwad022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yanfeng Shi
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenhao Zhao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lingqiao Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jingxi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Xiaolin Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yao Zhao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaobo Chen
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiuna Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| | - Haitao Yang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- Innovative Center for Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, Shenzhen 518112, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Iverson TM, Singh PK, Cecchini G. An evolving view of complex II-noncanonical complexes, megacomplexes, respiration, signaling, and beyond. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104761. [PMID: 37119852 PMCID: PMC10238741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial complex II is traditionally studied for its participation in two key respiratory processes: the electron transport chain and the Krebs cycle. There is now a rich body of literature explaining how complex II contributes to respiration. However, more recent research shows that not all of the pathologies associated with altered complex II activity clearly correlate with this respiratory role. Complex II activity has now been shown to be necessary for a range of biological processes peripherally related to respiration, including metabolic control, inflammation, and cell fate. Integration of findings from multiple types of studies suggests that complex II both participates in respiration and controls multiple succinate-dependent signal transduction pathways. Thus, the emerging view is that the true biological function of complex II is well beyond respiration. This review uses a semichronological approach to highlight major paradigm shifts that occurred over time. Special emphasis is given to the more recently identified functions of complex II and its subunits because these findings have infused new directions into an established field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T M Iverson
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Departments of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.
| | - Prashant K Singh
- Departments of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gary Cecchini
- Molecular Biology Division, San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA; Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Han F, Hu Y, Wu M, He Z, Tian H, Zhou L. Structures of Tetrahymena thermophila respiratory megacomplexes on the tubular mitochondrial cristae. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2542. [PMID: 37248254 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Tetrahymena thermophila, a classic ciliate model organism, has been shown to possess tubular mitochondrial cristae and highly divergent electron transport chain involving four transmembrane protein complexes (I-IV). Here we report cryo-EM structures of its ~8 MDa megacomplex IV2 + (I + III2 + II)2, as well as a ~ 10.6 MDa megacomplex (IV2 + I + III2 + II)2 at lower resolution. In megacomplex IV2 + (I + III2 + II)2, each CIV2 protomer associates one copy of supercomplex I + III2 and one copy of CII, forming a half ring-shaped architecture that adapts to the membrane curvature of mitochondrial cristae. Megacomplex (IV2 + I + III2 + II)2 defines the relative position between neighbouring half rings and maintains the proximity between CIV2 and CIII2 cytochrome c binding sites. Our findings expand the current understanding of divergence in eukaryotic electron transport chain organization and how it is related to mitochondrial morphology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhu Han
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Yiqi Hu
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Mengchen Wu
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Zhaoxiang He
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Hongtao Tian
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Department of Biophysics, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
- Department of Critical Care Medicine of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Du Z, Zhou X, Lai Y, Xu J, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Feng Z, Yu L, Tang Y, Wang W, Yu L, Tian C, Ran T, Chen H, Guddat LW, Liu F, Gao Y, Rao Z, Gong H. Structure of the human respiratory complex II. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216713120. [PMID: 37098072 PMCID: PMC10161127 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216713120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Human complex II is a key protein complex that links two essential energy-producing processes: the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Deficiencies due to mutagenesis have been shown to cause mitochondrial disease and some types of cancers. However, the structure of this complex is yet to be resolved, hindering a comprehensive understanding of the functional aspects of this molecular machine. Here, we have determined the structure of human complex II in the presence of ubiquinone at 2.86 Å resolution by cryoelectron microscopy, showing it comprises two water-soluble subunits, SDHA and SDHB, and two membrane-spanning subunits, SDHC and SDHD. This structure allows us to propose a route for electron transfer. In addition, clinically relevant mutations are mapped onto the structure. This mapping provides a molecular understanding to explain why these variants have the potential to produce disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanqiang Du
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Xiaoting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation and Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Yuezheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Jinxu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Shan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Ziyan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Long Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Yanting Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lu Yu
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Changlin Tian
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Ting Ran
- Innovative Center For Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Hongming Chen
- Innovative Center For Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Luke W Guddat
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Fengjiang Liu
