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Goel N, Gajbhiye RL, Saha M, Nagendra C, Reddy AM, Ravichandiran V, Das Saha K, Jaisankar P. A comparative assessment of in vitro cytotoxic activity and phytochemical profiling of Andrographis nallamalayana J.L.Ellis and Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS approach. RSC Adv 2021; 11:35918-35936. [PMID: 35492784 PMCID: PMC9043227 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07496b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees and Andrographis nallamalayana J.L.Ellis have traditionally been used to treat various ailments such as mouth ulcers, intermittent fever, inflammation, snake bite. This study compares the comparative in vitro cytotoxic activity, and phytochemical profiling of methanol extract of A. nallamalayana (ANM) and A. paniculata (APM). UPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS analysis has been performed. The cytotoxic activity of crude methanol extracts were evaluated against three different cancer cell lines (HCT 116, HepG2, and A549 cell line). Both plants' extract exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against tested cell lines in a dose-dependent manner. IC50 of ANM and APM in HCT 116 cell was 11.71 ± 2.48 μg ml−1 and 45.32 ± 0.86 μg ml−1 and in HepG2 cell line was 15.65 ± 2.25 μg ml−1 and 60.32 ± 1.05 μg ml−1 respectively. Cytotoxicity of these two extracts was comparatively similar in A549 cells. ANM induced cytotoxicity involved programmed cell death, externalisation of phosphatidylserine, ROS generation, up-regulation and down-regulation of major apoptotic markers. HRMS analysis of ANM and APM resulted in the identification of 59 and 42 compounds, respectively. Further, using the MS/MS fragmentation approach, 20 compounds, of which 18 compounds were identified for the first time from ANM, which belongs to phenolic acids, flavonoids, and their glycosides. Three known compounds, echioidinin, skullcapflavone I and 5,2′,6′-trihydroxy-7-methoxyflavone 2′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, were isolated from A. nallamalayana and their crystal structures were reported for the first time. Subsequently, seven major compounds were identified in A. nallamalayana by direct comparison (retention time and UV-spectra) with authentic commercial standards and isolated compounds using HPLC-UV analysis. The cytotoxicity of phytochemicals from both the plants using in silico tools also justify their in vitro cytotoxic activity. It is the first report on the comparative characterisation of phytochemicals present in the methanolic extract of both the species of Andrographis, along with the cytotoxic activity of A. nallamalayana. A comparative study of two Andrographis species have been done, and it was found that Andrographis nallamalayana J.L.Ellis is phytochemically and biologically different from Andrographis paniculata (Burm. f.) Nees.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Goel
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Kolkata), Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, 700054, Kolkata, India
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Biology, Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Rahul L. Gajbhiye
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Kolkata), Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, 700054, Kolkata, India
| | - Moumita Saha
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Chennuru Nagendra
- Department of Botany, Yogi Vemana University, Vemanapuram, Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh 516005, India
| | | | - V. Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER-Kolkata), Chunilal Bhawan, 168, Maniktala Main Road, 700054, Kolkata, India
| | - Krishna Das Saha
- Cancer Biology and Inflammatory Disorder Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata-700032, India
| | - Parasuraman Jaisankar
- Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Biology, Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Kolkata-700032, India
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Abbotts R, Wilson DM. Coordination of DNA single strand break repair. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 107:228-244. [PMID: 27890643 PMCID: PMC5443707 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic material of all organisms is susceptible to modification. In some instances, these changes are programmed, such as the formation of DNA double strand breaks during meiotic recombination to generate gamete variety or class switch recombination to create antibody diversity. However, in most cases, genomic damage is potentially harmful to the health of the organism, contributing to disease and aging by promoting deleterious cellular outcomes. A proportion of DNA modifications are caused by exogenous agents, both physical (namely ultraviolet sunlight and ionizing radiation) and chemical (such as