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Moon DO. Deciphering the Role of BCAR3 in Cancer Progression: Gene Regulation, Signal Transduction, and Therapeutic Implications. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1674. [PMID: 38730626 PMCID: PMC11083344 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review comprehensively explores the gene BCAR3, detailing its regulation at the gene, mRNA, and protein structure levels, and delineating its multifunctional roles in cellular signaling within cancer contexts. The discussion covers BCAR3's involvement in integrin signaling and its impact on cancer cell migration, its capability to induce anti-estrogen resistance, and its significant functions in cell cycle regulation. Further highlighted is BCAR3's modulation of immune responses within the tumor microenvironment, a novel area of interest that holds potential for innovative cancer therapies. Looking forward, this review outlines essential future research directions focusing on transcription factor binding studies, isoform-specific expression profiling, therapeutic targeting of BCAR3, and its role in immune cell function. Each segment builds towards a holistic understanding of BCAR3's operational mechanisms, presenting a critical evaluation of its therapeutic potential in oncology. This synthesis aims to not only extend current knowledge but also catalyze further research that could pivotally influence the development of targeted cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Oh Moon
- Department of Biology Education, Daegu University, 201 Daegudae-ro, Gyeongsan-si 38453, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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2
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Heath H, Mogol AN, Santaliz Casiano A, Zuo Q, Madak-Erdogan Z. Targeting systemic and gut microbial metabolism in ER + breast cancer. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:321-330. [PMID: 38220576 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast tumors have a better overall prognosis than ER- tumors; however, there is a sustained risk of recurrence. Mounting evidence indicates that genetic and epigenetic changes associated with resistance impact critical signaling pathways governing cell metabolism. This review delves into recent literature concerning the metabolic pathways regulated in ER+ breast tumors by the availability of nutrients and endocrine therapies and summarizes research on how changes in systemic and gut microbial metabolism can affect ER activity and responsiveness to endocrine therapy. As targeting of metabolic pathways using dietary or pharmacological approaches enters the clinic, we provide an overview of the supporting literature and suggest future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Heath
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ayca Nazli Mogol
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Qianying Zuo
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zeynep Madak-Erdogan
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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3
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Hany D, Vafeiadou V, Picard D. CRISPR-Cas9 screen reveals a role of purine synthesis for estrogen receptor α activity and tamoxifen resistance of breast cancer cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd3685. [PMID: 37172090 PMCID: PMC10181187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add3685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In breast cancer, resistance to endocrine therapies that target estrogen receptor α (ERα), such as tamoxifen and fulvestrant, remains a major clinical problem. Whether and how ERα+ breast cancers switch from being estrogen-dependent to estrogen-independent remains unclear. With a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 knockout screen, we identified previously unknown biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of endocrine resistance. We demonstrate that high levels of PAICS, an enzyme involved in the de novo biosynthesis of purines, can shift the balance of ERα activity to be more estrogen-independent and tamoxifen-resistant. We find that this may be due to elevated activities of cAMP-activated protein kinase A and mTOR, kinases known to phosphorylate ERα specifically and to stimulate its activity. Genetic or pharmacological targeting of PAICS sensitizes tamoxifen-resistant cells to tamoxifen. Addition of purines renders them more resistant. On the basis of these findings, we propose the combined targeting of PAICS and ERα as a new, effective, and potentially safe therapeutic regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Hany
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences III, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH - 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
- On leave from: Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University in Alexandria, Alexandria 21311, Egypt
| | - Vasiliki Vafeiadou
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences III, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH - 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
| | - Didier Picard
- Département de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences III, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH - 1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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4
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Zhang W, Xiong Y, Wang P, Chen T, Jiang S, Qiao H, Gong Y, Wu Y, Jin S, Fu H. RNA interference analysis of potential functions of cyclin A in the reproductive development of male oriental river prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense). Front Genet 2022; 13:1053826. [DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1053826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin A (CycA) plays essential roles in regulating multiple steps of the cell cycle, and it affects gonad development in mammals and invertebrates. Previous RNA interference (RNAi) analysis revealed that knocking-down the expression of CycA in female oriental river prawns (Macrobrachium nipponense) inhibited ovarian development. CycA was also predicted to have regulatory roles in reproductive development of male M. nipponense based on significant changes of Mn-CycA expression after eyestalk ablation. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential functions of CycA in the reproductive development of male M. nipponense using RNAi and histological observations. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that both single-side and double-side eyestalk ablation stimulated the expressions of Mn-CycA, and the expression was higher in prawns with double-side eyestalk ablation (p < 0.05). Mn-CycA expression was significantly higher in the testis and androgenic gland during the reproductive season than during the non-reproductive season (p < 0.05). In the RNAi analysis, Mn-CycA expression significantly decreased after prawns were injected with dsCycA, and the expression of insulin-like androgenic gland hormone (Mn-IAG) also decreased as Mn-CycA expression decreased. This result indicated that CycA positively regulated the expression of IAG in M. nipponense. Histological observations revealed that the number of sperm decreased dramatically to <5% of the total cells in the testis of the dsCycA-treated group compared to that of control group on day 14, indicating that knockdown of Mn-CycA expression inhibited testis development by affecting the expression of Mn-IAG in M. nipponense. These results highlighted the functions of CycA in male reproductive development of M. nipponense, which can be applied to future studies of male reproduction in other crustacean species.
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Habara M, Shimada M. Estrogen receptor α revised: Expression, structure, function, and stability. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200148. [PMID: 36192154 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that regulates the expression of estrogen-responsive genes. Approximately 70% of patients with breast cancer are ERα positive. Estrogen stimulates cancer cell proliferation and contributes to tumor progression. Endocrine therapies, which suppress the ERα signaling pathway, significantly improve the prognosis of patients with breast cancer. However, the development of de novo or acquired endocrine therapy resistance remains a barrier to breast cancer treatment. Therefore, understanding the regulatory mechanisms of ERα is essential to overcome the resistance to treatment. This review focuses on the regulation of ERα expression, including copy number variation, epigenetic regulation, transcriptional regulation, and stability, as well as functions from the point of view post-translational modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Habara
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Midori Shimada
- Department of Veterinary Biochemistry, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi, Japan
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6
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Teo T, Kasirzadeh S, Albrecht H, Sykes MJ, Yang Y, Wang S. An Overview of CDK3 in Cancer: Clinical Significance and Pharmacological Implications. Pharmacol Res 2022; 180:106249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rasha F, Sharma M, Pruitt K. Mechanisms of endocrine therapy resistance in breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 532:111322. [PMID: 34000350 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The most commonly diagnosed breast cancer (BC) subtype is characterized by estrogen receptor (ER) expression. Treatment of this BC subtype typically involves modalities that either suppress the production of estrogen or impede the binding of estrgen to its receptors, constituting the basis for endocrine therapy. While many patients have benefitted from endocrine therapy with clear reduction in mortality and cancer recurrence, one of the clinical hurdles that remain involves overcoming intrinsic (de novo) or acquired resistance to endocrine therapy driven by diverse and complex changes occurring in the tumor microenvironment. Moreover, such resistance may persist even after progression through additional antiestrogen therapies thus demonstrating the importance of further investigation of mechanisms of ER modulation. Here, we discuss a number of advances that provide a better understanding of the complex mechanistic basis for resistance to endocrine therapy as well as future therapeutic maneuvers that may break this resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahmida Rasha
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Monica Sharma
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Kevin Pruitt
- Department of Immunology and Molecular Microbiology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th Street, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA.
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8
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Rusidzé M, Adlanmérini M, Chantalat E, Raymond-Letron I, Cayre S, Arnal JF, Deugnier MA, Lenfant F. Estrogen receptor-α signaling in post-natal mammary development and breast cancers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:5681-5705. [PMID: 34156490 PMCID: PMC8316234 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03860-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
17β-estradiol controls post-natal mammary gland development and exerts its effects through Estrogen Receptor ERα, a member of the nuclear receptor family. ERα is also critical for breast cancer progression and remains a central therapeutic target for hormone-dependent breast cancers. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the complex ERα signaling pathways that involve either classical nuclear “genomic” or membrane “non-genomic” actions and regulate in concert with other hormones the different stages of mammary development. We describe the cellular and molecular features of the luminal cell lineage expressing ERα and provide an overview of the transgenic mouse models impacting ERα signaling, highlighting the pivotal role of ERα in mammary gland morphogenesis and function and its implication in the tumorigenic processes. Finally, we describe the main features of the ERα-positive luminal breast cancers and their modeling in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Rusidzé
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Marine Adlanmérini
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Elodie Chantalat
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - I Raymond-Letron
- LabHPEC et Institut RESTORE, Université de Toulouse, CNRS U-5070, EFS, ENVT, Inserm U1301, Toulouse, France
| | - Surya Cayre
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Jean-François Arnal
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Ange Deugnier
- Department of Cell Biology and Cancer, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne University, CNRS UMR144, Paris, France
| | - Françoise Lenfant
- INSERM U1297, Institut Des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Université de Toulouse - UPS, CHU, Toulouse, France.
