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Klińska-Bąchor S, Demski K, Gong Y, Banaś A. Metabolic engineering of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants using different ∆6- and ∆5-desaturases co-expressed with LPCAT from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Sci Rep 2024; 14:9512. [PMID: 38664593 PMCID: PMC11045822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60141-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Continuous research on obtaining an even more efficient production of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) in plants remains one of the main challenges of scientists working on plant lipids. Since crops are not able to produce these fatty acids due to the lack of necessary enzymes, genes encoding them must be introduced exogenously from native organisms producing VLC-PUFAs. In this study we reported, in tobacco leaves, the characterization of three distinct ∆6-desaturases from diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and microalge Osterococcus tauri and two different ∆5-desaturases from P. tricornutum and single-celled saprotrophic eukaryotes Thraustochytrium sp. The in planta agroinfiltration of essential ∆6-desaturases, ∆6-elongases and ∆5-desaturases allowed for successful introduction of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5∆5,8,11,14,17) biosynthesis pathway. However, despite the desired, targeted production of ω3-fatty acids we detected the presence of ω6-fatty acids, indicating and confirming previous results that all tested desaturases are not specifically restricted to neither ω3- nor ω6-pathway. Nevertheless, the additional co-expression of acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) from Phaeodactylum tricornutum boosted the proportion of ω3-fatty acids in newly synthesized fatty acid pools. For the most promising genes combinations the EPA content reached at maximum 1.4% of total lipid content and 4.5% of all fatty acids accumulated in the TAG pool. Our results for the first time describe the role of LPCAT enzyme and its effectiveness in alleviating a bottleneck called 'substrate dichotomy' for improving the transgenic production of VLC-PUFAs in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Klińska-Bąchor
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland.
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden.
| | - Kamil Demski
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 190, 23422, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Yangmin Gong
- Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430062, China
| | - Antoni Banaś
- Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Gdańsk and Medical University of Gdańsk, ul Abrahama 58, 80-307, Gdańsk, Poland
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Xin Y, Wu S, Miao C, Xu T, Lu Y. Towards Lipid from Microalgae: Products, Biosynthesis, and Genetic Engineering. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:447. [PMID: 38672718 PMCID: PMC11051065 DOI: 10.3390/life14040447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Microalgae can convert carbon dioxide into organic matter through photosynthesis. Thus, they are considered as an environment-friendly and efficient cell chassis for biologically active metabolites. Microalgal lipids are a class of organic compounds that can be used as raw materials for food, feed, cosmetics, healthcare products, bioenergy, etc., with tremendous potential for commercialization. In this review, we summarized the commercial lipid products from eukaryotic microalgae, and updated the mechanisms of lipid synthesis in microalgae. Moreover, we reviewed the enhancement of lipids, triglycerides, polyunsaturated fatty acids, pigments, and terpenes in microalgae via environmental induction and/or metabolic engineering in the past five years. Collectively, we provided a comprehensive overview of the products, biosynthesis, induced strategies and genetic engineering in microalgal lipids. Meanwhile, the outlook has been presented for the development of microalgal lipids industries, emphasizing the significance of the accurate analysis of lipid bioactivity, as well as the high-throughput screening of microalgae with specific lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
- Haikou Technology Innovation Center for Research and Utilization of Algal Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
| | - Congcong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
| | - Tao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
| | - Yandu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, School of Marine Life and Aquaculture, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; (S.W.); (C.M.); (T.X.)
- Haikou Technology Innovation Center for Research and Utilization of Algal Bioresources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiotechnology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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3
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Ali O, Szabó A. Review of Eukaryote Cellular Membrane Lipid Composition, with Special Attention to the Fatty Acids. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15693. [PMID: 37958678 PMCID: PMC10649022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological membranes, primarily composed of lipids, envelop each living cell. The intricate composition and organization of membrane lipids, including the variety of fatty acids they encompass, serve a dynamic role in sustaining cellular structural integrity and functionality. Typically, modifications in lipid composition coincide with consequential alterations in universally significant signaling pathways. Exploring the various fatty acids, which serve as the foundational building blocks of membrane lipids, provides crucial insights into the underlying mechanisms governing a myriad of cellular processes, such as membrane fluidity, protein trafficking, signal transduction, intercellular communication, and the etiology of certain metabolic disorders. Furthermore, comprehending how alterations in the lipid composition, especially concerning the fatty acid profile, either contribute to or prevent the onset of pathological conditions stands as a compelling area of research. Hence, this review aims to meticulously introduce the intricacies of membrane lipids and their constituent fatty acids in a healthy organism, thereby illuminating their remarkable diversity and profound influence on cellular function. Furthermore, this review aspires to highlight some potential therapeutic targets for various pathological conditions that may be ameliorated through dietary fatty acid supplements. The initial section of this review expounds on the eukaryotic biomembranes and their complex lipids. Subsequent sections provide insights into the synthesis, membrane incorporation, and distribution of fatty acids across various fractions of membrane lipids. The last section highlights the functional significance of membrane-associated fatty acids and their innate capacity to shape the various cellular physiological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary;
- HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, 7400 Kaposvár, Hungary
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4
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Vasquez-Sandoval C, Navarrete J, Herrera-Herrera P, Dantagnan P, Diaz-Navarrete P, Arancibia-Avila P, Oviedo C. Screening and Identification of Coastal Chilean Thraustochytrids for Arachidonic Acid Production: Biotechnological Potential of Ulkenia visurgensis Lng2-Strain. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030559. [PMID: 36985133 PMCID: PMC10056136 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are unicellular heterotrophic marine protists that have been described as producing a high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Among them, arachidonic acid (ARA) stands out as a precursor of several mediators of pivotal importance for the immune system. However, the biotechnological potential of thraustochytrids for ARA production has not been developed. The objective of this study is to isolate and identify native strains from different Chilean coastal environments and evaluate in vitro the effect of culture parameters such as C/N ratio (19 and 33) and temperature (15 °C and 23 °C) on biomass production and arachidonic acid content. A total of nine strains were identified and classified into four genera of the Thraustochitridae family. The Lng2 strain with 99% identity belongs to the species Ulkenia visurgenis and was the most prominent one for ARA production. Temperature had an effect on the PUFA profile but not on the ARA content nor on the biomass yield. Additionally, the C/N ratio has been identified as a key parameter. The ARA productivity increased by 92% (from 0.6 to 8.3 ARA mg/g-DW) and its total biomass by 62.7% (from 1.9 to 5.1 g/L) at a high C/N ratio (33) as compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthia Vasquez-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - José Navarrete
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Paula Herrera-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Bioprocesos y Biotratamientos, Departamento de Ingeniería en Maderas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
| | - Patricio Dantagnan
- Departamento de Ciencia Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria y Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810302, Chile
| | - Paola Diaz-Navarrete
- Departamento de Ciencia Agropecuarias y Acuícolas, Núcleo de Investigación en Producción Alimentaria y Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco 4810302, Chile
| | - Patricia Arancibia-Avila
- Laboratorio de Ecofisiología y Microalgas, Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Chillán 3800708, Chile
| | - Claudia Oviedo
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Concepción 4081112, Chile
- Correspondence:
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Llorente B, Williams TC, Goold HD, Pretorius IS, Paulsen IT. Harnessing bioengineered microbes as a versatile platform for space nutrition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6177. [PMID: 36261466 PMCID: PMC9582011 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33974-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human enterprises through the solar system will entail long-duration voyages and habitation creating challenges in maintaining healthy diets. We discuss consolidating multiple sensory and nutritional attributes into microorganisms to develop customizable food production systems with minimal inputs, physical footprint, and waste. We envisage that a yeast collection bioengineered for one-carbon metabolism, optimal nutrition, and diverse textures, tastes, aromas, and colors could serve as a flexible food-production platform. Beyond its potential for supporting humans in space, bioengineered microbial-based food could lead to a new paradigm for Earth's food manufacturing that provides greater self-sufficiency and removes pressure from natural ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briardo Llorente
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia ,grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Thomas C. Williams
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia ,grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Hugh D. Goold
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia ,grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia ,grid.1680.f0000 0004 0559 5189New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Orange, NSW 2800 Australia
| | - Isak S. Pretorius
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Ian T. Paulsen
- grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405ARC Center of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia ,grid.1004.50000 0001 2158 5405School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
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6
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Prabhakaran P, Raethong N, Nazir Y, Halim H, Yang W, Vongsangnak W, Abdul Hamid A, Song Y. Whole Genome Analysis and Elucidation of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Biosynthetic Pathway in Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1. Gene 2022; 846:146850. [PMID: 36044942 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp., a fungoid marine protist that belongs to Stramenophila has proven its potential in the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), especially docosahexaenoic acids (DHA). In this study, genomic characterisation of a potential producer for commercial production of DHA, Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1 has been carried out via whole genome sequencing analysis. The genome size of this strain is 60.89 Mb, with a total of 11,588 protein-coding genes. Among these, 9,127 genes could be functionally annotated into a total of 7,248 (62.5%) from UniProt, 6,554 (56.6%) from KEGG and 8,643 (74.6%) genes from eggNOG protein database. The highest proportion of genes belongs to the protein family of metabolism were further assigned into 11 metabolic categories. The highest number of genes belonging to lipid metabolism (321 genes) followed by carbohydrate metabolism (290 genes), metabolism of cofactors and vitamins (197 genes) and amino acid metabolism (188 genes). Further analysis into the biosynthetic pathway for DHA showed evidence of all genes involved in PKS (polyketide synthase)-like PUFA synthase pathway and incomplete fatty acid synthase-elongase/desaturase pathway. Analysis of PUFA synthase showed the presence of up to ten tandem acyl carrier protein (ACP) domains which might have contributed to high DHA production in this organism. In addition, a hybrid system incorporating elements of FAS, Type I PKS and Type II PKS systems were found to be involved in the biosynthetic pathways of fatty acids in Aurantiochytrium sp. SW1. This study delivers an important reference for future research to enhance the lipid, especially DHA production in Aurantiochytrium sp, SW1 and establishment of this strain as an oleaginous thraustochytrid model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranesha Prabhakaran
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; Interdisciplinary Graduate Programs in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Nachon Raethong
- Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China; Department of Food Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, University Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Hafiy Halim
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wu Yang
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, China.
