1
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Ishaqat A, Hahmann J, Lin C, Zhang X, He C, Rath WH, Habib P, Sahnoun SEM, Rahimi K, Vinokur R, Mottaghy FM, Göstl R, Bartneck M, Herrmann A. In Vivo Polymer Mechanochemistry with Polynucleotides. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2403752. [PMID: 38804595 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry utilizes mechanical force to activate latent functionalities in macromolecules and widely relies on ultrasonication techniques. Fundamental constraints of frequency and power intensity have prohibited the application of the polymer mechanochemistry principles in a biomedical context up to now, although medical ultrasound is a clinically established modality. Here, a universal polynucleotide framework is presented that allows the binding and release of therapeutic oligonucleotides, both DNA- and RNA-based, as cargo by biocompatible medical imaging ultrasound. It is shown that the high molar mass, colloidal assembly, and a distinct mechanochemical mechanism enable the force-induced release of cargo and subsequent activation of biological function in vitro and in vivo. Thereby, this work introduces a platform for the exploration of biological questions and therapeutics development steered by mechanical force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Ishaqat
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hahmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cheng Lin
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Rheumatology and Shanghai Institute of Rheumatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No. 1630 Dongfang Road, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhang
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chuanjiang He
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang H Rath
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Pardes Habib
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA
| | - Sabri E M Sahnoun
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Khosrow Rahimi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rostislav Vinokur
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix M Mottaghy
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), P. Debyelaan 25, Maastricht, 6229 HX, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, University of Wuppertal, Gaußstraße 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstraße 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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2
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Fu X, Hu X. Ultrasound-Controlled Prodrug Activation: Emerging Strategies in Polymer Mechanochemistry and Sonodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024. [PMID: 38698527 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.4c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound has gained prominence in biomedical applications due to its noninvasive nature and ability to penetrate deep tissue with spatial and temporal resolution. The burgeoning field of ultrasound-responsive prodrug systems exploits the mechanical and chemical effects of ultrasonication for the controlled activation of prodrugs. In polymer mechanochemistry, materials scientists exploit the sonomechanical effect of acoustic cavitation to mechanochemically activate force-sensitive prodrugs. On the other hand, researchers in the field of sonodynamic therapy adopt fundamentally distinct methodologies, utilizing the sonochemical effect (e.g., generation of reactive oxygen species) of ultrasound in the presence of sonosensitizers to induce chemical transformations that activate prodrugs. This cross-disciplinary review comprehensively examines these two divergent yet interrelated approaches, both of which originated from acoustic cavitation. It highlights molecular and materials design strategies and potential applications in diverse therapeutic contexts, from chemotherapy to immunotherapy and gene therapy methods, and discusses future directions in this rapidly advancing domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuancheng Fu
- Department of Chemistry, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Department of Chemistry, BioInspired Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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3
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Sun Y, Neary WJ, Huang X, Kouznetsova TB, Ouchi T, Kevlishvili I, Wang K, Chen Y, Kulik HJ, Craig SL, Moore JS. A Thermally Stable SO 2-Releasing Mechanophore: Facile Activation, Single-Event Spectroscopy, and Molecular Dynamic Simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10943-10952. [PMID: 38581383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising candidates as next-generation on-demand delivery systems. Despite advancements in the development of mechanophores for releasing diverse payloads through careful molecular design, the availability of scaffolds capable of discharging biomedically significant cargos in substantial quantities remains scarce. In this report, we detail a nonscissile mechanophore built from an 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 8,8-dioxide (TBO) motif that releases one equivalent of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from each repeat unit. The TBO mechanophore exhibits high thermal stability but is activated mechanochemically using solution ultrasonication in either organic solvent or aqueous media with up to 63% efficiency, equating to 206 molecules of SO2 released per 143.3 kDa chain. We quantified the mechanochemical reactivity of TBO by single-molecule force spectroscopy and resolved its single-event activation. The force-coupled rate constant for TBO opening reaches ∼9.0 s-1 at ∼1520 pN, and each reaction of a single TBO domain releases a stored length of ∼0.68 nm. We investigated the mechanism of TBO activation using ab