benzopyrene, alkylating agents, platinum compounds and psoralens), which can produce numerous forms of DNA damage, including a range of "simple" and helix-distorting base lesions, abasic sites, crosslinks and various types of phosphodiester strand breaks. More significant in terms of frequency are endogenous mechanisms of modification, which include hydrolytic disintegration of DNA chemical bonds, attack by reactive oxygen species and other byproducts of normal cellular metabolism, or incomplete or necessary enzymatic reactions (such as topoisomerases or repair nucleases). Both exogenous and endogenous mechanisms are associated with a high risk of single strand breakage, either produced directly or generated as intermediates of DNA repair. This review will focus upon the creation, consequences and resolution of single strand breaks, with a particular focus on two major coordinating repair proteins: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) and X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Abbotts
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Laboratory of Molecular Gerontology, National Institute on Aging, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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Begović L, Antunovic M, Matic I, Furcic I, Baricevic A, Vojvoda Parcina V, Peharec Štefanić P, Nagy B, Marijanovic I. Effect of UVC radiation on mouse fibroblasts deficient for FAS-associated protein with death domain. Int J Radiat Biol 2016; 92:475-82. [PMID: 27258329 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2016.1186298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ultraviolet (UV) radiation-induced apoptosis enabled us to study the mechanism of DNA damage and to investigate how cells avoid consequences of damaged DNA. Cells with extensive DNA damage activate extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis. The extrinsic pathway is coupled to a FAS-associated protein with death domain (FADD), an adaptor protein molecule necessary for mediating apoptotic signals through the cell. MATERIALS AND METHODS Viability and apoptosis of wild-type and FADD-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts were investigated 1, 3, 24 and 48 h after exposure to three doses (50, 75 and 300 J/m(2)) of UVC radiation. Morphological changes were observed using DNA binding dyes (Hoechst and propidium iodide) while biochemical changes were monitored using immunodetection of the poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) protein cleavage and caspase-3 activity assay. RESULTS Results showed that the difference in cell death response between wild-type and FADD-deficient cells depended on dose and incubation time after exposure to UVC radiation. FADD-deficient cells are more sensitive to UVC radiation. Even though FADD-deficient cells lack an adapter protein of apoptotic extrinsic pathway, higher doses of UVC triggered their apoptotic response, while wild-type cells die mainly due to necrosis. A different pattern of caspase 3 activity and PARP cleavage was observed 24 h after radiation between two cell lines confirming higher apoptotic response in FADD-deficient cells. CONCLUSIONS Wild-type cells can execute apoptosis via both, the mitochondrial and the receptor-mediated pathway whereas FADD-deficient cells can only activate the intrinsic pathway. There is a difference in UVC radiation response between two cell lines indicating the role of FADD in the selection of cell death modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidija Begović
- a Department of Biology , University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek , Osijek , Croatia
| | - Maja Antunovic
- b Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Igor Matic
- b Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ivana Furcic
- c Institute for Anthropological Research , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Ana Baricevic
- d Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Center for Marine Research , Rovinj , Croatia
| | - Valerija Vojvoda Parcina
- e Center for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Petra Peharec Štefanić
- b Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Biserka Nagy
- b Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
| | - Inga Marijanovic
- b Division of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science , University of Zagreb , Zagreb , Croatia