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7
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Recent trends in the field of lipid engineering. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:405-413. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ishibashi Y, Goda H, Hamaguchi R, Sakaguchi K, Sekiguchi T, Ishiwata Y, Okita Y, Mochinaga S, Ikeuchi S, Mizobuchi T, Takao Y, Mori K, Tashiro K, Okino N, Honda D, Hayashi M, Ito M. PUFA synthase-independent DHA synthesis pathway in Parietichytrium sp. and its modification to produce EPA and n-3DPA. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1378. [PMID: 34887503 PMCID: PMC8660808 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02857-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The demand for n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3LC-PUFAs), such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), will exceed their supply in the near future, and a sustainable source of n-3LC-PUFAs is needed. Thraustochytrids are marine protists characterized by anaerobic biosynthesis of DHA via polyunsaturated fatty acid synthase (PUFA-S). Analysis of a homemade draft genome database suggested that Parietichytrium sp. lacks PUFA-S but possesses all fatty acid elongase (ELO) and desaturase (DES) genes required for DHA synthesis. The reverse genetic approach and a tracing experiment using stable isotope-labeled fatty acids revealed that the ELO/DES pathway is the only DHA synthesis pathway in Parietichytrium sp. Disruption of the C20 fatty acid ELO (C20ELO) and ∆4 fatty acid DES (∆4DES) genes with expression of ω3 fatty acid DES in this thraustochytrid allowed the production of EPA and n-3docosapentaenoic acid (n-3DPA), respectively, at the highest level among known microbial sources using fed-batch culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hatsumi Goda
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Rie Hamaguchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Keishi Sakaguchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takayoshi Sekiguchi
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Yuko Ishiwata
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Yuji Okita
- grid.509816.30000 0001 2161 8131Central Research Laboratory, Nippon Suisan Kaisha, Ltd., Tokyo, 192-0991 Japan
| | - Seiya Mochinaga
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shingo Ikeuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Takahiro Mizobuchi
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Takao
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, Fukui Prefecture University, Fukui, 917-0003 Japan
| | - Kazuki Mori
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Kosuke Tashiro
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- grid.177174.30000 0001 2242 4849Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Daiske Honda
- grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Hyogo, 658-8501 Japan ,grid.258669.60000 0000 8565 5938Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Hyogo, 658-8501 Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- grid.410849.00000 0001 0657 3887Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192 Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. .,Innovative Bio-architecture Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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9
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Functional Analysis of an Acyltransferase-Like Domain from Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synthase in Thraustochytrium. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030626. [PMID: 33803061 PMCID: PMC8003026 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosynthesis of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFA) such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6-4,7,10,13,16,19) and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5-4,7,10,13,16) in protist Thraustochytrium is catalyzed by a polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) synthase comprising three large subunits, each with multiple catalytic domains. This study used complementation test, in vitro assays, and functional expression to characterize an acyltransferase (AT)-like domain in Subunit-B of a PUFA synthase from Thraustochytrium. Complementation test in Escherichia coli showed that the AT-like domain could not restore the growth phenotype of a temperature-sensitive mutant (∆fabDts) defective in malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase activity. In vitro assays showed that the AT-like domain possessed thioesterase activity towards a few acyl-CoAs tested where docosahexaenoyl-CoA (DHA-CoA) was the preferred substrate. Expression of this domain in an E. coli mutant (∆fadD) defective in acyl-CoA synthetase activity resulted in the increased accumulation of free fatty acids. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the substitution of two putative active site residues, serine at 96 (S96) and histidine at 220 (H220), in the AT-like domain significantly reduced its activity towards DHA-CoA and accumulation of free fatty acids in the ∆fadD mutant. These results indicate that the AT-like domain of the PUFA synthase does not function as a malonyl-CoA:ACP transacylase, rather it functions as a thioesterase. It might catalyze the last step of the VLCPUFA biosynthesis by releasing freshly synthesized VLCPUFAs attached to ACP domains of the PUFA synthase in Thraustochytrium.