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9
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Singh R, Bhardwaj VK, Sharma J, Das P, Purohit R. Identification of selective cyclin-dependent kinase 2 inhibitor from the library of pyrrolone-fused benzosuberene compounds: an in silico exploration. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:7693-7701. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1900918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Singh
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Jatin Sharma
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Pralay Das
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Natural Product Chemistry and Process Development, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
| | - Rituraj Purohit
- Structural Bioinformatics Lab, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology (CSIR-IHBT), Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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10
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Function analysis and molecular characterization of cyclin A in ovary development of oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense. Gene 2021; 788:145583. [PMID: 33753150 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.145583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrobrachium nipponense has the characteristics of fast ovarian development cycle, which leads to the coexistence of multiple generations, the reduction of commodity specifications and the low economic benefit. Therefore, the study on the mechanism of ovarian development is of great significance to the development of industry. Cyclin A (CycA)is a key gene regulating ovarian development in vertebrates, but little information was available for its function in crustaceans. In this study, the full-length cDNA of Mn-CycA was obtained from the ovary. The full-length cDNA (2033 bp) with an open reading frame of 1368 bp, encoded a 456-amino acid protein. qRT-PCR revealed tissue-specific expression pattern of Mn-CycA, with abundant expression in the ovary. Results in different developmental stages of ovary indicated that Mn-CycA expression is positively correlated with ovarian maturation. qRT-PCR In different developmental stages, the expression of Mn-CycA mRNA gradually increased during the embryonic stage and decreased significantly on the first day of the hatching stage. At the 25th day of the metamorphosis stage, the expression level of Mn-CycAmRNA in female shrimp was 3.5 times higher than that in male shrimp, which may be related to the proliferation of oogonia and the formation of oocytes. In situ hybridization (ISH) of ovary showed Mn-CycA was examined in all stages and was mainly located in oogonia and oocytes. Compared with the control group, the obvious change of gonad somatic index (GSI) proved that injection of Mn-CycA dsRNA could delay the ovarian development cycle, which provided strong evidence for the involvement of Mn-CycA in ovarian maturation and oogenesis, and expanded a new perspective for studying the fast ovarian development cycle in M. nipponense.
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Łukasik P, Załuski M, Gutowska I. Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDK) and Their Role in Diseases Development-Review. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22062935. [PMID: 33805800 PMCID: PMC7998717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are involved in many crucial processes, such as cell cycle and transcription, as well as communication, metabolism, and apoptosis. The kinases are organized in a pathway to ensure that, during cell division, each cell accurately replicates its DNA, and ensure its segregation equally between the two daughter cells. Deregulation of any of the stages of the cell cycle or transcription leads to apoptosis but, if uncorrected, can result in a series of diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s or Parkinson’s disease), and stroke. This review presents the current state of knowledge about the characteristics of cyclin-dependent kinases as potential pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Łukasik
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Michał Załuski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstancow Wlkp. 72 Av., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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12
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Saha S, Dey S, Nath S. Steroid Hormone Receptors: Links With Cell Cycle Machinery and Breast Cancer Progression. Front Oncol 2021; 11:620214. [PMID: 33777765 PMCID: PMC7994514 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.620214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progression of cells through cell cycle consists of a series of events orchestrated in a regulated fashion. Such processes are influenced by cell cycle regulated expression of various proteins where multiple families of transcription factors take integral parts. Among these, the steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) represent a connection between the external hormone milieu and genes that control cellular proliferation. Therefore, understanding the molecular connection between the transcriptional role of steroid hormone receptors and cell cycle deserves importance in dissecting cellular proliferation in normal as well as malignant conditions. Deregulation of cell cycle promotes malignancies of various origins, including breast cancer. Indeed, SHR members play crucial role in breast cancer progression as well as management. This review focuses on SHR-driven cell cycle regulation and moving forward, attempts to discuss the role of SHR-driven crosstalk between cell cycle anomalies and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suryendu Saha
- Department of Basic and Translational Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Samya Dey
- Department of Basic and Translational Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Somsubhra Nath
- Department of Basic and Translational Research, Saroj Gupta Cancer Centre and Research Institute, Kolkata, India
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Barber M, Nguyen LS, Wassermann J, Spano JP, Funck-Brentano C, Salem JE. Cardiac arrhythmia considerations of hormone cancer therapies. Cardiovasc Res 2020; 115:878-894. [PMID: 30698686 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvz020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast and prostate cancers are among the most prevalent cancers worldwide. Oestradiol and progesterone are major drivers for breast cancer proliferation, and androgens for prostate cancer. Endocrine therapies are drugs that interfere with hormone-activated pathways to slow cancer progression. Multiple new breakthrough drugs improving overall survival have recently been developed within this class. As the use of these latter drugs grows, incidence of cardiac arrhythmias has emerged as an unappreciated complication. These changes are not surprising given that sex hormones alter ventricular repolarization. Testosterone shortens action potential duration and QT interval duration, while oestradiol has an opposite effect. In patients with breast cancer, selective oestrogen receptor modulators are associated with more reports for long QT and torsade de pointes (TdP) than aromatase inhibitors, likely through an oestradiol-like effect on the heart. Cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 inhibitors, a new class of anticancer drugs used in combination with endocrine therapies in hormone receptor positive breast cancer, are also variably associated with drug-induced long QT, particularly with ribociclib. In prostate cancer, androgen deprivation therapy is associated with long QT and TdP, and possibly atrial fibrillation for abiraterone. In this review, we have summarized the clinical and preclinical data focusing on cardiac arrhythmia considerations of hormone cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Barber
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Cardio-Oncology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lee S Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Johanna Wassermann
- Department of Oncology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Spano
- Department of Oncology, Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Christian Funck-Brentano
- Department of Pharmacology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
| | - Joe-Elie Salem
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Cardio-Oncology Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1211 Medical Center Dr, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris F-75013, France
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14
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Leal MF, Haynes BP, Schuster E, Yeo B, Afentakis M, Zabaglo L, Martins V, Buus R, Dodson A, Cheang MCU, Smith IE, Martin LA, Dowsett M. Early Enrichment of ESR1 Mutations and the Impact on Gene Expression in Presurgical Primary Breast Cancer Treated with Aromatase Inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7485-7496. [PMID: 31548345 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence of ESR1 mutations in primary estrogen-receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer treated with extended (>4 weeks) neoadjuvant (presurgical) aromatase inhibitor (NAI) therapy and to identify patients who may gain less benefit from aromatase inhibition (AI) alone based upon on-treatment changes in gene expression. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We evaluated ER, progesterone receptor, and Ki67 by immunostaining, ESR1 mutations by droplet-digital PCR and expression of over 800 key breast cancer genes in paired pre- and post-NAI tumor samples from 87 ER+ breast cancer patients. RESULTS Cell proliferation and estrogen-regulated genes (ERG) remained suppressed in most tumors indicative of persistent response to NAI. Enrichment of ESR1 mutations was found in five tumors and predominantly in patients receiving therapy for >6 months. ESR1-mutant tumors showed increased expression of ESR1 transcript and limited suppression of ERGs and proliferation-associated genes in response to NAI. ESR1 wild-type tumors with high residual proliferation (Ki67r ≥10%; 15/87 tumors) showed lower ESR1/ER expression pre- and post-therapy and lower ERGs. Tumors with ESR1 mutations or Ki67r ≥10% showed less inhibition of estrogen response, cell cycle, and E2F-target genes. CONCLUSIONS Ligand-independent ER signaling, as a result of ESR1 mutation or reduced ER dependence, identified after extended NAI therapy, can guide early selection of patients who would benefit from combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira Leal
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom.