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KUANG JING, WANG YALAN, XIAO MING, TANG YI, CHEN WENWEN, SONG GUANGLIN, YANG XI, LI MING. Synergistic effect of arginine-specific ADP-ribosyltransferase 1 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 on apoptosis induced by cisplatin in CT26 cells. Oncol Rep 2014; 31:2335-43. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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NSAIDs may regulate EGR-1-mediated induction of reactive oxygen species and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gene (NAG)-1 to initiate intrinsic pathway of apoptosis for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 378:47-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1593-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Ali AAE, Timinszky G, Arribas-Bosacoma R, Kozlowski M, Hassa PO, Hassler M, Ladurner AG, Pearl LH, Oliver AW. The zinc-finger domains of PARP1 cooperate to recognize DNA strand breaks. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2012; 19:685-692. [PMID: 22683995 PMCID: PMC4826610 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.2335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a primary DNA damage sensor whose (ADP-ribose) polymerase activity is acutely regulated by interaction with DNA breaks. Upon activation at sites of DNA damage, PARP1 modifies itself and other proteins by covalent addition of long, branched polymers of ADP-ribose, which in turn recruit downstream DNA repair and chromatin remodeling factors. PARP1 recognizes DNA damage through its N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD), which consists of a tandem repeat of an unusual zinc-finger (ZnF) domain. We have determined the crystal structure of the human PARP1-DBD bound to a DNA break. Along with functional analysis of PARP1 recruitment to sites of DNA damage in vivo, the structure reveals a dimeric assembly whereby ZnF1 and ZnF2 domains from separate PARP1 molecules form a strand-break recognition module that helps activate PARP1 by facilitating its dimerization and consequent trans-automodification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A E Ali
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN7 9QR, UK
| | - Gyula Timinszky
- Genome Biology Unit, Structural & Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, University of Munich, Butenandt Street 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Arribas-Bosacoma
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN7 9QR, UK
| | - Marek Kozlowski
- Genome Biology Unit, Structural & Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, University of Munich, Butenandt Street 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Paul O Hassa
- Genome Biology Unit, Structural & Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Hassler
- Genome Biology Unit, Structural & Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, University of Munich, Butenandt Street 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas G Ladurner
- Genome Biology Unit, Structural & Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Adolf Butenandt Institute, University of Munich, Butenandt Street 5, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Laurence H Pearl
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN7 9QR, UK
| | - Antony W Oliver
- Cancer Research UK DNA Repair Enzymes Group, Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN7 9QR, UK
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Vaish V, Sanyal SN. Role of Sulindac and Celecoxib in chemoprevention of colorectal cancer via intrinsic pathway of apoptosis: Exploring NHE-1, intracellular calcium homeostasis and Calpain 9. Biomed Pharmacother 2012; 66:116-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2011.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Zedda G, Simbula G, Begala M, Pibiri M, Floris C, Casu M, Casu L, Tocco G. Mild Synthetic Approach to Novel Indole-1-Carbinols and Preliminary Evaluation of Their Cytotoxicity in Hepatocarcinoma Cells. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2011; 345:195-202. [DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Zedda
- Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Universita` degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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Chang HY, Fan CC, Chu PC, Hong BE, Lee HJ, Chang MS. hPuf-A/KIAA0020 modulates PARP-1 cleavage upon genotoxic stress. Cancer Res 2011; 71:1126-34. [PMID: 21266351 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-1831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human hPuf-A/KIAA0020 was first identified as a new minor histocompatibility antigen in 2001. Its zebrafish orthologue contains six Pumilio-homology RNA-binding domains and has been shown to participate in the development of eyes and primordial germ cells, but the cellular function of hPuf-A remains unclear. In this report, we showed that hPuf-A predominantly localized in the nucleoli with minor punctate signals in the nucleoplasm. The nucleolar localization of hPuf-A would redistribute to the nucleoplasm after the treatment of RNA polymerase inhibitors (actinomycin D and 5,6-dichlorobenzimidazole riboside) and topoisomerase inhibitors [camptothecin (CPT) and etoposide]. Interestingly, knockdown of hPuf-A sensitized cells to CPT and UV treatment and cells constitutively overexpressing hPuf-A became more resistant to genotoxic exposure. Affinity gel pull-down coupled with mass spectrometric analysis identified PARP-1 as one of the hPuf-A interacting proteins. hPuf-A specifically interacts with the catalytic domain of PARP-1 and inhibits poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of PARP-1 in vitro. Depletion of hPuf-A increased the cleaved PARP-1 and overexpression of hPuf-A lessened PARP-1 cleavage when cells were exposed to CPT and UV light. Collectively, hPuf-A may regulate cellular response to genotoxic stress by inhibiting PARP-1 activity and thus preventing PARP-1 degradation by caspase-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Yen Chang