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Patel A, Mahboubi A, Horváth IS, Taherzadeh MJ, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Generated by Anaerobic Digestion Serve as Feedstock for Freshwater and Marine Oleaginous Microorganisms to Produce Biodiesel and Added-Value Compounds. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:614612. [PMID: 33584617 PMCID: PMC7876238 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.614612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Given an increasing focus on environmental sustainability, microbial oils have been suggested as an alternative to petroleum-based products. However, microbial oil production relies on the use of costly sugar-based feedstocks. Substrate limitation, elevated costs, and risk of contamination have sparked the search for alternatives to sugar-based platforms. Volatile fatty acids are generated during anaerobic digestion of organic waste and are considered a promising substrate for microbial oil production. In the present study, two freshwater and one marine microalga along with two thraustochytrids were evaluated for their potential to produce lipids when cultivated on volatile fatty acids generated from food waste via anaerobic digestion using a membrane bioreactor. Freshwater microalgae Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella sorokiniana synthesized lipids rich in palmitic acid (C16:0), stearic acid (C18:0), oleic acid (C18:1), and linoleic acid (C18:2). This composition corresponds to that of soybean and jatropha oils, which are used as biodiesel feedstock. Production of added-value polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) mainly omega-3 fatty acids was examined in three different marine strains: Aurantiochytrium sp. T66, Schizochytrium limacinum SR21, and Crypthecodinium cohnii. Only Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 seemed promising, generating 43.19% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and 13.56% docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) in total lipids. In summary, we show that A. protothecoides, C. sorokiniana, and Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 can be used for microbial oil production from food waste material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås, Sweden
| | | | | | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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11
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Nachtschatt M, Okada S, Speight R. Integral Membrane Fatty Acid Desaturases: A Review of Biochemical, Structural, and Biotechnological Advances. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.202000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Nachtschatt
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
| | - Shoko Okada
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Clunies Ross St. Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Robert Speight
- Queensland University of Technology 2 George St. Brisbane QLD 4000 Australia
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12
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Shene C, Paredes P, Flores L, Leyton A, Asenjo JA, Chisti Y. Dynamic flux balance analysis of biomass and lipid production by Antarctic thraustochytrid
Oblongichytrium
sp. RT2316‐13. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3006-3017. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Shene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Paris Paredes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Liset Flores
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Allison Leyton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Center of Food Biotechnology and Bioseparations, BIOREN, and Centre of Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de La Frontera Temuco Chile
| | - Juan A. Asenjo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Centre for Biotechnology and Bioengineering (CeBiB) Universidad de Chile Santiago Chile
| | - Yusuf Chisti
- School of Engineering Massey University Palmerston North New Zealand
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13
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Molecular mechanisms for biosynthesis and assembly of nutritionally important very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in microorganisms. Prog Lipid Res 2020; 79:101047. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2020.101047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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14
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Assessment of Fatty Acids Profile and Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Production by the Oleaginous Marine Thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 Cultivated on Volatile Fatty Acids. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050694. [PMID: 32365742 PMCID: PMC7277355 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are considered natural producers of omega-3 fatty acids as they can synthesize up to 70% docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) of total lipids. However, commercial and sustainable production of microbial DHA is limited by elevated cost of carbon substrates for thraustochytrids cultivation. This problem can be addressed by utilizing low-cost renewable substrates. In the present study, growth, lipid accumulation and fatty acid profiles of the marine thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp. T66 (ATCC-PRA-276) cultivated on volatile fatty acids (C1, formic acid; C2, acetic acid; C3, propionic acid; C4, butyric acid; C5, valeric acid and C6, caproic acid) and glucose as control were evaluated for the first time. This strain showed an inability to utilize C3, C5 and C6 as a substrate when provided at >2 g/L, while efficiently utilizing C2 and C4 up to 40 g/L. The highest cell dry weight (12.35 g/L) and total lipid concentration (6.59 g/L) were attained when this strain was cultivated on 40 g/L of butyric acid, followed by cultivation on glucose (11.87 g/L and 5.34 g/L, respectively) and acetic acid (8.70 g/L and 3.43 g/L, respectively). With 40 g/L butyric acid, the maximum docosahexaenoic acid content was 2.81 g/L, corresponding to 42.63% w/w of total lipids and a yield of 0.23 g/gcell dry weight (CDW). This marine oleaginous microorganism showed an elevated potential for polyunsaturated fatty acids production at higher acetic and butyric acid concentrations than previously reported. Moreover, fluorescence microscopy revealed that growth on butyric acid caused cell size to increase to 45 µm, one of the largest values reported for oleaginous microorganisms, as well as the presence of numerous tiny lipid droplets.
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15
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Zhu X, Li S, Liu L, Li S, Luo Y, Lv C, Wang B, Cheng CHK, Chen H, Yang X. Genome Sequencing and Analysis of Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445 Provides Novel Insights into the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Biosynthesis Pathway. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020118. [PMID: 32085426 PMCID: PMC7073664 DOI: 10.3390/md18020118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytriidae sp. have broadly gained attention as a prospective resource for the production of omega-3 fatty acids production in significant quantities. In this study, the whole genome of Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445, which produces high levels of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), was sequenced and subjected to protein annotation. The obtained clean reads (63.55 Mb in total) were assembled into 54 contigs and 25 scaffolds, with maximum and minimum lengths of 400 and 0.0054 Mb, respectively. A total of 3513 genes (24.84%) were identified, which could be classified into six pathways and 44 pathway groups, of which 68 genes (1.93%) were involved in lipid metabolism. In the Gene Ontology database, 22,436 genes were annotated as cellular component (8579 genes, 38.24%), molecular function (5236 genes, 23.34%), and biological process (8621 genes, 38.42%). Four enzymes corresponding to the classic fatty acid synthase (FAS) pathway and three enzymes corresponding to the classic polyketide synthase (PKS) pathway were identified in Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445. Although PKS pathway-associated dehydratase and isomerase enzymes were not detected in Thraustochytriidae sp. SZU445, a putative DHA- and DPA-specific fatty acid pathway was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Zhu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Shuangfei Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Liangxu Liu
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Siting Li
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Yanqing Luo
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Chuhan Lv
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
| | - Boyu Wang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Christopher H. K. Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China;
| | - Huapu Chen
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China;
| | - Xuewei Yang
- Guangdong Technology Research Center for Marine Algal Bioengineering, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Plant Epigenetics, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (X.Z.); (S.L.); (L.L.); (S.L.); (Y.L.); (C.L.); (B.W.)
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biological Resources and Ecology Environment, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Longhua Innovation Institute for Biotechnology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
- Correspondence:
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16
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Patel A, Liefeldt S, Rova U, Christakopoulos P, Matsakas L. Co-production of DHA and squalene by thraustochytrid from forest biomass. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1992. [PMID: 32029800 PMCID: PMC7005032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids, and specifically docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are important and essential nutrients for human health. Thraustochytrids are recognised as commercial strains for nutraceuticals production, they are group of marine oleaginous microorganisms capable of co-synthesis of DHA and other valuable carotenoids in their cellular compartment. The present study sought to optimize DHA and squalene production by the thraustochytrid Schizochytrium limacinum SR21. The highest biomass yield (0.46 g/gsubstrate) and lipid productivity (0.239 g/gsubstrate) were observed with 60 g/L of glucose, following cultivation in a bioreactor, with the DHA content to be 67.76% w/wtotal lipids. To reduce costs, cheaper feedstocks and simultaneous production of various value-added products for pharmaceutical or energy use should be attempted. To this end, we replaced pure glucose with organosolv-pretreated spruce hydrolysate and assessed the simultaneous production of DHA and squalene from S. limacinum SR21. After the 72 h of cultivation period in bioreactor, the maximum DHA content was observed to 66.72% w/wtotal lipids that was corresponded to 10.15 g/L of DHA concentration. While the highest DHA productivity was 3.38 ± 0.27 g/L/d and squalene reached a total of 933.72 ± 6.53 mg/L (16.34 ± 1.81 mg/gCDW). In summary, we show that the co-production of DHA and squalene makes S. limacinum SR21 appropriate strain for commercial-scale production of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Patel
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Stephan Liefeldt
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Rova
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden
| | - Leonidas Matsakas
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Division of Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, SE-971 87, Luleå, Sweden.
