1
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Giorgini R, Maestu F, Sara FM, Pastore M, Abellan M, Quattrone A, Caparello S, Quattrone A, Vaccaro MG. Measurement invariance across countries of the Test of Memory Strategies (TMS): A contribution to the cross-national validity study. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2024; 246:104291. [PMID: 38703656 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous literature showed a complex interpretation of recall tasks due to the complex relationship between Executive Functions (EF) and Long Term Memory (M). The Test of Memory Strategies (TMS) could be useful for assessing this issue, because it evaluates EF and M simultaneously. This study aims to explore the validity of the TMS structure, comparing the models proposed by Vaccaro et al. (2022) and evaluating the measurement invariance according to three countries (Italy, Spain, and Portugal) through Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). Four hundred thirty-one healthy subjects (Age mean = 54.84, sd = 20.43; Education mean = 8.85, sd =4.05; M = 177, F = 259) were recruited in three countries (Italy, Spain, and Portugal). Measurement invariance across three country groups was evaluated through Structural Equation modeling. Also, convergent and divergent validity were examined through the correlation between TMS and classical neuropsychological tests. CFA outcomes suggested that the best model was the three-dimensional model, in which list 1 and list2 reflect EF, list 3 reflects a mixed factor of EF and M (EFM) and list4 and list5 reflect M. This result is in line with the theory that TMS decreases EF components progressively. TMS was metric invariant to the country, but scalar invariance was not tenable. Finally, the factor scores of TMS showed convergent validity with the classical neuropsychological tests. The overall results support cross-validation of TMS in the three countries considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Giorgini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Fernando Maestu
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Complutense University of Madrid, Spain; Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernandes Margarida Sara
- Department of Psychology and Education, CINTESIS - Research Center For Technology and Health Services- Portucalense University, Portugal
| | | | - Maria Abellan
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Quattrone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Sara Caparello
- Department of Business and Legal Sciences, University of Calabria, Italy
| | - Aldo Quattrone
- Neuroscience Research Center (CR), Department of Medical and Surgical Scienze, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Vaccaro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy; Neuroscience Research Center (CR), Department of Medical and Surgical Scienze, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro, Italy.
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2
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Arabacı G, Cakir BS, Parris BA. The effect of high-frequency rTMS over left DLPFC and fluid abilities on goal neglect. Brain Struct Funct 2024:10.1007/s00429-024-02770-y. [PMID: 38519612 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-024-02770-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Goal neglect refers to when an aspect of task instructions is not utilised due to increased competition between goal representations, an attentional limit theoretically linked to working memory. In an attempt to alleviate goal neglect and to investigate the association between dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)-supported working memory and goal neglect, we used high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left DLPFC whilst participants completed the letter-monitoring task, a measure of goal neglect, and an N3-back task, a working memory task known to be affected by rTMS of the left DLPFC, following 20 min of active and sham stimulation (run on separate days). We found increased accuracy on the N3-back task in addition to decreased goal neglect in the active compared to sham condition when controlling for age and fluid abilities (as assessed by matrix reasoning performance). Furthermore, analysis showed that active stimulation improvements on both the N3-back and letter-monitoring tasks were greater for those with higher fluid abilities. These findings provide support for the link between the DLPFC-support working memory and goal neglect. Increased performance on the N3-back task also supports the literature reporting a link between left DLPFC and verbal working memory. Results are evaluated in the context of potential use to alleviate symptoms of disorders related to goal neglect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Arabacı
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK.
| | - Batuhan S Cakir
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK
| | - Benjamin A Parris
- Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Talbot Campus, Fern Barrow, Poole, Dorset, UK
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3
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Giannopoulou P, Vrahatis AG, Papalaskari MA, Vlamos P. The RODI mHealth app Insight: Machine-Learning-Driven Identification of Digital Indicators for Neurodegenerative Disorder Detection. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2985. [PMID: 37998477 PMCID: PMC10671821 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11222985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurocognitive Disorders (NCDs) pose a significant global health concern, and early detection is crucial for optimizing therapeutic outcomes. In parallel, mobile health apps (mHealth apps) have emerged as a promising avenue for assisting individuals with cognitive deficits. Under this perspective, we pioneered the development of the RODI mHealth app, a unique method for detecting aligned with the criteria for NCDs using a series of brief tasks. Utilizing the RODI app, we conducted a study from July to October 2022 involving 182 individuals with NCDs and healthy participants. The study aimed to assess performance differences between healthy older adults and NCD patients, identify significant performance disparities during the initial administration of the RODI app, and determine critical features for outcome prediction. Subsequently, the results underwent machine learning processes to unveil underlying patterns associated with NCDs. We prioritize the tasks within RODI based on their alignment with the criteria for NCDs, thus acting as key digital indicators for the disorder. We achieve this by employing an ensemble strategy that leverages the feature importance mechanism from three contemporary classification algorithms. Our analysis revealed that tasks related to visual working memory were the most significant in distinguishing between healthy individuals and those with an NCD. On the other hand, processes involving mental calculations, executive working memory, and recall were less influential in the detection process. Our study serves as a blueprint for future mHealth apps, offering a guide for enhancing the detection of digital indicators for disorders and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiota Giannopoulou
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (P.G.); (A.G.V.)
| | - Aristidis G. Vrahatis
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (P.G.); (A.G.V.)
| | | | - Panagiotis Vlamos
- Bioinformatics and Human Electrophysiology Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 49100 Corfu, Greece; (P.G.); (A.G.V.)
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4
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Öztel T, Balci F. Temporal Error Monitoring Does Not Depend on Working Memory. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231187121. [PMID: 37439072 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231187121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) and metacognition has been documented to be in a reciprocal relationship. This study aims to address if temporal error monitoring performance can be diminished with increased working memory load. We hypothesized that if temporal error monitoring has commonalities with perceptual error monitoring, temporal error monitoring performance should be diminished by increased working memory load. Participants completed a temporal error monitoring task in a dual task design in which the secondary task was a letter alphabetization task. Results revealed no disrupting effect of WM load on either confidence or short-long judgments as being different metrics of temporal error monitoring ability. These results demonstrate that unlike perceptual error monitoring, WM and temporal error monitoring have distinct processing mechanisms. With this result, the current study suggests that temporal and perceptual error monitoring may partially rely on different mechanisms. Results are discussed within A Theory of Magnitude (ATOM), pacemaker-accumulator model and temporal error monitoring frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tutku Öztel
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fuat Balci
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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5
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Barch DM, Boudewyn MA, Carter CC, Erickson M, Frank MJ, Gold JM, Luck SJ, MacDonald AW, Ragland JD, Ranganath C, Silverstein SM, Yonelinas A. Cognitive [Computational] Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Serious Mental Illness (CNTRaCS) Consortium: Progress and Future Directions. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2022; 63:19-60. [PMID: 36173600 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2022_391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The development of treatments for impaired cognition in schizophrenia has been characterized as the most important challenge facing psychiatry at the beginning of the twenty-first century. The Cognitive Neuroscience Treatment Research to Improve Cognition in Schizophrenia (CNTRICS) project was designed to build on the potential benefits of using tasks and tools from cognitive neuroscience to better understanding and treat cognitive impairments in psychosis. These benefits include: (1) the use of fine-grained tasks that measure discrete cognitive processes; (2) the ability to design tasks that distinguish between specific cognitive domain deficits and poor performance due to generalized deficits resulting from sedation, low motivation, poor test taking skills, etc.; and (3) the ability to link cognitive deficits to specific neural systems, using animal models, neuropsychology, and functional imaging. CNTRICS convened a series of meetings to identify paradigms from cognitive neuroscience that maximize these benefits and identified the steps need for translation into use in clinical populations. The Cognitive Neuroscience Test Reliability and Clinical Applications for Schizophrenia (CNTRaCS) Consortium was developed to help carry out these steps. CNTRaCS consists of investigators at five different sites across the country with diverse expertise relevant to a wide range of the cognitive systems identified as critical as part of CNTRICs. This work reports on the progress and current directions in the evaluation and optimization carried out by CNTRaCS of the tasks identified as part of the original CNTRICs process, as well as subsequent extensions into the Positive Valence systems domain of Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). We also describe the current focus of CNTRaCS, which involves taking a computational psychiatry approach to measuring cognitive and motivational function across the spectrum of psychosis. Specifically, the current iteration of CNTRaCS is using computational modeling to isolate parameters reflecting potentially more specific cognitive and visual processes that may provide greater interpretability in understanding shared and distinct impairments across psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Barch
