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Allen CDC. Features of B Cell Responses Relevant to Allergic Disease. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:257-266. [PMID: 35017215 PMCID: PMC10054180 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This Brief Review delves into B cell responses in the context of allergy. The primary contribution of B cells to allergy is the production of IgE, the Ab isotype that triggers immediate hypersensitivity reactions through the release of mediators from mast cells and basophils. B cells may also have protective roles in allergy, such as through the production of IgG or as regulatory B cells. In this review, I focus on the basic principles of B cell differentiation and discuss features relevant to allergic immune responses. In particular, I discuss: (1) class-switch recombination; (2) plasma cell differentiation; (3) germinal centers and affinity maturation; and (4) memory B cells and recall responses, with an emphasis on IgE, IgG1, and IgG4. I also consider how B cells may contribute to allergic responses independent of Ab production-for example, by serving as APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D C Allen
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; Sandler Asthma Basic Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA; and Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
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2
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Gandhi NA, Bennett BL, Graham NMH, Pirozzi G, Stahl N, Yancopoulos GD. Targeting key proximal drivers of type 2 inflammation in disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 15:35-50. [PMID: 26471366 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systemic type 2 inflammation encompassing T helper 2 (TH2)-type responses is emerging as a unifying feature of both classically defined allergic diseases, such as asthma, and a range of other inflammatory diseases. Rather than reducing inflammation with broad-acting immunosuppressants or narrowly targeting downstream products of the TH2 pathway, such as immunoglobulin E (IgE), efforts to target the key proximal type 2 cytokines - interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5 and IL-13 - represent a promising strategy to achieve therapeutic benefit across multiple diseases. After several initial disappointing clinical results with therapies targeting IL-4, IL-5 or IL-13 in asthma, applying a personalized approach achieved therapeutic benefit in an asthma subtype exhibiting an 'allergic' phenotype. More recently, efficacy was extended into a broad population of people with asthma. This argues that the Type 2 inflammation is broadly relevant across the severe asthma population if the key upstream drivers are properly blocked. Moreover, the simultaneous inhibition of IL-4 and IL-13 has shown significant clinical activity in diseases that are often co-morbid with asthma - atopic dermatitis and chronic sinusitis with nasal polyps - supporting the hypothesis that targeting a central 'driver pathway' could benefit multiple allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Gianluca Pirozzi
- Research and Development, Sanofi, Bridgewater, New Jersey 08807, USA
| | - Neil Stahl
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, New York 10591, USA
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Chan MA, Gigliotti NM, Dotson AL, Rosenwasser LJ. Omalizumab may decrease IgE synthesis by targeting membrane IgE+ human B cells. Clin Transl Allergy 2013; 3:29. [PMID: 24004581 PMCID: PMC3875359 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-3-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Omalizumab, is a humanized anti-IgE monoclonal antibody used to treat allergic asthma. Decreased serum IgE levels, lower eosinophil and B cell counts have been noted as a result of treatment. In vitro studies and animal models support the hypothesis that omalizumab inhibits IgE synthesis by B cells and causes elimination of IgE-expressing cells either by induction of apoptosis or induction of anergy or tolerance. Methods We examined the influence of omalizumab on human tonsillar B cell survival and on the genes involved in IgE synthesis. Tonsillar B cells were stimulated with IL-4 plus anti-CD40 antibody to induce class switch recombination to IgE production in the presence or absence of omalizumab. Cell viability was assessed and RNA extracted to examine specific genes involved in IgE synthesis. Conclusions We found that omalizumab reduced viable cell numbers but this was not through induction of apoptosis. IL-4R and germline Cϵ mRNA levels were decreased as well as the number of membrane IgE+ cells in B cells treated with omalizumab. These data suggest that omalizumab may decrease IgE synthesis by human B cells by specifically targeting membrane IgE-bearing B cells and inducing a state of anergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia A Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology Research, Children's Mercy Hospitals & Clinics, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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Chan MA, Gigliotti NM, Meng J, Rosenwasser LJ. Asthma-related SNP in FCER2 is associated with increased expression of IL-4R on human B cells. Int J Immunogenet 2011; 38:533-8. [PMID: 22059556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2011.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A SNP (rs2228137) (R62W) in FCER2 has been linked with severe exacerbations in asthmatics. Transfectants expressing the SNP exhibited increased IL-4Rα expression after stimulation through CD23 compared with wild-type. Our data suggest that the SNP may favour increased IgE production through increased responsiveness to IL-4 in patients possessing this genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chan
- Department of Pediatric Immunology, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, MO, USA.