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17
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Sun XM, Ren LJ, Zhao QY, Ji XJ, Huang H. Enhancement of lipid accumulation in microalgae by metabolic engineering. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1864:552-566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Liang Y, Liu Y, Tang J, Ma J, Cheng JJ, Daroch M. Transcriptomic Profiling and Gene Disruption Revealed that Two Genes Related to PUFAs/DHA Biosynthesis May be Essential for Cell Growth of Aurantiochytrium sp. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090310. [PMID: 30200435 PMCID: PMC6164183 DOI: 10.3390/md16090310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW7 is a thraustochytrid strain that was found to exhibit high potential for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) production. In this work, the transcriptome of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW7 was analyzed for the study of genes involved in basic metabolic functions and especially in the mechanisms of DHA biosynthesis. Sequence annotation and functional analysis revealed that the strain contains components of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways. Fatty acid desaturases and elongases were identified as components of FAS pathway, whilst key components of PKS pathway were also found in the cDNA library. The relative contribution of the two pathways to the synthesis of DHA was unknown, as both pathways appeared to be lacking full complement of genes for standalone synthesis of DHA. Further analysis of two putative genes encoding the very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase and dehydrase/isomerase involved in FAS and PKS pathways, respectively, revealed that under various salinity conditions, their relative expression levels changed corresponding to the variation of DHA content in Aurantiochytrium sp. Independent knock outs of these genes in Aurantiochytrium sp. resulted in poor cell growth, probably due to little or no intracellular DHA accumulation. Hence, it can be speculated that both genes are engaged in DHA biosynthesis and DHA in Aurantiochytrium sp. could be produced by jointed actions of both FAS and PKS systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmei Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Jiong Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jay J Cheng
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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19
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Chandrasekaran K, Roy RK, Chadha A. Docosahexaenoic acid production by a novel high yielding strain of Thraustochytrium sp. of Indian origin: Isolation and bioprocess optimization studies. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Zhao X, Qiu X. Analysis of the biosynthetic process of fatty acids in Thraustochytrium. Biochimie 2017; 144:108-114. [PMID: 29097280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrium is a marine protist producing a specific profile of nutritionally important fatty acids, including very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), even chain saturated fatty acids (SFAs) palmitic acid (16:0), and odd chain SFAs pentadecanoic acid (15:0). To study how these fatty acids are synthesized, a series of radiolabeled precursors were used to trace the biosynthetic process in vivo and in vitro. When Thraustochytrium was fed with long chain fatty acid intermediates such as [1-14C]-oleic acid, [1-14C]-linoleic acid and [1-14C]-α-linolenic acid, no VLCPUFAs were produced, indicating that the aerobic pathway for the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs was not functional in Thraustochytrium. When fed with [1-14C]-acetic acid, both SFAs and VLCPUFAs were labeled, and when fed with [1-14C]-propionic acid, mainly SFAs were labeled. However, when fed with [1-14C]-acetic acid in the presence of cerulenin, a type I FAS inhibitor, only VLCPUFAs were labeled, and when fed with [1-14C]-propionic acid in the presence of cerulenin, neither SFAs nor VLCPUFAs were labeled. This result clearly indicates that the type I fatty acid synthase (FAS) in Thraustochytrium could use acetic acid and propionic acid as the primers to synthesize even chain and odd chain SFAs, respectively, and VLCPUFAs were synthesized by the PUFA synthase using acetic acid as the primer. In addition, radioactive acetic acid could label both phospholipids (PL) and triacylglycerols (TAG), and VLCPUFAs appeared first and were largely accumulated in PL, whereas TAG accumulated much more SFAs than VLCPUFAs. The in vitro assay with [1-14C]-malonyl-CoA in presence of cerulenin showed that the crude protein of Thraustochytrium produced only VLCPUFAs, not SFAs, further confirming the role of the PUFA synthase in the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs. Collectively, these results have elucidated the biochemical mechanisms for the biosynthesis of all fatty acids in Thraustochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhao
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada.
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21
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Watanabe T, Sakiyama R, Iimi Y, Sekine S, Abe E, Nomura KH, Nomura K, Ishibashi Y, Okino N, Hayashi M, Ito M. Regulation of TG accumulation and lipid droplet morphology by the novel TLDP1 in Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b. J Lipid Res 2017; 58:2334-2347. [PMID: 29025869 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m079897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrids are marine single-cell protists that produce large amounts of PUFAs, such as DHA. They accumulate PUFAs in lipid droplets (LDs), mainly as constituent(s) of triacylglycerol (TG). We identified a novel protein in the LD fraction of Aurantiochytrium limacinum F26-b using 2D-difference gel electrophoresis. The protein clustered with orthologs of thraustochytrids; however, the cluster was evolutionally different from known PAT family proteins or plant LD protein; thus, we named it thraustochytrid-specific LD protein 1 (TLDP1). TLDP1 surrounded LDs when expressed as a GFP-tagged form. Disruption of the tldp1 gene decreased the content of TG and number of LDs per cell; however, irregular and unusually large LDs were generated in tldp1-deficient mutants. Although the level of TG synthesis was unchanged by the disruption of tldp1, the level of TG degradation was higher in tldp1-deficient mutants than in the WT. These phenotypic abnormalities in tldp1-deficient mutants were restored by the expression of tldp1 These results indicate that TLDP1 is a thraustochytrid-specific LD protein and regulates the TG accumulation and LD morphology in A. limacinum F26-b.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Ryo Sakiyama
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuya Iimi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satomi Sekine
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eriko Abe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuko H Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuya Nomura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan .,Innovative Bio-architecture Center, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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22
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Fossier Marchan L, Lee Chang KJ, Nichols PD, Mitchell WJ, Polglase JL, Gutierrez T. Taxonomy, ecology and biotechnological applications of thraustochytrids: A review. Biotechnol Adv 2017; 36:26-46. [PMID: 28911809 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thraustochytrids were first discovered in 1934, and since the 1960's they have been increasingly studied for their beneficial and deleterious effects. This review aims to provide an enhanced understanding of these protists with a particular emphasis on their taxonomy, ecology and biotechnology applications. Over the years, thraustochytrid taxonomy has improved with the development of modern molecular techniques and new biochemical markers, resulting in the isolation and description of new strains. In the present work, the taxonomic history of thraustochytrids is reviewed, while providing an up-to-date classification of these organisms. It also describes the various biomarkers that may be taken into consideration to support taxonomic characterization of the thraustochytrids, together with a review of traditional and modern techniques for their isolation and molecular identification. The originality of this review lies in linking taxonomy and ecology of the thraustochytrids and their biotechnological applications as producers of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), carotenoids, exopolysaccharides and other compounds of interest. The paper provides a summary of these aspects while also highlighting some of the most important recent studies in this field, which include the diversity of polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in thraustochytrids, some novel strategies for biomass production and recovery of compounds of interest. Furthermore, a detailed overview is provided of the direct and current applications of thraustochytrid-derived compounds in the food, fuel, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and aquaculture industries and of some of the commercial products available. This review is intended to be a source of information and references on the thraustochytrids for both experts and those who are new to this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loris Fossier Marchan
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Kim J Lee Chang
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Peter D Nichols
- CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere, GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Wilfrid J Mitchell
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Jane L Polglase
- Jane L Polglase Institute of Life and Earth Sciences, School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
| | - Tony Gutierrez
- Institute of Mechanical, Process & Energy Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK.
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23
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Sayanova O, Mimouni V, Ulmann L, Morant-Manceau A, Pasquet V, Schoefs B, Napier JA. Modulation of lipid biosynthesis by stress in diatoms. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 372:20160407. [PMID: 28717017 PMCID: PMC5516116 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2016.0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diatoms are responsible for up to 40% of the carbon fixation in our oceans. The fixed carbon is moved through carbon metabolism towards the synthesis of organic molecules that are consumed through interlocking foodwebs, and this process is strongly impacted by the abiotic environment. However, it has become evident that diatoms can be used as 'platform' organisms for the production of high valuable bio-products such as lipids, pigments and carbohydrates where stress conditions can be used to direct carbon metabolism towards the commercial production of these compounds. In the first section of this review, some aspects of carbon metabolism in diatoms and how it is impacted by environmental factors are briefly described. The second section is focused on the biosynthesis of lipids and in particular omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and how low temperature stress impacts on the production of these compounds. In a third section, we review the recent advances in bioengineering for lipid production. Finally, we discuss new perspectives for designing strains for the sustainable production of high-value lipids.This article is part of the themed issue 'The peculiar carbon metabolism in diatoms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sayanova
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Virginie Mimouni
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Lionel Ulmann
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Annick Morant-Manceau
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Virginie Pasquet
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- Metabolism, Bioengineering of Microalgal Molecules and Applications, Mer Molécules Santé, UBL, IUML-FR 3473 CNRS, University of Le Mans, Le Mans-Laval, France
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Plant Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
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Tailoring seed oil composition in the real world: optimising omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid accumulation in transgenic Camelina sativa. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6570. [PMID: 28747792 PMCID: PMC5529437 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06838-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the de novo production of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), not least of all given the importance of these fatty acids in both aquaculture and human nutrition. Previously we have demonstrated the feasibility of using metabolic engineering in transgenic plants (Camelina sativa) to modify the seed oil composition to now include EPA and/or DHA. In this study, we further tailored the seed oil profile to reduce the omega-6 content, and evaluated the performance of such GM plants under field conditions (i.e. environmental releases), in terms of agronomic performance and also the lipidomic profile of seed oil. We used MALDI- mass spectrometry imaging to identify discrete tissue-types in the seed in which these non-native fatty acids preferentially accumulated. Collectively, these data provide new insights into the complexity of plant lipid metabolism and the challenges associated with predictive manipulation of these pathways. However, this study identified the likely dispensable nature of a Δ12-desturase activity in our omega-3 metabolic engineering rationales for Camelina.