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | - James M Gold
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
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6
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Albouy P, Martinez-Moreno ZE, Hoyer RS, Zatorre RJ, Baillet S. Supramodality of neural entrainment: Rhythmic visual stimulation causally enhances auditory working memory performance. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj9782. [PMID: 35196074 PMCID: PMC8865801 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj9782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The frontoparietal network is involved in multiple tasks, such as visual mental rotation, working memory, or arithmetic. Whether those different cognitive processes are supported by the same supramodal network or distinct, but overlapping, functional systems is unresolved. We investigate whether frontoparietal activity can be selectively entrained by rhythmic sensory stimulations (visual rotation) and whether this entrainment can causally modulate task performance in another modality (auditory working memory). We show that rhythmic visual presentations of rotating shapes, known to activate the dorsal pathway, increase frontoparietal connectivity at stimulation frequency as measured with MEG/EEG. We then show that frontoparietal theta oscillations predict auditory working memory performance. Last, we demonstrate that theta rhythmic visual stimulation applied during auditory memory causally enhances performance, and both the rotating properties of the stimulus and its flickering frequency drive the effect. This study provides causal evidence of the supramodal role of the frontoparietal network in human cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Albouy
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), CRBLM, Montreal, QC H2V 2J2, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, School of Psychology, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Zaida E. Martinez-Moreno
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Roxane S. Hoyer
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, School of Psychology, Laval University, Québec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - Robert J. Zatorre
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), CRBLM, Montreal, QC H2V 2J2, Canada
| | - Sylvain Baillet
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
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7
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Landers MJF, Meesters SPL, van Zandvoort M, de Baene W, Rutten GJM. The frontal aslant tract and its role in executive functions: a quantitative tractography study in glioma patients. Brain Imaging Behav 2021; 16:1026-1039. [PMID: 34716878 PMCID: PMC9107421 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-021-00581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Focal white matter lesions can cause cognitive impairments due to disconnections within or between networks. There is some preliminary evidence that there are specific hubs and fiber pathways that should be spared during surgery to retain cognitive performance. A tract potentially involved in important higher-level cognitive processes is the frontal aslant tract. It roughly connects the posterior parts of the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus. Functionally, the left frontal aslant tract has been associated with speech and the right tract with executive functions. However, there currently is insufficient knowledge about the right frontal aslant tract’s exact functional importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the right frontal aslant tract in executive functions via a lesion-symptom approach. We retrospectively examined 72 patients with frontal glial tumors and correlated measures from tractography (distance between tract and tumor, and structural integrity of the tract) with cognitive test performances. The results indicated involvement of the right frontal aslant tract in shifting attention and letter fluency. This involvement was not found for the left tract. Although this study was exploratory, these converging findings contribute to a better understanding of the functional frontal subcortical anatomy. Shifting attention and letter fluency are important for healthy cognitive functioning, and when impaired they may greatly influence a patient’s wellbeing. Further research is needed to assess whether or not damage to the right frontal aslant tract causes permanent cognitive impairments, and consequently identifies this tract as a critical pathway that should be taken into account during neurosurgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maud J F Landers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands. .,Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Stephan P L Meesters
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands.,Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martine van Zandvoort
- Department of Neurology & Neurosurgery, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter de Baene
- Department of Cognitive Neuropsychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Geert-Jan M Rutten
- Department of Neurosurgery, Elisabeth-Tweesteden Hospital, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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8
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Zheng C, Zhang RS, Wan T, Zhao JS. Topological Alterations of Working Memory Impairment in Aged Patients With Vascular Dementia. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:741445. [PMID: 34675799 PMCID: PMC8524126 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.741445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a common disease causing vascular dementia. Survivors often suffer from cognitive impairment especially working memory deficit. Currently, lack of theoretical support limits the improvement of cognitive intervention or rehabilitation. It is unclear how the large-scale network differs and to what extent is the brain network affected? Our study aims to provide novel information about the topological characteristics of brain organization, especially "small-world" property. A total of 62 aSAH patients are enrolled in this study. They are divided into two groups according to the syndrome of working memory deficit. Their working memory function is evaluated by TMT-B and AVLT (Chinese version). Functional MRI scan is also performed for detecting resting-state cortical plasticity. We utilized ICA to extract functional sub-networks including working memory network from imaging data. And then we establish binarized network and calculate the small-worldness property as well as local and global efficiency of networks. aSAH group with working memory deficit shows no significant difference of clustering coefficient with control group. Our study discovered significant decrease of characteristic path length indicating an increase of overall routing efficiency. We reason that patients with working memory deficit have to recruit more neuronal resources and thus develops higher overall routing efficiency of local network. This study provides novel information about the neural alterations of aSAH patients with working memory deficit. It might contribute to the understanding of neural mechanism and the improvement of current intervention for vascular dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cao Zheng
- Department of Radiation Intervention, Central Hospital of Huanggang City, Huanggang, China.,Department of Radiology, Central Hospital of Huanggang City, Huanggang, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Radiation Intervention, Central Hospital of Huanggang City, Huanggang, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Department of Radiation Intervention, Central Hospital of Huanggang City, Huanggang, China
| | - Jun-Sheng Zhao
- Department of Radiation Intervention, Central Hospital of Huanggang City, Huanggang, China
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9
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Neri F, Cappa SF, Mencarelli L, Momi D, Santarnecchi E, Rossi S. Brain Functional Correlates of Episodic Memory Using an Ecological Free Recall Task. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11070911. [PMID: 34356144 PMCID: PMC8303916 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11070911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Episodic Memory (EM) allows us to revive a past event through mental time-travel. The neural correlates of memories recollection have been identified in hippocampal regions and multiple neocortical areas, but few neuroimaging studies have used an ecological task such as a free recall of a structured story. Using an ecological fMRI-free recall (FR) task, we aimed to investigate the relevant recruitment of the brain networks associated with the story recollection process and its performance. Fourteen healthy participants listened to a brief story and were tested for Immediate-Recall (IR), a task that is widely used in a neuropsychological evaluation. Then, the subjects underwent an fMRI session, where they had to perform a free recall (FR) of the story subvocally. Finally, the participants were tested for Delayed-Recall (DR). IR and DR scores were significantly (r = 0.942; p < 0.001) correlated. FR enhanced the activity of the Language, the Left Executive Control, the Default Mode and the Precuneus brain networks, with the strongest BOLD signal localized in the left Angular Gyrus (AG) (p < 0.05; FWE-corrected). Furthermore, the story recall performance covaried with specific network activation patterns and the recruitment of the left anterior/posterior AG correlated, respectively, with higher/lower performance scores (p > 0.05). FR seems to be a promising task to investigate ecologically the neural correlates of EM. Moreover, the recruitment of the anterior AG might be a marker for an optimal functioning of the recall process. Preliminary outcomes lay the foundation for the investigation of the brain networks in the healthy and pathological elderly population during FR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Neri
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy; (L.M.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-339-341-257
| | - Stefano F. Cappa
- Institute for Advanced Study, IUSS, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy;
- IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, PV, Italy
| | - Lucia Mencarelli
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy; (L.M.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Davide Momi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy; (L.M.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
| | - Emiliano Santarnecchi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA;
- Department of Cognitive Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Simone Rossi
- Siena Brain Investigation and Neuromodulation Lab (Si-BIN Lab), Unit of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neuroscience, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, SI, Italy; (L.M.); (D.M.); (S.R.)