- Institute of Biochemical Sciences, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Langelier MF, Servent KM, Rogers EE, Pascal JM. A third zinc-binding domain of human poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 coordinates DNA-dependent enzyme activation. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:4105-14. [PMID: 18055453 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708558200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a chromatin-associated enzyme with multiple cellular functions, including DNA repair, transcriptional regulation, and cell signaling. PARP-1 has a modular architecture with six independent domains comprising the 113-kDa polypeptide. Two zinc finger domains at the N terminus of PARP-1 bind to DNA and thereby activate the catalytic domain situated at the C terminus of the enzyme. The tight coupling of DNA binding and catalytic activities is critical to the cellular regulation of PARP-1 function; however, the mechanism for coordinating these activities remains an unsolved problem. Here, we demonstrate using spectroscopic and crystallographic analysis that human PARP-1 has a third zinc-binding domain. Biochemical mutagenesis and deletion analysis indicate that this region mediates interdomain contacts important for DNA-dependent enzyme activation. The crystal structure of the third zinc-binding domain reveals a zinc ribbon fold and suggests conserved residues that could form interdomain contacts. The new zinc-binding domain self-associates in the crystal lattice to form a homodimer with a head-totail arrangement. The structure of the homodimer provides a scaffold for assembling the activated state of PARP-1 and suggests a mechanism for coupling the DNA binding and catalytic functions of PARP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-France Langelier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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11
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Simbula G, Columbano A, Ledda-Columbano GM, Sanna L, Deidda M, Diana A, Pibiri M. Increased ROS generation and p53 activation in α-lipoic acid-induced apoptosis of hepatoma cells. Apoptosis 2006; 12:113-23. [PMID: 17136495 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-006-0487-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Alpha-lipoic acid (alpha-LA) is an antioxidant used for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including liver cirrhosis, heavy metal poisoining, and diabetic polyneuropathy. In addition to its protective effect against oxidative stress, alpha-LA induces apoptosis in different cancer cells types. However, whether alpha-LA acid induces apoptosis of hepatoma cells is unknown. Herein, we investigated whether alpha-LA induces apoptosis in two different hepatoma cell lines FaO and HepG2. The results showed that alpha-LA inhibits the growth of both cell lines as indicated by the reduction in cell number, the reduced expression of cyclin A and the increased levels of the cyclin/CDKs inhibitors, p27(Kip1) and p21(Cip1). Cell cycle arrest was associated with cell loss, and DNA laddering indicative of apoptosis. Apoptosis was preceded by increased generation of reactive oxygen species, and associated with p53 activation, increased expression of Bax, release of cytochrome c from mitochondria, caspases activation, decreased levels of survivin, induction of pro-apoptotic signaling (i.e JNK) and inhibition of anti-apoptotic signaling (i.e. PKB/Akt) pathways. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that alpha-LA induces apoptosis in hepatoma cells, describes a possible sequence of molecular events underlying its lethal effect, and suggests that it may prove useful in liver cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Simbula
- Department of Toxicology, Oncology and Molecular Pathology Unit, Italy