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Jang SH, Jeong HJ, Kwon JE. High contents of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the mixotrophic dinoflagellate Paragymnodinium shiwhaense and identification of putative omega-3 biosynthetic genes. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) plays important physiological roles in vertebrates. Studies in rats and rainbow trout confirmed that DHA biosynthesis proceeds through the so-called “Sprecher pathway”, a biosynthetic process requiring a Δ6 desaturation of 24:5n−3 to 24:6n−3. Alternatively, some teleosts possess fatty acyl desaturases 2 (Fads2) that enable them to biosynthesis DHA through a more direct route termed the “Δ4 pathway”. In order to elucidate the prevalence of both pathways among teleosts, we investigated the Δ6 ability towards C24 substrates of Fads2 from fish with different evolutionary and ecological backgrounds. Subsequently, we retrieved public databases to identify Fads2 containing the YXXN domain responsible for the Δ4 desaturase function, and consequently enabling these species to operate the Δ4 pathway. We demonstrated that, with the exception of Δ4 desaturases, fish Fads2 have the ability to operate as Δ6 desaturases towards C24 PUFA enabling them to synthesise DHA through the Sprecher pathway. Nevertheless, the Δ4 pathway represents an alternative route in some teleosts and we identified the presence of putative Δ4 Fads2 in a further 11 species and confirmed the function as Δ4 desaturases of Fads2 from medaka and Nile tilapia. Our results demonstrated that two alternative pathways for DHA biosynthesis exist in teleosts.
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Ketoacylsynthase Domains of a Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Synthase in Thraustochytrium sp. Strain ATCC 26185 Can Effectively Function as Stand-Alone Enzymes in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.03133-16. [PMID: 28213537 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03133-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrium sp. strain ATCC 26185 accumulates a high level of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), a nutritionally important ω-3 very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLCPUFA) synthesized primarily by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase, a type I polyketide synthase-like megaenzyme. The PUFA synthase in this species comprises three large subunits, each with multiple catalytic domains. It was hypothesized that among these domains, ketoacylsynthase (KS) domains might be critical for catalyzing the condensation of specific unsaturated acyl-acyl carrier proteins (ACPs) with malonyl-ACP, thereby retaining double bonds in an extended acyl chain. To investigate the functions of these putative KS domains, two segment sequences from subunit A (KS-A) and subunit B (KS-B) of the PUFA synthase were dissected and then expressed as stand-alone enzymes in Escherichia coli The results showed that both KS-A and KS-B domains could complement the defective phenotypes of both E. colifabB and fabF mutants. Overexpression of these domains in wild-type E. coli led to increases in total fatty acid production. KS-B produced a higher ratio of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) to saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while KS-A could improve the overall production of fatty acids more effectively, particularly for the production of SFAs, implying that KS-A is more comparable to FabF, while KS-B is more similar to FabB in catalytic functions. Successful complementation and functional expression of the embedded KS domains in E. coli are the first step forward in studying the molecular mechanism of the PUFA synthase for the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs in ThraustochytriumIMPORTANCE Very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUFAs) are important for human health. They can be biosynthesized in either an aerobic pathway or an anaerobic pathway in nature. However, abundant VLCPUFAs in marine microorganisms are primarily synthesized by polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) synthase, a megaenzyme with multiple subunits, each with multiple catalytic domains. Furthermore, the fundamental mechanism for this enzyme to synthesize these fatty acids still remains unknown. This report started with dissecting the embedded KS domains of the PUFA synthase from marine protist Thraustochytrium sp. strain ATCC 26185 and then expressing them in wild-type E. coli and mutants defective in condensation of acyl-ACP with malonyl-ACP. Successful complementation of the mutants and improved fatty acid production in the overexpression experiments indicate that these KS domains can effectively function as stand-alone enzymes in E. coli This result has paved the way for further studying of molecular mechanisms of the PUFA synthase for the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs.
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Yilmaz JL, Lim ZL, Beganovic M, Breazeale S, Andre C, Stymne S, Vrinten P, Senger T. Determination of Substrate Preferences for Desaturases and Elongases for Production of Docosahexaenoic Acid from Oleic Acid in Engineered Canola. Lipids 2017; 52:207-222. [PMID: 28197856 PMCID: PMC5325871 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-017-4235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in plant seed oils has been pursued to improve availability of these omega-3 fatty acids that provide important human health benefits. Canola (Brassica napus), through the introduction of 10 enzymes, can convert oleic acid (OLA) into EPA and ultimately DHA through a pathway consisting of two elongation and five desaturation steps. Herein we present an assessment of the substrate specificity of the seven desaturases and three elongases that were introduced into canola by expressing individual proteins in yeast. In vivo feeding experiments were conducted with 14 potential fatty acid intermediates in an OLA to DHA pathway to determine the fatty acid substrate profiles for each enzyme. Membrane fractions were prepared from yeast expression strains and shown to contain active enzymes. The elongases, as expected, extended acyl-CoA substrates in the presence of malonyl-CoA. To distinguish between enzymes that desaturate CoA- and phosphatidylcholine-linked fatty acid substrates, we developed a novel in vitro method. We show that a delta-12 desaturase from Phytophthora sojae, an omega-3 desaturase from Phytophthora infestans and a delta-4 desaturase from Thraustochytrium sp., all prefer phosphatidylcholine-linked acyl substrates with comparatively low use of acyl-CoA substrates. To further validate our method, a delta-9 desaturase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was confirmed to use acyl-CoA as substrate, but could not use phosphatidylcholine-linked substrates. The results and the assay methods presented herein will be useful in efforts to improve modeling of fatty acid metabolism and production of EPA and DHA in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ze Long Lim
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Mirela Beganovic
- Scandinavian Biotechnology Research (ScanBiRes) AB, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | | | - Carl Andre
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Sten Stymne
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 230 53, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Patricia Vrinten
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Toralf Senger
- BASF Plant Science LP, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
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Functional identification and regulatory analysis of Δ6-fatty acid desaturase from the oleaginous fungus Mucor sp. EIM-10. Biotechnol Lett 2016; 39:453-461. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-016-2268-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Meesapyodsuk D, Qiu X. Biosynthetic mechanism of very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in Thraustochytrium sp. 26185. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:1854-1864. [PMID: 27527703 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m070136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thraustochytrium, a unicellular marine protist, has been used as a commercial source of very long chain PUFAs (VLCPUFAs) such as DHA (22:6n-3). Our recent work indicates coexistence of a Δ4-desaturation-dependent pathway (aerobic) and a polyketide synthase-like PUFA synthase pathway (anaerobic) to synthesize the fatty acids in Thraustochytrium sp. 26185. Heterologous expression of the Thraustochytrium PUFA synthase along with a phosphopantetheinyl transferase in Escherichia coli showed the anaerobic pathway was highly active in the biosynthesis of VLCPUFAs. The amount of Δ4 desaturated VLCPUFAs produced reached about 18% of the total fatty acids in the transformant cells at day 6 in a time course of the induced expression. In Thraustochytrium, the expression level of the PUFA synthase gene was much higher than that of the Δ4 desaturase gene, and also highly correlated with the production of VLCPUFAs. On the other hand, Δ9 and Δ12 desaturations in the aerobic pathway were either ineffective or absent in the species, as evidenced by the genomic survey, heterologous expression of candidate genes, and in vivo feeding experiments. These results indicate that the anaerobic pathway is solely responsible for the biosynthesis for VLCPUFAs in Thraustochytrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dauenpen Meesapyodsuk
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada; and National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Xiao Qiu
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A8, Canada; and National Research Council Canada, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W9, Canada.