initio steered molecular dynamic simulations and rationalized the observed stereoselectivity. These comprehensive studies of the TBO mechanophore provide a mechanically coupled mechanism of multi-SO2 release from one polymer chain, facilitating the translation of polymer mechanochemistry to potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kecheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yingying Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Hahmann J, Ishaqat A, Lammers T, Herrmann A. Sonogenetics for Monitoring and Modulating Biomolecular Function by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202317112. [PMID: 38197549 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202317112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasound technology, synergistically harnessed with genetic engineering and chemistry concepts, has started to open the gateway to the remarkable realm of sonogenetics-a pioneering paradigm for remotely orchestrating cellular functions at the molecular level. This fusion not only enables precisely targeted imaging and therapeutic interventions, but also advances our comprehension of mechanobiology to unparalleled depths. Sonogenetic tools harness mechanical force within small tissue volumes while preserving the integrity of the surrounding physiological environment, reaching depths of up to tens of centimeters with high spatiotemporal precision. These capabilities circumvent the inherent physical limitations of alternative in vivo control methods such as optogenetics and magnetogenetics. In this review, we first discuss mechanosensitive ion channels, the most commonly utilized sonogenetic mediators, in both mammalian and non-mammalian systems. Subsequently, we provide a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art sonogenetic approaches that leverage thermal or mechanical features of ultrasonic waves. Additionally, we explore strategies centered around the design of mechanochemically reactive macromolecular systems. Furthermore, we delve into the realm of ultrasound imaging of biomolecular function, encompassing the utilization of gas vesicles and acoustic reporter genes. Finally, we shed light on limitations and challenges of sonogenetics and present a perspective on the future of this promising technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hahmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Aman Ishaqat
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging (ExMI), Center for Biohybrid Medical Systems (CBMS), RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Forckenbeckstr. 55, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck School Matter to Life, Jahnstr. 29, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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5
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Hu Y, Lin Y, Craig SL. Mechanically Triggered Polymer Deconstruction through Mechanoacid Generation and Catalytic Enol Ether Hydrolysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2876-2881. [PMID: 38265762 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that amplify a transient external stimulus into changes in their morphology, physical state, or properties continue to be desirable targets for a range of applications. Here, we report a polymer comprising an acid-sensitive, hydrolytically unstable enol ether backbone onto which is embedded gem-dichlorocyclopropane (gDCC) mechanophores through a single postsynthetic modification. The gDCC mechanophore releases HCl in response to large forces of tension along the polymer backbone, and the acid subsequently catalyzes polymer deconstruction at the enol ether sites. Pulsed sonication of a 61 kDa PDHF with 77% gDCC on the backbone in THF with 100 mM H2O for 10 min triggers the subsequent degradation of the polymer to a final molecular weight of less than 3 kDa after 24 h of standing, whereas controls lacking either the gDCC or the enol ether reach final molecular weights of 38 and 27 kDa, respectively. The process of sonication, along with the presence of water and the existence of gDCC on the backbone, significantly accelerates the rate of polymer chain deconstruction. Both acid generation and the resulting triggered polymer deconstruction are translated to bulk, cross-linked polymer networks. Networks formed via thiol-ene cross-linking and subjected to unconstrained quasi-static uniaxial compression dissolve on time scales that are at least 3 times faster than controls where the mechanophore is not covalently coupled to the network. We anticipate that this concept can be extended to other acid-sensitive polymer networks for the stress-responsive deconstruction of gels and solvent-free elastomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yangju Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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6
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Rath WH, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Mechanochemical Activation of DNAzyme by Ultrasound. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306236. [PMID: 38308193 PMCID: PMC10885644 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Controlling the activity of DNAzymes by external triggers is an important task. Here a temporal control over DNAzyme activity through a mechanochemical pathway with the help of ultrasound (US) is demonstrated. The deactivation of the DNAzyme is achieved by hybridization to a complementary strand generated through rolling circle amplification (RCA), an enzymatic polymerization process. Due to the high molar mass of the resulting polynucleic acids, shear force can be applied on the RCA strand through inertial cavitation induced by US. This exerts mechanical force and leads to the cleavage of the base pairing between RCA strand and DNAzyme, resulting in the recovery of DNAzyme activity. This is the first time that this release mechanism is applied for the activation of catalytic nucleic acids, and it has multiple advantages over other stimuli. US has higher penetration depth into tissues compared to light, and it offers a more specific stimulus than heat, which has also limited use in biological systems due to cell damage caused by hyperthermia. This approach is envisioned to improve the control over DNAzyme activity for the development of reliable and specific sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang H. Rath