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IFN-gamma, IL-4 and IL-13 modulate responsiveness of human airway smooth muscle cells to IL-13. Respir Res 2008; 9:84. [PMID: 19116009 PMCID: PMC2628656 DOI: 10.1186/1465-9921-9-84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background IL-13 is a critical mediator of allergic asthma and associated airway hyperresponsiveness. IL-13 acts through a receptor complex comprised of IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα subunits with subsequent activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6). The IL-13Rα2 receptor may act as a decoy receptor. In human airway smooth muscle (HASM) cells, IL-13 enhances cellular proliferation, calcium responses to agonists and induces eotaxin production. We investigated the effects of pre-treatment with IL-4, IL-13 and IFN-γ on the responses of HASM cells to IL-13. Methods Cultured HASM were examined for expression of IL-13 receptor subunits using polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Effects of cytokine pre-treatment on IL-13-induced cell responses were assessed by looking at STAT6 phosphorylation using Western blot, eotaxin secretion and calcium responses to histamine. Results IL-13Rα1, IL-4Rα and IL-13Rα2 subunits were expressed on HASM cells. IL-13 induced phosphorylation of STAT6 which reached a maximum by 30 minutes. Pre-treatment with IL-4, IL-13 and, to a lesser degree, IFN-γ reduced peak STAT6 phosphorylation in response to IL-13. IL-13, but not IFN-γ, pre-treatment abrogated IL-13-induced eotaxin secretion. Pre-treatment with IL-4 or IL-13 abrogated IL-13-induced augmentation of the calcium transient evoked by histamine. Cytokine pre-treatment did not affect expression of IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα but increased expression of IL-13Rα2. An anti-IL-13Rα2 neutralizing antibody did not prevent the cytokine pre-treatment effects on STAT6 phosphorylation. Cytokine pre-treatment increased SOCS-1, but not SOCS-3, mRNA expression which was not associated with significant increases in protein expression. Conclusion Pre-treatment with IL-4 and IL-13, but not IFN-γ, induced desensitization of the HASM cells to IL-13 as measured by eotaxin secretion and calcium transients to histamine. The mechanism of IL-4 and IL-13 induced desensitization does not appear to involve either downregulation of receptor expression or induction of the IL-13Rα2 or the SOCS proteins.
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Hajoui O, Zheng H, Guay J, Letuve S, Fawaz LM, Mazer BD. Regulation of IL-13 receptor α1 expression and signaling on human tonsillar B-lymphocyte subsets. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 120:1425-32. [PMID: 17761275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2006] [Revised: 06/29/2007] [Accepted: 07/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T(H)2 cytokines play crucial roles in driving human B lymphocytes to produce IgE. However, it is unclear whether IL-4 and IL-13 have parallel or sequential roles in the development of B lymphocytes. OBJECTIVE We investigated IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) expression and regulation in mature and immature human B cells. METHODS Purified B cells were isolated from human tonsils. We evaluated IL-13Ralpha1 mRNA expression using real-time PCR and IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) alpha expression using flow cytometry and microscopy. Signal transduction was assessed on the basis of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 phosphorylation. RESULTS IL13Ralpha1 mRNA was induced after stimulation with anti-CD40 antibodies, anti-CD40 plus IL-4, or anti-IgM/IgG. Baseline surface IL13Ralpha1 levels were low in unstimulated B cells but increased significantly at 24 hours and were sustained for 5 to 14 days. In contrast, IL4R alpha was constitutively expressed on tonsillar B cells, and levels did not significantly vary after stimulation. B cells activated by CD40 ligation or B-cell receptor cross-linking, but not resting B cells, showed significant increases in signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 phosphorylation in response to IL-13. IL-13Ralpha1 expression was induced on mature and memory B cells, as well as on naive subsets. CONCLUSIONS There is lower constitutive expression and signaling of IL13Ralpha1 in resting tonsillar B lymphocytes compared with that of IL4R alpha. IL-13 is induced on both immature and mature B lymphocytes. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This implies different roles for IL-4 and IL-13 in B-cell development, which would allow for specific targeting of IL-13 in IgE-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumnia Hajoui
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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7
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Arima K, Izuhara K. IL-13/IL-13 Receptor Interaction, an Emerging Therapeutic Target in Allergic Disease. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Zarlenga DS, Dawson H, Kringel H, Solano-Aguilar G, Urban JF. Molecular cloning of the swine IL-4 receptor alpha and IL-13 receptor 1-chains: effects of experimental Toxoplasma gondii, Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis infections on tissue mRNA levels. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2004; 101:223-34. [PMID: 15350752 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2004.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2004] [Revised: 04/29/2004] [Accepted: 05/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 are multi-functional cytokines with overlapping roles in the host defense against infection. Equally important in the regulation of IL-4 and IL-13 are their associated receptors. Though, their functional receptor complexes and signaling pathways are intricate and in some cases, share common elements, the specificity of the responses, nonetheless, resides in the structure and binding of the alpha-chain components. This report presents the cloning of the swine receptors IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 and the effects of parasite infection on their transcription. Pairwise alignment of predicted amino acid sequences indicates that the swine IL-13Ralpha1 is 86, 83, and 72% similar to canine, human and mouse sequences, respectively. Amino acid sequence conservation is appreciably lower between the swine IL-4Ralpha sequence and those from equine (72%), human (66%), and mouse (49%); however, noteworthy similarities were observed in their overall predicted secondary structures predominantly among the swine, equine, and human homologues. Relative levels of receptor mRNA in tissues from swine experimentally infected with the protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) or the nematodes Ascaris suum (A. suum) or Trichuris suis (T. suis), which are known to induce Th1 or Th2 host responses, respectively, were measured by real-time PCR. Results indicated that within 14 days following infection, overall mRNA levels for IL-4Ralpha and IL-13Ralpha1 were elevated in T. gondii-infected animals and reduced in A. suum-infected animals. Levels of swIL-4Ralpha and swIL-13Ralpha1 mRNA in T. suis-infected animals varied coincidentally with the course of the infection and the location of the analyzed tissue.