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31
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Zhao X, Dauenpen M, Qu C, Qiu X. Genomic Analysis of Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Very Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids inThraustochytriumsp. 26185. Lipids 2016; 51:1065-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-016-4181-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zhao
- ; Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Meesapyodsuk Dauenpen
- ; Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
- ; National Research Council Canada; Saskatoon SK S7N 0W9 Canada
| | - Cunmin Qu
- ; Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
| | - Xiao Qiu
- ; Food and Bioproduct Sciences; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK S7N 5A8 Canada
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32
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Dong Y, Wang S, Chen J, Zhang Q, Liu Y, You C, Monroig Ó, Tocher DR, Li Y. Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor 4α (HNF4α) Is a Transcription Factor of Vertebrate Fatty Acyl Desaturase Gene as Identified in Marine Teleost Siganus canaliculatus. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160361. [PMID: 27472219 PMCID: PMC4966944 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus was the first marine teleost demonstrated to have the capability of biosynthesizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) from C18 precursors, and to possess a Δ4 fatty acyl desaturase (Δ4 Fad) which was the first report in vertebrates, and is a good model for studying the regulatory mechanisms of LC-PUFA biosynthesis in teleosts. In order to understand regulatory mechanisms of transcription of Δ4 Fad, the gene promoter was cloned and characterized in the present study. An upstream sequence of 1859 bp from the initiation codon ATG was cloned as the promoter candidate. On the basis of bioinformatic analysis, several binding sites of transcription factors (TF) including GATA binding protein 2 (GATA-2), CCAAT enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), nuclear factor 1 (NF-1), nuclear factor Y (NF-Y), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α) and sterol regulatory element (SRE), were identified in the promoter by site-directed mutation and functional assays. HNF4α and NF-1 were confirmed to interact with the core promoter of Δ4 Fad by gel shift assay and mass spectrometry. Moreover, over-expression of HNF4α increased promoter activity in HEK 293T cells and mRNA level of Δ4 Fad in rabbitfish primary hepatocytes, respectively. The results indicated that HNF4α is a TF of rabbitfish Δ4 Fad. To our knowledge, this is the first report on promoter structure of a Δ4 Fad, and also the first demonstration of HNF4α as a TF of vertebrate Fad gene involved in transcription regulation of LC-PUFA biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yewei Dong
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuqi Wang
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Junliang Chen
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Qinghao Zhang
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Cuihong You
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK94LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Douglas R. Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK94LA, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Yuanyou Li
- Marine Biology Institute & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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33
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The expression of genes encoding enzymes regulating fat metabolism is affected by maternal nutrition when lambs are fed algae high in omega-3. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lee JM, Lee H, Kang S, Park WJ. Fatty Acid Desaturases, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Regulation, and Biotechnological Advances. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8010023. [PMID: 26742061 PMCID: PMC4728637 DOI: 10.3390/nu8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are considered to be critical nutrients to regulate human health and development, and numerous fatty acid desaturases play key roles in synthesizing PUFAs. Given the lack of delta-12 and -15 desaturases and the low levels of conversion to PUFAs, humans must consume some omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids in their diet. Many studies on fatty acid desaturases as well as PUFAs have shown that fatty acid desaturase genes are closely related to different human physiological conditions. Since the first front-end desaturases from cyanobacteria were cloned, numerous desaturase genes have been identified and animals and plants have been genetically engineered to produce PUFAs such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid. Recently, a biotechnological approach has been used to develop clinical treatments for human physiological conditions, including cancers and neurogenetic disorders. Thus, understanding the functions and regulation of PUFAs associated with human health and development by using biotechnology may facilitate the engineering of more advanced PUFA production and provide new insights into the complexity of fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Min Lee
- Department of Horticultural Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Hyungjae Lee
- Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungnam 31116, Korea.
| | - SeokBeom Kang
- Citrus Research Station, National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, RDA, Seogwipo 63607, Korea.
| | - Woo Jung Park
- Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Korea.
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Bhunia RK, Chakraborty A, Kaur R, Maiti MK, Sen SK. Enhancement of α-linolenic acid content in transgenic tobacco seeds by targeting a plastidial ω-3 fatty acid desaturase (fad7) gene of Sesamum indicum to ER. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2016; 35:213-26. [PMID: 26521211 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-015-1880-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Expression of sesame plastidial FAD7 desaturase modified with the endoplasmic reticulum targeting and retention signals, enhances the α-linolenic acid accumulation in seeds of Nicotiana tabacum. In plants, plastidial ω-3 fatty acid desaturase-7 (FAD7) catalyzes the formation of C16 and C18 trienoic fatty acids using organellar glycerolipids and participate in the membrane lipid formation. The plastidial ω-3 desaturases (FAD7) share high sequence homology with the microsomal ω-3 desaturases (FAD3) at the amino acid level except the N-terminal organelle transit peptide. In the present study, the predicted N-terminal plastidial signal peptide of fad7 gene was replaced by the endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide and an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal was placed at the C-terminal. The expression of the modified sesame ω-3 desaturase increases the α-linolenic acid content in the range of 4.78-6.77 % in the seeds of transgenic tobacco plants with concomitant decrease in linoleic acid content. The results suggested the potential of the engineered plastidial ω-3 desaturase from sesame to influence the profile of α-linolenic acid in tobacco plant by shifting the carbon flux from linoleic acid, and thus it can be used in suitable genetic engineering strategy to increase the α-linolenic acid content in sesame and other vegetable oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupam Kumar Bhunia
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology (BBMB), Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Anirban Chakraborty
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Mrinal K Maiti
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India
| | - Soumitra Kumar Sen
- Advanced Laboratory for Plant Genetic Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
- Advanced Technology Development Centre, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur, 721302, India.