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Kim WJ, Beardsley DI, Adamson AW, Brown KD. The monofunctional alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine triggers apoptosis through p53-dependent and -independent pathways. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2005; 202:84-98. [PMID: 15589979 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2004.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Accepted: 06/10/2004] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the cellular responses to DNA damaging events is the activation of programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis. Apoptosis is an important process in limiting tumorigenesis by eliminating cells with damaged DNA. This view is reinforced by the finding that many genes with pro-apoptotic function are absent or altered in cancer cells. The tumor suppressor p53 performs a significant role in apoptotic signaling by controlling expression of a host of genes that have pro-apoptotic or pro-survival function. The S(N)1 DNA alkylating agent N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) triggers apoptosis and the upregulation/phosphorylation of p53; however, the mechanism(s) governing MNNG-induced cell death remain unresolved. We observed that the human lymphoblastoid cell line WTK-1, which expresses mutant p53, shows far less sensitivity to the cytotoxic effects of MNNG than the closely related, p53-normal line TK-6. Exposure to 15 muM MNNG (LD50 at 24 h in TK-6) leads to a kinetically slower rate of apoptotic onset in WTK-1 cells compared to TK-6 as judged by viability assays and approaches that directly examine apoptotic onset. Similar results were obtained using an unrelated human lymphoblastoid line B310 expressing reduced levels of p53 due to E6 oncoprotein expression, indicating that MNNG activates both p53-dependent and -independent apoptotic mechanisms and that these two mechanisms are discernable by the rates which they trigger apoptotic onset. We document, during time points corresponding to peak apoptotic response in TK6, WTK-1, B310, and B310-E6, that these cell lines show marked decreases in mitochondrial transmembrane potential and increases in cytochrome c within the cytosolic fraction of MNNG-treated cells. Consistent with these events, we observed that both caspase-9 and -3 are activated in our panel of lymphoblastoid cells after MNNG exposure. We also found, using both broad spectrum and specific inhibitors, that blocking caspase activity in TK-6 and B310 cells had a significant effect on apoptotic advance, but that this treatment had no effect on entry of WTK-1 or B310-E6 cells into apoptosis. Finally, the PARP inhibitors benzamide and 6(5H)-phenanthridinone exerted notable inhibition of PARP activity and the nuclear translocation of the mitochondrial protein AIF (apoptosis-inducing factor) in MNNG-treated cells; however, these compounds exhibited no detectable inhibitory effects on MNNG-induced death in human lymphoblastoid cells. These observations suggest that PARP activity is not required during MNNG-triggered apoptosis in this cell type. Taken together, our observations support the conclusion that MNNG activates multiple apoptogenic pathways that contain both common and unique mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Ju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and the Stanley S. Scott Cancer Center, LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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13
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Nguewa PA, Fuertes MA, Alonso C, Perez JM. Pharmacological modulation of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-mediated cell death: exploitation in cancer chemotherapy. Mol Pharmacol 2003; 64:1007-14. [PMID: 14573748 DOI: 10.1124/mol.64.5.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Nguewa
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049-Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) plays a primary role in the process of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. This posttranslational modification of nuclear proteins is activated in response to DNA damage. Having been studied for more than 30 years, PARP-1 is now known to be implicated in several crucial cellular processes: DNA replication, transcription, DNA repair, apoptosis, and genome stability. In this review, we focus on recent findings suggesting that PARP-1 participates in DNA damage signaling in cell death. Of clinical relevance is its role in cancer therapy, irradiation, and chemotherapy, all of which may cause DNA damage and overactivate PARP-1, resulting in inflammation caused by necrosis. Therefore, we will discuss how inhibition of PARP-1 may enhance the efficiency of cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique J Bouchard
- Health and Environment Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University Medical Research Center, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Québec, Canada G1V 4G2