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10
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Prince P, Paul BT, Chen J, Le T, Lin V, Dimitrijevic A. Neural correlates of visual stimulus encoding and verbal working memory differ between cochlear implant users and normal-hearing controls. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5016-5037. [PMID: 34146363 PMCID: PMC8457219 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A common concern for individuals with severe‐to‐profound hearing loss fitted with cochlear implants (CIs) is difficulty following conversations in noisy environments. Recent work has suggested that these difficulties are related to individual differences in brain function, including verbal working memory and the degree of cross‐modal reorganization of auditory areas for visual processing. However, the neural basis for these relationships is not fully understood. Here, we investigated neural correlates of visual verbal working memory and sensory plasticity in 14 CI users and age‐matched normal‐hearing (NH) controls. While we recorded the high‐density electroencephalogram (EEG), participants completed a modified Sternberg visual working memory task where sets of letters and numbers were presented visually and then recalled at a later time. Results suggested that CI users had comparable behavioural working memory performance compared with NH. However, CI users had more pronounced neural activity during visual stimulus encoding, including stronger visual‐evoked activity in auditory and visual cortices, larger modulations of neural oscillations and increased frontotemporal connectivity. In contrast, during memory retention of the characters, CI users had descriptively weaker neural oscillations and significantly lower frontotemporal connectivity. We interpret the differences in neural correlates of visual stimulus processing in CI users through the lens of cross‐modal and intramodal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Prince
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brandon T Paul
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph Chen
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Trung Le
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vincent Lin
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Dimitrijevic
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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11
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Meyer ML, Collier E. Theory of minds: managing mental state inferences in working memory is associated with the dorsomedial subsystem of the default network and social integration. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:63-73. [PMID: 32064502 PMCID: PMC7171370 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We often interact with multiple people at a time and consider their various points of view to facilitate smooth social interaction. Yet, how our brains track multiple mental states at once, and whether skill in this domain links to social integration, remains underspecified. To fill this gap, we developed a novel social working memory paradigm in which participants manage two- or four-people’s mental states in working memory, as well as control trials in which they alphabetize two- or four-people’s names in working memory. In Study 1, we found that the dorsomedial subsystem of the default network shows relative increases in activity with more mental states managed in working memory. In contrast, this subsystem shows relative decreases in activity with more non-mental state information (the number of names alphabetized) managed in working memory. In Study 2, only individual differences in managing mental states in working memory, specifically on trials that posed the greatest mental state load to working memory, correlated with social integration. Collectively, these findings add further support to the hypothesis that social working memory relies on partially distinct brain systems and may be a key ingredient to success in a social world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan L Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, HB 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Eleanor Collier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, HB 6207 Moore Hall, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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12
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Sippel LM, Holtzheimer PE, Huckins JF, Collier E, Feilong M, Wheatley T, Meyer ML. Neurocognitive mechanisms of poor social connection in posttraumatic stress disorder: Evidence for abnormalities in social working memory. Depress Anxiety 2021; 38:615-625. [PMID: 33621379 PMCID: PMC8169539 DOI: 10.1002/da.23139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor social connection is a central feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but little is known about the neurocognitive processes associated with social difficulties in this population. We examined recruitment of the default network and behavioral responses during social working memory (SWM; i.e., maintaining and manipulating social information on a moment-to-moment basis) in relation to PTSD and social connection. METHODS Participants with PTSD (n = 31) and a trauma-exposed control group (n = 21) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while completing a task in which they reasoned about two or four people's relationships in working memory (social condition) and alphabetized two or four people's names in working memory (nonsocial condition). Participants also completed measures of social connection (e.g., loneliness, social network size). RESULTS Compared to trauma-exposed controls, individuals with PTSD reported smaller social networks (p = .032) and greater loneliness (p = .038). Individuals with PTSD showed a selective deficit in SWM accuracy (p = .029) and hyperactivation in the default network, particularly in the dorsomedial subsystem, on trials with four relationships to consider. Moreover, default network hyperactivation in the PTSD group (vs. trauma-exposed group) differentially related to social network size and loneliness (p's < .05). Participants with PTSD also showed less resting state functional connectivity within the dorsomedial subsystem than controls (p = .002), suggesting differences in the functional integrity of a subsystem key to SWM. CONCLUSIONS SWM abnormalities in the default network may be a basic mechanism underlying poorer social connection in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Sippel
- National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, White River Junction, Vermont, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Paul E Holtzheimer
- National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, White River Junction, Vermont, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Jeremy F Huckins
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Eleanor Collier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Ma Feilong
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Thalia Wheatley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Meghan L Meyer
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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13
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Živanović M, Paunović D, Konstantinović U, Vulić K, Bjekić J, Filipović SR. The effects of offline and online prefrontal vs parietal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on verbal and spatial working memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2021; 179:107398. [PMID: 33540112 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Working memory (WM) is a limited-capacity system or set of processes that enables temporary storage and manipulation of information essential for complex cognitive processes. The WM performance is supported by a widespread neural network in which fronto-parietal functional connections have a pivotal role. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is rapidly emerging as a promising tool for understanding the role of various cortical areas and their functional networks on cognitive performance. Here we comprehensively evaluated the effects of tDCS on WM by conducting three cross-over counterbalanced sham-controlled experiments in which we contrasted the effects and interactions of the anodal (i.e. facilitatory) tDCS across anterior-posterior (i.e. DLPFC vs PPC) and left-right (i.e. the lateralization) axes, and across online and offline protocols using both verbal and spatial WM (3-back) tasks as outcomes. In the offline protocols, left DLPFC stimulation affected neither verbal nor spatial WM, while left PPC stimulation increased spatial WM. When applied offline over right DLPFC, tDCS improved verbal WM task and marginally enhanced spatial WM; while when tDCS was applied over the right PPC, facilitatory effects were observed on verbal WM. In the online protocol, tDCS did not modulate WM regardless of the task modality or stimulation loci. In summary, the study did not replicate the left DLPFC tDCS effect on WM, found in some of the previous studies, but demonstrated positive effects of stimulation of the right DLPFC as well as PPC bilaterally. The observed effects varied across modality of the 3-back task, and tDCS protocol applied. The results of this study argue for moving towards targeting the lesser-explored stimulation sites within the fronto-parietal network, such as PPC, to gain a better understanding of the usefulness of tDCS for WM neuromodulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Živanović
- University of Belgrade Faculty of Philosophy, Department of Psychology, Serbia
| | - Dunja Paunović
- University of Belgrade Institute for Medical Research, Human Neuroscience Group, Serbia
| | - Uroš Konstantinović
- University of Belgrade Institute for Medical Research, Human Neuroscience Group, Serbia
| | - Katarina Vulić
- University of Belgrade Institute for Medical Research, Human Neuroscience Group, Serbia
| | - Jovana Bjekić
- University of Belgrade Institute for Medical Research, Human Neuroscience Group, Serbia.
| | - Saša R Filipović
- University of Belgrade Institute for Medical Research, Human Neuroscience Group, Serbia
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14
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A Comprehensive Meta-analysis on Short-term and Working Memory Dysfunction in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychol Rev 2021; 31:288-311. [PMID: 33523408 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-021-09480-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A previous meta-analysis demonstrated short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM) dysfunction in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, considerable research on the topic that calls into question the extent of such impairments in PD has since been published. The aim of the present quantitative review was to provide the largest statistical overview on STM and WM dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD), while simultaneously providing novel insights on moderating factors of effect size heterogeneity in PD. The systematic literature search in PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycArticles, Scopus and Web of Science databases allowed us to estimate 350 effect sizes from 145 empirical studies that reported STM and WM scores for patients with PD against healthy controls. The outcomes indicated general dysfunction in the visuospatial domain and poor verbal WM in PD. Subgroup analyses suggested that mild cognitive impairment is associated with STM and WM difficulties in PD. Furthermore, meta-regression analyses revealed that disease duration accounted for more than 80% of the visuospatial STM effect size variance (β = 0.136, p < .001, R2 = .8272), larger daily levodopa equivalent dose was associated with WM dysfunction (verbal: β = -0.001, p = .016, R2 = .1812; visuospatial: β = 0.003, p = .069, R2 = .2340), and years of education partially explained the verbal STM effect size variance (β = -0.027, p = .040, R2 = .1171). Collectively, these findings advance our understanding of underlying factors that influence STM and WM functioning in PD, while at the same time providing novel directions for future research.
