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Dahiya S, Irish BP, Nonnemacher MR, Wigdahl B. Genetic variation and HIV-associated neurologic disease. Adv Virus Res 2013; 87:183-240. [PMID: 23809924 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407698-3.00006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated neurologic disease continues to be a significant complication in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. A substantial subset of the HIV-infected population shows impaired neuropsychological performance as a result of HIV-mediated neuroinflammation and eventual central nervous system (CNS) injury. CNS compartmentalization of HIV, coupled with the evolution of genetically isolated populations in the CNS, is responsible for poor prognosis in patients with AIDS, warranting further investigation and possible additions to the current therapeutic strategy. This chapter reviews key advances in the field of neuropathogenesis and studies that have highlighted how molecular diversity within the HIV genome may impact HIV-associated neurologic disease. We also discuss the possible functional implications of genetic variation within the viral promoter and possibly other regions of the viral genome, especially in the cells of monocyte-macrophage lineage, which are arguably key cellular players in HIV-associated CNS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satinder Dahiya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Bryan P Irish
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael R Nonnemacher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Molecular Virology and Translational Neuroscience, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Murakami T, Harada H, Suico MA, Shuto T, Suzu S, Kai H, Okada S. Ephedrae herba, a component of Japanese herbal medicine Mao-to, efficiently activates the replication of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in a monocytic cell line. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:2334-2337. [PMID: 19043222 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The persistence of latent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cellular reservoirs, despite prolonged treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), represents a major hurdle to virus eradication. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Japanese herbal medicine on the induction of HIV-1 replication in latently infected monocytic cell line, U1, in order to eradicate virus efficiently. We found that Mao-to was able to induce HIV-1 replication either alone or in combination with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). Among the four components of Mao-to, only Ephedrae herba had strong effects in inducing HIV-1 replication. Analysis by Western blotting revealed that Ephedrae herba induced the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB). Reporter assay data also showed that Ephedrae herba and, slightly, Mao-to activated the NF-kappaB promoter, indicating that these herbal agents may induce HIV-1 replication through NF-kappaB activation. These findings suggest that Mao-to and its component, Ephedrea herba, may be good candidates to augment HAART by inducing the expression of latent HIV-1 with the ultimate goal of eliminating persistent viral reservoirs in individuals infected with HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Murakami
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Global COE Cell Fate Regulation Research and Education Unit, Kumamoto University, Japan
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3
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Kutsch O, Levy DN, Bates PJ, Decker J, Kosloff BR, Shaw GM, Priebe W, Benveniste EN. Bis-anthracycline antibiotics inhibit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 transcription. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1652-63. [PMID: 15105117 PMCID: PMC400550 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.5.1652-1663.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing numbers of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) strains that exhibit resistance to antiretroviral agents used at present require the development of new effective antiretroviral compounds. Tat transactivation was recognized early on as an attractive target for drug interference. To screen for and analyze the effects of compounds that interfere with Tat transactivation, we developed several cell-based reporter systems in which enhanced green fluorescence protein is a direct and quantitative marker of HIV-1 expression or Tat-dependent long terminal repeat activity. Using these reporter cell lines, we found that the bis-anthracycline WP631, a recently developed DNA intercalator, efficiently inhibits HIV-1 expression at subcytotoxic concentrations. WP631 also abrogated acute HIV-1 replication in peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with various primary virus isolates. We demonstrate that WP631-mediated HIV-1 inhibition is caused by the inhibition of Tat transactivation. The data presented suggest that WP631 could serve as a lead compound for a new type of HIV-1 inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Kutsch
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, USA.
