1
|
Geraci-Yee S, Collier JL, Allam B. A Microcosm Experiment Reveals the Temperature-Sensitive Release of Mucochytrium quahogii (=QPX) from Hard Clams and Pallial Fluid as a Stable QPX Reservoir. Microorganisms 2024; 12:241. [PMID: 38399645 PMCID: PMC10892119 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucochytrium quahogii, also known as QPX or Quahog Parasite Unknown, is the causative agent of QPX disease in the hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria). Host-pathogen-environment interactions between M. quahogii, the hard clam, and temperature were explored in a microcosm experiment. Hard clams were housed in individual tanks with sterile seawater under two temperature regimes: low (13 °C) temperature, which is thought to be optimal for QPX disease development, and high (20 °C) temperature, which has been shown to promote "healing" of QPX-infected clams. Hard clam tissue, pallial fluid, seawater, and shell biofilms were collected and assayed for M. quahogii. The release of M. quahogii from naturally infected live hard clams into seawater was detected only in the low temperature treatment, suggesting that temperature influences the release of potentially infectious cells. M. quahogii was commonly found in hard clam pallial fluid, even after 9 weeks in the lab, suggesting pallial fluid is a stable reservoir of M. quahogii within its primary host and that M. quahogii is not a transient component of the hard clam microbiota. Overall, results support a host-specific relationship and that M. quahogii is a commensal member of the hard clam microbiota, supporting its classification as an opportunistic pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794, USA (J.L.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ishibashi Y, Sadamitsu S, Fukahori Y, Yamamoto Y, Tanogashira R, Watanabe T, Hayashi M, Ito M, Okino N. Characterization of thraustochytrid-specific sterol O-acyltransferase: modification of DGAT2-like enzyme to increase the sterol production in Aurantiochytrium limacinum mh0186. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0100123. [PMID: 37874286 PMCID: PMC10686087 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01001-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Since the global market for sterols and vitamin D are grown with a high compound annual growth rate, a sustainable source of these compounds is required to keep up with the increasing demand. Thraustochytrid is a marine oleaginous microorganism that can synthesize several sterols, which are stored as SE in lipid droplets. DGAT2C is an unconventional SE synthase specific to thraustochytrids. Although the primary structure of DGAT2C shows high similarities with that of DGAT, DGAT2C utilizes sterol as an acceptor substrate instead of diacylglycerol. In this study, we examined more detailed enzymatic properties, intracellular localization, and structure-activity relationship of DGAT2C. Furthermore, we successfully developed a method to increase sterol and provitamin D3 productivity of thraustochytrid by more than threefold in the process of elucidating the function of the DGAT2C-specific N-terminal region. Our findings could lead to sustainable sterol and vitamin D production using thraustochytrid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yohei Ishibashi
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shohei Sadamitsu
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Fukahori
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Rin Tanogashira
- Kyushu University Future Creators in Science Project (QFC-SP), Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Makoto Ito
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Nozomu Okino
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Yu X, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Wang Q. Lipid Production of Schizochytrium sp. HBW10 Isolated from Coastal Waters of Northern China Cultivated in Food Waste Hydrolysate. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2714. [PMID: 38004726 PMCID: PMC10672807 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine oleaginous thraustochytrids have attracted increasing attention for their great potential in producing high-value active metabolites using various industrial and agricultural waste. Food waste containing abundant nutrients is considered as an excellent feedstock for microbial fermentation. In this study, a thraustochytrid strain Schizochytrium sp. HBW10 was isolated from a water column in Bohai Bay in Northern China for the first time. Further lipid production characteristics of S. sp. HBW10 were investigated utilizing sulfuric acid hydrolysate of food waste (FWH) from two different restaurants (FWH1 and FWH2) with the initial pH value adjusted by NaOH or NaHCO3. Results showed that the highest concentration of total fatty acids (TFAs) was observed in FWH2 medium with the 50% content level on the fifth day, reaching up to 0.34 g/L. A higher initial pH promoted the growth and saturated fatty acid (SFA) accumulation of S. sp. HBW10, achieving nearly 100% of the sum of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids (SMUFAs) in TFAs with initial pH7 and pH8 in FWH1 medium. This work demonstrates a possible way for lipid production by thraustochytrids using food waste hydrolysate with a higher initial pH (pH7~pH8) adjusted by NaHCO3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China; (X.L.)
| | - Xinping Yu
- Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China; (X.L.)
| | - Qian Liu
- Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China; (X.L.)