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ben P Haynes
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eugene Schuster
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Belinda Yeo
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Afentakis
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lila Zabaglo
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vera Martins
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Buus
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Dodson
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maggie C U Cheang
- Clinical Trials and Statistic Unit, The Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, United Kingdom
| | - Ian E Smith
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Breast Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lesley-Ann Martin
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mitch Dowsett
- Ralph Lauren Centre for Breast Cancer Research, Royal Marsden Hospital NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- The Breast Cancer Now Toby Robins Research Centre, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Tadesse S, Anshabo AT, Portman N, Lim E, Tilley W, Caldon CE, Wang S. Targeting CDK2 in cancer: challenges and opportunities for therapy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 25:406-413. [PMID: 31839441 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) plays a pivotal part in cell cycle regulation and is involved in a range of biological processes. CDK2 interacts with and phosphorylates proteins in pathways such as DNA damage, intracellular transport, protein degradation, signal transduction, DNA and RNA metabolism and translation. CDK2 and its regulatory subunits are deregulated in many human cancers and there is emerging evidence suggesting CDK2 inhibition elicits antitumor activity in a subset of tumors with defined genetic features. Previous CDK2 inhibitors were nonspecific and limited by off-target effects. The development of new-generation CDK2 inhibitors represents a therapeutic opportunity for CDK2-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tadesse
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia; Departement of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abel T Anshabo
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Neil Portman
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Elgene Lim
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - C Elizabeth Caldon
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, The Kinghorn Cancer Centre, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia.
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia.
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16
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Arao Y, Korach KS. Transactivation Function-1-Mediated Partial Agonist Activity of Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Requires Homo-Dimerization of the Estrogen Receptor α Ligand Binding Domain. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153718. [PMID: 31366023 PMCID: PMC6695978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The isolation of estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) cDNA was successful around 30 years ago. The characteristics of ERα protein have been examined from various aspects, primarily through in vitro cell culture studies, but more recently using in vivo experimental models. There remains, however, some uncharacterized ERα functionalities. In particular, the mechanism of partial agonist activity of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) that involves control of the N-terminal transcription function of ERα, termed AF-1, is still an unsolved ERα functionality. We review the possible mechanism of SERM-dependent regulation of ERα AF-1-mediated transcriptional activity, which includes the role of helix 12 of ERα ligand binding domain (LBD) for SERM-dependent AF-1 regulation. In addition, we describe a specific portion of the LBD that associates with blocking AF-1 activity with an additional role of the F-domain in mediating SERM activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukitomo Arao
- Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Kenneth S Korach
- Receptor Biology Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences/NIH, Durham, NC 27709, USA.
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17
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Rani A, Stebbing J, Giamas G, Murphy J. Endocrine Resistance in Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer-From Mechanism to Therapy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019; 10:245. [PMID: 31178825 PMCID: PMC6543000 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2019.00245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance and role of the estrogen receptor (ER) pathway has been well-documented in both breast cancer (BC) development and progression. The treatment of choice in women with metastatic breast cancer (MBC) is classically divided into a variety of endocrine therapies, 3 of the most common being: selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERM), aromatase inhibitors (AI) and selective estrogen receptor down-regulators (SERD). In a proportion of patients, resistance develops to endocrine therapy due to a sophisticated and at times redundant interference, at the molecular level between the ER and growth factor. The progression to endocrine resistance is considered to be a gradual, step-wise process. Several mechanisms have been proposed but thus far none of them can be defined as the complete explanation behind the phenomenon of endocrine resistance. Although multiple cellular, molecular and immune mechanisms have been and are being extensively studied, their individual roles are often poorly understood. In this review, we summarize current progress in our understanding of ER biology and the molecular mechanisms that predispose and determine endocrine resistance in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aradhana Rani
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Aradhana Rani
| | - Justin Stebbing
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Georgios Giamas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - John Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
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18
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Tadesse S, Caldon EC, Tilley W, Wang S. Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 Inhibitors in Cancer Therapy: An Update. J Med Chem 2018; 62:4233-4251. [PMID: 30543440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) drives the progression of cells into the S- and M-phases of the cell cycle. CDK2 activity is largely dispensable for normal development, but it is critically associated with tumor growth in multiple cancer types. Although the role of CDK2 in tumorigenesis has been controversial, emerging evidence proposes that selective CDK2 inhibition may provide a therapeutic benefit against certain tumors, and it continues to appeal as a strategy to exploit in anticancer drug development. Several small-molecule CDK2 inhibitors have progressed to the clinical trials. However, a CDK2-selective inhibitor is yet to be discovered. Here, we discuss the latest understandings of the role of CDK2 in normal and cancer cells, review the core pharmacophores used to target CDK2, and outline strategies for the rational design of CDK2 inhibitors. We attempt to provide an outlook on how CDK2-selective inhibitors may open new avenues for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Tadesse
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute , Adelaide , SA 5000 , Australia
| | - Elizabeth C Caldon
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre , Garvan Institute of Medical Research , Darlinghurst , NSW 2010 , Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW Medicine , UNSW Sydney , Darlinghurst , NSW 2010 , Australia
| | - Wayne Tilley
- Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , SA 5000 , Australia
| | - Shudong Wang
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development , University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute , Adelaide , SA 5000 , Australia
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19
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Oestrogen receptor α AF-1 and AF-2 domains have cell population-specific functions in the mammary epithelium. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4723. [PMID: 30413705 PMCID: PMC6226531 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07175-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor α (ERα) is a transcription factor with ligand-independent and ligand-dependent activation functions (AF)-1 and -2. Oestrogens control postnatal mammary gland development acting on a subset of mammary epithelial cells (MECs), termed sensor cells, which are ERα-positive by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and secrete paracrine factors, which stimulate ERα-negative responder cells. Here we show that deletion of AF-1 or AF-2 blocks pubertal ductal growth and subsequent development because both are required for expression of essential paracrine mediators. Thirty percent of the luminal cells are ERα-negative by IHC but express Esr1 transcripts. This low level ERα expression through AF-2 is essential for cell expansion during puberty and growth-inhibitory during pregnancy. Cell-intrinsic ERα is not required for cell proliferation nor for secretory differentiation but controls transcript levels of cell motility and cell adhesion genes and a stem cell and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature identifying ERα as a key regulator of mammary epithelial cell plasticity. Oestrogen receptors α (ERα) are expressed in a subset of mammary epithelial cells. Here, the authors identify cells with low-ERα protein levels and show that distinct cell populations have distinct requirements for the AF1 and AF2 domains of the ERα, and ERα acts in a biphasic manner dependent on developmental stage.
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20
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Structure-Based Virtual Screening of High-Affinity ATP-Competitive Inhibitors Against Human Lemur Tyrosine Kinase-3 (LMTK3) Domain: A Novel Therapeutic Target for Breast Cancer. Interdiscip Sci 2018; 11:527-541. [PMID: 30066129 DOI: 10.1007/s12539-018-0302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human lemur tyrosine kinase-3 (LMTK3) is an oncogenic kinase known to regulate ER-α through phosphorylation and is considered to be a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer. In this work, we have studied the ATP-binding mechanism with LMTK3 domain and also carried out virtual screening on LMTK3 to identify lead compounds using Dock blaster server. The top scored compounds obtained from Dock blaster were then narrowed down further to six lead compounds (ZINC37996511, ZINC83363046, ZINC3745998, ZINC50456700, ZINC83351792 and ZINC83364581) based on high-binding affinity and non-bonding interactions with LMTK3 using Autodock 4.2 program. We found in comparison to ATP, the lead compounds bind relatively stronger to LMTK3. The relative binding free energy results from MM-PBSA/GBSA method further indicate the strong binding affinity of lead compounds over ATP to LMTK3 in the dynamic system. Further, potential of mean force (PMF) study for ATP and lead compounds with LMTK3 have been performed to explore the unbinding processes and the free energy barrier. From the PMF results, we observed that the lead compounds have higher dissociation energy barriers than the ATP. Our findings suggest that these lead compounds may compete with ATP, and could act as probable potential inhibitors for LMTK3.
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21
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Selective inhibition reveals cyclin-dependent kinase 2 as another kinase that phosphorylates the androgen receptor at serine 81. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:354-363. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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22
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Sarkar S, Ghosh A, Banerjee S, Maity G, Das A, Larson MA, Gupta V, Haque I, Tawfik O, Banerjee SK. CCN5/WISP-2 restores ER-∝ in normal and neoplastic breast cells and sensitizes triple negative breast cancer cells to tamoxifen. Oncogenesis 2017; 6:e340. [PMID: 28530705 PMCID: PMC5569333 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2017.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
CCN5/WISP-2 is an anti-invasive molecule and prevents breast cancer (BC)
progression. However, it is not well understood how CCN5 prevents invasive phenotypes
of BC cells. CCN5 protein expression is detected in estrogen receptor-α
(ER-α) -positive normal breast epithelial cells as well as BC cells, which are
weakly invasive and rarely metastasize depending on the functional status of
ER-α. A unique molecular relation between CCN5 and ER-α has been
established as the components of the same signaling pathway that coordinate some
essential signals associated with the proliferation as well as delaying the disease
progression from a non-invasive to invasive phenotypes. Given the importance of this
connection, we determined the role of CCN5 in regulation of ER-α in different
cellular settings and their functional relationship. In a genetically engineered
mouse model, induced expression of CCN5 in the mammary ductal epithelial cells by
doxycycline promotes ER-α expression. Similarly, CCN5 regulates ER-α
expression and activity in normal and neoplastic breast cells, as documented in
various in vitro settings such as mouse mammary gland culture, human mammary
epithelial cell and different BC cell cultures in the presence or absence of human
recombinant CCN5 (hrCCN5) protein. Mechanistically, at least in the BC cells, CCN5 is
sufficient to induce ER-α expression at the transcription level via interacting
with integrins-α6β1 and suppressing Akt followed by activation of FOXO3a.