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4
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Asin S, Bren GD, Carmona EM, Solan NJ, Paya CV. NF-kappaB cis-acting motifs of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) long terminal repeat regulate HIV transcription in human macrophages. J Virol 2001; 75:11408-16. [PMID: 11689622 PMCID: PMC114727 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.23.11408-11416.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of NF-kappaB in the reactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from latency in CD4 T lymphocytes is well documented. However, its role in driving HIV transcription in human macrophages, which contain a constitutive nuclear pool of NF-kappaB, is less well understood. In this study we have investigated the role that the constitutive pool of NF-kappaB and the NF-kappaB cis-acting motifs of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) play in regulating HIV transcription in human monocytic cells and primary macrophages. Inhibition of the constitutive nuclear pool of NF-kappaB (RelA and RelB) in the promonocytic U937 cell line using dominant-negative IkappaBalpha significantly decreases HIV replication. Moreover, it is demonstrated that in the differentiated monocytic cell line THP1, which contains a constitutive nuclear pool of NF-kappaB (RelB),an HIV provirus containing mutations of the kappaB cis-acting sites in the LTR is transcriptionally impaired. Reduction of the constitutive pool of NF-kappaB in human macrophages by an adenovirus vector expressing a dominant-negative IkappaBalpha also reduces HIV transcription. Lastly, mutation of the NF-kappaB cis-acting sites in the LTR of an R5 HIV provirus completely abrogates the first cycle of HIV transcription. These studies indicate that the cis-acting NF-kappaB motifs of the HIV LTR are critical in initiating HIV transcription in human macrophages and suggest that the constitutive nuclear pool of NF-kappaB is important in regulating HIV transcription in these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asin
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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5
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Raziuddin A, Court D, Sarkar FH, Liu YL, Kung HF, Raziuddin R. A c-erbB-2 promoter-specific nuclear matrix protein from human breast tumor tissues mediates NF-kappaB DNA binding activity. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:15715-20. [PMID: 9188464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.25.15715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The c-erbB-2 gene overexpression plays a major role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. Binding studies detected a nuclear matrix protein (NMP) in human breast tumor tissues that recognizes a matrix attachment region (MAR) in the immediate vicinity of the c-erbB-2 gene promoter. This NMP is expressed in breast tumor tissues and cell lines along with c-erbB-2, but is not found in corresponding normal tissues. Furthermore, when NMP purified from the breast tumors by its affinity to the MAR sequence is added to nuclear extracts of breast cancer cells, it selectively stimulates the binding of the NF-kappaB transcription factor to DNA. A model is suggested in which the association of the MAR-like sequence with the nuclear matrix raises the local concentration of the specific NMP, which in turn interacts with the nuclear factor NF-kappaB to increase its local level. Such a complex could explain at a molecular level the "increase in NF-kappaB DNA binding activity" often observed in c-erbB-2- and BRCA1-positive human breast tumors. The increased NF-kappaB activity could thereby contribute to breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raziuddin
- Intramural Research Support Program, Science Application International Corporation/Frederick, NCI-Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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6
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Lewin SR, Lambert P, Deacon NJ, Mills J, Crowe SM. Constitutive expression of p50 homodimer in freshly isolated human monocytes decreases with in vitro and in vivo differentiation: a possible mechanism influencing human immunodeficiency virus replication in monocytes and mature macrophages. J Virol 1997; 71:2114-9. [PMID: 9032344 PMCID: PMC191307 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.3.2114-2119.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replicates more efficiently in vitro in differentiated macrophages than in freshly isolated monocytes. We investigated whether this may be partly explained by changes in expression of NF-kappaB with monocyte differentiation. We demonstrated that constitutive expression of NF-kappaB in primary human monocytes changed significantly with differentiation in vitro to monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) and differentiation in vivo to alveolar macrophages (AMs). Freshly isolated monocytes constitutively expressed high levels of transcriptionally inactive p50 homodimer which decreased with time in culture in favor of the transcriptionally active p50/p65 and p50/RelB heterodimers. As in MDMs, AMs constitutively expressed p50/p65 and p50/RelB although at lower levels. HIV infection of fresh monocytes failed to induce p50/p65 as seen in MDMs. The replacement of p50 homodimers with transcriptionally active heterodimers following time in culture may partially explain the progressive increase in susceptibility of monocytes to HIV infection during in vitro culture. The change in NF-kappaB components with monocyte differentiation in vivo may also explain the different transcriptional activities of these cell populations in HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Lewin