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Ascariasis/genetics
- Ascariasis/immunology
- Ascariasis/parasitology
- Ascariasis/veterinary
- Ascaris suum/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Female
- Interleukin-13 Receptor alpha1 Subunit
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- RNA, Helminth/chemistry
- RNA, Helminth/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/immunology
- RNA, Protozoan/chemistry
- RNA, Protozoan/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin-13
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/genetics
- Receptors, Interleukin-4/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Sequence Alignment
- Swine
- Swine Diseases/genetics
- Swine Diseases/immunology
- Swine Diseases/parasitology
- Toxoplasma/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/genetics
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/immunology
- Toxoplasmosis, Animal/parasitology
- Trichuriasis/genetics
- Trichuriasis/immunology
- Trichuriasis/veterinary
- Trichuris/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dante S Zarlenga
- Immunology and Disease Resistance USDA, ARS, ANRI, Bovine Functional Genomics Lab, Building 1180 BARC-East, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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Yasunaga S, Yuyama N, Arima K, Tanaka H, Toda S, Maeda M, Matsui K, Goda C, Yang Q, Sugita Y, Nagai H, Izuhara K. The negative-feedback regulation of the IL-13 signal by the IL-13 receptor alpha2 chain in bronchial epithelial cells. Cytokine 2004; 24:293-303. [PMID: 14609571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2003.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a complex disease characterized by airway inflammation involving Th2 cytokines. Among Th2 cytokines, the significance of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma has recently emerged. Particularly, the direct action of IL-13 on bronchial epithelial cells (BECs) is critical for generation of airway hyperresponsiveness. IL-13 has two binding units; the IL-13 receptor alpha1 chain transduces the IL-13 signal comprising a heterodimer with the IL-4R alpha chain, whereas the IL-13 receptor alpha2 chain (IL-13Ralpha2) is thought to act as a decoy receptor. However, it remains obscure how expression of these molecules is regulated in each cell. In this article, we analyzed the expression of these components in BECs. Either IL-4 or IL-13 induced intracellular expression of IL-13Ralpha2 in BECs, which was STAT6-dependent and required de novo protein synthesis. IL-13Ralpha2 expressed on the cell surface as a monomer inhibited the STAT6-dependent IL-13 signal. Furthermore, expression of IL-13Ralpha2 was induced in lung tissues of ovalbumin-induced asthma model mice. Taken together, our results suggested the possibility that IL-13Ralpha2 induced by its ligand is transferred to the cell surface by an unknown mechanism, and it down-regulates the IL-13 signal in BECs, which functions as a unique negative-feedback system for the cytokine signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin'ichiro Yasunaga
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Saga Medical School, 5-1-1, Nabeshima, Saga 849-8501, Japan
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Kawakami K, Kawakami M, Puri RK. Specifically targeted killing of interleukin-13 (IL-13) receptor-expressing breast cancer by IL-13 fusion cytotoxin in animal model of human disease. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.137.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin-13 receptor (IL-13R) α2 chain binds IL-13 with high affinity and can internalize after binding to ligand. We have exploited this property of IL-13Rα2 chain by receptor-targeted breast cancer therapy. Previous studies have demonstrated that in vivo intratumoral (i.t.) gene transfer of this chain followed by IL-13 cytotoxin [comprised of IL-13 and Pseudomonas exotoxin (IL13-PE38QQR)] therapy causes regression of established human tumors in xenografted models. Breast carcinoma cells do not express IL-13Rα2 chain and are resistant to the antitumor effect of IL-13 cytotoxin. To determine whether IL-13Rα2 chain can render sensitivity of breast cancer to IL-13 cytotoxin, we injected IL-13Rα2 plasmid in s.c. established tumors by i.t. route, followed by systemic or i.t. IL-13 cytotoxin administration. This combination approach showed profound antitumor activity against human breast tumors in xenografted immunodeficient mice. Interestingly, there was dominant infiltration of inflammatory cells in regressing tumors, which were identified to be macrophages producing nitric oxide (NO) and natural killer cells. The partial role of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-positive macrophages was confirmed by in vivo macrophage depletion experiments. Serum chemistry, hematology, and organ histology from treated mice did not show any remarkable toxicity resulting from the combination therapy. Taken together, local gene transfer of IL-13Rα2 followed by receptor-targeted IL-13 cytotoxin therapy may be applied safely and effectively to the treatment of localized breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mariko Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raj K. Puri
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD
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Yoshikawa M, Nakajima T, Tsukidate T, Matsumoto K, Iida M, Otori N, Haruna SI, Moriyama H, Saito H. TNF-α and IL-4 regulate expression of IL-13 receptor α2 on human fibroblasts. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 312:1248-55. [PMID: 14652008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Two interleukin 13 receptors (IL-13Rs) have been identified as IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2. IL-13Ralpha1 is composed of a heterodimer consisting of IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-4 receptor alpha (IL-4Ralpha) as a signaling subunit. In contrast, IL-13Ralpha2 is known as a decoy receptor for IL-13. In this study, we investigated the expression of IL-13Rs on human fibroblasts. IL-13Ralpha2 was significantly up-regulated after stimulation with tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and/or IL-4. In contrast, IL-13Ralpha1 was constitutively detectable and was not up-regulated. After the induction of IL-13alpha2 by IL-4, STAT6 phosphorylation through IL-13Ralpha1 by IL-13 was inhibited. We also detected large intracellular pools of IL-13Ralpha2 in fibroblasts quantitatively. Furthermore, mobilization of the IL-13Ralpha2 protein stores from the cytoplasm to the cell surface was prevented by an inhibitor of protein transport, brefeldin-A. These results indicate that TNF-alpha and IL-4 synergistically up-regulate the expression of IL-13Ralpha2 decoy receptor on human fibroblasts by inducing gene expression and mobilizing intracellular receptors, and thus may down-regulate the IL-13 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Yoshikawa
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 3-35-31 Taishidou, Setagaya-ku, 154-8567, Tokyo, Japan
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Steiner GE, Stix U, Handisurya A, Willheim M, Haitel A, Reithmayr F, Paikl D, Ecker RC, Hrachowitz K, Kramer G, Lee C, Marberger M. Cytokine expression pattern in benign prostatic hyperplasia infiltrating T cells and impact of lymphocytic infiltration on cytokine mRNA profile in prostatic tissue. J Transl Med 2003; 83:1131-46. [PMID: 12920242 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000081388.40145.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study is to characterize the type of immune response in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) tissue. BPH tissue-derived T cells (n = 10) were isolated, activated (PMA + ionomycin), and analyzed for intracellular reactivity with anti-IFN-gamma and IL-2, -4, -5, -6, -10, and -13, as well as TNF-alpha and -beta by four-color flow cytometry. Lymphokine release was tested using Th1/Th2 cytokine bead arrays. The amount of IFN-gamma and IL-2, -4, -13, and TGF-beta mRNA expressed in normal prostate (n = 5) was compared with that in BPH tissue separated into segments with normal histology (n = 5), BPH histology with (n = 10) and without (n = 10) lymphocytic infiltration, and BPH nodules (n = 10). Expression of lymphokine receptors was analyzed by immunohistology, flow cytometry, and RT-PCR. We found that 28 +/- 18% of BPH T helper cells were IFN-gamma(+)/IL-4(-) Th1 cells, 10 +/- 2% were IFN-gamma(-)/IL-4(+) Th2, and 12 +/- 6% were IFN-gamma(+)/IL-4(+) Th0 cells. In relation, cytotoxic and double-negative BPH T lymphocytes showed a slight decrease in Th1 and Th0 in favor of Th2. In double-positive BPH T lymphocytes, the trend toward Th2 (35 +/- 15%) was significant (Th1: 12 +/- 7%; Th0: 5 +/- 4%). Lymphokine release upon stimulation was found in the case of IL-2, IL-5, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha > 4 microg; of IL-4 > 2 microg; and of IL-10 > 1 microg/ml. Expression of lymphokine mRNA in tissue was increased (2- to 10-fold) in infiltrated BPH specimens with and without BPH histology. The infiltrated BPH specimens with normal histology differed from those with BPH histology, most evident by the significant decrease in IFN-gamma and the increase in TGF-beta mRNA expression. Infiltrated BPH specimens with BPH histology expressed significantly more IFN-gamma (5-fold), IL-2 (10-fold), and IL-13 (2.8-fold) when compared with noninfiltrated BPH specimens. BPH nodules, however, showed the highest level of expression of IL-4 and IL-13, with only intermediate levels of IFN-gamma and very low levels of IL-2 mRNA. Immune response in histologically less transformed BPH specimens is primarily of type 1, whereas in chronically infiltrated nodular BPH and especially within BPH nodules, it is predominantly of type 0 or type 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg E Steiner
- Department of Urology, University of Vienna Medical School, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Izuhara K. The role of interleukin-4 and interleukin-13 in the non-immunologic aspects of asthma pathogenesis. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:860-4. [PMID: 12940509 DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2003.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Bronchial asthma is a complex disease characterized by airway inflammation involving a Th2-cytokine, interleukin (IL)-13. A substantial body of evidence has accumulated pointing to the pivotal role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. The evidence is categorized as (i) analyses of mouse models, (ii) expression of these cytokines in the bronchial lesions, and (iii) genetic association of the signaling molecules of these cytokines. In addition, the molecular mechanism of the signal transduction of IL-13 has also been well characterized. We have applied microarray analyses to human bronchial epithelial cultures to search for genes regulated by IL-13 and have identified a subset of disease-relevant genes by comparison with cDNA libraries derived from normal and asthmatic bronchial biopsies. Expression of squamous cell carcinoma antigen-1 (SCCA1) and SCCA2, the cysteine and serine protease inhibitors, respectively, was the highest in the bronchial epithelial cells stimulated by IL-4 and IL-13 and was augmented in the asthmatic cDNA library. Furthermore, serum levels of SCCA were also elevated in asthmatic patients. Taken together, it was supposed that SCCA may play some role in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, and measuring its serum level may be relevant for diagnosing or monitoring the status of bronchial asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Izuhara
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Center for Comprehensive Community Medicine, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan.