- Innovative Center For Pathogen Research, Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou 510005, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zihe Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongri Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300353, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kelam LM, Wani MA, Dhaked DK. An update on ATP synthase inhibitors: A unique target for drug development in M. tuberculosis. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 180-181:87-104. [PMID: 37105260 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2023.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
ATP synthase is a key protein in the oxidative phosphorylation process, as it aids in the effective production of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) in all life's of kingdoms. ATP synthases have distinctive properties that contribute to efficient ATP synthesis. The ATP synthase of mycobacterium is of special relevance since it has been identified as a target for potential anti-TB molecules, especially Bedaquiline (BDQ). Better knowledge of how mycobacterial ATP synthase functions and its peculiar characteristics will aid in our understanding of bacterial energy metabolism adaptations. Furthermore, identifying and understanding the important distinctions between human ATP synthase and bacterial ATP synthase may provide insight into the design and development of inhibitors that target specific ATP synthase. In recent years, many potential candidates targeting the ATP synthase of mycobacterium have been developed. In this review, we discuss the druggable targets of the Electron transport chain (ETC) and recently identified potent inhibitors (including clinical molecules) from 2015 to 2022 of diverse classes that target ATP synthase of M. tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Mounika Kelam
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad Wani
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India
| | - Devendra K Dhaked
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER)-Kolkata, Chunilal Bhawan, 168 Maniktala Main Road, Kolkata, 700054, West Bengal, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Liang Y, Plourde A, Bueler SA, Liu J, Brzezinski P, Vahidi S, Rubinstein JL. Structure of mycobacterial respiratory complex I. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2214949120. [PMID: 36952383 PMCID: PMC10068793 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2214949120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation, the combined activity of the electron transport chain (ETC) and adenosine triphosphate synthase, has emerged as a valuable target for the treatment of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria. The mycobacterial ETC is highly branched with multiple dehydrogenases transferring electrons to a membrane-bound pool of menaquinone and multiple oxidases transferring electrons from the pool. The proton-pumping type I nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase (Complex I) is found in low abundance in the plasma membranes of mycobacteria in typical in vitro culture conditions and is often considered dispensable. We found that growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis in carbon-limited conditions greatly increased the abundance of Complex I and allowed isolation of a rotenone-sensitive preparation of the enzyme. Determination of the structure of the complex by cryoEM revealed the "orphan" two-component response regulator protein MSMEG_2064 as a subunit of the assembly. MSMEG_2064 in the complex occupies a site similar to the proposed redox-sensing subunit NDUFA9 in eukaryotic Complex I. An apparent purine nucleoside triphosphate within the NuoG subunit resembles the GTP-derived molybdenum cofactor in homologous formate dehydrogenase enzymes. The membrane region of the complex binds acyl phosphatidylinositol dimannoside, a characteristic three-tailed lipid from the mycobacterial membrane. The structure also shows menaquinone, which is preferentially used over ubiquinone by gram-positive bacteria, in two different positions along the quinone channel, comparable to ubiquinone in other structures and suggesting a conserved quinone binding mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Liang
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, TorontoM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, TorontoM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alicia Plourde
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, TorontoN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Stephanie A. Bueler
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, TorontoM5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, TorontoM5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Peter Brzezinski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, SE-106 91Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Siavash Vahidi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, TorontoN1G 2W1, Canada
| | - John L. Rubinstein
- Molecular Medicine Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, TorontoM5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, TorontoM5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, TorontoM5G 1L7, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Karavaeva V, Sousa FL. Modular structure of complex II: An evolutionary perspective. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148916. [PMID: 36084748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2022.148916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Succinate dehydrogenases (SDHs) and fumarate reductases (FRDs) catalyse the interconversion of succinate and fumarate, a reaction highly conserved in all domains of life. The current classification of SDH/FRDs is based on the structure of the membrane anchor subunits and their cofactors. It is, however, unknown whether this classification would hold in the context of evolution. In this work, a large-scale comparative genomic analysis of complex II addresses the questions of its taxonomic distribution and phylogeny. Our findings report that for types C, D, and F, structural classification and phylogeny go hand in hand, while for types A, B and E the situation is more complex, highlighting the possibility for their classification into subgroups. Based on these findings, we proposed a revised version of the evolutionary scenario for these enzymes in which a primordial soluble module, corresponding to the cytoplasmatic subunits, would give rise to the current diversity via several independent membrane anchor attachment events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Val Karavaeva
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria
| | - Filipa L Sousa