- National Centre for HIV Virology Research, Macfarlane Burnet Centre for Medical Research, Fairfield, Victoria, Australia
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7
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DeLuca C, Roulston A, Koromilas A, Wainberg MA, Hiscott J. Chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection of myeloid cells disrupts the autoregulatory control of the NF-kappaB/Rel pathway via enhanced IkappaBalpha degradation. J Virol 1996; 70:5183-93. [PMID: 8764027 PMCID: PMC190474 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.8.5183-5193.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Productive human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes sustained NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in chronically infected monocytic cells. A direct temporal correlation exists between HIV infection and the appearance of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in myelomonoblastic PLB-985 cells. To examine the molecular basis of constitutive NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity in HIV1 -infected cells, we analyzed the phosphorylation and turnover of IkappaBalpha protein, the activity of the double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) and the intracellular levels of NF-kappaB subunits in the PLB-985 and U937 myeloid cell models. HIV-1 infection resulted in constitutive, low-level expression of type 1 interferon (IFN) at the mRNA level. Constitutive PKR activity was also detected in HIV-1-infected cells as a result of low-level IFN production, since the addition of anti-IFN-alpha/beta antibody to the cells decreased PKR expression. Furthermore, the analysis of IkappaBalpha turnover demonstrated an increased degradation of IkappaBalpha in HIV-1-infected cells that may account for the constitutive DNA binding activity. A dramatic increase in the intracellular levels of NF-kappaB subunits c-Rel and NF-kappaB2 p100 and a moderate increase in NF-kappaB2 p52 and RelA(p65) were detected in HIV-1-infected cells, whereas NF-kappaB1 p105/p50 levels were not altered relative to the levels in uninfected cells. We suggest that HIV-1 infection of myeloid cells induces IFN production and PKR activity, which in turn contribute to enhanced IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and subsequent degradation. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB subunits may ultimately increase the intracellular pool of NF-kappaB/IkappaBalpha by an autoregulatory mechanism. Enhanced turnover of IkappaBalpha and the accumulation of NF-kappaB/Rel proteins may contribute to the chronically activated state of HIV-1-infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C DeLuca
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Hoover T, Mikovits J, Court D, Liu YL, Kung HF. A nuclear matrix-specific factor that binds a specific segment of the negative regulatory element (NRE) of HIV-1 LTR and inhibits NF-kappa(B) activity. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:1895-900. [PMID: 8657571 PMCID: PMC145884 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.10.1895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The negative regulatory element (NRE) of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) is a defined region that has been reported to downregulate LTR-directed HIV gene expression. However, information on the precise role of this region in regulating HIV gone transcription is lacking. We have investigated the possibility that these NRE sequences regulate HIV transcription by a mechanism mediated through a nuclear matrix-specific DNA-protein interaction. We find a nuclear matrix attachment region (MAR) present within the NRE of the HIV-1 LTR that recognizes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein present in the nuclear matrix of HIV infected cells. Moreover, we also show that the purified DNA-binding nuclear matrix protein (NMP) specifically represses the DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB. It is likely that the MAR and MAR-enriched specific DNA-binding NMP are brought into juxtaposition by the non-chromatin scaffolding of the nucleus, thus influencing NF-kappaB (and other nuclear proteins) DNA-binding activity through protein-protein and protein-DNA interactions. Our date suggest that one possible role of the NRE could be to act as a matrix attachment site in the nuclear matrix, thus, allowing interaction with a sequence-specific trans-acting factor. The negative effect on NF-kappaB activity due to this MAR-NMP-specific interaction provides a mechanism by which the NRE downregulates HIV gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Hoover
- Intramural Research Support Program, SAIC/Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA
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9
