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Hawes MC, Curlango-Rivera G, Wen F, White GJ, Vanetten HD, Xiong Z. Extracellular DNA: the tip of root defenses? PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 180:741-5. [PMID: 21497709 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses how extracellular DNA (exDNA) might function in plant defense, and at what level(s) of innate immunity this process might operate. A new role for extracellular factors in mammalian defense has been described in a series of studies. These studies reveal that cells including neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells produce 'extracellular traps' (ETs) consisting of histone-linked exDNA. When pathogens are attracted to such ETs, they are trapped and killed. When the exDNA component of ETs is degraded, trapping is impaired and resistance against invasion is reduced. Conversely, mutation of microbial genes encoding exDNases that degrade exDNA results in loss of virulence. This discovery that exDNases are virulence factors opens new avenues for disease control. In plants, exDNA is required for defense of the root tip. Innate immunity-related proteins are among a group of >100 proteins secreted from the root cap and root border cell populations. Direct tests revealed that exDNA also is rapidly synthesized and exported from the root tip. When this exDNA is degraded by the endonuclease DNase 1, root tip resistance to fungal infection is lost; when the polymeric structure is degraded more slowly, by the exonuclease BAL31, loss of resistance to fungal infection is delayed accordingly. The results suggest that root border cells may function in a manner analogous to that which occurs in mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha C Hawes
- Department of Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Fourth Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Wen F, White GJ, VanEtten HD, Xiong Z, Hawes MC. Extracellular DNA is required for root tip resistance to fungal infection. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:820-9. [PMID: 19700564 PMCID: PMC2754639 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.142067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant defense involves a complex array of biochemical interactions, many of which occur in the extracellular environment. The apical 1- to 2-mm root tip housing apical and root cap meristems is resistant to infection by most pathogens, so growth and gravity sensing often proceed normally even when other sites on the root are invaded. The mechanism of this resistance is unknown but appears to involve a mucilaginous matrix or "slime" composed of proteins, polysaccharides, and detached living cells called "border cells." Here, we report that extracellular DNA (exDNA) is a component of root cap slime and that exDNA degradation during inoculation by a fungal pathogen results in loss of root tip resistance to infection. Most root tips (>95%) escape infection even when immersed in inoculum from the root-rotting pathogen Nectria haematococca. By contrast, 100% of inoculated root tips treated with DNase I developed necrosis. Treatment with BAL31, an exonuclease that digests DNA more slowly than DNase I, also resulted in increased root tip infection, but the onset of infection was delayed. Control root tips or fungal spores treated with nuclease alone exhibited normal morphology and growth. Pea (Pisum sativum) root tips incubated with [(32)P]dCTP during a 1-h period when no cell death occurs yielded root cap slime containing (32)P-labeled exDNA. Our results suggest that exDNA is a previously unrecognized component of plant defense, an observation that is in accordance with the recent discovery that exDNA from white blood cells plays a key role in the vertebrate immune response against microbial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushi Wen
- Department of Plant Sciences, Division of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85713, USA
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MAKINO S. SOME EPIDEMIOLOGIC ASPECTS OF VENEREAL TUMORS OF DOGS AS REVEALED BY CHROMOSOME AND DNA STUDIES. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 108:1106-22. [PMID: 14087247 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1963.tb13438.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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ALLFREY VG, MIRSKY AE, STERN H. The chemistry of the cell nucleus. ADVANCES IN ENZYMOLOGY AND RELATED SUBJECTS OF BIOCHEMISTRY 2006; 16:411-500. [PMID: 14376217 DOI: 10.1002/9780470122617.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Leuchtenberger C, Leuchtenberger R, Uyeki E. CYTOLOGICAL AND CYTOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN LIVERS OF WHITE MICE FOLLOWING INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF DNA PREPARATIONS FROM BREAST CANCERS OF AGOUTI C3H MICE. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 44:700-5. [PMID: 16590263 PMCID: PMC528647 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.44.7.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Leuchtenberger
- INSTITUTE OF PATHOLOGY, WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY, CLEVELAND 6, OHIO
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SALISBURY GW, BIRGE WJ, DE LA TORRE L, LODGE JR. Decrease in nuclear Feulgen-positive material (DNA) upon aging in in vitro storage of bovine spermatozoa. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1998; 10:353-9. [PMID: 13745658 PMCID: PMC2225080 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.10.3.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Feulgen-DNA content of sperm cells from 5 bulls was studied by means of microspectrophotometry after storage at 5°C for 2, 3, 5, and 10 days in a yolk-citrate diluent permitting slow aerobic metabolism. A subsample of sperm cells from each bull was subjected to the Feulgen technique on each of the storage days selected. The cells sampled on each of these days received a standard 12 minute, 60°C hydrolysis. Absorption measurements at 546 mµof the individual cells indicated a marked progressive decrease in the Feulgen-DNA content of the stored spermatozoa. The loss of 30 per cent of the initial DNA at the end of 5 days' storage was highly significant statistically. This decrease approximately parallels the known decrease in fertility of stored sperm cells, as well as the increase in apparent embryonic mortality resulting from the use of similarly aged spermatozoa for artificial insemination.
