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Bouchareb E, Dallel S, De Haze A, Damon-Soubeyrand C, Renaud Y, Baabdaty E, Vialat M, Fabre J, Pouchin P, De Joussineau C, Degoul F, Sanmukh S, Gendronneau J, Sanchez P, Gonthier-Gueret C, Trousson A, Morel L, Lobaccaro JM, Kocer A, Baron S. Liver X Receptors Enhance Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in Metastatic Prostate Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:2776. [PMID: 39199549 PMCID: PMC11353074 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16162776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common cancers in men. Metastasis is the leading cause of death in prostate cancer patients. One of the crucial processes involved in metastatic spread is the "epithelial-mesenchymal transition" (EMT), which allows cells to acquire the ability to invade distant organs. Liver X Receptors (LXRs) are nuclear receptors that have been demonstrated to regulate EMT in various cancers, including hepatic cancer. Our study reveals that the LXR pathway can control pro-invasive cell capacities through EMT in prostate cancer, employing ex vivo and in vivo approaches. We characterized the EMT status of the commonly used LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines through molecular and immunohistochemistry experiments. The impact of LXR activation on EMT function was also assessed by analyzing the migration and invasion of these cell lines in the absence or presence of an LXR agonist. Using in vivo experiments involving NSG-immunodeficient mice xenografted with PC3-GFP cells, we were able to study metastatic spread and the effect of LXRs on this process. LXR activation led to an increase in the accumulation of Vimentin and Amphiregulin in PC3. Furthermore, the migration of PC3 cells significantly increased in the presence of the LXR agonist, correlating with an upregulation of EMT. Interestingly, LXR activation significantly increased metastatic spread in an NSG mouse model. Overall, this work identifies a promoting effect of LXRs on EMT in the PC3 model of advanced prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwan Bouchareb
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sarah Dallel
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Service d’Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques, CHU Clermont Ferrand, Hôpital Gabriel Montpied, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Angélique De Haze
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christelle Damon-Soubeyrand
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Yoan Renaud
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elissa Baabdaty
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marine Vialat
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Julien Fabre
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Pouchin
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Cyrille De Joussineau
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Françoise Degoul
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Swapnil Sanmukh
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Juliette Gendronneau
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Phelipe Sanchez
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Céline Gonthier-Gueret
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Amalia Trousson
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurent Morel
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean Marc Lobaccaro
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ayhan Kocer
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Silvère Baron
- iGReD, CNRS UMR 6293, INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (E.B.); (S.D.); (C.D.-S.); (Y.R.); (E.B.); (M.V.); (J.F.); (P.P.); (C.D.J.); (F.D.); (S.S.); (J.G.); (P.S.); (C.G.-G.); (A.T.); (L.M.); (J.M.L.)
- Groupe Cancer Clermont Auvergne, 28, Place Henri Dunant, BP38, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Eckstein N, Servan K, Girard L, Cai D, von Jonquieres G, Jaehde U, Kassack MU, Gazdar AF, Minna JD, Royer HD. Epidermal growth factor receptor pathway analysis identifies amphiregulin as a key factor for cisplatin resistance of human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:739-50. [PMID: 17942395 PMCID: PMC2760391 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m706287200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of platinum complexes for the therapy of breast cancer is an emerging new treatment modality. To gain insight into the mechanisms underlying cisplatin resistance in breast cancer, we used estrogen receptor-positive MCF-7 cells as a model system. We generated cisplatin-resistant MCF-7 cells and determined the functional status of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), MAPK, and AKT signaling pathways by phosphoreceptor tyrosine kinase and phospho-MAPK arrays. The cisplatin-resistant MCF-7 cells are characterized by increased EGFR phosphorylation, high levels of AKT1 kinase activity, and ERK1 phosphorylation. In contrast, the JNK and p38 MAPK modules of the MAPK signaling pathway were inactive. These conditions were associated with inactivation of the p53 pathway and increased BCL-2 expression. We investigated the expression of genes encoding the ligands for the ERBB signaling cascade and found a selective up-regulation of amphiregulin expression, which occurred at later stages of cisplatin resistance development. Amphiregulin is a specific ligand of the EGFR (ERBB1) and a potent mitogen for epithelial cells. After exposure to cisplatin, the resistant MCF-7 cells secreted amphiregulin protein over extended periods of time, and knockdown of amphiregulin expression by specific short interfering RNA resulted in a nearly complete reversion of the resistant phenotype. To demonstrate the generality and importance of our findings, we examined amphiregulin expression and cisplatin resistance in a variety of human breast cancer cell lines and found a highly significant correlation. In contrast, amphiregulin levels did not significantly correlate with cisplatin resistance in a panel of lung cancer cell lines. We have thus identified a novel function of amphiregulin for cisplatin resistance in human breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Eckstein
- Stiftung Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kati Servan
- Stiftung Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Luc Girard
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593
| | - Di Cai
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593
| | - Georg von Jonquieres
- Stiftung Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Jaehde
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Bonn, An der Immenburg 4, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Matthias U. Kassack
- Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Duesseldorf, Universitaetsstrasse 1, 40225 Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Adi F. Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593
| | - John D. Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593
| | - Hans-Dieter Royer
- Stiftung Center of Advanced European Studies and Research, Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2, 53175 Bonn, Germany
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