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Lee D, Kim JW, Kim K, Joe CO, Schreiber V, Ménissier-De Murcia J, Choe J. Functional interaction between human papillomavirus type 18 E2 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1. Oncogene 2002; 21:5877-85. [PMID: 12185587 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2001] [Revised: 06/07/2002] [Accepted: 06/10/2002] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus E2 protein is a transcription factor of viral gene expression and DNA replication. Here we show that PARP is a positive regulator of the E2 protein of human papillomavirus type 18 (HPV-18). PARP interacted with the COOH terminal region of HPV-18 E2 in vitro. The E2 interaction domain within PARP is located in the NH(2)-terminal zinc finger motif and the BRCT motif included in the automodification domain. Overexpression of either wild type or the NH(2)-terminal region of PARP containing zinc finger and BRCT stimulated E2-dependent transcription. Gel retardation assay indicates that PARP augments DNA binding activity of E2 in vitro. We also show that PARP-1 is recruited to E2-dependent promoter in vivo using ChIP assay. These results suggest that PARP serves a transcriptional co-activator in E2-dependent transcription by interacting directly with the HPV E2 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeyoup Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
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Zhan Q, Jin S, Ng B, Plisket J, Shangary S, Rathi A, Brown KD, Baskaran R. Caspase-3 mediated cleavage of BRCA1 during UV-induced apoptosis. Oncogene 2002; 21:5335-45. [PMID: 12149654 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1205665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2002] [Revised: 05/09/2002] [Accepted: 05/14/2002] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The breast cancer suppressor protein, BRCA1 plays an important role in mediating cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and DNA responses to DNA damage signals. In this study, we show that BRCA1 level is downregulated during UV-induced apoptosis by caspase-3 mediated cleavage. Cleavage of BRCA1 by caspase-3 produced a fragment that contained the C-terminal of the molecule. Accordingly, treatment of cells with caspase-3 inhibitor or mutation of a specific caspase-3 cleavage site (DLLD) at amino acid 1151-1154 of BRCA1 abolished cleavage and consequential accumulation of the BRCA1 C-terminal fragment. Whereas expression of the non-cleavable BRCA1 (D/A 1154) mutant conferred the resistance phenotype to UV-induced cell death, expression of the cleaved BRCA1 C-terminus induced cell death in the absence of UV. Examination of the mechanism of C-terminus-induced cell death revealed that the cleaved fragment triggers the apoptotic response through activation of BRCA1 downstream effectors, GADD45 and JNK. Altogether, results of our study demonstrate a functional role for caspase-3 mediated cleavage of BRCA1 during UV-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qimin Zhan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, PA 15261, USA
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17
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López-Marure R, Gutiérrez G, Mendoza C, Ventura JL, Sánchez L, Reyes Maldonado E, Zentella A, Montaño LF. Ceramide promotes the death of human cervical tumor cells in the absence of biochemical and morphological markers of apoptosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:1028-36. [PMID: 12051763 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
C8-ceramide, a synthetic cell-permeable analog of endogenous ceramides, interfered with cell proliferation, and was cytotoxic to papilloma virus-containing human cervix carcinoma cells, CALO, INBL, and HeLa, that match two clinical stages of tumor progression. C8-ceramide (3 microM) markedly reduced the tumor cell number after 48 h of treatment, an effect that endured even after the removal of C8-ceramide. The carcinoma cells showed morphologic changes, characteristic of necrosis and released lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). A biologically inactive analog C8-dihydro-ceramide had no effect on cell viability in any of the cell lines tested. Seventy-two hours after C8-ceramide treatment none of the biochemical and morphological markers characteristic of apoptosis: (a) nuclear chromatin condensation, (b) DNA fragmentation, (c) proteolysis of the caspase-3 substrate poly-(ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP), and (d) appearance of phosphatidylserine on the external cell membrane, were observed. C8-ceramide had no effect on human cervix fibroblasts and induced a mild reduction (30%) in the proliferation of normal human cervix epithelia and HeLa cells (IV-B metastatic stage). The cytotoxicity of C8-ceramide was restricted to CALO (early II-B) and INBL (IV-A non-metastatic) carcinoma cells. The possible application of ceramide in the treatment of early stages of cervical cancer is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Juan Badiano No. 1, Colonia Sección 16, Tlalpan, C.P. 14080, Mexico DF, Mexico.