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Liu X, Ge R, Ricciardi RP. Evidence for the involvement of a nuclear NF-kappa B inhibitor in global down-regulation of the major histocompatibility complex class I enhancer in adenovirus type 12-transformed cells. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:398-404. [PMID: 8524321 PMCID: PMC231015 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.1.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Diminished expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens on the surface of adenovirus type 12 (Ad12)-transformed cells contributes to their high tumorigenic potential by enabling them to escape immune recognition by cytotoxic T lymphocytes. This low class I antigen expression is due to a block in class I transcription, which is mediated by Ad12 E1A. Genetic analysis has shown that the class I enhancer is the target for transcriptional down-regulation. In this study, we show that the ability of the R1 element of the class I enhancer to stimulate transcription is greatly reduced in Ad12-transformed cells. The loss of functional activity by the R1 element was attributed to loss of binding by the NF-kappa B p50-p65 heterodimer. NF-kappa B binding appears to be blocked within the nucleus rather than at the level of nuclear translocation. Significantly, NF-kappa B binding activity could be recovered from the nuclear extracts of Ad12-transformed cells following detergent treatment, suggesting that the block is mediated through a nuclear inhibitor present in the Ad12-transformed cells. These results, taken together with the fact that the R2 element of the class I enhancer exhibits strong binding to the transcriptional repressor COUP-TF, suggest that the class I enhancer is globally down-regulated in Ad12-transformed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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10
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Folgueira L, McElhinny JA, Bren GD, MacMorran WS, Diaz-Meco MT, Moscat J, Paya CV. Protein kinase C-zeta mediates NF-kappa B activation in human immunodeficiency virus-infected monocytes. J Virol 1996; 70:223-31. [PMID: 8523529 PMCID: PMC189808 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.1.223-231.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms regulating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persistence in a major cell reservoir such as the macrophage remain unknown. NF-kappa B is a transcription factor involved in the regulation of the HIV long terminal repeat and is selectively activated following HIV infection of human macrophages. Although little information as to what signal transduction pathways mediate NF-kappa B activation in monocytes-macrophages is available, our previous work indicated that classical protein kinase C (PKC) isoenzymes were not involved in the HIV-mediated NF-kappa B activation. In this study, we have focused on atypical PKC isoenzymes. PKC-zeta belongs to this family and is known to be an important step in NF-kappa B activation in other cell systems. Immunoblotting experiments with U937 cells demonstrate that PKC-zeta is present in these cells, and its expression can be downmodulated by antisense oligonucleotides (AO). The HIV-mediated NF-kappa B activation is selectively reduced by AO to PKC-zeta. In addition, cotransfection of a negative dominant molecule of PKC-zeta (PKC-zeta mut) with NF-kappa B-dependent reporter genes selectively inhibits the HIV- but not phorbol myristate acetate- or lipopolysaccharide-mediated activation of NF-kappa B. That PKC-zeta is specific in regulating NF-kappa B is concluded from the inability of PKC-zeta(mut) to interfere with the basal or phorbol myristate acetate-inducible CREB- or AP1-dependent transcriptional activity. Lastly, we demonstrate a selective inhibition of p24 production by HIV-infected human macrophages when treated with AO to PKC-zeta. Altogether, these results suggest that atypical PKC isoenzymes, including PKC-zeta, participate in the signal transduction pathways by which HIV infection results in the activation of NF-kappa B in human monocytic cells and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Folgueira
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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11
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Roulston A, Lin R, Beauparlant P, Wainberg MA, Hiscott J. Regulation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and cytokine gene expression in myeloid cells by NF-kappa B/Rel transcription factors. Microbiol Rev 1995; 59:481-505. [PMID: 7565415 PMCID: PMC239370 DOI: 10.1128/mr.59.3.481-505.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ macrophages in tissues such as lung, skin, and lymph nodes, promyelocytic cells in bone marrow, and peripheral blood monocytes serve as important targets and reservoirs for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication. HIV-1-infected myeloid cells are often diminished in their ability to participate in chemotaxis, phagocytosis, and intracellular killing. HIV-1 infection of myeloid cells can lead to the expression of surface receptors associated with cellular activation and/or differentiation that increase the responsiveness of these cells to cytokines secreted by neighboring cells as well as to bacteria or other pathogens. Enhancement of HIV-1 replication is related in part to increased DNA-binding activity of cellular transcription factors such as NF-kappa B. NF-kappa B binds to the HIV-1 enhancer region of the long terminal repeat and contributes to the inducibility of HIV-1 gene expression