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15
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Saarikivi KA, Huotilainen M, Tervaniemi M, Putkinen V. Selectively Enhanced Development of Working Memory in Musically Trained Children and Adolescents. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 13:62. [PMID: 31780907 PMCID: PMC6851266 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2019.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current longitudinal study, we investigated the development of working memory in musically trained and nontrained children and adolescents, aged 9-20. We measured working memory with the Digit Span (DS) forwards and backwards tests (N = 106) and the Trail-Making A and B (TMT-A and B; N = 104) tests three times, in 2011, 2013, and 2016. We expected that musically trained participants would outperform peers with no musical training. Indeed, we found that the younger musically trained participants, in particular, outperformed their nontrained peers in the TMT-A, TMT-B and DS forwards tests. These tests all primarily require active maintenance of a rule in memory or immediate recall. In contrast, we found no group differences in the backwards test that requires manipulation and updating of information in working memory. These results suggest that musical training is more strongly associated with heightened working memory capacity and maintenance than enhanced working memory updating, especially in late childhood and early adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katri Annukka Saarikivi
- Cognitive Brain Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Huotilainen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Tervaniemi
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- CICERO Learning, Faculty of Educational Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vesa Putkinen
- Department of Psychology and Logopedics, Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Turku PET Centre, Turku, Finland
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16
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Shashidhara S, Mitchell DJ, Erez Y, Duncan J. Progressive Recruitment of the Frontoparietal Multiple-demand System with Increased Task Complexity, Time Pressure, and Reward. J Cogn Neurosci 2019; 31:1617-1630. [PMID: 31274390 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A distributed, frontoparietal "multiple-demand" (MD) network is involved in tasks of many different kinds. Integrated activity across this network may be needed to bind together the multiple features of a mental control program (Duncan, 2013). Previous data suggest that, especially with low cognitive load, there may be some differentiation between MD regions (e.g., anterior vs. posterior regions of lateral frontal cortex), but with increasing load, there is progressive recruitment of the entire network. Differentiation may reflect preferential access to different task features, whereas co-recruitment may reflect information exchange and integration. To examine these patterns, we used manipulations of complexity, time pressure, and reward while participants solved a spatial maze. Complexity was manipulated by combining two simple tasks. Time pressure was added by fading away the maze during route planning, and on some of these trials, there was the further possibility of a substantial reward. Simple tasks evoked activity only in posterior MD regions, including posterior lateral frontal cortex, pre-supplementary motor area/anterior cingulate, and intraparietal sulcus. With increasing complexity, time pressure, and reward, increases in activity were broadly distributed across the MD network, though with quantitative variations. Across the MD network, the results show a degree of functional differentiation, especially at low load, but strong co-recruitment with increased challenge or incentive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yaara Erez
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK.,University of Oxford
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17
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Román-López TV, Caballero-Sánchez U, Cisneros-Luna S, Franco-Rodríguez JA, Méndez-Díaz M, Prospéro-García O, Ruiz-Contreras AE. Brain electrical activity from encoding to retrieval while maintaining and manipulating information in working memory. Memory 2019; 27:1063-1078. [DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2019.1620287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Talía V. Román-López
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ulises Caballero-Sánchez
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Silvia Cisneros-Luna
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - J. Antonio Franco-Rodríguez
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mónica Méndez-Díaz
- Lab. Cannabinoides, Depto. Fisiología, Fac. Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Oscar Prospéro-García
- Lab. Cannabinoides, Depto. Fisiología, Fac. Medicina, UNAM, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alejandra E. Ruiz-Contreras
- Lab. Neurogenómica Cognitiva, Coord. Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Fac. Psicología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, México
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18
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Milak MS, Potter WA, Pantazatos SP, Keilp JG, Zanderigo F, Schain M, Sublette ME, Oquendo MA, Malone KM, Brandenburg H, Parsey RV, Mann JJ. Resting regional brain activity correlates of verbal learning deficit in major depressive disorder. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2019; 283:96-103. [PMID: 30580237 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory deficits are reported in major depressive disorder (MDD). Prefrontal cortical and mesiotemporal cortical (MTC)/subcortical regions are involved in the Buschke Selective Reminding Task (SRT), a verbal list-learning task. To determine whether depression-related changes in resting brain metabolism explain (in part) the deficits in SRT performance found in MDD, statistical correlation maps were calculated between SRT total recall score (TR) and relative regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (rCMRglu), measured by [18F]-flourodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET), in unmedicated, depressed MDD patients (N = 29). Subsequently, to explore hypothesized loss of top-down control in MDD, we compared the correlations between rCMRglu of SRT-relevant regions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and amygdala in a larger cohort of MDD (N = 60; 29 inclusive) versus healthy controls (HC) (N = 43). SRT performance of patients is on average 0.5 standard deviation below published normative mean. TR and rCMRglu positively correlate in bilateral dorsomedial PFC, dlPFC, dorsal anterior cingulate; negatively correlate in bilateral MTC/subcortical regions, and cerebellum. rCMRglu in dlPFC correlates negatively with that in amygdala in HC but not in MDD. Depression-related changes present in FDG-PET measured resting brain activity may be in part responsible for memory deficit found in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Milak
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - W Antonio Potter
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Spiro P Pantazatos
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - John G Keilp
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Francesca Zanderigo
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Martin Schain
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Sublette
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria A Oquendo
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kevin M Malone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Holly Brandenburg
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ramin V Parsey
- Stony Brook Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Hamamouche K, Keefe M, Jordan KE, Cordes S. Cognitive Load Affects Numerical and Temporal Judgments in Distinct Ways. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1783. [PMID: 30333769 PMCID: PMC6176015 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prominent theories suggest that time and number are processed by a single neural locus or a common magnitude system (e.g., Meck and Church, 1983; Walsh, 2003). However, a growing body of literature has identified numerous inconsistencies between temporal and numerical processing, casting doubt on the presence of such a singular system. Findings of distinct temporal and numerical biases in the presence of emotional content (Baker et al., 2013; Young and Cordes, 2013) are particularly relevant to this debate. Specifically, emotional stimuli lead to temporal overestimation, yet identical stimuli result in numerical underestimation. In the current study, we tested adults’ temporal and numerical processing under cognitive load, a task that compromises attention. Under the premise of a common magnitude system, one would predict cognitive load to have an identical impact on temporal and numerical judgments. Inconsistent with the common magnitude account, results revealed baseline performance on the temporal and numerical task was not correlated and importantly, cognitive load resulted in distinct and opposing quantity biases: numerical underestimation and marginal temporal overestimation. Together, our data call into question the common magnitude account, while also providing support for the role of attentional processes involved in numerical underestimation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maura Keefe
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Kerry E Jordan
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
| | - Sara Cordes
- Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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20
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Cohen JE, Ross RS, Stern CE. Predictability matters: role of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in disambiguation of overlapping sequences. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 25:335-346. [PMID: 30012878 PMCID: PMC6049392 DOI: 10.1101/lm.047175.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has demonstrated that areas in the medial temporal lobe and prefrontal cortex (PFC) show increased activation during retrieval of overlapping sequences. In this study, we designed a task in which degree of overlap varied between conditions in order to parse out the contributions of hippocampal and prefrontal subregions as overlap between associations increased. In the task, participants learned sequential associations consisting of a picture frame, a face within the picture frame, and an outdoor scene. The control condition consisted of a single frame-face-scene sequence. In the low overlap condition, each frame was paired with two faces and two scenes. In the high overlap condition, each frame was paired with four faces and four scenes. In all conditions the correct scene was chosen among four possible scenes and was dependent on the frame and face that preceded the choice point. One day after training, participants were tested on the retrieval of learned sequences during fMRI scanning. Results showed that the middle and posterior hippocampus (HC) was active at times when participants acquired information that increased predictability of the correct response in the overlapping sequences. Activation of dorsolateral PFC occurred at time points when the participant was able to ascertain which set of sequences the correct response belonged to. The ventrolateral PFC was active when inhibition was required, either of irrelevant stimuli or incorrect responses. These results indicate that areas of lateral PFC work in concert with the HC to disambiguate between overlapping sequences and that sequence predictability is key to when specific brain regions become active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justine E Cohen