Moreover, in vitro and in vivo functional assays indicate that CCN5
treatment promotes response to tamoxifen in triple-negative BC (TNBC) cells possibly
via restoring ER-α. Collectively, these studies implicates that the combination
treatments of CCN5 (via activation of CCN5 or hrCCN5 treatment) and tamoxifen as
potential therapies for TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sarkar
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - A Ghosh
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - G Maity
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - A Das
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - M A Larson
- Transgenic and Gene-targeting Institutional Facilities, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - V Gupta
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - I Haque
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - O Tawfik
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - S K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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23
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Di Giovanni C, Novellino E, Chilin A, Lavecchia A, Marzaro G. Investigational drugs targeting cyclin-dependent kinases for the treatment of cancer: an update on recent findings (2013-2016). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2017; 25:1215-30. [PMID: 27606939 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2016.1234603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cell cycle and gene transcription are under the control of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), whose activity depends on the binding with cyclins. Deregulated CDK activities have been reported in a majority of human cancers, representing potential therapeutic targets. AREAS COVERED This review provides preclinical and clinical (phase I/II) updates of promising therapeutic compounds targeting CDKs published between 2013 and 2016 EXPERT OPINION: First generation pan-CDK inhibitors showed marked toxicity in clinical trials and most compounds were discontinued. Despite their failure was ascribed also to inadequate patient selection rules, novel pan-CDK inhibitors have entered clinical trials with still poorly defined selection strategies. The most interesting results have been obtained with dual CDK4/6 inhibitors and through a more accurate evaluation of predictive biomarkers, suggesting the usefulness of CDK inhibitors for personalized treatment. The increased knowledge on the roles of CDKs in cell cycle and gene transcription suggests to review also the anticancer potential of first generation CDK inhibitors by defining more appropriate rules for patients engagement. Recent findings has highlighted CDK8 as a novel target for cancer treatment. Indeed some biomarkers for CDK8 inhibition sensitivity have already been proposed. CDK8 inhibition is also supposed to prevent cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Di Giovanni
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Adriana Chilin
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Antonio Lavecchia
- a Department of Pharmacy , University of Naples Federico II , Naples , Italy
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- b Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences , University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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24
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Scott GK, Chu D, Kaur R, Malato J, Rothschild DE, Frazier K, Eppenberger-Castori S, Hann B, Park BH, Benz CC. ERpS294 is a biomarker of ligand or mutational ERα activation and a breast cancer target for CDK2 inhibition. Oncotarget 2016; 8:83432-83445. [PMID: 29137354 PMCID: PMC5663526 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ERα phosphorylation at hinge site S294 (pS294) was recently shown to be essential for ER-dependent gene transcription and mediated by an unknown cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). This study was undertaken to identify the exact CDK pathway mediating pS294 formation, and to determine if this phosphorylation event occurs with, and can be targeted to treat, the ligand-independent growth of breast cancers expressing endocrine-refractory ESR1 mutations. Using a newly developed anti-pS294 monoclonal antibody, a combination of CDK specific siRNA knockdown studies and a broad panel of CDK selective inhibitors against ligand (E2)-stimulated MCF7 cells, we first identified CDK2 as the primary mediator of pS294 formation and showed that CDK2-selective inhibitors like Dinaciclib, but not CDK4/6 inhibitors like Palbociclib, can selectively prevent pS294 formation and repress ER-dependent gene expression. We then expressed the ER-activating mutations ERmut(Y537S) and ERmut(D538G) in MCF7 cells, and demonstrated their ability to induce ligand-independent and tamoxifen-resistant growth, associated with constitutive and CDK2-dependent pS294 expression. Following robust growth of E2-independent and TAM-resistant MCF7mutER(Y537S) tumors in vivo, nude mice were also treated with either Dinaciclib or Palbociclib at doses and injection schedules unable to retard tumor growth as single agents; the TAM plus Palbociclib combination arrested further tumor growth without affecting pS294 formation, while the TAM plus Dinaciclib combination produced tumor regression associated with loss of pS294 expression. These findings, and our proposed mechanistic model, provide new rationale for the clinical evaluation of CDK2 inhibitors given in combination with endocrine agents as a new treatment strategy against ESR1 mutation expressing breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary K Scott
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - David Chu
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ravneet Kaur
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - Julia Malato
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Katya Frazier
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | | | - Byron Hann
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ben Ho Park
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher C Benz
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Flach KD, Zwart W. The first decade of estrogen receptor cistromics in breast cancer. J Endocrinol 2016; 229:R43-56. [PMID: 26906743 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The advent of genome-wide transcription factor profiling has revolutionized the field of breast cancer research. Estrogen receptor α (ERα), the major drug target in hormone receptor-positive breast cancer, has been known as a key transcriptional regulator in tumor progression for over 30 years. Even though this function of ERα is heavily exploited and widely accepted as an Achilles heel for hormonal breast cancer, only since the last decade we have been able to understand how this transcription factor is functioning on a genome-wide scale. Initial ChIP-on-chip (chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with tiling array) analyses have taught us that ERα is an enhancer-associated factor binding to many thousands of sites throughout the human genome and revealed the identity of a number of directly interacting transcription factors that are essential for ERα action. More recently, with the development of massive parallel sequencing technologies and refinements thereof in sample processing, a genome-wide interrogation of ERα has become feasible and affordable with unprecedented data quality and richness. These studies have revealed numerous additional biological insights into ERα behavior in cell lines and especially in clinical specimens. Therefore, what have we actually learned during this first decade of cistromics in breast cancer and where may future developments in the field take us?
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen D Flach
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wilbert Zwart
- Division of Molecular PathologyThe Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Why (multi)targeting of cyclin-dependent kinases is a promising therapeutic option for hormone-positive breast cancer and beyond. Future Med Chem 2015; 8:55-72. [PMID: 26692095 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogens, via induction of their specific receptors (e.g., ER-α), regulate cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis in mammary epithelium. Cell-cycle progression is driven by activation of complexes consisting of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) and cyclins, which also modulate the activity of ER-α. Loss of control over the cell-cycle results in accelerated cell division and malignant transformation. Thus, a reciprocal relation exists between estrogen signaling and cell proliferation. Based on these findings, a new concept was developed to reduce ER-α activity and bring the cell cycle in transformed cells to heel. Prevention of ER-α activation and control over the deregulated cell cycle was achieved by supplementation with pharmacological CDK inhibitors alone or in combination with selective antiestrogens.