in response to multiple activating agents. Phosphorylation and degradation of the cytoplasmic inhibitor I kappa B alpha are crucial regulatory events in the activation of NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity. Both N- and C-terminal residues of I kappa B alpha are required for inducer-mediated degradation. Chronic HIV-1 infection of myeloid cells leads to constitutive NF-kappa B DNA-binding activity and provides an intranuclear environment capable of perpetuating HIV-1 replication. Increased intracellular stores of latent NF-kappa B may also result in rapid inducibility of NF-kappa B-dependent cytokine gene expression. In response to secondary pathogenic infections or antigenic challenge, cytokine gene expression is rapidly induced, enhanced, and sustained over prolonged periods in HIV-1-infected myeloid cells compared with uninfected cells. Elevated levels of several inflammatory cytokines have been detected in the sera of HIV-1-infected individuals. Secretion of myeloid cell-derived cytokines may both increase virus production and contribute to AIDS-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roulston
- Terry Fox Molecular Oncology Group, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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12
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Mayers DL, Mikovits JA, Joshi B, Hewlett IK, Estrada JS, Wolfe AD, Garcia GE, Doctor BP, Burke DS, Gordon RK. Anti-human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) activities of 3-deazaadenosine analogs: increased potency against 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine-resistant HIV-1 strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:215-9. [PMID: 7816820 PMCID: PMC42848 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.1.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
3-Deazaadenosine (DZA), 3-deaza-(+/-)-aristeromycin (DZAri), and 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep) are powerful modulators of cellular processes. When tested against H9 cells infected acutely with two different strains of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) and in the chronically infected monocytoid cell lines U1 and THP-1, the 3-deazanucleosides caused a marked reduction in p24 antigen production. Similar reductions in p24 antigen were seen in phytohemagglutinin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells infected with clinical HIV-1 isolates. Strikingly, in comparing the therapeutic indices between the paired pre- and post-3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) treatment HIV-1 isolates, DZNep and neplanocin A showed an increase of 3- to 18-fold in their potency against AZT-resistant HIV-1 isolates. In H9 cells treated with DZNep and DZAri, the formation of triphosphate nucleotides of DZNep and DZAri was observed. The mode of action of DZNep and DZAri appears complex, at least in part, at the level of infectivity as shown by decreases in syncytia formation in HIV-1-infected H9 cells and at the level of transcription as both drugs inhibited the expression of basal or tat-induced HIV-1 long terminal repeat chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in stably transfected cell lines. Since DZNep induced in H9 cells a rapid expression of nuclear binding factors that recognize the AP-1 transcription site, the anti-HIV-1 activity of the DZA analogs could partly be the induction of critical factors in the host cells. Thus, the 3-deazanucleoside drugs belong to an unusual class of anti-HIV-1 drugs, which may have therapeutic potential, in particular against AZT-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Mayers
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, DC 20307-5100
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13
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Franzoso G, Biswas P, Poli G, Carlson LM, Brown KD, Tomita-Yamaguchi M, Fauci AS, Siebenlist UK. A family of serine proteases expressed exclusively in myelo-monocytic cells specifically processes the nuclear factor-kappa B subunit p65 in vitro and may impair human immunodeficiency virus replication in these cells. J Exp Med 1994; 180:1445-56. [PMID: 7931077 PMCID: PMC2191703 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.4.1445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two groups of U937 promonocytic cells were obtained by limiting dilution cloning which differed strikingly in their ability to support human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication. "Plus" clones replicated the virus efficiently, whereas "minus" clones did not. We examined these clones for differences in nuclear factor (NF)-kappa B activity which might account for the observed phenomenon. Stimulation of plus clones liberated the classical p50-p65 complex from cytoplasmic pools, whereas minus clones produced an apparently novel, faster-migrating complex, as judged by electrophoretic mobility shift assays. It is surprising that the faster-migrating complex was composed also of p50 and p65. However, the p65 subunit was COOH-terminally truncated, as shown by immunoprecipitation. The truncation resulted from limited proteolysis of p65 during cellular extraction which released particular lysosomal serine proteases, such as elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. These specific proteases are coordinately expressed and were present exclusively in the minus U937 clones, but not in the plus clones, as demonstrated in the case of cathepsin G. In addition, these proteases were detected in certain subclones of THP-1 and HL-60 cells and in primary monocytes, in each case correlating with the truncated from of p65. We demonstrate in vitro cleavage of p65 by purified elastase and cathepsin G. It is possible that particular serine proteases may have inhibiting effects on the replication of HIV-1 in myelo-monocytic cells. The data also demonstrate that special precautions must be taken when making extracts from myelo-monocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Franzoso