- Center for Memory and Brain, Rajen Kilachand Center for Integrated Life Sciences and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Robert S Ross
- Psychology Department, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824, USA
| | - Chantal E Stern
- Center for Memory and Brain, Rajen Kilachand Center for Integrated Life Sciences and Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA
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21
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Albouy P, Baillet S, Zatorre RJ. Driving working memory with frequency-tuned noninvasive brain stimulation. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1423:126-137. [PMID: 29707781 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Frequency-tuned noninvasive brain stimulation is a recent approach in cognitive neuroscience that involves matching the frequency of transcranially applied electromagnetic fields to that of specific oscillatory components of the underlying neurophysiology. The objective of this method is to modulate ongoing/intrinsic brain oscillations, which correspond to rhythmic fluctuations of neural excitability, to causally change behavior. We review the impact of frequency-tuned noninvasive brain stimulation on the research field of human working memory. We argue that this is a powerful method to probe and understand the mechanisms of memory functions, targeting specifically task-related oscillatory dynamics, neuronal representations, and brain networks. We report the main behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes published to date, in particular, how functionally relevant oscillatory signatures in signal power and interregional connectivity yield causal changes of working memory abilities. We also present recent developments of the technique that aim to modulate cross-frequency coupling in polyrhythmic neural activity. Overall, the method has led to significant advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of systems neuroscience, and the role of brain oscillations in cognition and behavior. We also emphasize the translational impact of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques in the development of therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Albouy
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Canada
| | - Sylvain Baillet
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Robert J Zatorre
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS), Montreal, Canada
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22
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Yue Q, Martin RC, Hamilton AC, Rose NS. Non-perceptual Regions in the Left Inferior Parietal Lobe Support Phonological Short-term Memory: Evidence for a Buffer Account? Cereb Cortex 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhai Yue
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Randi C Martin
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - A Cris Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Rice University, MS-25, P.O. Box 1892, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nathan S Rose
- Department of Psychology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
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Prefrontal θ-Burst Stimulation Disrupts the Organizing Influence of Active Short-Term Retrieval on Episodic Memory. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0347-17. [PMID: 29445769 PMCID: PMC5810043 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0347-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is thought to organize items in working memory and this organizational role may also influence long-term memory. To causally test this hypothesized role of DLPFC in long-term memory formation, we used θ-burst noninvasive stimulation (TBS) to modulate DLPFC involvement in a memory task that assessed the influence of active short-term retrieval on later memory. Human subjects viewed three objects on a grid and then either actively retrieved or passively restudied one object’s location after a brief delay. Long-term memory for the other objects was assessed after a delay to evaluate the beneficial role of active short-term retrieval on subsequent memory for the entire set of object locations. We found that DLPFC TBS had no significant effects on short-term memory. In contrast, DLPFC TBS impaired long-term memory selectively in the active-retrieval condition but not in the passive-restudy condition. These findings are consistent with the hypothesized contribution of DLPFC to the organizational processes operative during active short-term retrieval that influence long-term memory, although other regions that were not stimulated could provide similar contributions. Notably, active-retrieval and passive-restudy conditions were intermixed, and therefore nonspecific influences of stimulation were well controlled. These results suggest that DLPFC is causally involved in organizing event information during active retrieval to support coherent long-term memory formation.
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24
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Oldrati V, Colombo B, Antonietti A. Combination of a short cognitive training and tDCS to enhance visuospatial skills: A comparison between online and offline neuromodulation. Brain Res 2017; 1678:32-39. [PMID: 29017911 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Visuospatial skills can be enhanced thanks to specific intervention programs, but the additional benefits of neuromodulation on these skills have not been fully investigated yet, although transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has demonstrated to boost the effects of cognitive trainings. When combining cognitive intervention with neuromodulation, the time-window of tDCS application in relation to task execution has to be taken into account since it has been shown to affect stimulation outcomes. The aim of the present experiment was to investigate the influence of tDCS in enhancing the effects of a training for visuospatial skills. We hypothesized that tDCS applied during training execution (online) would improve the cognitive performance at a larger extent than tDCS applied before training execution (offline). Participants received anodal tDCS over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during (online) or before (offline) the completion of the training. A control sham condition was included. Visuospatial abilities were measured 24 h before (day 1, pre-test) and 24 h after (day 3, post-test) the stimulation and training session (day 2). tDCS enhanced gains for mental folding performance when applied during the execution of the training (online). Participants' mental rotation and mental folding performance improved from pre-test to post-test regardless of the stimulation condition. However participants in the online tDCS condition showed the largest improvement in mental folding performance. Findings indicate that tDCS enhanced the effects of the training when applied during its execution, showing cumulative positive aftereffects on visuospatial performance 24 h after the stimulation session. The time-dependent effect points out the importance of the time-window of tDCS application in influencing behavior when combined with cognitive programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Oldrati
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Piazza A. Botta 6, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Barbara Colombo
- Division of Education and Human Studies, Psychology Division, Champlain College, 163 South Willard Street, Burlington, VT, USA; Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 1, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Antonietti
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo A. Gemelli 1, Milan, Italy
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25
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Johnson EL, Dewar CD, Solbakk AK, Endestad T, Meling TR, Knight RT. Bidirectional Frontoparietal Oscillatory Systems Support Working Memory. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1829-1835.e4. [PMID: 28602658 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to represent and select information in working memory provides the neurobiological infrastructure for human cognition. For 80 years, dominant views of working memory have focused on the key role of prefrontal cortex (PFC) [1-8]. However, more recent work has implicated posterior cortical regions [9-12], suggesting that PFC engagement during working memory is dependent on the degree of executive demand. We provide evidence from neurological patients with discrete PFC damage that challenges the dominant models attributing working memory to PFC-dependent systems. We show that neural oscillations, which provide a mechanism for PFC to communicate with posterior cortical regions [13], independently subserve communications both to and from PFC-uncovering parallel oscillatory mechanisms for working memory. Fourteen PFC patients and 20 healthy, age-matched controls performed a working memory task where they encoded, maintained, and actively processed information about pairs of common shapes. In controls, the electroencephalogram (EEG) exhibited oscillatory activity in the low-theta range over PFC and directional connectivity from PFC to parieto-occipital regions commensurate with executive processing demands. Concurrent alpha-beta oscillations were observed over parieto-occipital regions, with directional connectivity from parieto-occipital regions to PFC, regardless of processing demands. Accuracy, PFC low-theta activity, and PFC → parieto-occipital connectivity were attenuated in patients, revealing a PFC-independent, alpha-beta system. The PFC patients still demonstrated task proficiency, which indicates that the posterior alpha-beta system provides sufficient resources for working memory. Taken together, our findings reveal neurologically dissociable PFC and parieto-occipital systems and suggest that parallel, bidirectional oscillatory systems form the basis of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L Johnson
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Callum D Dewar
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Anne-Kristin Solbakk
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo 0372, Norway; Department of Neuropsychology, Helgeland Hospital, Mosjøen 8657, Norway
| | - Tor Endestad
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Torstein R Meling
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo 0372, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo 0373, Norway
| | - Robert T Knight