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David MD, Bertoglio J, Pierre J. Functional characterization of IL-13 receptor alpha2 gene promoter: a critical role of the transcription factor STAT6 for regulated expression. Oncogene 2003; 22:3386-94. [PMID: 12776189 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are two structurally and functionally related cytokines that have overlapping but also distinct biological activities. One of the components of the IL-13 receptor, the alpha2 chain (IL-13Ralpha2), has been reported to downregulate the cell responsiveness to IL-13, without affecting IL-4 signaling. Here, we report that TNFalpha synergizes with either IL-4 or IL-13 in inducing the IL-13Ralpha2 chain at both the mRNA and protein levels in the HaCaT human keratinocyte cell line. Further studies by 5'RACE identified as yet undescribed exonic sequences of the IL-13Ralpha2 5'UTR, provided evidence for the expression of alternatively spliced IL-13Ralpha2 transcripts and defined the transcription start of the IL-13Ralpha2 gene. A 1.5 kb region upstream of the first exon of the IL-13Ralpha2 gene displayed basal promoter activity when inserted in a reporter plasmid and transiently transfected in HaCaT cells. This promoter activity was further increased in response to IL-4 and IL-13. Furthermore, by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and site-directed mutagenesis, we showed that the IL-4/IL-13-induced promoter activity depended upon a positively acting STAT6 response element. Finally, TNFalpha was shown to potentiate IL-4/IL-13-induced IL-13Ralpha2 promoter activity when the same reporter construct was studied in stably but not in transiently transfected cells. These results suggest that the synergistic effect of TNFalpha on IL-4/IL-13-induced IL-13Ralpha2 expression is dependent upon chromatin re-modeling events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel D David
- INSERM U461, Faculte de Pharmacie, 5, rue JB Clement, 92296 Chatenay Malabry Cedex, France
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Abstract
IL-13 is an immunoregulatory cytokine secreted predominantly by activated T(H)2 cells. Over the past several years, it has become evident that IL-13 is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. IL-13 shares many functional properties with IL-4, stemming from the fact that they share a common receptor subunit, the alpha subunit of the IL-4 receptor (IL-4Ralpha). Characterization of IL-13-deficient mice, IL-4-deficient mice, and IL-4 receptor alpha-deficient (IL-4Ralpha(-/-)) mice have demonstrated nonredundant roles for IL-13. IL-13 mediates its effects by interacting with a complex receptor system comprised of IL-4Ralpha and two IL-13 binding proteins, IL-13Ralpha1 and IL-13Ralpha2. IL-13 receptors are expressed on human B cells, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, monocytes, macrophages, respiratory epithelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. However, functional IL-13 receptors have not been demonstrated on human or mouse T cells. Thus unlike IL-4, IL-13 does not appear to be important in the initial differentiation of CD4 T cells into T(H)2-type cells but rather appears to be important in the effector phase of allergic inflammation. This is further supported by many in vivo observations, including that administration of IL-13 resulted in allergic inflammation, tissue-specific overexpression of IL-13 in the lungs of transgenic mice resulted in airway inflammation and mucus hypersecretion, IL-13 blockade abolished allergic inflammation independently of IL-4, and IL-13 appears to be more important than IL-4 in mucus hypersecretion. Given the importance of IL-13 as an effector molecule, regulation at the level of its receptors might be an important mechanism of modulating IL-13 responses and thus propagation of the allergic response. Accordingly, IL-13 is an attractive, novel therapeutic target for pharmacologic intervention in allergic disorders. This review will summarize the current understanding of the IL-13 receptors and signaling pathways, emphasizing recent observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurjit K Khurana Hershey
- Division of Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, USA
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16
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Roy B, Bhattacharjee A, Xu B, Ford D, Maizel AL, Cathcart MK. IL‐13 signal transduction in human monocytes: phosphorylation of receptor components, association with Jaks, and phosphorylation/activation of Stats. J Leukoc Biol 2002. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.72.3.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Biswajit Roy
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio; and
| | - Ashish Bhattacharjee
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio; and
| | - Bo Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio; and
| | - Dwayne Ford
- Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | - Abby L. Maizel
- Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University, School of Medicine, Massachusetts
| | - Martha K. Cathcart
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Ohio; and
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17
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Arima K, Umeshita-Suyama R, Sakata Y, Akaiwa M, Mao XQ, Enomoto T, Dake Y, Shimazu SI, Yamashita T, Sugawara N, Brodeur S, Geha R, Puri RK, Sayegh MH, Adra CN, Hamasaki N, Hopkin JM, Shirakawa T, Izuhara K. Upregulation of IL-13 concentration in vivo by the IL13 variant associated with bronchial asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:980-7. [PMID: 12063528 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.124656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial body of evidence exists to support the pivotal role of IL-13 in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma. We recently found that a variant of the IL13 gene (Arg110Gln) is genetically associated with bronchial asthma, which is concordant with animal experiments using IL-13 in the development of asthma. OBJECTIVE To address whether the Gln110 variant of IL13 influences IL-13 function, contributing to the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma, we studied the functional properties of the variant. METHODS We generated 2 types of recombinant IL-13 proteins, the amino acids of which at 110 were arginine or glutamine, and analyzed the binding affinities with the IL-13 receptors, as well as the stability of the proteins. We further compared the relationship between the genotype and serum levels of IL-13. RESULTS The variant showed a lower affinity with the IL-13 receptor alpha2 chain, a decoy receptor, causing less clearance. The variant also demonstrated an enhanced stability in both human and mouse plasma. We further identified that asthmatic patients homozygous for the Gln110 variant have higher serum levels of IL-13 than those without the variant. CONCLUSION These results suggested that the variant might act as a functional genetic factor of bronchial asthma with a unique mechanism to upregulate local and systemic IL-13 concentration in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiko Arima
