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Marafini I, Monteleone I, Laudisi F, Monteleone G. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Signalling in the Control of Gut Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4527. [PMID: 38674118 PMCID: PMC11050475 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a transcription factor activated by many natural and synthetic ligands, represents an important mediator of the interplay between the environment and the host's immune responses. In a healthy gut, AHR activation promotes tolerogenic signals, which help maintain mucosal homeostasis. AHR expression is defective in the inflamed gut of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), where decreased AHR signaling is supposed to contribute to amplifying the gut tissue's destructive immune-inflammatory responses. We here review the evidence supporting the role of AHR in controlling the "physiological" intestinal inflammation and summarize the data about the therapeutic effects of AHR activators, both in preclinical mouse models of colitis and in patients with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Marafini
- Gastroenterology Unit, Policlinico Universitario Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Ivan Monteleone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Federica Laudisi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Monteleone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Policlinico Universitario Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of “Tor Vergata”, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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I Kutyavin V, Korn LL, Medzhitov R. Nutrient-derived signals regulate eosinophil adaptation to the small intestine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316446121. [PMID: 38271336 PMCID: PMC10835075 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316446121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are well recognized as effector cells of type 2 immunity, yet they also accumulate in many tissues under homeostatic conditions. However, the processes that govern homeostatic eosinophil accumulation and tissue-specific adaptation, and their functional significance, remain poorly defined. Here, we investigated how eosinophils adapt to the small intestine (SI) microenvironment and the local signals that regulate this process. We observed that eosinophils gradually migrate along the crypt-villus axis, giving rise to a villus-resident subpopulation with a distinct transcriptional signature. Retinoic acid signaling was specifically required for maintenance of this subpopulation, while IL-5 was largely dispensable outside of its canonical role in eosinophil production. Surprisingly, we found that a high-protein diet suppressed the accumulation of villus-resident eosinophils. Purified amino acids were sufficient for this effect, which was a consequence of accelerated eosinophil turnover within the tissue microenvironment and was not due to altered development in the bone marrow. Our study provides insight into the process of eosinophil adaptation to the SI, highlighting its reliance on nutrient-derived signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassily I Kutyavin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Lisa L Korn
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- Department of Medicine (Rheumatology), Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
- HHMI, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Li Y, Liu S, Zhou K, Wang Y, Chen Y, Hu W, Li S, Li H, Wang Y, Wang Q, He D, Xu H. Neuromedin U programs eosinophils to promote mucosal immunity of the small intestine. Science 2023; 381:1189-1196. [PMID: 37708282 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Eosinophils are granulocytes that play an essential role in type 2 immunity and regulate multiple homeostatic processes in the small intestine (SI). However, the signals that regulate eosinophil activity in the SI at steady state remain poorly understood. Through transcriptome profiling of eosinophils from various mouse tissues, we found that a subset of SI eosinophils expressed neuromedin U (NMU) receptor 1 (NMUR1). Fate-mapping analyses showed that NMUR1 expression in SI eosinophils was programmed by the local microenvironment and further enhanced by inflammation. Genetic perturbation and eosinophil-organoid coculture experiments revealed that NMU-mediated eosinophil activation promotes goblet cell differentiation. Thus, NMU regulates epithelial cell differentiation and barrier immunity by stimulating NMUR1-expressing eosinophils in the SI, which highlights the importance of neuroimmune-epithelial cross-talk in maintaining tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaorui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Kewen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuyan Li
- Department of Nursing, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qiuying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Danyang He
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
- Laboratory of Systems Immunology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, Zhejiang, China
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Huang Z, de Vries S, Fogliano V, Wells JM, van der Wielen N, Capuano E. Effect of whole foods on the microbial production of tryptophan-derived aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in growing pigs. Food Chem 2023; 416:135804. [PMID: 36893645 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Effects of whole foods on the microbial production of tryptophan-derived aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands in the intestine were investigated in a pig model. Ileal digesta and faeces of pigs after feeding of eighteen different foods were analyzed. Indole, indole-3-propionic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, indole-3-lactic acid, kynurenine, tryptamine, and indole-3-aldehyde were identified in ileal digesta, which were also identified in faeces but at higher concentrations except indole-3-lactic acid, together with skatole, oxindole, serotonin, and indoleacrylic acid. The panel of tryptophan catabolites in ileal digesta and faeces varied across different foods. Eggs induced the highest overall concentration of catabolites in ileal digesta dominated by indole. Amaranth induced the highest overall concentration of catabolites in faeces dominated by skatole. Using a reporter cell line, we observed many faecal samples but not ileal samples retained AhR activity. Collectively, these findings contribute to food selection targeting AhR ligands production from dietary tryptophan in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Huang
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Sonja de Vries
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jerry M Wells
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nikkie van der Wielen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands; Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edoardo Capuano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Radtke D, Voehringer D. Granulocyte development, tissue recruitment, and function during allergic inflammation. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2249977. [PMID: 36929502 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202249977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Granulocytes provide a fast innate response to pathogens and allergens. In allergy and anti-helminth immunity, epithelial cells of damaged barriers release alarmins like IL-25, IL-33, and thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) but also chemokines like CXCL1 or CCL11 to promote cell recruitment and inflammation. In addition, mast cells positioned at barrier tissue sites also quickly release mediators upon specifically sensing antigens through IgE bound to FcεR1 on their surface. Released mediators induce the recruitment of different granulocytes in a timely ordered manner. First, neutrophils extravasate from the blood vasculature to the side of alarmin release and promote a potent inflammatory response. Alarmins and activated mast cells further promote activation of ILC2s and recruitment of basophils and eosinophils, which inhibit neutrophil recruitment and enhance tissue type 2 immunity. In addition to their potent pro-inflammatory effector functions, granulocytes can also contribute to termination and resolution of inflammation. Here, we summarize the development and tissue recruitment of granulocyte subsets, and describe general effector functions and aspects of their increasingly appreciated role in limiting tissue damage. We further discuss targeting approaches for therapeutic interventions in allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Radtke
- Department of Infection Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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