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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26
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Selective Entrainment of Theta Oscillations in the Dorsal Stream Causally Enhances Auditory Working Memory Performance. Neuron 2017; 94:193-206.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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27
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Cogan GB, Iyer A, Melloni L, Thesen T, Friedman D, Doyle W, Devinsky O, Pesaran B. Manipulating stored phonological input during verbal working memory. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:279-286. [PMID: 27941789 PMCID: PMC5272846 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Verbal working memory (vWM) involves storing and manipulating information in phonological sensory input. An influential theory of vWM proposes that manipulation is carried out by a central executive while storage is performed by two interacting systems: a phonological input buffer that captures sound-based information and an articulatory rehearsal system that controls speech motor output. Whether, when and how neural activity in the brain encodes these components remains unknown. Here we read out the contents of vWM from neural activity in human subjects as they manipulated stored speech sounds. As predicted, we identified storage systems that contained both phonological sensory and articulatory motor representations. Unexpectedly, however, we found that manipulation did not involve a single central executive but rather involved two systems with distinct contributions to successful manipulation. We propose, therefore, that multiple subsystems comprise the central executive needed to manipulate stored phonological input for articulatory motor output in vWM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory B Cogan
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Asha Iyer
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lucia Melloni
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas Thesen
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daniel Friedman
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Werner Doyle
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Orrin Devinsky
- Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, NYU School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bijan Pesaran
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Konstantinou N, Constantinidou F, Kanai R. Discrete capacity limits and neuroanatomical correlates of visual short-term memory for objects and spatial locations. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 38:767-778. [PMID: 27684499 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is responsible for keeping information in mind when it is no longer in view, linking perception with higher cognitive functions. Despite such crucial role, short-term maintenance of visual information is severely limited. Research suggests that capacity limits in visual short-term memory (VSTM) are correlated with sustained activity in distinct brain areas. Here, we investigated whether variability in the structure of the brain is reflected in individual differences of behavioral capacity estimates for spatial and object VSTM. Behavioral capacity estimates were calculated separately for spatial and object information using a novel adaptive staircase procedure and were found to be unrelated, supporting domain-specific VSTM capacity limits. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analyses revealed dissociable neuroanatomical correlates of spatial versus object VSTM. Interindividual variability in spatial VSTM was reflected in the gray matter density of the inferior parietal lobule. In contrast, object VSTM was reflected in the gray matter density of the left insula. These dissociable findings highlight the importance of considering domain-specific estimates of VSTM capacity and point to the crucial brain regions that limit VSTM capacity for different types of visual information. Hum Brain Mapp 38:767-778, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Konstantinou
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Fofi Constantinidou
- Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.,Department of Psychology, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ryota Kanai
- Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QJ, United Kindgom.,School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, BN1 9QH, United Kingdom.,Department of Neuroinformatics, Araya Brain Imaging, Tokyo, Japan.,YHouse Inc, New York, New York
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29
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Dimitriadis SI, Sun Y, Thakor NV, Bezerianos A. Causal Interactions between Frontal(θ) - Parieto-Occipital(α2) Predict Performance on a Mental Arithmetic Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:454. [PMID: 27683547 PMCID: PMC5022172 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the different functional contributions of spatially distinct brain areas to working memory (WM) subsystems in cognitive tasks that demand both local information processing and interregional coordination. In WM cognitive task paradigms employing electroencephalography (EEG), brain rhythms such as θ and α have been linked to specific functional roles over given brain areas, but their functional coupling has not been extensively studied. Here we analyzed an arithmetic task with five cognitive workload levels (CWLs) and demonstrated functional/effective coupling between the two WM subsystems: the central executive located over frontal (F) brain areas that oscillates on the dominant θ rhythm (Frontalθ/Fθ) and the storage buffer located over parieto-occipital (PO) brain areas that operates on the α2 dominant brain rhythm (Parieto-Occipitalα2/POα2). We focused on important differences between and within WM subsystems in relation to behavioral performance. A repertoire of brain connectivity estimators was employed to elucidate the distinct roles of amplitude, phase within and between frequencies, and the hierarchical role of functionally specialized brain areas related to the task. Specifically, for each CWL, we conducted a) a conventional signal power analysis within both frequency bands at Fθ and POα2, b) the intra- and inter-frequency phase interactions between Fθ and POα2, and c) their causal phase and amplitude relationship. We found no significant statistical difference of signal power or phase interactions between correct and wrong answers. Interestingly, the study of causal interactions between Fθ and POα2 revealed frontal brain region(s) as the leader, while the strength differentiated between correct and wrong responses in every CWL with absolute accuracy. Additionally, zero time-lag between bilateral Fθ and right POa2 could serve as an indicator of mental calculation failure. Overall, our study highlights the significant role of coordinated activity between Fθ and POα2 via their causal interactions and the timing for arithmetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros I Dimitriadis
- Institute of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences, Cardiff University School of MedicineCardiff, UK; Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Center, School of Psychology, Cardiff UniversityCardiff, UK; Artificial Intelligence and Information Analysis Laboratory, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece; Neuroinformatics.Group, Department of Informatics, Aristotle University of ThessalonikiThessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yu Sun
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nitish V Thakor
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anastasios Bezerianos
- Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore Singapore, Singapore
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30
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Abstract
AbstractIn this commentary, we discuss an important pattern of results in the literature on the neural basis of expertise: (a) decrease of cerebral activation at the beginning of acquisition of expertise and (b) functional cerebral reorganization as a consequence of years of practice. We show how these two results can be integrated with the neural reuse framework.
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31
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Abstract
This human neuroimaging review aims to determine the degree to which visual memory evokes activity in neural regions that have been associated with visual perception. A visual perception framework is proposed to identify cortical regions associated with modality-specific processing (i.e., visual, auditory, motor, or olfactory), visual domain-specific processing (i.e., “what” versus “where,” or face versus visual context), and visual feature-specific processing (i.e., color, motion, or spatial location). Independent assessments of visual item memory studies and visual working memory studies revealed activity in the appropriate cortical regions associated with each of the three levels of visual perception processing. These results provide compelling evidence that visual memory and visual perception are associated with common neural substrates. Furthermore, as with visual perception, they support the view that visual memory is a constructive process, in which features or components from disparate cortical regions bind together to form a coherent whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
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32
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Brain-mechanistic responses to varying difficulty levels of approximate solutions to arithmetic problems. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24194. [PMID: 27072753 PMCID: PMC4829836 DOI: 10.1038/srep24194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximate strategies are crucial in daily human life. The studies on the “difficulty effect” seen in approximate complex arithmetic have long been neglected. Here, we aimed to explore the brain mechanisms related to this difficulty effect in the case of complex addition, using event-related potential-based methods. Following previous path-finding studies, we used the inequality paradigm and different split sizes to induce the use of two approximate strategies for different difficulty levels. By comparing dependent variables from the medium- and large-split conditions, we anticipated being able to dissociate the effects of task difficulty based on approximate strategy in electrical components. In the fronto−central region, early P2 (150–250 ms) and an N400-like wave (250–700 ms) were significantly different between different difficulty levels. Differences in P2 correlated with the difficulty of separation of the approximate strategy from the early physical stimulus discrimination process, which is dominant before 200 ms, and differences in the putative N400 correlated with different difficulties of approximate strategy execution. Moreover, this difference may be linked to speech processing. In addition, differences were found in the fronto-central region, which may reflect the regulatory role of this part of the cortex in approximate strategy execution when solving complex arithmetic problems.