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 252074AachenGermany
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
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7
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Tseng YL, Zeng T, Robb MJ. Incorporation of a self-immolative spacer enables mechanically triggered dual payload release. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1472-1479. [PMID: 38274055 PMCID: PMC10806706 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. While many different mechanophores have been developed that enable the triggered release of a variety of small molecule payloads, most mechanophores are limited to one specific payload molecule. Here, we leverage the unique fragmentation of a 5-aryloxy-substituted 2-furylcarbinol derivative to design a novel mechanophore capable of the mechanically triggered release of two distinct cargo molecules. Critical to the mechanophore design is the incorporation of a self-immolative spacer to facilitate the release of a second payload. By varying the relative positions of each cargo molecule conjugated to the mechanophore, dual payload release occurs either concurrently or sequentially, demonstrating the ability to fine-tune the release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Tseng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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8
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Zeng T, Ordner LA, Liu P, Robb MJ. Multimechanophore Polymers for Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release with Ultrahigh Payload Capacity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:95-100. [PMID: 38157405 PMCID: PMC10786027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising for a variety of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. While a number of mechanophores have been developed for the release of covalently bound payloads, existing strategies are either limited in cargo scope or, in the case of more general mechanophore designs, are restricted to the release of one or two cargo molecules per polymer chain. Herein, we introduce a nonscissile mechanophore based on a masked 2-furylcarbinol derivative that enables the preparation of multimechanophore polymers with ultrahigh payload capacity. We demonstrate that polymers prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization are capable of releasing hundreds of small-molecule payloads per polymer chain upon ultrasound-induced mechanochemical activation. This nonscissile masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore overcomes a major challenge in cargo loading capacity associated with previous 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore designs, enabling applications that benefit from much higher concentrations of delivered cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Liam A. Ordner
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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9
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Wang W, Shi Y, Chai W, Kevin Tang KW, Pyatnitskiy I, Xie Y, Liu X, He W, Jeong J, Hsieh JC, Lozano AR, Artman B, Henkelman G, Chen B, Wang H. Ultrasound programmable hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks for sono-chemogenetics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.08.570721. [PMID: 38106007 PMCID: PMC10723392 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.08.570721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The precise control of mechanochemical activation within deep tissues via non-invasive ultrasound holds profound implications for advancing our understanding of fundamental biomedical sciences and revolutionizing disease treatments. However, a theory-guided mechanoresponsive materials system with well-defined ultrasound activation has yet to be explored. Here we present the concept of using porous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) as toolkits for focused ultrasound programmably triggered drug activation to control specific cellular events in the deep brain, through on-demand scission of the supramolecular interactions. A theoretical model is developed to visualize the mechanochemical scission and ultrasound mechanics, providing valuable guidelines for the rational design of mechanoresponsive materials at the molecular level to achieve programmable and spatiotemporal activation control. To demonstrate the practicality of this approach, we encapsulate designer drug clozapine N-oxide (CNO) into the optimal HOF nanoparticles for FUS gated release to activate engineered G-protein-coupled receptors in the mice and rat ventral tegmental area (VTA), and hence achieved targeted neural circuits modulation even at depth 9 mm with a latency of seconds. This work demonstrates the capability of ultrasound to precisely control molecular interaction and develops ultrasound programmable HOFs to minimally invasive and spatiotemporally control cellular events, thereby facilitating the establishment of precise molecular therapeutic possibilities. We anticipate that this research could serve as a source of inspiration for precise and non-invasive molecular manipulation techniques, potentially applicable in programming molecular robots to achieve sophisticated control over cellular events in deep tissues.
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