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The effects of B chromosomes on the nuclear phenotype in root meristems of maize. Heredity (Edinb) 1971. [DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1971.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Arold R, Sandritter W. [Cytophotometric determination of DNA content in cell nuclei of the adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex and thyroid gland under various experimental conditions]. HISTOCHEMIE. HISTOCHEMISTRY. HISTOCHIMIE 1967; 10:88-97. [PMID: 5594554 DOI: 10.1007/bf00304377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Alvarez MR, Cowden RR. Karyometric and cytophotometric study of hepatocyte nuclei of frogs exposed to cold and prolonged starvation. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR ZELLFORSCHUNG UND MIKROSKOPISCHE ANATOMIE (VIENNA, AUSTRIA : 1948) 1966; 75:240-9. [PMID: 5968187 DOI: 10.1007/bf00407157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Berendes HD. Salivary gland function and chromosomal puffing patterns in Drosophila hydei. Chromosoma 1965; 17:35-77. [PMID: 5833949 DOI: 10.1007/bf00285155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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GROSS R, GRUNDMANN E, BREHMKE H, KAHLSTORF I, BOCK U. Art und Intensität der Zellvermehrung bei akuten Leukosen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1962; 40:392-400. [PMID: 13902247 DOI: 10.1007/bf01732837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Comportamento dell'acido desossiribonucleico e dell'istone nel nucleo delle cellule ossee. Cell Tissue Res 1962. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00320183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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MOLOMUT N, GOTTFRIED B, SMITH LW, PADNOS M. Alteration of strain specificity of sarcoma I in its native A strain host: effect of immunization with normal and cancerous tissues. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1959; 35:877-85. [PMID: 13670318 PMCID: PMC1934817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
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INAMDAR NB, WAGH UV. Amounts of Deoxyribonucleic Acid in the Silk Glands of the Spider Nephila maculata, Fabr., 1763. Nature 1959; 183:1541. [PMID: 13666818 DOI: 10.1038/1831541a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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McLeish J. Comparative microphotometric studies of DNA and arginine in plant nuclei. Chromosoma 1959. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00396593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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PELLEGRINO C, TORCIGLIANI A. A cytochemical study of the adrenal cortex regenerating after enucleation. J Physiol 1957; 135:536-49. [PMID: 13417120 PMCID: PMC1358931 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.1957.sp005728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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EBERLE P. [Spirals and chromomeres in the early prophase of the miosis of Aloe eru Berger]. Chromosoma 1957; 8:573-84. [PMID: 13523738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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WOLF BE. [Temperature-dependent allocycly of polytenic X chromosome in the nucleus of somatic cells of Phryne cincta]. Chromosoma 1957; 8:396-435. [PMID: 13427118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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MARQUARDT H, GLASS E. [Chromosome numbers in the liver cells of rats of various ages]. Chromosoma 1957; 8:617-36. [PMID: 13523742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
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Marquardt H, Gl�ss E. Die Chromosomenzahlen in den Leberzellen von Ratten verschiedenen Alters. Chromosoma 1956. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01259523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wolf BE. Temperaturabh�ngige Allozyklie des polyt�nen X-Chromosoms in den Kernen der Somazellen von Phryne cincta. Chromosoma 1956. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01259511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Eberle P. Spiralen und Chromomeren in der fr�hen Prophase der Meiosis von Aloe eru Berger. Chromosoma 1956. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01259519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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O'BRIEN R. Deoxyribose nucleic acid in a haploid-diploid species (Steatococcus tuberculatus Morrison). Chromosoma 1956; 8:229-59. [PMID: 13383793 DOI: 10.1007/bf01259502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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McMaster RD. Desoxyribose nucleic acid in cleavage and larval stages of the sea urchin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1955. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401300102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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STICH H. [Substances and striations in the spindle of Cyclops strenuus; mechanism of mitosis]. Chromosoma 1954; 6:199-236. [PMID: 13172850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
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Drasher ML. Uterine and placental nucleic acids and protein during pregnancy in the mouse. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1953. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.1401220302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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GRUNDMANN E, MARQUARDT H. [Studies on interphase nuclei of the root meristem and size of the nuclei]. Chromosoma 1953; 6:115-34. [PMID: 13141353 DOI: 10.1007/bf01259934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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