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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14
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Sarkar F, Smith M, Hoover T, Princler G, Crissman J, Visscher D, Longo D, Kung H, Raziuddin R. c-erbB-2 promoter-specific DNA-binding protein isolated from human breast cancer tissues displays mitogenic activity. J Biol Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)32713-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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15
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Zhang X, Li P, Burrell CJ. Establishment of persistent HIV-1 infection in vitro is accompanied by reduction of NF-kappa B activity. Arch Virol 1994; 138:169-76. [PMID: 7980006 DOI: 10.1007/bf01310048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Division of Medical Virology, National Centre for HIV Virology, Adelaide, Australia
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16
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Roulston A, Beauparlant P, Rice N, Hiscott J. Chronic human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection stimulates distinct NF-kappa B/rel DNA binding activities in myelomonoblastic cells. J Virol 1993; 67:5235-46. [PMID: 8394446 PMCID: PMC237921 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.9.5235-5246.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and the induction of NF-kappa B binding activity was examined in a myeloid cell model of HIV-1 infection derived from the PLB-985 cell line. Chronic infection of PLB-985 cells led to increased monocyte-specific surface marker expression, increased c-fms gene transcription, and morphological alterations consistent with differentiation along the monocytic pathway. PLB-IIIB cells displayed a constitutive NF-kappa B-like binding activity that was distinct from that induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate treatment of the parental PLB-985 cell line. This unique DNA binding activity consisted of proteins of 70, 90, and 100 kDa with a high degree of binding specificity for the NF-kappa B site within the PRDII domain of beta interferon. In this report, we characterize the nature of these proteins and demonstrate that binding of these proteins is also induced following Sendai paramyxovirus infection. The 70-kDa protein corresponds to the NF-kappa B RelA (p65) subunit, which is activated in response to an acute paramyxovirus infection or a chronic HIV-1 infection. Virus infection does not appear to alter the amount of RelA (p65) or NFKB1 (p50) but rather affects the capacity of I kappa B alpha to sequester RelA (p65), therefore leading to constitutive levels of RelA DNA binding activity and to increased levels of NF-kappa B-dependent gene activity. The virally induced 90- to 100-kDa proteins have a distinct binding specificity for the PRDII domain and an AT-rich sequence but do not cross-react with NF-kappa B subunit-specific antisera directed against NFKB1 (p105 or p50), NFKB2 (p100 or p52), RelA (p65), or c-rel. DNA binding of the 90- to 100-kDa proteins was not inhibited by recombinant I kappa B alpha/MAD-3 and was resistant to tryptic digestion, suggesting that these proteins may not be NF-kappa B related. Transient cotransfection experiments demonstrated that RelA and NFKB1 expression maximally stimulated HIV-1 LTR- and NF-kappa B-dependent reporter genes; differences in NF-kappa B-like binding activity were also reflected in higher constitutive levels of NF-kappa B-regulated gene expression in HIV-1-infected myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Roulston
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Grilli M, Chiu JJ, Lenardo MJ. NF-kappa B and Rel: participants in a multiform transcriptional regulatory system. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1993; 143:1-62. [PMID: 8449662 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Grilli
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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West M, Mikovits J, Princler G, Liu Y, Ruscetti F, Kung H, Raziuddin. Characterization and purification of a novel transcriptional repressor from HeLa cell nuclear extracts recognizing the negative regulatory element region of human immunodeficiency virus-1 long terminal repeat. J Biol Chem 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)73989-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Bomford A, Conlon-Hollingshead C, Munro H. Adaptive responses of rat tissue isoferritins to iron administration. Changes in subunit synthesis, isoferritin abundance, and capacity for iron storage. J Biol Chem 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)70071-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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