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33
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Nyberg L, Eriksson J. Working Memory: Maintenance, Updating, and the Realization of Intentions. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2015; 8:a021816. [PMID: 26637287 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
"Working memory" refers to a vast set of mnemonic processes and associated brain networks, relates to basic intellectual abilities, and underlies many real-world functions. Working-memory maintenance involves frontoparietal regions and distributed representational areas, and can be based on persistent activity in reentrant loops, synchronous oscillations, or changes in synaptic strength. Manipulation of content of working memory depends on the dorsofrontal cortex, and updating is realized by a frontostriatal '"gating" function. Goals and intentions are represented as cognitive and motivational contexts in the rostrofrontal cortex. Different working-memory networks are linked via associative reinforcement-learning mechanisms into a self-organizing system. Normal capacity variation, as well as working-memory deficits, can largely be accounted for by the effectiveness and integrity of the basal ganglia and dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Nyberg
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Johan Eriksson
- Umeå Center for Functional Brain Imaging (UFBI), Umeå University, 901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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34
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Demanuele C, Bähner F, Plichta MM, Kirsch P, Tost H, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Durstewitz D. A statistical approach for segregating cognitive task stages from multivariate fMRI BOLD time series. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:537. [PMID: 26557064 PMCID: PMC4617410 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Multivariate pattern analysis can reveal new information from neuroimaging data to illuminate human cognition and its disturbances. Here, we develop a methodological approach, based on multivariate statistical/machine learning and time series analysis, to discern cognitive processing stages from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) time series. We apply this method to data recorded from a group of healthy adults whilst performing a virtual reality version of the delayed win-shift radial arm maze (RAM) task. This task has been frequently used to study working memory and decision making in rodents. Using linear classifiers and multivariate test statistics in conjunction with time series bootstraps, we show that different cognitive stages of the task, as defined by the experimenter, namely, the encoding/retrieval, choice, reward and delay stages, can be statistically discriminated from the BOLD time series in brain areas relevant for decision making and working memory. Discrimination of these task stages was significantly reduced during poor behavioral performance in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), but not in the primary visual cortex (V1). Experimenter-defined dissection of time series into class labels based on task structure was confirmed by an unsupervised, bottom-up approach based on Hidden Markov Models. Furthermore, we show that different groupings of recorded time points into cognitive event classes can be used to test hypotheses about the specific cognitive role of a given brain region during task execution. We found that whilst the DLPFC strongly differentiated between task stages associated with different memory loads, but not between different visual-spatial aspects, the reverse was true for V1. Our methodology illustrates how different aspects of cognitive information processing during one and the same task can be separated and attributed to specific brain regions based on information contained in multivariate patterns of voxel activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charmaine Demanuele
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Florian Bähner
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Michael M Plichta
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Kirsch
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Tost
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Durstewitz
- Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University Mannheim, Germany
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35
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Deák GO, Wiseheart M. Cognitive flexibility in young children: General or task-specific capacity? J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 138:31-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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36
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Kondo HM, Nomura M, Kashino M. Different Roles of COMT and HTR2A Genotypes in Working Memory Subprocesses. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0126511. [PMID: 25974269 PMCID: PMC4431742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Working memory is linked to the functions of the frontal areas, in which neural activity is mediated by dopaminergic and serotonergic tones. However, there is no consensus regarding how the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems influence working memory subprocesses. The present study used an imaging genetics approach to examine the interaction between neurochemical functions and working memory performance. We focused on functional polymorphisms of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met and serotonin 2A receptor (HTR2A) -1438G/A genes, and devised a delayed recognition task to isolate the encoding, retention, and retrieval processes for visual information. The COMT genotypes affected recognition accuracy, whereas the HTR2A genotypes were associated with recognition response times. Activations specifically related to working memory were found in the right frontal and parietal areas, such as the middle frontal gyrus (MFG), inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and inferior parietal lobule (IPL). MFG and ACC/IPL activations were sensitive to differences between the COMT genotypes and between the HTR2A genotypes, respectively. Structural equation modeling demonstrated that stronger connectivity in the ACC-MFG and ACC-IFG networks is related to better task performance. The behavioral and fMRI results suggest that the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems play different roles in the working memory subprocesses and modulate closer cooperation between lateral and medial frontal activations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito M. Kondo
- Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243–0198, Japan
- Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565–0871, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Michio Nomura
- Division of Cognitive Psychology in Education, Graduate School of Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606–8501, Japan
| | - Makio Kashino
- Human Information Science Laboratory, NTT Communication Science Laboratories, NTT Corporation, Atsugi, Kanagawa 243–0198, Japan
- Department of Information Processing, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226–8503, Japan
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37
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Sex differences on prefrontally-dependent cognitive tasks. Brain Cogn 2015; 93:42-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Fegen D, Buchsbaum BR, D'Esposito M. The effect of rehearsal rate and memory load on verbal working memory. Neuroimage 2015; 105:120-31. [PMID: 25467303 PMCID: PMC4267698 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While many neuroimaging studies have investigated verbal working memory (WM) by manipulating memory load, the subvocal rehearsal rate at these various memory loads has generally been left uncontrolled. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate how mnemonic load and the rate of subvocal rehearsal modulate patterns of activity in the core neural circuits underlying verbal working memory. Using fMRI in healthy subjects, we orthogonally manipulated subvocal rehearsal rate and memory load in a verbal WM task with long 45-s delay periods. We found that middle frontal gyrus (MFG) and superior parietal lobule (SPL) exhibited memory load effects primarily early in the delay period and did not exhibit rehearsal rate effects. In contrast, we found that inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), premotor cortex (PM) and Sylvian-parietal-temporal region (area Spt) exhibited approximately linear memory load and rehearsal rate effects, with rehearsal rate effects lasting through the entire delay period. These results indicate that IFG, PM and area Spt comprise the core articulatory rehearsal areas involved in verbal WM, while MFG and SPL are recruited in a general supervisory role once a memory load threshold in the core rehearsal network has been exceeded.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Fegen
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Bradley R Buchsbaum
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Hospital, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Mark D'Esposito
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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39
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Zokaei N, Burnett Heyes S, Gorgoraptis N, Budhdeo S, Husain M. Working memory recall precision is a more sensitive index than span. J Neuropsychol 2014; 9:319-29. [PMID: 25208525 DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Delayed adjustment tasks have recently been developed to examine working memory (WM) precision, that is, the resolution with which items maintained in memory are recalled. However, despite their emerging use in experimental studies of healthy people, evaluation of patient populations is sparse. We first investigated the validity of adjustment tasks, comparing precision with classical span measures of memory across the lifespan in 114 people. Second, we asked whether precision measures can potentially provide a more sensitive measure of WM than traditional span measures. Specifically, we tested this hypothesis examining WM in a group with early, untreated Parkinson's disease (PD) and its modulation by subsequent treatment on dopaminergic medication. Span measures correlated with precision across the lifespan: in children, young, and elderly participants. However, they failed to detect changes in WM in PD patients, either pre- or post-treatment initiation. By contrast, recall precision was sensitive enough to pick up such changes. PD patients pre-medication were significantly impaired compared to controls, but improved significantly after 3 months of being established on dopaminergic medication. These findings suggest that precision methods might provide a sensitive means to investigate WM and its modulation by interventions in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Zokaei
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - Nikos Gorgoraptis
- Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Sanjay Budhdeo
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Masud Husain
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
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40
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Ewald H, Glotzbach-Schoon E, Gerdes ABM, Andreatta M, Müller M, Mühlberger A, Pauli P. Delay and trace fear conditioning in a complex virtual learning environment-neural substrates of extinction. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:323. [PMID: 24904363 PMCID: PMC4034409 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extinction is an important mechanism to inhibit initially acquired fear responses. There is growing evidence that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) inhibits the amygdala and therefore plays an important role in the extinction of delay fear conditioning. To our knowledge, there is no evidence on the role of the prefrontal cortex in the extinction of trace conditioning up to now. Thus, we compared brain structures involved in the extinction of human delay and trace fear conditioning in a between-subjects-design in an fMRI study. Participants were passively guided through a virtual environment during learning and extinction of conditioned fear. Two different lights served as conditioned stimuli (CS); as unconditioned stimulus (US) a mildly painful electric stimulus was delivered. In the delay conditioning group (DCG) the US was administered with offset of one light (CS+), whereas in the trace conditioning group (TCG) the US was presented 4 s after CS+ offset. Both groups showed insular and striatal activation during early extinction, but differed in their prefrontal activation. The vmPFC was mainly activated in the DCG, whereas the TCG showed activation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) during extinction. These results point to different extinction processes in delay and trace conditioning. VmPFC activation during extinction of delay conditioning might reflect the inhibition of the fear response. In contrast, dlPFC activation during extinction of trace conditioning may reflect modulation of working memory processes which are involved in bridging the trace interval and hold information in short term memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Ewald
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Glotzbach-Schoon
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Antje B. M. Gerdes
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Biological Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of MannheimMannheim, Germany
| | - Marta Andreatta
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Müller
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
| | - Paul Pauli
- Department of Psychology, Biological Psychology, Clinical Psychology, and Psychotherapy, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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Grimault S, Nolden S, Lefebvre C, Vachon F, Hyde K, Peretz I, Zatorre R, Robitaille N, Jolicoeur P. Brain activity is related to individual differences in the number of items stored in auditory short-term memory for pitch: evidence from magnetoencephalography. Neuroimage 2014; 94:96-106. [PMID: 24642285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to examine brain activity related to the maintenance of non-verbal pitch information in auditory short-term memory (ASTM). We focused on brain activity that increased with the number of items effectively held in memory by the participants during the retention interval of an auditory memory task. We used very simple acoustic materials (i.e., pure tones that varied in pitch) that minimized activation from non-ASTM related systems. MEG revealed neural activity in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices that increased with a greater number of items effectively held in memory by the participants during the maintenance of pitch representations in ASTM. The present results reinforce the functional role of frontal and temporal cortices in the retention of pitch information in ASTM. This is the first MEG study to provide both fine spatial localization and temporal resolution on the neural mechanisms of non-verbal ASTM for pitch in relation to individual differences in the capacity of ASTM. This research contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms mediating the representation and maintenance of basic non-verbal auditory features in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Grimault
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), France.