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, University of Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030 Wien, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Akash S, Hossain A, Mukerjee N, Sarker MMR, Khan MF, Hossain MJ, Rashid MA, Kumer A, Ghosh A, León-Figueroa DA, Barboza JJ, Padhi BK, Sah R. Modified coptisine derivatives as an inhibitor against pathogenic Rhizomucor miehei, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (Black Fungus), Monkeypox, and Marburg virus by molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation-based drug design approach. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1140494. [PMID: 37153804 PMCID: PMC10154673 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1140494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
During the second phase of SARS-CoV-2, an unknown fungal infection, identified as black fungus, was transmitted to numerous people among the hospitalized COVID-19 patients and increased the death rate. The black fungus is associated with the Mycolicibacterium smegmatis, Mucor lusitanicus, and Rhizomucor miehei microorganisms. At the same time, other pathogenic diseases, such as the Monkeypox virus and Marburg virus, impacted global health. Policymakers are concerned about these pathogens due to their severe pathogenic capabilities and rapid spread. However, no standard therapies are available to manage and treat those conditions. Since the coptisine has significant antimicrobial, antiviral, and antifungal properties; therefore, the current investigation has been designed by modifying coptisine to identify an effective drug molecule against Black fungus, Monkeypox, and Marburg virus. After designing the derivatives of coptisine, they have been optimized to get a stable molecular structure. These ligands were then subjected to molecular docking study against two vital proteins obtained from black fungal pathogens: Rhizomucor miehei (PDB ID: 4WTP) and Mycolicibacterium smegmatis (PDB ID 7D6X), and proteins found in Monkeypox virus (PDB ID: 4QWO) and Marburg virus (PDB ID 4OR8). Following molecular docking, other computational investigations, such as ADMET, QSAR, drug-likeness, quantum calculation and molecular dynamics, were also performed to determine their potentiality as antifungal and antiviral inhibitors. The docking score reported that they have strong affinities against Black fungus, Monkeypox virus, and Marburg virus. Then, the molecular dynamic simulation was conducted to determine their stability and durability in the physiological system with water at 100 ns, which documented that the mentioned drugs were stable over the simulated time. Thus, our in silico investigation provides a preliminary report that coptisine derivatives are safe and potentially effective against Black fungus, Monkeypox virus, and Marburg virus. Hence, coptisine derivatives may be a prospective candidate for developing drugs against Black fungus, Monkeypox and Marburg viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shopnil Akash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arafat Hossain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Science and Technology University, Gopalganj, Bangladesh
| | - Nobendu Mukerjee
- Department of Microbiology, West Bengal State University, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
- Department of Health Sciences, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | - Md. Moklesur Rahman Sarker
- Health Med. Science Research Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Jamal Hossain
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad A. Rashid
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Laboratory of Computational Research for Drug Design and Material Science, Department of Chemistry, European University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Arabinda Ghosh
- Microbiology Division, Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | | | - Joshuan J. Barboza
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Trujillo, Peru
- *Correspondence: Joshuan J. Barboza, ; Ranjit Sah,
| | - Bijaya Kumar Padhi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Public Health, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal
- Dr. D.Y Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Pune, Maharashtra, India
- Green City Hospital, Tokha, Nepal
- *Correspondence: Joshuan J. Barboza, ; Ranjit Sah,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
McNeil MB, Cheung CY, Waller NJE, Adolph C, Chapman CL, Seeto NEJ, Jowsey W, Li Z, Hameed HMA, Zhang T, Cook GM. Uncovering interactions between mycobacterial respiratory complexes to target drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:980844. [PMID: 36093195 PMCID: PMC9461714 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.980844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a leading cause of infectious disease morbidity and mortality for which new drug combination therapies are needed. Mycobacterial bioenergetics has emerged as a promising space for the development of novel therapeutics. Further to this, unique combinations of respiratory inhibitors have been shown to have synergistic or synthetic lethal interactions, suggesting that combinations of bioenergetic inhibitors could drastically shorten treatment times. Realizing the full potential of this unique target space requires an understanding of which combinations of respiratory complexes, when inhibited, have the strongest interactions and potential in a clinical setting. In this review, we discuss (i) chemical-interaction, (ii) genetic-interaction and (iii) chemical-genetic interaction studies to explore the consequences of inhibiting multiple mycobacterial respiratory components. We provide potential mechanisms to describe the basis for the strongest interactions. Finally, whilst we place an emphasis on interactions that occur with existing bioenergetic inhibitors, by highlighting interactions that occur with alternative respiratory components we envision that this information will provide a rational to further explore alternative proteins as potential drug targets and as part of unique drug combinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. McNeil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins, Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Matthew B. McNeil, ; Gregory M. Cook,
| | - Chen-Yi Cheung
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Natalie J. E. Waller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cara Adolph
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Cassandra L. Chapman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Noon E. J. Seeto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - William Jowsey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Zhengqiu Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - H. M. Adnan Hameed
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- China-New Zealand Joint Laboratory of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health (GIBH), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Respiratory Infectious Diseases, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), Beijing, China