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27
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Anbalagan M, Rowan BG. Estrogen receptor alpha phosphorylation and its functional impact in human breast cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 418 Pt 3:264-72. [PMID: 25597633 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor α (ERα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation and homeostasis in various tissues. Sustained exposure to estrogen/estradiol (E2) increases the risk of breast, endometrial and ovarian cancers. ERα function is also regulated by phosphorylation through various kinase signaling pathways that will impact various ERα functions including chromatin interaction, coregulator recruitment and gene expression, as well impact breast tumor growth/morphology and breast cancer patient response to endocrine therapy. However, many of the previously characterized ERα phosphorylation sites do not fully explain the impact of receptor phosphorylation on ERα function. This review discusses work from our laboratory toward understanding a role of ERα site-specific phosphorylation in ERα function and breast cancer. The key findings discussed in this review are: (1) the effect of site specific ERα phosphorylation on temporal recruitment of ERα and unique coactivator complexes to specific genes; (2) the impact of stable disruption of ERα S118 and S167 phosphorylation in breast cancer cells on eliciting unique gene expression profiles that culminate in significant effects on breast cancer growth/morphology/migration/invasion; (3) the Src kinase signaling pathway that impacts ERα phosphorylation to alter ERα function; and (4) circadian disruption by light exposure at night leading to elevated ERK1/2 and Src kinase and phosphorylation of ERα, concomitant with tamoxifen resistance in breast tumor models. Results from these studies demonstrate that even changes to single ERα phosphorylation sites can have a profound impact on ERα function in breast cancer. Future work will extend beyond single site phosphorylation analysis toward identification of specific patterns/profiles of ERα phosphorylation under different physiological/pharmacological conditions to understand how common phosphorylation profiles in breast cancer program specific physiological endpoints such as growth, apoptosis, migration/invasion, and endocrine therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muralidharan Anbalagan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Brian G Rowan
- Department of Structural and Cellular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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28
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Rajbhandari P, Ozers MS, Solodin NM, Warren CL, Alarid ET. Peptidylprolyl Isomerase Pin1 Directly Enhances the DNA Binding Functions of Estrogen Receptor α. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:13749-62. [PMID: 25866209 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcriptional activity of estrogen receptor α (ERα), the key driver of breast cancer proliferation, is enhanced by multiple cellular interactions, including phosphorylation-dependent interaction with Pin1, a proline isomerase, which mediates cis-trans isomerization of the N-terminal Ser(P)(118)-Pro(119) in the intrinsically disordered AF1 (activation function 1) domain of ERα. Because both ERα and Pin1 have multiple cellular partners, it is unclear how Pin1 assists in the regulation of ERα transactivation mechanisms and whether the functional effects of Pin1 on ERα signaling are direct or indirect. Here, we tested the specific action of Pin1 on an essential step in ERα transactivation, binding to specific DNA sites. DNA binding analysis demonstrates that stable overexpression of Pin1 increases endogenous ERα DNA binding activity when activated by estrogen but not by tamoxifen or EGF. Increased DNA binding affinity is a direct effect of Pin1 on ERα because it is observed in solution-based assays with purified components. Further, our data indicate that isomerization is required for Pin1-modulation of ERα-DNA interactions. In an unbiased in vitro DNA binding microarray with hundreds of thousands of permutations of ERα-binding elements, Pin1 selectively enhances the binding affinity of ERα to consensus DNA elements. These studies reveal that Pin1 isomerization of phosphorylated ERα can directly regulate the function of the adjacent DNA binding domain, and this interaction is further modulated by ligand binding in the ligand-binding domain, providing evidence for Pin1-dependent allosteric regulation of ERα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rajbhandari
- From the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Mary Szatkowski Ozers
- From the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | - Natalia M Solodin
- From the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
| | | | - Elaine T Alarid
- From the McArdle Laboratories for Cancer Research, Department of Oncology and University of Wisconsin Carbone Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53705 and
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Yoshimaru T, Komatsu M, Miyoshi Y, Honda J, Sasa M, Katagiri T. Therapeutic advances in BIG3-PHB2 inhibition targeting the crosstalk between estrogen and growth factors in breast cancer. Cancer Sci 2015; 106:550-8. [PMID: 25736224 PMCID: PMC4452155 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that specific inhibition of the BIG3-PHB2 complex, which is a critical modulator in estrogen (E2) signaling, using ERAP, a dominant negative peptide inhibitor, leads to suppression of E2-dependent estrogen receptor (ER) alpha activation through the reactivation of the tumor suppressive activity of PHB2. Here, we report that ERAP has significant suppressive effects against synergistic activation caused by the crosstalk between E2 and growth factors associated with intrinsic or acquired resistance to anti-estrogen tamoxifen in breast cancer cells. Intrinsic PHB2 released from BIG3 by ERAP effectively disrupted each interaction of membrane-associated ERα and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor beta (IGF-1Rβ), EGFR, PI3K or human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) in the presence of E2 and the growth factors IGF or EGF, followed by inhibited the activation of IGF-1Rβ, EGFR or HER2, and reduced Akt, MAPK and ERα phosphorylation levels, resulting in significant suppression of proliferation of ERα-positive breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, combined treatment with ERAP and tamoxifen led to a synergistic suppression of signaling that was activated by crosstalk between E2 and growth factors or HER2 amplification. Taken together, our findings suggest that the specific inhibition of BIG3-PHB2 is a novel potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancers activated by the crosstalk between E2 and growth factor signaling, especially in premenopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Yoshimaru
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masato Komatsu
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasuo Miyoshi
- Division of Breast and Endocrine, Department of Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junko Honda
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Higashitokushima Medical Center, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Sasa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima Breast Care Clinic, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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30
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Arisan ED, Akkoç Y, Akyüz KG, Kerman EM, Obakan P, Çoker-Gürkan A, Palavan Ünsal N. Polyamines modulate the roscovitine-induced cell death switch decision autophagy vs. apoptosis in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2015; 11:4532-40. [PMID: 25650699 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Current clinical strategies against breast cancer mainly involve the use of anti‑hormonal agents to decrease estrogen production; however, development of resistance is a major problem. The resistance phenotype depends on the modulation of cell‑cycle regulatory proteins, cyclins and cyclin‑dependent kinases. Roscovitine, a selective inhibitor of cyclin‑dependent kinases, shows high therapeutic potential by causing cell‑cycle arrest in various cancer types. Autophagy is a type of cell death characterized by the enzymatic degradation of macromolecules and organelles in double‑ or multi‑membrane autophagic vesicles. This process has important physiological functions, including the degradation of misfolded proteins and organelle turnover. Recently, the switch between autophagy and apoptosis has been proposed to constitute an important regulator of cell death in response to chemotherapeutic drugs. The process is regulated by several proteins, such as the proteins of the Atg family, essential for the initial formation of the autophagosome, and PI3K, important at the early stages of autophagic vesicle formation. Polyamines (PAs) are small aliphatic amines that play major roles in a number of eukaryotic processes, including cell proliferation. The PA levels are regulated by ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the rate‑limiting enzyme in PA biosynthesis. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of PAs in roscovitine‑induced autophagic/apoptotic cell death in estrogen receptor‑positive MCF‑7 and estrogen receptor‑negative MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cells. We show that MDA‑MB‑231 cells are more resistant to roscovitine than MCF‑7 cells. This difference was related to the regulation of autophagic key molecules in MDA‑MB‑231 cells. In addition, we found that exogenous PAs have a role in the cell death decision between roscovitine‑induced apoptosis or autophagy in MCF‑7 and MDA‑MB‑231 breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Damla Arisan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
| | - Yunus Akkoç
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
| | - Kaan Gencer Akyüz
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
| | - Ezgi Melek Kerman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
| | - Pinar Obakan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
| | - Ajda Çoker-Gürkan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
| | - Narçin Palavan Ünsal
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul Kültür University, Atakoy Campus, Istanbul 34156, Turkey
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31