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18
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D'Amours D, Sallmann FR, Dixit VM, Poirier GG. Gain-of-function of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 upon cleavage by apoptotic proteases: implications for apoptosis. J Cell Sci 2001; 114:3771-8. [PMID: 11707529 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.114.20.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is an important mechanism for the maintenance of genomic integrity in response to DNA damage. The enzyme responsible for poly(ADP-ribose) synthesis, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), has been implicated in two distinct modes of cell death induced by DNA damage, namely apoptosis and necrosis. During the execution phase of apoptosis, PARP-1 is specifically proteolyzed by caspases to produce an N-terminal DNA-binding domain (DBD) and a C-terminal catalytic fragment. The functional consequence of this proteolytic event is not known. However, it has recently been shown that overactivation of full-length PARP-1 can result in energy depletion and necrosis in dying cells. Here, we investigate the molecular basis for the differential involvement of PARP-1 in these two types of cellular demise. We show that the C-terminal apoptotic fragment of PARP-1 loses its DNA-dependent catalytic activity upon cleavage with caspase 3. However, the N-terminal apoptotic fragment, retains a strong DNA-binding activity and totally inhibits the catalytic activity of uncleaved PARP-1. This dominant-negative behavior was confirmed and extended in cellular extracts where DNA repair was completely inhibited by nanomolar concentrations of the N-terminal fragment. Furthermore, overexpression of the apoptotic DBD in mouse fibroblast inhibits endogenous PARP-1 activity very efficiently in vivo, thereby confirming our biochemical observations. Taken together, these experiments indicate that the apoptotic DBD of PARP-1 acts cooperatively with the proteolytic inactivation of the enzyme to trans-inhibit NAD hydrolysis and to maintain the energy levels of the cell. These results are consistent with a model in which cleavage of PARP-1 promotes apoptosis by preventing DNA repair-induced survival and by blocking energy depletion-induced necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D D'Amours
- Wellcome/CRC Institute, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QR, UK
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19
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Dunkern TR, Fritz G, Kaina B. Ultraviolet light-induced DNA damage triggers apoptosis in nucleotide excision repair-deficient cells via Bcl-2 decline and caspase-3/-8 activation. Oncogene 2001; 20:6026-38. [PMID: 11593410 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1204754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2001] [Revised: 06/22/2001] [Accepted: 06/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) light is a potent mutagenic and genotoxic agent. Whereas DNA damage induced by UV light is known to be responsible for UV-induced genotoxicity, its role in triggering apoptosis is still unclear. We addressed this issue by comparing nucleotide excision repair (NER) deficient 27-1 and 43-3B Chinese hamster (CHO) cells with the corresponding wild-type and ERCC-1 complemented cells. It is shown that NER deficient cells are dramatically hypersensitive to UV-C induced apoptosis, indicating that DNA damage is the major stimulus for the apoptotic response. Apoptosis triggered by UV-C induced DNA damage is related to caspase- and proteosome-dependent degradation of Bcl-2 protein. The expression of other members of the Bcl-2 family such as Bax, Bcl-x(L) and Bak were not affected. Bcl-2 decline is causally involved in UV-C induced apoptosis since overexpression of Bcl-2 protected NER deficient cells against apoptosis. We also demonstrate that caspase-8, caspase-9 and caspase-3 are activated and PARP is cleaved in response to unrepaired UV-C induced DNA damage. Caspase-8 activation occurred independently of CD95 receptor activation since CD95R/FasR and CD95L/FasL were not altered in expression, and transfection of transdominant negative FADD failed to block apoptosis. Overall, the data demonstrate that UV-C induced non-repaired DNA damage triggers apoptosis in NER deficient fibroblasts involving components of the intrinsic mitochondrial damage pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Dunkern
- Division of Applied Toxicology, Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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20