- Department of Biochemistry, Saga Medical School, Saga, Japan
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18
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David M, Ford D, Bertoglio J, Maizel AL, Pierre J. Induction of the IL-13 receptor alpha2-chain by IL-4 and IL-13 in human keratinocytes: involvement of STAT6, ERK and p38 MAPK pathways. Oncogene 2001; 20:6660-8. [PMID: 11709700 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2001] [Revised: 05/02/2001] [Accepted: 05/10/2001] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 are related cytokines which induce both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects depending on the cell type they act upon and the nature of the receptors expressed. The type I receptor complex is composed of the IL-4Ralpha and gammac and only binds IL-4, whereas, in the type II receptor, IL-4Ralpha dimerizes with IL-13Ralpha1 upon either IL-4 or IL-13 binding. Another ligand binding chain potentially implicated in the IL-4/IL-13 receptor has been described, the IL-13Ralpha2, but the regulation of its expression and its role in IL-4/IL-13 transduction is poorly understood. In this study we report that IL-4 and IL-13 upregulate IL-13Ralpha2 at both the mRNA and protein levels in the keratinocyte cell line HaCaT. In these cells, IL-4 or IL-13 were shown to activate the Janus Kinases JAK1 and JAK2, the transcription factor STAT6, and the ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases. We show that IL-4 or IL-13-induced IL-13Ralpha2 mRNA expression was inhibited by the ERK inhibitor U0126, the JAK inhibitor AG490 and, to a lesser extent, the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Moreover, expression of a constitutive active mutant of STAT6 alone did not modify IL-13Ralpha2 mRNA expression, but potentiated the effects of IL-4 or IL-13 on IL-13Ralpha2 expression. The constitutive active mutants of MEK1 or MKK6 increased the level of expression of IL-13Ralpha2 mRNA even in absence of stimulation. Our findings demonstrate, for the first time, that IL-4 and IL-13 can induce IL-13Ralpha2 expression in keratinocytes, and that the ERK and p38 MAPK together with JAK2 and STAT6 play a critical role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M David
- INSERM U461, Faculte de Pharmacie, 5, rue JB Clement, 92296 Chatenay Malabry Cedex, France
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19
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Pierrot C, Beniguel L, Bègue A, Khalife J. Expression of a functional IL-13Ralpha1 by rat B cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 287:969-76. [PMID: 11573960 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-13 mediates its effects through a complex receptor system including IL-4Ralpha and a functional IL-13Ralpha1. IL-13 has been reported to have no effects on mouse B cells due to a lack of receptor expression. However, on human B cells a functional IL-13Ralpha1 has been described. Here, we identified the rat IL-13Ralpha1 in order to analyze its expression and function in rat B cells. The expression of IL-13Ralpha1 has been shown by the presence of mRNA and the corresponding protein in purified rat B cells and in rat hybridoma B cell line. Rat B cells are able to bind IL-13 and to proliferate when cultured with CD40 ligand and IL-13. In vivo experiments showed that administration of IL-13 did enhance IgE production. These results suggest a direct interaction of rat B cells with IL-13 through a functional receptor with an increase of IgE production and provide a relevant model to further study the activity of IL-13 and to better understand its role in human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pierrot
- Unité INSERM 547, IFR 17, Institut Pasteur de Lille, 1 rue du Prof. Calmette, 59019 Lille, France
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20
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Gee K, Kozlowski M, Kryworuchko M, Diaz-Mitoma F, Kumar A. Differential effect of IL-4 and IL-13 on CD44 expression in the Burkitt's lymphoma B cell line BL30/B95-8 and in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) transformed human B cells: loss of IL-13 receptors on Burkitt's lymphoma B cells. Cell Immunol 2001; 211:131-42. [PMID: 11591117 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2001.1829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13, cytokines with similar biological effects may influence growth and progression of B-cell tumors through regulation of key cell surface molecules important in intercellular communications. In this study, we demonstrate that IL-4 and IL-13 exhibited differential effects on CD23 and CD44 expression and binding to hyaluronan in BL30/B95-8, a Burkitt's lymphoma (BL), and MK3.31, an Epstein-Barr virus transformed normal human B cell line (B-LCL). Studies conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying this differential effect show that IL-4 induced phosphorylation of JAK1, JAK3, and STAT6 in BL30/B95-8 cells and of JAK3 and STAT6 in MK 3.31 cells. In contrast, IL-13 failed to induce the phosphorylation of JAK kinases or STAT6 proteins in these cell lines. The inability of BL30/B95-8 cells to respond to IL-13 was attributed to the loss of expression of IL-13R subunits alpha1 and alpha2, a finding confirmed for a number of other BL cell lines examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Gee
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Abstract
Surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy have minimally altered survival of glioblastoma patients. We explored a specific approach for glioblastoma therapy in which cellular interleukin-13 (IL-13) receptors were targeted by an IL-13 cytotoxin. A wide array of human glioblastoma cell lines expressing the receptor for IL-13 were effectively killed by an IL-13 cytotoxin, a chimeric protein composed of human IL-13 and a mutated form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (termed IL13-PE38QQR or IL-13 toxin). Daily (qd) intratumoral injections of IL-13 toxin (50 and 100 microg/kg/day) for 5 consecutive days into subcutaneous human U251 glioblastoma tumors (approx. 30 mm(2)) in nude mice resulted in complete regression of tumors in 4/5 and 5/5 mice, respectively. Tumor regression persisted for at least 221 days postimplantation. Three alternate day injections (qod) of IL-13 toxin (250 microg/kg/day) into other subcutaneous U87 glioblastoma tumors also produced durable complete responses (CR) in all 5 mice. Twice daily (bid) intraperitoneal injections of IL-13 toxin at 25 or 50 microg/kg/dose for 5 days (total doses = 10) regressed U251 tumors by 45% and 58% with 1/5 and 2/5 CRs, respectively, on day 54. Intraperitoneal administration of IL-13 toxin with an identical schedule at a dose of 50 microg/kg injected into mice bearing U87 xenografts reduced tumor burden by one-half on day 36. Similar doses (25 or 50 microg/kg) with a daily schedule (qd x 5) by the intravenous route also suppressed growth of U251 subcutaneous tumors by 75% and 81% with 1/6 CR in either group by day 34. All mice tolerated therapy well without any visible signs of toxicity. On the basis of these studies, we have initiated a Phase I clinical trial using IL13-PE38QQR in patients with recurrent glioblastoma. Published 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Husain
- Laboratory of Molecular Tumor Biology, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Building 29B, 29 Lincoln Dr., Bethesda 20892, MD, USA
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Ohshima K, Akaiwa M, Umeshita R, Suzumiya J, Izuhara K, Kikuchi M. Interleukin-13 and interleukin-13 receptor in Hodgkin's disease: possible autocrine mechanism and involvement in fibrosis. Histopathology 2001; 38:368-75. [PMID: 11318902 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2001.01083.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Hodgkin's disease (HD) is characterized by the presence of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) cells against a hyperplastic background of reactive cells such as lymphocytes, histiocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and stromal cells. There is ample evidence to suggest that proliferation and survival of HD-derived cells is due to cytokine signalling. Recently, high expression of interleukin (IL)-13 was described in HD-derived cell lines. Here we investigated the possible involvement of IL-13 in the pathophysiology, especially autocrine pathways of H-RS cells. METHODS AND RESULTS The expression of IL-13 and IL-13 receptor (IL-13R) was determined by immunostaining and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 39 cases of HD, including 17 cases with nodular sclerosis (NS) type, 19 cases with mixed cellularity (MC), and three cases with lymphocyte predominance (LP) type. Expression of IL-13 was confined to H-RS cells and a few lymphocytes. IL-13R was expressed in H-RS cells, lymphocytes, histiocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. H-RS cells of MC and NS types frequently expressed both IL-13 and IL-13R. However, the number of IL-13-positive H-RS cells was statistically higher in NS-type than in MC-type, but the number of IL-13R was similar. IL-13R-positive fibroblasts were frequently encountered in NS-type. H-RS cells of LP type rarely expressed IL-13. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that IL-13 might be involved in autocrine pathways of H-RS cells and fibrosis at least in NS-type. Our results also indicated that in addition to the morphological and phenotypic differences, the neoplastic cells of LP type might be functionally different from H-RS cells of MC- and NS-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Japan
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23
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Izuhara K, Umeshita-Suyama R, Akaiwa M, Shirakawa T, Deichmann KA, Arima K, Hamasaki N, Hopkin JM. Recent Advances in Understanding How Interleukin 13 Signals are Involved in the Pathogenesis of Bronchial Asthma. Inflammation 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-015-9702-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Umeshita-Suyama R, Sugimoto R, Akaiwa M, Arima K, Yu B, Wada M, Kuwano M, Nakajima K, Hamasaki N, Izuhara K. Characterization of IL-4 and IL-13 signals dependent on the human IL-13 receptor alpha chain 1: redundancy of requirement of tyrosine residue for STAT3 activation. Int Immunol 2000; 12:1499-509. [PMID: 11058569 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.11.1499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-4 and IL-13 are pleiotropic cytokines whose biological activities overlap with each other. IL-13 receptor alpha chain 1 (IL-13R alpha 1) is necessary for binding to IL-13, and the heterodimer composed of IL-13R alpha 1 and IL-4R alpha chain transduces IL-13 and IL-4 signals; however, the functional mapping of the intracellular domain of IL-13R alpha 1 is not fully understood. In this study, we constructed wild and mutated types of human IL-13R alpha 1, and analyzed IL-4 and IL-13 signals using an IL-13R alpha 1-transfected human B cell line. Expression of IL-13R alpha 1 evoked STAT3 activation by IL-4 and IL-13, and in stimulated human B cells, on which IL-13R alpha 1 was highly expressed, IL-4 and IL-13 induced STAT3 activation. Replacement of the two tyrosine residues completely abolished STAT3 activation, although replacing either tyrosine residue alone retained it. Furthermore, we found that the Box1 region and the C-terminal tail of IL-13R alpha 1 were critical for binding to Tyk2, and activation of Jak1, Tyk2, the insulin receptor substrate-1 and STAT6 respectively. These results suggest that STAT3 activation is involved with IL-4 and IL-13 signals in human B cells along with the activation of STAT6, and that there is a unique sequence in IL-13R alpha 1 to activate STAT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Umeshita-Suyama