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Bennesch MA, Picard D. Minireview: Tipping the balance: ligand-independent activation of steroid receptors. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:349-63. [PMID: 25625619 DOI: 10.1210/me.2014-1315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Steroid receptors are prototypical ligand-dependent transcription factors and a textbook example for allosteric regulation. According to this canonical model, binding of cognate steroid is an absolute requirement for transcriptional activation. Remarkably, the simple one ligand-one receptor model could not be farther from the truth. Steroid receptors, notably the sex steroid receptors, can receive multiple inputs. Activation of steroid receptors by other signals, working through their own signaling pathways, in the absence of the cognate steroids, represents the most extreme form of signaling cross talk. Compared with cognate steroids, ligand-independent activation pathways produce similar but not identical outputs. Here we review the phenomena and discuss what is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms and the biological significance. We hypothesize that steroid receptors may have evolved to be trigger happy. In addition to their cognate steroids, many posttranslational modifications and interactors, modulated by other signals, may be able to tip the balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela A Bennesch
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire, Université de Genève, Sciences III, CH-1211 Genève 4, Switzerland
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32
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Yoshimaru T, Komatsu M, Tashiro E, Imoto M, Osada H, Miyoshi Y, Honda J, Sasa M, Katagiri T. Xanthohumol suppresses oestrogen-signalling in breast cancer through the inhibition of BIG3-PHB2 interactions. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7355. [PMID: 25483453 PMCID: PMC4258681 DOI: 10.1038/srep07355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthohumol (XN) is a natural anticancer compound that inhibits the proliferation of oestrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast cancer cells. However, the precise mechanism of the antitumour effects of XN on oestrogen (E2)-dependent cell growth, and especially its direct target molecule(s), remain(s) largely unknown. Here, we focus on whether XN directly binds to the tumour suppressor protein prohibitin 2 (PHB2), forming a novel natural antitumour compound targeting the BIG3-PHB2 complex and acting as a pivotal modulator of E2/ERα signalling in breast cancer cells. XN treatment effectively prevented the BIG3-PHB2 interaction, thereby releasing PHB2 to directly bind to both nuclear- and cytoplasmic ERα. This event led to the complete suppression of the E2-signalling pathways and ERα-positive breast cancer cell growth both in vitro and in vivo, but did not suppress the growth of normal mammary epithelial cells. Our findings suggest that XN may be a promising natural compound to suppress the growth of luminal-type breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Yoshimaru
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masato Komatsu
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Etsu Tashiro
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Imoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Yasuo Miyoshi
- Department of Surgery, Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Hyogo College of Medicine, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Junko Honda
- Department of Surgery, National Hospital Organization Higashitokushima Medical Center, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mitsunori Sasa
- Department of Surgery, Tokushima Breast Care Clinic, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
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33
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Bruce MC, McAllister D, Murphy LC. The kinome associated with estrogen receptor-positive status in human breast cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2014; 21:R357-70. [PMID: 25056177 DOI: 10.1530/erc-14-0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) regulates and is regulated by kinases involved in several functions associated with the hallmarks of cancer. The following literature review strongly suggests that distinct kinomes exist for ERα-positive and -negative human breast cancers. Importantly, consistent with the known heterogeneity of ERα-positive cancers, different subgroups exist, which can be defined by different kinome signatures, which in turn are correlated with clinical outcome. Strong evidence supports the interplay of kinase networks, suggesting that targeting a single node may not be sufficient to inhibit the network. Therefore, identifying the important hubs/nodes associated with each clinically relevant kinome in ER+ tumors could offer the ability to implement the best therapy options at diagnosis, either endocrine therapy alone or together with other targeted therapies, for improved overall outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Christine Bruce
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
| | - Danielle McAllister
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
| | - Leigh C Murphy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical GeneticsManitoba Institute of Cell Biology, University of Manitoba and CancerCare Manitoba, 675 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 0V9
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Viedma-Rodríguez R, Baiza-Gutman L, Salamanca-Gómez F, Diaz-Zaragoza M, Martínez-Hernández G, Ruiz Esparza-Garrido R, Velázquez-Flores MA, Arenas-Aranda D. Mechanisms associated with resistance to tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer (review). Oncol Rep 2014; 32:3-15. [PMID: 24841429 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-estrogens such as tamoxifen are widely used in the clinic to treat estrogen receptor-positive breast tumors. Patients with estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer initially respond to treatment with anti-hormonal agents such as tamoxifen, but remissions are often followed by the acquisition of resistance and, ultimately, disease relapse. The development of a rationale for the effective treatment of tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer requires an understanding of the complex signal transduction mechanisms. In the present study, we explored some mechanisms associated with resistance to tamoxifen, such as pharmacologic mechanisms, loss or modification in estrogen receptor expression, alterations in co-regulatory proteins and the regulation of the different signaling pathways that participate in different cellular processes such as survival, proliferation, stress, cell cycle, inhibition of apoptosis regulated by the Bcl-2 family, autophagy, altered expression of microRNA, and signaling pathways that regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the tumor microenvironment. Delineation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of resistance may aid in the development of treatment strategies to enhance response and compromise resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubí Viedma-Rodríguez
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Baiza-Gutman
- Unit of Morphology and Function, Faculty of Higher Studies (FES) Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Los Reyes Iztacala, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Fabio Salamanca-Gómez
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Guadalupe Martínez-Hernández
- Unit of Morphology and Function, Faculty of Higher Studies (FES) Iztacala, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), Los Reyes Iztacala, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - Ruth Ruiz Esparza-Garrido
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Velázquez-Flores
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Diego Arenas-Aranda
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Medical Research Unit in Human Genetics, Pediatric Hospital, National Medical Center Century XXI (CMN-SXXI), Mexican Social Security Institute (IMSS), Mexico City, Mexico
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35
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Yoshimaru T, Komatsu M, Matsuo T, Chen YA, Murakami Y, Mizuguchi K, Mizohata E, Inoue T, Akiyama M, Yamaguchi R, Imoto S, Miyano S, Miyoshi Y, Sasa M, Nakamura Y, Katagiri T. Targeting BIG3-PHB2 interaction to overcome tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2443. [PMID: 24051437 PMCID: PMC3791465 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The acquisition of endocrine resistance is a common obstacle in endocrine therapy of patients with oestrogen receptor-α (ERα)-positive breast tumours. We previously demonstrated that the BIG3–PHB2 complex has a crucial role in the modulation of oestrogen/ERα signalling in breast cancer cells. Here we report a cell-permeable peptide inhibitor, called ERAP, that regulates multiple ERα-signalling pathways associated with tamoxifen resistance in breast cancer cells by inhibiting the interaction between BIG3 and PHB2. Intrinsic PHB2 released from BIG3 by ERAP directly binds to both nuclear- and membrane-associated ERα, which leads to the inhibition of multiple ERα-signalling pathways, including genomic and non-genomic ERα activation and ERα phosphorylation, and the growth of ERα-positive breast cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, ERAP treatment suppresses tamoxifen resistance and enhances tamoxifen responsiveness in ERα-positive breast cancer cells. These findings suggest inhibiting the interaction between BIG3 and PHB2 may be a new therapeutic strategy for the treatment of luminal-type breast cancer. Oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) signalling has a role in breast cancer drug resistance. Here, the authors report a synthetic peptide that disrupts the interaction between the signalling molecules BIG3 and PHB2, and thereby suppresses tamoxifen resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Yoshimaru
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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36
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Zhou W, Slingerland JM. Links between oestrogen receptor activation and proteolysis: relevance to hormone-regulated cancer therapy. Nat Rev Cancer 2014; 14:26-38. [PMID: 24505618 DOI: 10.1038/nrc3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oestrogen receptor-α (ERα) is a master transcription factor that regulates cell proliferation and homeostasis in many tissues. Despite beneficial ERα functions, sustained oestrogenic exposure increases the risk and/or the progression of various cancers, including those of the breast, endometrium and ovary. Oestrogen–ERα interaction can trigger post-translational ERα modifications through crosstalk with signalling pathways to promote transcriptional activation and ubiquitin-mediated ERα proteolysis, with co-activators that have dual roles as ubiquitin ligases. These processes are reviewed herein. The elucidation of mechanisms whereby oestrogen drives both ERα transactivation and receptor proteolysis might have important therapeutic implications not only for breast cancer but also potentially for other hormone-regulated cancers.