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36
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Mechanisms of fatty acid synthesis in marine fungus-like protists. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8363-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Kim SH, Roh KH, Park JS, Kim KS, Kim HU, Lee KR, Kang HC, Kim JB. Heterologous Reconstitution of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Arabidopsis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:768478. [PMID: 26339641 PMCID: PMC4538586 DOI: 10.1155/2015/768478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Reconstitution of nonnative, very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (VLC-PUFA) biosynthetic pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana was undertaken. The introduction of three primary biosynthetic activities to cells requires the stable coexpression of multiple proteins within the same cell. Herein, we report that C22 VLC-PUFAs were synthesized from C18 precursors by reactions catalyzed by Δ(6)-desaturase, an ELOVL5-like enzyme involved in VLC-PUFA elongation, and Δ(5)-desaturase. Coexpression of the corresponding genes (McD6DES, AsELOVL5, and PtD5DES) under the control of the seed-specific vicilin promoter resulted in production of docosapentaenoic acid (22:5 n-3) and docosatetraenoic acid (22:4 n-6) as well as eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3) and arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6) in Arabidopsis seeds. The contributions of the transgenic enzymes and endogenous fatty acid metabolism were determined. Specifically, the reasonable synthesis of omega-3 stearidonic acid (18:4 n-3) could be a useful tool to obtain a sustainable system for the production of omega-3 fatty acids in seeds of a transgenic T3 line 63-1. The results indicated that coexpression of the three proteins was stable. Therefore, this study suggests that metabolic engineering of oilseed crops to produce VLC-PUFAs is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hee Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Roh
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Sug Park
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- National Institute of Crop Science, Rural Development Administration, Seodun-dong, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Ryeol Lee
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Chul Kang
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Bum Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, 370 Nongsaengnyeong-ro, Wansan-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 560-500, Republic of Korea
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38
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Park HG, Park WJ, Kothapalli KSD, Brenna JT. The fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) gene product catalyzes Δ4 desaturation to yield n-3 docosahexaenoic acid and n-6 docosapentaenoic acid in human cells. FASEB J 2015; 29:3911-9. [PMID: 26065859 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-271783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a Δ4-desaturated C22 fatty acid and the limiting highly unsaturated fatty acid (HUFA) in neural tissue. The biosynthesis of Δ4-desaturated docosanoid fatty acids 22:6n-3 and 22:5n-6 are believed to proceed via a circuitous biochemical pathway requiring repeated use of a fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) protein to perform Δ6 desaturation on C24 fatty acids in the endoplasmic reticulum followed by 1 round of β-oxidation in the peroxisomes. We demonstrate here that the FADS2 gene product can directly Δ4-desaturate 22:5n-3→22:6n-3 (DHA) and 22:4n-6→22:5n-6. Human MCF-7 cells lacking functional FADS2-mediated Δ6-desaturase were stably transformed with FADS2, FADS1, or empty vector. When incubated with 22:5n-3 or 22:4n-6, FADS2 stable cells produce 22:6n-3 or 22:5n-6, respectively. Similarly, FADS2 stable cells when incubated with d5-18:3n-3 show synthesis of d5-22:6n-3 with no labeling of 24:5n-3 or 24:6n-3 at 24 h. Further, both C24 fatty acids are shown to be products of the respective C22 fatty acids via elongation. Our results demonstrate that the FADS2 classical transcript mediates direct Δ4 desaturation to yield 22:6n-3 and 22:5n-6 in human cells, as has been widely shown previously for desaturation by fish and many other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gyu Park
- *Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea
| | - Woo Jung Park
- *Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea
| | - Kumar S D Kothapalli
- *Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea
| | - J Thomas Brenna
- *Division of Nutritional Sciences and Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA; and Department of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, South Korea
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Alvarenga TIRC, Chen Y, Furusho-Garcia IF, Perez JRO, Hopkins DL. Manipulation of Omega-3 PUFAs in Lamb: Phenotypic and Genotypic Views. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2015; 14:189-204. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tharcilla Isabella Rodrigues Costa Alvarenga
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; Cowra NSW 2794 Australia
| | - Yizhou Chen
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Inst; Menangle NSW 2568 Australia
| | - Iraides Ferreira Furusho-Garcia
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - Juan Ramon Olalquiaga Perez
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
| | - David L. Hopkins
- Dept. of Animal Science, Federal Univ. of Lavras; Campus Universitário; Caixa Postal 3037 37200-000 Lavras Minas Gerais Brazil
- NSW Dept. of Primary Industries; Centre for Red Meat and Sheep Development; Cowra NSW 2794 Australia
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40
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Morais S, Mourente G, Martínez A, Gras N, Tocher DR. Docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis via fatty acyl elongase and Δ4-desaturase and its modulation by dietary lipid level and fatty acid composition in a marine vertebrate. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2015; 1851:588-97. [PMID: 25660580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study presents the first "in vivo" evidence of enzymatic activity and nutritional regulation of a Δ4-desaturase-dependent DHA synthesis pathway in the teleost Solea senegalensis. Juvenile fish were fed diets containing 2 lipid levels (8 and 18%, LL and HL) with either 100% fish oil (FO) or 75% of the FO replaced by vegetable oils (VOs). Fatty acyl elongation (Elovl5) and desaturation (Δ4Fad) activities were measured in isolated enterocytes and hepatocytes incubated with radiolabeled α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5n-3). Tissue distributions of elovl5 and Δ4fad transcripts were also determined, and the transcriptional regulation of these genes in liver and intestine was assessed at fasting and postprandially. DHA biosynthesis from EPA occurred in both cell types, although Elovl5 and Δ4Fad activities tended to be higher in hepatocytes. In contrast, no Δ6Fad activity was detected on (14)C-ALA, which was only elongated to 20:3n-3. Enzymatic activities and gene transcription were modulated by dietary lipid level (LL>HL) and fatty acid (FA) composition (VO>FO), more significantly in the liver than in the intestine, which was reflected in tissue FA compositions. Dietary VO induced a significant up-regulation of Δ4fad transcripts in the liver 6h after feeding, whereas in fasting conditions the effect of lipid level possibly prevailed over or interacted with FA composition in regulating the expression of elovl5 and Δ4fad, which were down-regulated in the liver of fish fed the HL diets. Results indicated functionality and biological relevance of the Δ4 LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway in S. senegalensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Morais
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain.
| | - Gabriel Mourente
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales, Universidad de Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Almudena Martínez
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain.
| | - Noélia Gras
- IRTA, Ctra. Poble Nou Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Rápita, Spain.
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Usher S, Sayanova OV, Napier JA, Haslam RP. Modifying the lipid content and composition of plant seeds: engineering the production of LC-PUFA. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:143-54. [PMID: 25417743 PMCID: PMC4286622 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 fatty acids are characterized by a double bond at the third carbon atom from the end of the carbon chain. Latterly, long chain polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA; 20:5Δ5,8,11,14,17) and docosahexanoic acid (DHA; 22:6 Δ4,7,10,13,16,19), which typically only enter the human diet via the consumption of oily fish, have attracted much attention. The health benefits of the omega-3 LC-PUFAs EPA and DHA are now well established. Given the desire for a sustainable supply of omega-LC-PUFA, efforts have focused on enhancing the composition of vegetable oils to include these important fatty acids. Specifically, EPA and DHA have been the focus of much study, with the ultimate goal of producing a terrestrial plant-based source of these so-called fish oils. Over the last decade, many genes encoding the primary LC-PUFA biosynthetic activities have been identified and characterized. This has allowed the reconstitution of the LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathway in oilseed crops, producing transgenic plants engineered to accumulate omega-3 LC-PUFA to levels similar to that found in fish oil. In this review, we will describe the most recent developments in this field and the challenges of overwriting endogenous seed lipid metabolism to maximize the accumulation of these important fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Sarah Usher
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Olga V. Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Johnathan A. Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
| | - Richard P. Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Herts AL5 2JQ UK
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42
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Metabolic engineering of microorganisms to produce omega-3 very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 56:19-35. [PMID: 25107699 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) have received growing attention due to their significant roles in human health. Currently the main source of these nutritionally and medically important fatty acids is marine fish, which has not met ever-increasing global demand. Microorganisms are an important alternative source also being explored. Although many microorganisms accumulate omega-3 LC-PUFAs naturally, metabolic engineering might still be necessary for significantly improving their yields. Here, we review recent research involving the engineering of microorganisms for production of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, including eicospentaenoic acid and docosohexaenoic acid. Both reconstitution of omega-3 LC-PUFA biosynthetic pathways and modification of existing pathways in microorganisms have demonstrated the potential to produce high levels of omega-3 LC-PUFAs. However, the yields of omega-3 LC-PUFAs in host systems have been substantially limited by potential metabolic bottlenecks, which might be caused partly by inefficient flux of fatty acid intermediates between the acyl-CoA and different lipid class pools. Although fatty acid flux in both native and heterologous microbial hosts might be controlled by several acyltransferases, evidence has suggested that genetic manipulation of one acyltransferase alone could significantly increase the accumulation of LC-PUFAs. The number of oleaginous microorganisms that can be genetically transformed is increasing, which will advance engineering efforts to maximize LC-PUFA yields in microbial strains.