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Dunkern TR, Fritz G, Kaina B. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis in 43-3B and 27-1 cells defective in nucleotide excision repair. Mutat Res 2001; 486:249-58. [PMID: 11516928 DOI: 10.1016/s0921-8777(01)00095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a highly potent cytotoxic and genotoxic agent used in the chemotherapy of various types of tumors. Its cytotoxic effect is supposed to be due to the induction of intra- and interstrand DNA cross-links which are repaired via the nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway. Here, we elucidated the mechanism of cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity in mutants derived from CHO-9 cells defective in NER. We compared 43-3B and 27-1 cells deficient for ERCC1 and ERCC3, respectively, with the corresponding wild-type and ERCC1 complemented 43-3B cells. It is shown that cells defective in ERCC1 are more sensitive than cells defective in ERCC3 with regard to cisplatin-induced reproductive cell death. ERCC1 and ERCC3 mutants showed a higher frequency of apoptosis and, to a lesser degree, necrosis compared to repair proficient cells. Induction of apoptosis in both ERCC1 and ERCC3 defective cells was accompanied by decline in Bcl-2 protein level, activation of caspases 8, 9 and 3 and poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Since the mutant cells are defective in the repair of cisplatin-induced DNA lesions, the data demonstrate that non-repaired cisplatin-induced DNA adducts act as a trigger of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway by down-regulation of Bcl-2 followed by caspase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Dunkern
- Division of Applied Toxicology, Institute of Toxicology, University of Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, D-55131 Mainz, Germany
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21
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Abstract
One of the immediate eukaryotic cellular responses to DNA breakage is the covalent post-translational modification of nuclear proteins with poly(ADP-ribose) from NAD+ as precursor, mostly catalysed by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1). Recently several other polypeptides have been shown to catalyse poly(ADP-ribose) formation. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation is involved in a variety of physiological and pathophysiological phenomena. Physiological functions include its participation in DNA-base excision repair, DNA-damage signalling, regulation of genomic stability, and regulation of transcription and proteasomal function, supporting the previously observed correlation of cellular poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation capacity with mammalian life. The pathophysiology effects are mediated through PARP-1 overactivity, which can cause cell suicide by NAD+ depletion. It is apparent that the latter effect underlies the pathogenesis of a wide range of disease states including type-1 diabetes, ischaemic infarcts in various organs, and septic or haemorrhagic shock. Therefore pharmacological modulation of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation may prove to be an exciting option for various highly prevalent, disabling and even lethal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bürkle
- Department of Gerontology, Institute for Ageing and Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 6BE, UK.
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Yung TM, Satoh MS. Functional competition between poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase and its 24-kDa apoptotic fragment in DNA repair and transcription. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:11279-86. [PMID: 11124257 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008044200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is a 113-kDa nuclear enzyme that binds to both damaged DNA and to RNA associated with actively transcribed regions of chromatin. Binding of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase to DNA lesions activates it, catalyzing the covalent addition of multiple ADP-ribose polymers to the enzyme (automodification). During apoptosis, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is cleaved by caspase-3, resulting in the formation of an N-terminal 24-kDa fragment, containing the DNA binding domain, and a C-terminal 89-kDa catalytic fragment. The functional relevance of this cleavage is not well understood. We therefore prepared a recombinant 24-kDa poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase fragment and investigated the role of this fragment in DNA repair and transcription. The 24-kDa fragment retained its binding affinity for both DNA breaks and RNA. In an in vitro cell-free DNA repair assay, this fragment inhibited rejoining of DNA breaks and suppressed ADP-ribose polymer formation by competing with poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase in binding to DNA breaks. With regard to transcription, it has recently been demonstrated that binding of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase to transcribed RNA reduces the rate of transcript elongation and that automodification of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase bound to DNA breaks results in up-regulation of transcription. We tested the 24-kDa fragment for its ability to suppress transcript elongation, and we found that it competed against the up-regulation of transcription mediated by full-length poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. The ability of the 24-kDa fragment to inhibit DNA repair, ADP-ribose polymer formation, and damage-dependent up-regulation of transcription may contribute to the apoptotic shift from cell survival to cell death mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Yung
- DNA Repair Group, Health and Environment Unit, Laval University Medical Centre, CHUQ, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec G1V 4G2, Canada
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