| | - Gregory M. Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Maurice Wilkins, Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- *Correspondence: Matthew B. McNeil, ; Gregory M. Cook,
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Maklashina E. Structural Insight into Evolution of the Quinone Binding Site in Complex II. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2022; 87:752-761. [PMID: 36171656 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297922080077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Complex II family encompasses membrane bound succinate:quinones reductases and quinol:fumarate reductases that catalyze interconversion of succinate and fumarate coupled with reduction and oxidation of quinone. These enzymes are found in all biological genres and share a modular structure where a highly conserved soluble domain is bound to a membrane-spanning domain that is represented by distinct variations. The current classification of the complex II family members is based on the number of subunits and co-factors in the membrane anchor (types A-F). This classification also provides insights into possible evolutionary paths and suggests that some of the complex II enzymes (types A-C) co-evolved as the whole assembly. Origin of complex II types D and F may have arisen from independent events of de novo association of the conserved soluble domain with a new anchor. Here we analyze a recent structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis Sdh2, a complex II enzyme with two transmembrane subunits and two heme b molecules. This analysis supports an earlier hypothesis suggesting that mitochondrial complex II (type C) with a single heme b may have evolved as an assembled unit from an ancestor similar to M. smegmatis Sdh2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Maklashina
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Impaired Succinate Oxidation Prevents Growth and Influences Drug Susceptibility in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2022; 13:e0167222. [PMID: 35856639 PMCID: PMC9426501 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01672-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Succinate is a major focal point in mycobacterial metabolism and respiration, serving as both an intermediate of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and a direct electron donor for the respiratory chain. Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes multiple enzymes predicted to be capable of catalyzing the oxidation of succinate to fumarate, including two different succinate dehydrogenases (Sdh1 and Sdh2) and a separate fumarate reductase (Frd) with possible bidirectional behavior. Previous attempts to investigate the essentiality of succinate oxidation in M. tuberculosis have relied on the use of single-gene deletion mutants, raising the possibility that the remaining enzymes could catalyze succinate oxidation in the absence of the other. To address this, we report on the use of mycobacterial CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) to construct single, double, and triple transcriptional knockdowns of sdhA1, sdhA2, and frdA in M. tuberculosis. We show that the simultaneous knockdown of sdhA1 and sdhA2 is required to prevent succinate oxidation and overcome the functional redundancy within these enzymes. Succinate oxidation was demonstrated to be essential for the optimal growth of M. tuberculosis, with the combined knockdown of sdhA1 and sdhA2 significantly impairing the activity of the respiratory chain and preventing growth on a range of carbon sources. Moreover, impaired succinate oxidation was shown to influence the activity of cell wall-targeting antibiotics and bioenergetic inhibitors against M. tuberculosis. Together, these data provide fundamental insights into mycobacterial physiology, energy metabolism, and antimicrobial susceptibility. IMPORTANCE New drugs are urgently required to combat the tuberculosis epidemic that claims 1.5 million lives annually. Inhibitors of mycobacterial energy metabolism have shown significant promise clinically; however, further advancing this nascent target space requires a more fundamental understanding of the respiratory enzymes and pathways used by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Succinate is a major focal point in mycobacterial metabolism and respiration; yet, the essentiality of succinate oxidation and the consequences of inhibiting this process are poorly defined. In this study, we demonstrate that impaired succinate oxidation prevents the optimal growth of M. tuberculosis on a range of carbon sources and significantly reduces the activity of the electron transport chain. Moreover, we show that impaired succinate oxidation both positively and negatively influences the activity of a variety of antituberculosis drugs. Combined, these findings provide fundamental insights into mycobacterial physiology and drug susceptibility that will be useful in the continued development of bioenergetic inhibitors.
Collapse
|
21
|
Anand P, Akhter Y. A review on enzyme complexes of electron transport chain from Mycobacterium tuberculosis as promising drug targets. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 212:474-494. [PMID: 35613677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Energy metabolism is a universal process occurring in all life forms. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), energy production is carried out in two possible ways, oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) and substrate-level phosphorylation. Mtb is an obligate aerobic bacterium, making it dependent on OxPhos for ATP synthesis and growth. Mtb inhabits varied micro-niches during the infection cycle, outside and within the host cells, which alters its primary metabolic pathways during the pathogenesis. In this review, we discuss cellular respiration in the context of the mechanism and structural importance of the proteins and enzyme complexes involved. These protein-protein complexes have been proven to be essential for Mtb virulence as they aid the bacteria's survival during aerobic and hypoxic conditions. ATP synthase, a crucial component of the electron transport chain, has been in the limelight, as a prominent drug target against tuberculosis. Likewise, in this review, we have explored other protein-protein complexes of the OxPhos pathway, their functional essentiality, and their mechanism in Mtb's diverse lifecycle. The review summarises crucial target proteins and reported inhibitors of the electron transport chain pathway of Mtb.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Anand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India
| | - Yusuf Akhter
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226025, India.
| |
Collapse
|