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Adarme-Vega TC, Thomas-Hall SR, Lim DKY, Schenk PM. Effects of long chain fatty acid synthesis and associated gene expression in microalga Tetraselmis sp. Mar Drugs 2014; 12:3381-98. [PMID: 24901700 PMCID: PMC4071582 DOI: 10.3390/md12063381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
With the depletion of global fish stocks, caused by high demand and effective fishing techniques, alternative sources for long chain omega-3 fatty acids are required for human nutrition and aquaculture feeds. Recent research has focused on land-based cultivation of microalgae, the primary producers of omega-3 fatty acids in the marine food web. The effect of salinity on fatty acids and related gene expression was studied in the model marine microalga, Tetraselmis sp. M8. Correlations were found for specific fatty acid biosynthesis and gene expression according to salinity and the growth phase. Low salinity was found to increase the conversion of C18:4 stearidonic acid (SDA) to C20:4 eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA), correlating with increased transcript abundance of the Δ-6-elongase-encoding gene in salinities of 5 and 10 ppt compared to higher salinity levels. The expression of the gene encoding β-ketoacyl-coenzyme was also found to increase at lower salinities during the nutrient deprivation phase (Day 4), but decreased with further nutrient stress. Nutrient deprivation also triggered fatty acids synthesis at all salinities, and C20:5 eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) increased relative to total fatty acids, with nutrient starvation achieving a maximum of 7% EPA at Day 6 at a salinity of 40 ppt.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Catalina Adarme-Vega
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Skye R Thomas-Hall
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - David K Y Lim
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Peer M Schenk
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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44
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Coexpression of multiple genes reconstitutes two pathways of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis in Pichia pastoris. Biotechnol Lett 2014; 36:1843-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-014-1550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Ecological dynamics and biotechnological implications of thraustochytrids from marine habitats. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:5789-805. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5780-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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46
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Zhu G, Jiang X, Ou Q, Zhang T, Wang M, Sun G, Wang Z, Sun J, Ge T. Enhanced production of docosahexaenoic acid in mammalian cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96503. [PMID: 24788769 PMCID: PMC4008533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), one of the important polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical effects, may be obtained through diet or synthesized in vivo from dietary a-linolenic acid (ALA). However, the accumulation of DHA in human body or other mammals relies on the intake of high dose of DHA for a certain period of time, and the bioconversion of dietary ALA to DHA is very limited. Therefore the mammalian cells are not rich in DHA. Here, we report a new technology for increased production of DHA in mammalian cells. By using transient transfection method, Siganus canaliculatus Δ4 desaturase was heterologously expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, and simultaneously, mouse Δ6-desaturase and Δ5-desaturase were overexpressed. The results demonstrated that the overexpression of Δ6/Δ5-desaturases significantly enhanced the ability of transfected cells to convert the added ALA to docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) which in turn get converted into DHA directly and efficiently by the heterologously expressed Δ4 desaturase. This technology provides the basis for potential utility of these gene constructs in the creation of transgenic livestock for increased production of DHA/related products to meet the growing demand of this important PUFA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiming Zhu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xudong Jiang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qin Ou
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mingfu Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Guozhi Sun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Tangdong Ge
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, Heilongjiang, China
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47
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Fonseca-Madrigal J, Navarro JC, Hontoria F, Tocher DR, Martínez-Palacios CA, Monroig Ó. Diversification of substrate specificities in teleostei Fads2: characterization of Δ4 and Δ6Δ5 desaturases of Chirostoma estor. J Lipid Res 2014; 55:1408-19. [PMID: 24792929 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m049791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently existing data show that the capability for long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis in teleost fish is more diverse than in other vertebrates. Such diversity has been primarily linked to the subfunctionalization that teleostei fatty acyl desaturase (Fads)2 desaturases have undergone during evolution. We previously showed that Chirostoma estor, one of the few representatives of freshwater atherinopsids, had the ability for LC-PUFA biosynthesis from C18 PUFA precursors, in agreement with this species having unusually high contents of DHA. The particular ancestry and pattern of LC-PUFA biosynthesis activity of C. estor make this species an excellent model for study to gain further insight into LC-PUFA biosynthetic abilities among teleosts. The present study aimed to characterize cDNA sequences encoding fatty acyl elongases and desaturases, key genes involved in the LC-PUFA biosynthesis. Results show that C. estor expresses an elongase of very long-chain FA (Elovl)5 elongase and two Fads2 desaturases displaying Δ4 and Δ6/Δ5 specificities, thus allowing us to conclude that these three genes cover all the enzymatic abilities required for LC-PUFA biosynthesis from C18 PUFA. In addition, the specificities of the C. estor Fads2 enabled us to propose potential evolutionary patterns and mechanisms for subfunctionalization of Fads2 among fish lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Fonseca-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58330, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Juan C Navarro
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Francisco Hontoria
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain
| | - Douglas R Tocher
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Carlos A Martínez-Palacios
- Laboratorio de Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58330, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Óscar Monroig
- Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS-CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes 12595, Castellón, Spain Laboratorio de Acuicultura, Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo (UMSNH), Morelia 58330, Michoacán, Mexico
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48
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Lim ZL, Senger T, Vrinten P. Four amino acid residues influence the substrate chain-length and regioselectivity of Siganus canaliculatus Δ4 and Δ5/6 desaturases. Lipids 2014; 49:357-67. [PMID: 24477708 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3880-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although ω3- and ω6- desaturases have been well studied in terms of substrate preference and regiospecificity, relatively little is known about the membrane-bound, "front-end" long chain fatty acid desaturases, such as ∆4, Δ5 or Δ6 desaturases. The first vertebrate ∆4 desaturase was recently identified in the marine teleost fish Siganus canaliculatus (S. canaliculatus), which also possesses a bifunctional Δ5/6 desaturase. These two long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid desaturases are very different in terms of regiospecificity and substrate chain-length, but share an unusually high degree of amino acid identity (83 %). We took advantage of this similarity by constructing a series of chimeric enzymes, replacing regions of one enzyme with the corresponding sequence of the other. Heterologous expression of the chimeric series of enzymes in yeast indicated that the substitution of a four amino acid region was sufficient to convert a ∆4 desaturase to an enzyme with ∆6 desaturase activity, and convert a ∆5/6 desaturase to an enzyme with a low level of ∆4 desaturase activity. In addition, enzymes having both ∆4 and ∆6 desaturase activities were produced by single or double amino acid substitutions within this four-amino acid region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze Long Lim
- Bioriginal Food and Science Corporation, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W9, Canada
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49
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Abstract
With the increasing concern for health and nutrition, dietary fat has attracted considerable attention. The composition of fatty acids in a diet is important since they are associated with major diseases, such as cancers, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) requires the expression of dietary fat-associated genes, such as SCD, FADS1, FADS2, and FADS3, which encode a variety of desaturases, to catalyze the addition of a double bond in a fatty acid chain. Recent studies using new molecular techniques and genomics, as well as clinical trials have shown that these genes and UFA are closely related to physiological conditions and chronic diseases; it was found that the existence of alternative transcripts of the desaturase genes and desaturase isoforms might affect human health and lipid metabolism in different ways. In this review, we provide an overview of UFA and desaturases associated with human health and nutrition. Moreover, recent findings of UFA, desaturases, and their associated genes in human systems are discussed. Consequently, this review may help elucidate the complicated physiology of UFA in human health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungjae Lee
- 1 Department of Food Engineering, Dankook University , Cheonan, Korea
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50
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Ruiz-Lopez N, Haslam RP, Napier JA, Sayanova O. Successful high-level accumulation of fish oil omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in a transgenic oilseed crop. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:198-208. [PMID: 24308505 PMCID: PMC4253037 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (also called n-3) long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (≥C20; LC-PUFAs) are of considerable interest, based on clear evidence of dietary health benefits and the concurrent decline of global sources (fish oils). Generating alternative transgenic plant sources of omega-3 LC-PUFAs, i.e. eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3, EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3, DHA) has previously proved problematic. Here we describe a set of heterologous genes capable of efficiently directing synthesis of these fatty acids in the seed oil of the crop Camelina sativa, while simultaneously avoiding accumulation of undesirable intermediate fatty acids. We describe two iterations: RRes_EPA in which seeds contain EPA levels of up to 31% (mean 24%), and RRes_DHA, in which seeds accumulate up to 12% EPA and 14% DHA (mean 11% EPA and 8% DHA). These omega-3 LC-PUFA levels are equivalent to those in fish oils, and represent a sustainable, terrestrial source of these fatty acids. We also describe the distribution of these non-native fatty acids within C. sativa seed lipids, and consider these data in the context of our current understanding of acyl exchange during seed oil synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ruiz-Lopez
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Richard P Haslam
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Johnathan A Napier
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
- * For correspondence (e-mail )
| | - Olga Sayanova
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Crop Protection, Rothamsted ResearchHarpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
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