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37
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Treviño LS, Weigel NL. Phosphorylation: a fundamental regulator of steroid receptor action. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2013; 24:515-24. [PMID: 23838532 PMCID: PMC3783573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormone receptors (SHRs) are hormone-activated transcription factors involved in numerous cellular functions and in health and disease. Their activities depend on the cellular level of the receptor, the presence of coregulator proteins, and the cell signaling pathways that are active in the cell. SHRs and their coregulators are phosphorylated on multiple sites by a wide variety of kinases. Each site may contribute to multiple functions and the net effect of an individual phosphorylation depends on the activating kinase. Here we discuss functions of known SHR phosphorylation sites, kinase regulation, evidence of translational relevance, and crosstalk between SHRs and cell signaling pathways. Understanding how cell signaling pathways regulate SHRs might yield novel therapeutic targets for multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey S Treviño
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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38
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Wu Q, Chambliss K, Lee WR, Yuhanna IS, Mineo C, Shaul PW. Point mutations in the ERα Gαi binding domain segregate nonnuclear from nuclear receptor function. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 27:2-11. [PMID: 23242705 DOI: 10.1210/me.2011-1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A subpopulation of plasma membrane-associated estrogen receptor (ER)α interact directly with G proteins and mediate nonnuclear receptor signaling. This mechanism underlies numerous processes, including important cardiovascular protective actions of estradiol (E(2)), such as the activation of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and endothelial cell growth and migration. In the present work we sought a genetic approach to differentiate nonnuclear from nuclear ERα actions. We generated single alanine substitutions within the Gαi-binding domain of ERα (amino acids 251-260) and tested signaling to eNOS or ERK1,2 and activation of luciferase (Luc) reporters signifying transactivation via direct or indirect ERα-DNA binding in HeLa cells. The point mutants ERα-R256A, ERα-K257A, ERα-D258A, and ERα-R260A were all incapable of activating eNOS in response to E(2), and ERα-R256A and ERα-D258A also showed loss of ERK1,2 activation. In contrast, ERα-R256A, ERα-K257A, ERα-D258A, and ERα-R260A all displayed normal capacity to invoke E(2)-induced transactivation of estrogen response element (ERE)-Luc or Sp1-Luc. However, whereas activator protein 1-Luc activation by ERα-R256A and ERα-D258A was intact, ERα-K257A and ERα-R260A were incapable of activator protein 1-Luc activation. In in vitro pull-down assays with the two mutants that lack all nonnuclear functions tested and retain all nuclear functions tested, ERα-R256A and ERα-D258A, there was normal direct interaction between Gαi and ERα-R256A and an absence of interaction between Gαi and ERα-D258A. When expressed in endothelial cells, these two mutants prevented E(2)-induced migration and eNOS activation mediated by endogenous receptor, indicative of dominant-negative action. Thus, the point mutants ERα-R256A and ERα-D258A in the receptor GαI-binding domain provide genetic segregation of nonnuclear from nuclear ERα function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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39
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Metodiev M, Alldridge L. Phosphoproteomics: A possible route to novel biomarkers of breast cancer. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 2:181-94. [PMID: 21136824 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics is rapidly transforming the way that cancer and other pathologies are investigated. The ability to identify hundreds of proteins and to compare their abundance in different clinical samples presents a unique opportunity for direct identification of novel disease markers. Furthermore, recent advances allow us to analyse and compare PTMs. This gives an additional dimension for defining a new class of protein biomarker based not only on abundance and expression but also on the occurrence of covalent modifications specific to a disease state or therapy response. Such modifications are often a consequence of the activation/inactivation of a particular disease related pathway. In this review we evaluate the available information on breast cancer related protein-phosphorylation events, illustrating the rationale for investigating this PTM as a target for breast cancer research with eventual clinical relevance. We present a critical survey of the published experimental strategies to study protein phosphorylation on a system wide scale and highlight recent specific advances in breast cancer phosphoproteomics. Finally we discuss the feasibility of establishing novel biomarkers for breast cancer based on the detection of patterns of specific protein phosphorylation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metodi Metodiev
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, UK
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40
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Estrogen and progesterone regulate p27kip1 levels via the ubiquitin-proteasome system: pathogenic and therapeutic implications for endometrial cancer. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46072. [PMID: 23029392 PMCID: PMC3459846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The levels of proteins that control the cell cycle are regulated by ubiquitin-mediated degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) by substrate-specific E3 ubiquitin ligases. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, p27kip1 (p27), that blocks the cell cycle in G1, is ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase SCF-Skp2/Cks1 for degradation by the UPS. In turn, Skp2 and Cks1 are ubiquitylated by the E3 ligase complex APC/Cdh1 for destruction thereby maintaining abundant levels of nuclear p27. We previously showed that perpetual proteasomal degradation of p27 is an early event in Type I endometrial carcinogenesis (ECA), an estrogen (E2)-induced cancer. The present studies demonstrate that E2 stimulates growth of ECA cell lines and normal primary endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) and induces MAPK-ERK1/2-dependent phosphorylation of p27 on Thr187, a prerequisite for p27 ubiquitylation by nuclear SCF-Skp2/Cks1 and subsequent degradation. In addition, E2 decreases the E3 ligase [APC]Cdh1 leaving Skp2 and Cks1 intact to cause p27 degradation. Furthermore, knocking-down Skp2 prevents E2-induced p27 degradation and growth stimulation suggesting that the pathogenesis of E2-induced ECA is dependent on Skp2-mediated degradation of p27. Conversely, progesterone (Pg) as an inhibitor of endometrial proliferation increases nuclear p27 and Cdh1 in primary EECs and ECA cells. Pg, also increases Cdh1 binding to APC to form the active E3ligase. Knocking-down Cdh1 obviates Pg-induced stabilization of p27 and growth inhibition. Notably, neither E2 nor Pg affected transcription of Cdh1, Skp2, Cks1 nor p27. These studies provide new insights into hormone regulation of cell proliferation through the UPS. The data implicates that preventing nuclear p27 degradation by blocking Skp2/Cks1-mediated degradation of p27 or increasing Cdh1 to mediate degradation of Skp2-Cks1 are potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of ECA.
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41
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Abstract
The 40S ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1) is a conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that belongs to the AGC family of protein kinases, which also includes Akt and many others. S6K1 is the principal kinase effector downstream of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). S6K1 is sensitive to a wide range of signaling inputs, including growth factors, amino acids, energy levels and hypoxia. S6K1 relays these signals to regulate a growing list of substrates and interacting proteins in control of oncogenic processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, cell survival and apoptosis and cell migration and invasion. Several lines of evidence suggest an important role for S6K1 in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast cancer. S6K1 directly phosphorylates and activates ERα. Furthermore, S6K1 expression is estrogenically regulated. Therefore, hyperactivation of mTORC1/S6K1 signaling may be closely related to ER-positive status in breast cancer and may be utilized as a marker for prognosis and a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina K Holz
- Department of Biology, Stern College for Women of Yeshiva University, New York, NY, USA.
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42
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Held JM, Britton DJ, Scott GK, Lee EL, Schilling B, Baldwin MA, Gibson BW, Benz CC. Ligand binding promotes CDK-dependent phosphorylation of ER-alpha on hinge serine 294 but inhibits ligand-independent phosphorylation of serine 305. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:1120-32. [PMID: 22669764 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) is critical for its transcription factor activity and may determine its predictive and therapeutic value as a biomarker for ERα-positive breast cancers. Recent attention has turned to the poorly understood ERα hinge domain, as phosphorylation at serine 305 (Ser305) associates with poor clinical outcome and endocrine resistance. We show that phosphorylation of a neighboring hinge domain site, Ser294, analyzed by multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry of ERα immunoprecipitates from human breast cancer cells is robustly phosphorylated exclusively by ligand (estradiol and tamoxifen) activation of ERα and not by growth factor stimulation (EGF, insulin, heregulin-β). In a reciprocal fashion, Ser305 phosphorylation is induced by growth factors but not ligand activation of ERα. Phosphorylation at Ser294 and Ser305 is suppressed upon co-stimulation by EGF and ligand, respectively, unlike the N-terminal (AF-1) domain Ser118 and Ser167 sites of ERα where phosphorylation is enhanced by ligand and growth factor co-stimulation. Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) by roscovitine or SNS-032 suppresses ligand-activated Ser294 phosphorylation without affecting Ser118 or Ser104/Ser106 phosphorylation. Likewise, cell-free studies using recombinant ERα and specific cyclin-CDK complexes suggest that Ser294 phosphorylation is primarily induced by the transcription-regulating and cell-cycle-independent kinase CDK7. Thus, CDK-dependent phosphorylation at Ser294 differentiates ligand-dependent from ligand-independent activation of Ser305 phosphorylation, showing that hinge domain phosphorylation patterns uniquely inform on the various ERα activation mechanisms thought to underlie the biologic and clinical diversity of hormone-dependent breast cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Held
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA 94945, USA
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43
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Moghadam SJ, Hanks AM, Keyomarsi K. Breaking the cycle: An insight into the role of ERα in eukaryotic cell cycles. J Carcinog 2011; 10:25. [PMID: 22190867 PMCID: PMC3243079 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.90440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been numerous reviews written to date on estrogen receptor (ER), focusing on topics such as its role in the etiology of breast cancer, its mode of regulation, its role as a transcriptional activator and how to target it therapeutically, just to name a few. One reason for so much attention on this nuclear receptor is that it acts not only as a prognostic marker, but also as a target for therapy. However, a relatively undiscovered area in the literature regarding ER is how its activity in the presence and absence of ligand affects its role in proliferation and cell cycle transition. In this review, we provide a brief overview of ER signaling, ligand dependent and independent, genomic and non-genomic, and how these signaling events affect the role of ER in the mammalian cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Javan Moghadam
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology at University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Le Romancer M, Poulard C, Cohen P, Sentis S, Renoir JM, Corbo L. Cracking the estrogen receptor's posttranslational code in breast tumors. Endocr Rev 2011; 32:597-622. [PMID: 21680538 DOI: 10.1210/er.2010-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen signaling pathways, because of their central role in regulating the growth and survival of breast tumor cells, have been identified as suitable and efficient targets for cancer therapies. Agents blocking estrogen activity are already widely used clinically, and many new molecules have entered clinical trials, but intrinsic or acquired resistance to treatment limits their efficacy. The basic molecular studies underlying estrogen signaling have defined the critical role of estrogen receptors (ER) in many aspects of breast tumorigenesis. However, important knowledge gaps remain about the role of posttranslational modifications (PTM) of ER in initiation and progression of breast carcinogenesis. Whereas major attention has been focused on the phosphorylation of ER, many other PTM (such as acetylation, ubiquitination, sumoylation, methylation, and palmitoylation) have been identified as events modifying ER expression and stability, subcellular localization, and sensitivity to hormonal response. This article will provide an overview of the current and emerging knowledge on ER PTM, with a particular focus on their deregulation in breast cancer. We also discuss their clinical relevance and the functional relationship between PTM. A thorough understanding of the complete picture of these modifications in ER carcinogenesis might not only open new avenues for identifying new markers for prognosis or prediction of response to endocrine therapy but also could promote the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriel Le Romancer
- Université de Lyon, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Centre Léon Bérard, Bâtiment Cheney D, 28 rue Laennec, 69373 Lyon Cedex 08, France.