| | - Sophie Nolden
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Lefebvre
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Québec, Canada
| | - François Vachon
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; École de psychologie, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Krista Hyde
- BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Isabelle Peretz
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert Zatorre
- BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Robitaille
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Jolicoeur
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; BRAMS, International Laboratory for Brain Music and Sounds, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada; Centre de recherche de l'institut universitaire de gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Québec, Canada
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42
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Hampson E, Morley EE. Estradiol concentrations and working memory performance in women of reproductive age. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2013; 38:2897-904. [PMID: 24011502 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estrogen has been proposed to exert a regulatory influence on the working memory system via actions in the female prefrontal cortex. Tests of this hypothesis have been limited almost exclusively to postmenopausal women and pharmacological interventions. We explored whether estradiol discernibly influences working memory within the natural range of variation in concentrations characteristic of the menstrual cycle. METHOD The performance of healthy women (n=39) not using hormonal contraceptives, and a control group of age- and education-matched men (n=31), was compared on a spatial working memory task. Cognitive testing was done blind to ovarian status. Women were retrospectively classified into low- or high-estradiol groups based on the results of radioimmunoassays of saliva collected immediately before and after the cognitive testing. RESULTS Women with higher levels of circulating estradiol made significantly fewer errors on the working memory task than women tested under low estradiol. Pearson's correlations showed that the level of salivary estradiol but not progesterone was correlated inversely with the number of working memory errors produced. Women tested at high levels of circulating estradiol tended to be more accurate than men. Superior performance by the high estradiol group was seen on the working memory task but not on two control tasks, indicating selectivity of the effects. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with previous studies of postmenopausal women, higher levels of circulating estradiol were associated with better working memory performance. These results add further support to the hypothesis that the working memory system is modulated by estradiol in women, and show that the effects can be observed under non-pharmacological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hampson
- Department of Psychology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada.
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43
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Ellmore TM, Rohlffs F, Khursheed F. FMRI of working memory impairment after recovery from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Front Neurol 2013; 4:179. [PMID: 24223572 PMCID: PMC3818578 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2013.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recovery from aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is often incomplete and accompanied by subtle but persistent cognitive deficits. Previous neuropsychological reports indicate these deficits include most prominently memory impairment, with working memory particularly affected. The neural basis of these memory deficits remains unknown and unexplored by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). In the present study, patients who experienced (SAH) underwent fMRI during the performance of a verbal working memory paradigm. Behavioral results indicated a subtle but statistically significant impairment relative to healthy subjects in working memory performance accuracy, which was accompanied by relatively increased blood-oxygen level dependent signal in widespread left and right hemisphere cortical areas during periods of encoding, maintenance, and retrieval. Activity increases remained after factoring out inter-individual differences in age and task performance, and included most notably left hemisphere regions associated with phonological loop processing, bilateral sensorimotor regions, and right hemisphere dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. We conclude that deficits in verbal working memory following recovery from (SAH) are accompanied by widespread differences in hemodynamic correlates of neural activity. These differences are discussed with respect to the immediate and delayed focal and global brain damage that can occur following (SAH), and the possibility that this damage induces subcortical disconnection and subsequent decreased efficiency in neural processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Ellmore
- Department of Psychology and Program in Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience, The City College of New York , New York, NY , USA
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44
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Nolden S, Bermudez P, Alunni-Menichini K, Lefebvre C, Grimault S, Jolicoeur P. Electrophysiological correlates of the retention of tones differing in timbre in auditory short-term memory. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:2740-6. [PMID: 24036359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nolden
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, Département de Psychologie, C.P. 6128, succursale Centre ville, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7; BRAMS, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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45
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Pu S, Nakagome K, Yamada T, Yokoyama K, Matsumura H, Terachi S, Mitani H, Adachi A, Kaneko K. Relationship between prefrontal function during a cognitive task and social functioning in male Japanese workers: a multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res 2013; 214:73-9. [PMID: 23932226 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate whether prefrontal function during a cognitive task reflects the social functioning of male Japanese workers, prefrontal function during a working memory task in 181 male workers was measured by multi-channel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Social functioning was assessed using the Social Adaptation Self-Evaluation Scale (SASS). The results indicated that cortical oxygenation level increases in dorsolateral prefrontal region showed significant positive correlations with the interest and motivation factor scores on the SASS. These results suggest that dorsolateral prefrontal function is associated with the interest and motivation factor in social functioning in male workers and that NIRS could be an addition to the medical tools for monitoring these characteristics on mental health examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghong Pu
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Brain and Neuroscience, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 36-1 Nishi-cho, Yonago, Tottori 683-8504, Japan.
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46
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Verbal working memory impairments following traumatic brain injury: an fNIRS investigation. Brain Imaging Behav 2013; 8:446-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-013-9258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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47
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Intelligence is differentially related to neural effort in the task-positive and the task-negative brain network. INTELLIGENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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48
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Nolden S, Grimault S, Guimond S, Lefebvre C, Bermudez P, Jolicoeur P. The retention of simultaneous tones in auditory short-term memory: a magnetoencephalography study. Neuroimage 2013; 82:384-92. [PMID: 23751862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to localize brain activity related to the retention of tones differing in pitch. Participants retained one or two simultaneously presented tones. After a two second interval a test tone was presented and the task was to determine if that tone was in memory. We focused on brain activity during the retention interval that increased as the number of sounds retained in auditory short-term memory (ASTM) increased. Source analyses revealed that the superior temporal gyrus in both hemispheres is involved in ASTM. In the right hemisphere, the inferior temporal gyrus, the inferior frontal gyrus, and parietal structures also play a role. Our method provides good spatial and temporal resolution for investigating neuronal correlates of ASTM and, as it is the first MEG study using a memory load manipulation without using sequences of tones, it allowed us to isolate brain regions that most likely reflect the simple retention of tones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nolden
- CERNEC, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada; BRAMS, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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49
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Distributed patterns of activity in sensory cortex reflect the precision of multiple items maintained in visual short-term memory. J Neurosci 2013; 33:6516-23. [PMID: 23575849 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5732-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, load sensitivity of sustained, elevated activity has been taken as an index of storage for a limited number of items in visual short-term memory (VSTM). Recently, studies have demonstrated that the contents of a single item held in VSTM can be decoded from early visual cortex, despite the fact that these areas do not exhibit elevated, sustained activity. It is unknown, however, whether the patterns of neural activity decoded from sensory cortex change as a function of load, as one would expect from a region storing multiple representations. Here, we use multivoxel pattern analysis to examine the neural representations of VSTM in humans across multiple memory loads. In an important extension of previous findings, our results demonstrate that the contents of VSTM can be decoded from areas that exhibit a transient response to visual stimuli, but not from regions that exhibit elevated, sustained load-sensitive delay-period activity. Moreover, the neural information present in these transiently activated areas decreases significantly with increasing load, indicating load sensitivity of the patterns of activity that support VSTM maintenance. Importantly, the decrease in classification performance as a function of load is correlated with within-subject changes in mnemonic resolution. These findings indicate that distributed patterns of neural activity in putatively sensory visual cortex support the representation and precision of information in VSTM.
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50
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Rossi S, Lubin A, Simon G, Lanoë C, Poirel N, Cachia A, Pineau A, Houdé O. Structural brain correlates of executive engagement in working memory: Children's inter-individual differences are reflected in the anterior insular cortex. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1145-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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