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Arinobu Y, Sugimoto R, Akaiwa M, Arima K, Otsuka T, Hamasaki N, Izuhara K. Augmentation of signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT)6 and STAT3 expression in stimulated B and T cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000; 277:317-24. [PMID: 11032724 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activation of transcription (STAT)6 has a central role in the signal transduction of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13. It has recently been revealed that STAT3 is also involved. STAT6 and STAT3 are expressed ubiquitously; however, it remains unknown how STAT6 and STAT3 expression is regulated. In this study, we found that STAT6 expression was augmented at the transcription level in B and T cells stimulated with anti-IgM antibody and anti-CD40 antibody or PMA and ionomycin, respectively, and that STAT3 expression was similarly augmented in the stimulated B cells. The stimulated B and T cells showed enhancement of STAT6 activation and CD23 expression induced by IL-4 and IL-13. Augmentation of STAT6 and STAT3 would be a mechanism of the amplification of the IL-4 and IL-13 signals in stimulated B and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Arinobu
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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26
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Ford D, Sheehan C, Girasole C, Priester R, Kouttab N, Tigges J, King TC, Luciani A, Morgan JW, Maizel AL. The Human B Cell Response to IL-13 Is Dependent on Cellular Phenotype as Well as Mode of Activation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.6.3185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Normal mature quiescent human B lymphocytes, isolated as a function of buoyant density, require activation for up-regulation of IL-13R constituents. Cell activation through a combination of surface Ig and CD40 receptor ligation leads to the most substantial message production for IL-13Rα1. Functional consequences of this receptor variation, in initially quiescent cells, includes demonstrable effects on cellular proliferation in response to ligand exposure. Variations in the method of surface activation, with particular emphasis on the CD40 receptor, reveals that immobilized CD40 ligand may be sufficient, in and of itself, to up-regulate IL-13Rα1, which may bear significance for B-lymphocyte bystander proliferation. Regulation of the IL-13Rα1 protein and message also differs as a function of cellular phenotype. Although values are greater in memory than naive B cells, as they are initially isolated from extirpated tonsils, variations in the magnitude of message and protein, as a function of surface stimulation, are more substantial in the naive subset. The magnitude of variation in message production in naive cells is associated with a more vigorous proliferative response to IL-13 than seen in memory lymphocytes. The cellular response to IL-13, as a function of activation and phenotype, is the converse of that demonstrated for IL-2. Evaluation of proliferation, receptor message, ligand binding protein production, and the response to putatively synergistic cytokines reveals that IL-2 is the predominant lymphokine utilized by memory cells. This is in contradistinction to IL-13, which along with IL-4, are the predominant moieties for naive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne Ford
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Catherine Sheehan
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Christopher Girasole
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Rory Priester
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Nicola Kouttab
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - John Tigges
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Thomas C. King
- † Lifespan Health Care System, Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI 02908
| | - Andrea Luciani
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - John W. Morgan
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
| | - Abby L. Maizel
- * Department of Pathology, Roger Williams Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; and
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Poudrier J, Graber P, Herren S, Gretener D, Elson G, Berney C, Gauchat JF, Kosco-Vilbois MH. A Soluble Form of IL-13 Receptor α1 Promotes IgG2a and IgG2b Production by Murine Germinal Center B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.3.1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
A functional IL-13R involves at least two cell surface proteins, the IL-13Rα1 and IL-4Rα. Using a soluble form of the murine IL-13Rα1 (sIL-13R), we reveal several novel features of this system. The sIL-13R promotes proliferation and augmentation of Ag-specific IgM, IgG2a, and IgG2b production by murine germinal center (GC) B cells in vitro. These effects were enhanced by CD40 signaling and were not inhibited by an anti-IL4Rα mAb, a result suggesting other ligands. In GC cell cultures, sIL-13R also promoted IL-6 production, and interestingly, sIL-13R-induced IgG2a and IgG2b augmentation was absent in GC cells isolated from IL-6-deficient mice. Furthermore, the effects of the sIL-13R molecule were inhibited in the presence of an anti-IL-13 mAb, and preincubation of GC cells with IL-13 enhanced the sIL-13R-mediated effects. When sIL-13R was injected into mice, it served as an adjuvant-promoting production to varying degrees of IgM and IgG isotypes. We thus propose that IL-13Rα1 is a molecule involved in B cell differentiation, using a mechanism that may involve regulation of IL-6-responsive elements. Taken together, our data reveal previously unknown activities as well as suggest that the ligand for the sIL-13R might be a component of the IL-13R complex or a counterstructure yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Poudrier
- *Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Pierre Graber
- *Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Suzanne Herren
- *Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Denise Gretener
- *Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Greg Elson
- *Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Geneva, Switzerland; and
- †Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, St. Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Claude Berney
- *Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Geneva, Switzerland; and
| | - Jean-François Gauchat
- *Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Geneva, Switzerland; and
- †Centre d’Immunologie Pierre Fabre, St. Julien-en-Genevois, France
| | - Marie H. Kosco-Vilbois
- *Department of Immunology, Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Geneva, Switzerland; and
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