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Nair BC, Vallabhaneni S, Tekmal RR, Vadlamudi RK. Roscovitine confers tumor suppressive effect on therapy-resistant breast tumor cells. Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R80. [PMID: 21834972 PMCID: PMC3218960 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current clinical strategies for treating hormonal breast cancer involve the use of anti-estrogens that block estrogen receptor (ER)α functions and aromatase inhibitors that decrease local and systemic estrogen production. Both of these strategies improve outcomes for ERα-positive breast cancer patients, however, development of therapy resistance remains a major clinical problem. Divergent molecular pathways have been described for this resistant phenotype and interestingly, the majority of downstream events in these resistance pathways converge upon the modulation of cell cycle regulatory proteins including aberrant activation of cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2). In this study, we examined whether the CDK inhibitor roscovitine confers a tumor suppressive effect on therapy-resistant breast epithelial cells. Methods Using various in vitro and in vivo assays, we tested the effect of roscovitine on three hormonal therapy-resistant model cells: (a) MCF-7-TamR (acquired tamoxifen resistance model); (b) MCF-7-LTLTca (acquired letrozole resistance model); and (c) MCF-7-HER2 that exhibit tamoxifen resistance (ER-growth factor signaling cross talk model). Results Hormonal therapy-resistant cells exhibited aberrant activation of the CDK2 pathway. Roscovitine at a dose of 20 μM significantly inhibited the cell proliferation rate and foci formation potential of all three therapy-resistant cells. The drug treatment substantially increased the proportion of cells in G2/M cell cycle phase with decreased CDK2 activity and promoted low cyclin D1 levels. Interestingly, roscovitine also preferentially down regulated the ERα isoform and ER-coregulators including AIB1 and PELP1. Results from xenograft studies further showed that roscovitine can attenuate growth of therapy-resistant tumors in vivo. Conclusions Roscovitine can reduce cell proliferation and survival of hormone therapy-resistant breast cancer cells. Our results support the emerging concept that inhibition of CDK2 activity has the potential to abrogate growth of hormonal therapy-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binoj C Nair
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CTRC at UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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de Leeuw R, Neefjes J, Michalides R. A role for estrogen receptor phosphorylation in the resistance to tamoxifen. Int J Breast Cancer 2011; 2011:232435. [PMID: 22295213 PMCID: PMC3262574 DOI: 10.4061/2011/232435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
About two thirds of all human breast cancer cases are estrogen receptor positive. The drug of first choice for these patients is tamoxifen. However, about half of the recurrences after removal of the primary tumor are or become resistant to this drug. While many mechanisms have been identified for tamoxifen resistance in the lab, at present only a few have been translated to the clinic. This paper highlights the role in tamoxifen resistance of phosphorylation by different kinases on different sites of the estrogen receptor. We will discuss the molecular pathways and kinases that are involved in phosphorylation of ERα and how these affect tamoxifen resistance. Finally, we will elaborate on the clinical translation of these observations and the possibility to predict tamoxifen responses in patient tumor samples before treatment onset. The findings made originally on the bench may translate into a better and personalized treatment of breast cancer patients using an old and safe anticancer drug: tamoxifen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée de Leeuw
- Department of Cell Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Maggi A. Liganded and unliganded activation of estrogen receptor and hormone replacement therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2011; 1812:1054-60. [PMID: 21605666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, our understanding of estrogen receptor physiology in mammals widened considerably as we acquired a deeper appreciation of the roles of estrogen receptor alpha and beta (ERα and ERβ) in reproduction as well as in bone and metabolic homeostasis, depression, vascular disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, our insights on ER transcriptional functions in cells increased considerably with the demonstration that ER activity is not strictly dependent on ligand availability. Indeed, unliganded ERs may be transcriptionally active and post-translational modifications play a major role in this context. The finding that several intracellular transduction molecules may regulate ER transcriptional programs indicates that ERs may act as a hub where several molecular pathways converge: this allows to maintain ER transcriptional activity in tune with all cell functions. Likely, the biological relevant role of ER was favored by evolution as a mean of integration between reproductive and metabolic functions. We here review the post-translational modifications modulating ER transcriptional activity in the presence or in the absence of estrogens and underline their potential role for ER tissue-specific activities. In our opinion, a better comprehension of the variety of molecular events that control ER activity in reproductive and non-reproductive organs is the foundation for the design of safer and more efficacious hormone-based therapies, particularly for menopause. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translating Nuclear receptors from health to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Maggi
- Center of Excellence on Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.
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Wu Q, Chambliss K, Umetani M, Mineo C, Shaul PW. Non-nuclear estrogen receptor signaling in the endothelium. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:14737-43. [PMID: 21343284 PMCID: PMC3083154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r110.191791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to the classical function of estrogen receptors (ER) as transcription factors, evidence continues to accumulate that they mediate non-nuclear processes in numerous cell types, including the endothelium, in which they activate endothelial NO synthase. Non-nuclear ER signaling entails unique post-translational modifications and protein-protein interactions of the receptor with adaptor molecules, kinases, and G proteins. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies in mice using an estrogen-dendrimer conjugate that is excluded from the nucleus indicate that non-nuclear ER activation underlies the migration and growth responses of endothelial cells to estrogen but not the growth responses of endometrial or breast cancer cells to the hormone. In this minireview, the features of ERα and protein-protein interactions that enable it to invoke extranuclear signaling in the endothelium and the consequences of that signaling are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wu
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Ken Chambliss
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Michihisa Umetani
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Chieko Mineo
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
| | - Philip W. Shaul
- From the Division of Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390
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Vicent GP, Nacht AS, Zaurín R, Ballaré C, Clausell J, Beato M. Minireview: role of kinases and chromatin remodeling in progesterone signaling to chromatin. Mol Endocrinol 2010; 24:2088-98. [PMID: 20484412 PMCID: PMC5417384 DOI: 10.1210/me.2010-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones regulate gene expression by interaction of their receptors with hormone-responsive elements on DNA or with other transcription factors, but they can also activate cytoplasmic signaling cascades. Rapid activation of Erk by progestins via an interaction of the progesterone receptor (PR) with the estrogen receptor is critical for transcriptional activation of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) promoter and other progesterone target genes. Erk activation leads to the phosphorylation of PR, activation of mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1, and the recruitment of a complex of the three activated proteins and of P300/CBP-associated factor (PCAF) to a single nucleosome, resulting in the phosphoacetylation of histone H3 and the displacement of heterochromatin protein 1γ. Hormone-dependent gene expression requires ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes. Two switch/sucrose nonfermentable-like complexes, Brahma-related gene 1-associated factor (BAF) and polybromo-BAF are present in breast cancer cells, but only BAF is recruited to the MMTV promoter and cooperates with PCAF during activation of hormone-responsive promoters. PCAF acetylates histone H3 at K14, an epigenetic mark recognized by BAF subunits, thus anchoring the complex to chromatin. BAF catalyzes localized displacement of histones H2A and H2B, facilitating access of nuclear factor 1 and additional PR complexes to the hidden hormone-responsive elements on the MMTV promoter. The linker histone H1 is a structural component of chromatin generally regarded as a general repressor of transcription. However, it contributes to a better regulation of the MMTV promoter by favoring a more homogeneous nucleosome positioning, thus reducing basal transcription and actually enhancing hormone induced transcription. During transcriptional activation, H1 is phosphorylated and displaced from the promoter. The kinase cyclin-dependent kinase 2 is activated after progesterone treatment and could catalyze progesterone-induced phosphorylation of histone H1 by chromatin remodeling complexes. The initial steps of gene induction by progestins involve changes in the chromatin organization of target promoters that require the activation of several kinase signaling pathways initiated by membrane anchored PR. Because these pathways also respond to other external signals, they serve to integrate the hormonal response in the global context of the cellular environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo P Vicent
- Centre de Regulació Genòmica, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica, Aiguader 88, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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Poulard C, Bouchekioua-Bouzaghou K, Sentis S, Corbo L, Le Romancer M. Les modifications post-traductionnelles orchestrent l’action du récepteur des œstrogènes εRα dans les tumeurs mammaires. Med Sci (Paris) 2010; 26:636-40. [DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2010266-7636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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