| | - Yong Zhang
- Marine Environment Monitoring Central Station of Qinhuangdao, SOA, Qinhuangdao 066002, China
| | - Qiuzhen Wang
- Ocean College, Hebei Agricultural University, Qinhuangdao 066000, China; (X.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rollin S, Gupta A, Franco CMM, Singh S, Puri M. Development of sustainable downstream processing for nutritional oil production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1227889. [PMID: 37885455 PMCID: PMC10598382 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1227889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutritional oils (mainly omega-3 fatty acids) are receiving increased attention as critical supplementary compounds for the improvement and maintenance of human health and wellbeing. However, the predominant sources of these oils have historically shown numerous limitations relating to desirability and sustainability; hence the crucial focus is now on developing smarter, greener, and more environmentally favourable alternatives. This study was undertaken to consider and assess the numerous prevailing and emerging techniques implicated across the stages of fatty acid downstream processing. A structured and critical comparison of the major classes of disruption methodology (physical, chemical, thermal, and biological) is presented, with discussion and consideration of the viability of new extraction techniques. Owing to a greater desire for sustainable industrial practices, and a desperate need to make nutritional oils more available; great emphasis has been placed on the discovery and adoption of highly sought-after 'green' alternatives, which demonstrate improved efficiency and reduced toxicity compared to conventional practices. Based on these findings, this review also advocates new forays into application of novel nanomaterials in fatty acid separation to improve the sustainability of nutritional oil downstream processing. In summary, this review provides a detailed overview of the current and developing landscape of nutritional oil; and concludes that adoption and refinement of these sustainable alternatives could promptly allow for development of a more complete 'green' process for nutritional oil extraction; allowing us to better meet worldwide needs without costing the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Rollin
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Adarsha Gupta
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher M. M. Franco
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | | | - Munish Puri
- Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sahara T, Adachi T, Nagamine T, Fukano T, Morita N. Draft genome sequence of a docosahexaenoic-acid-producing marine protist, thraustochytrid strain 12B. Microbiol Resour Announc 2023; 12:e0027023. [PMID: 37578275 PMCID: PMC10508123 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00270-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We sequenced the draft genome of thraustochytrid strain 12B. This strain shows a high production of polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid. The draft genome sequence of approximately 65 Mbp will provide insights into metabolic engineering to improve the production of polyunsaturated fatty acids in the microorganism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takehiko Sahara
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takumi Adachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | | | - Naoki Morita
- Laboratory of Molecular Environmental Microbiology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Geraci-Yee S, Brianik CJ, Rubin E, Collier JL, Allam B. Erection of a New Genus and Species for the Pathogen of Hard Clams 'Quahog Parasite Unknown' (QPX): Mucochytrium quahogii gen. nov., sp. nov. Protist 2021; 172:125793. [PMID: 33607480 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2021.125793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quahog Parasite Unknown (QPX) is a facultative parasite of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria. Although it has been observed in clams since the 1960's and cultivated since the 1990's, conflicting reports on important aspects of its biology have prevented its formal description. 18S rRNA gene sequences identify QPX as a thraustochytrid, but its production of copious mucus is atypical for this group. There are also conflicting reports about whether QPX shares common features of thraustochytrids, such as the production of an ectoplasmic net and biflagellate zoospores. This study reaffirms the previous descriptions of zoospore production by QPX in culture, in multiple strains from several geographic locations, and provides detail on how to maintain QPX cultures under conditions that promote the production of zoospores. Furthermore, we describe new aspects of the life cycle not previously observed. Finally, we erect Mucochytrium quahogii gen. nov., sp. nov. to accommodate this unusual thraustochytrid.
Collapse
|
7
|
Liang Y, Liu Y, Tang J, Ma J, Cheng JJ, Daroch M. Transcriptomic Profiling and Gene Disruption Revealed that Two Genes Related to PUFAs/DHA Biosynthesis May be Essential for Cell Growth of Aurantiochytrium sp. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16090310. [PMID: 30200435 PMCID: PMC6164183 DOI: 10.3390/md16090310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW7 is a thraustochytrid strain that was found to exhibit high potential for docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) production. In this work, the transcriptome of Aurantiochytrium sp. PKU#SW7 was analyzed for the study of genes involved in basic metabolic functions and especially in the mechanisms of DHA biosynthesis. Sequence annotation and functional analysis revealed that the strain contains components of fatty acid synthesis (FAS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) pathways. Fatty acid desaturases and elongases were identified as components of FAS pathway, whilst key components of PKS pathway were also found in the cDNA library. The relative contribution of the two pathways to the synthesis of DHA was unknown, as both pathways appeared to be lacking full complement of genes for standalone synthesis of DHA. Further analysis of two putative genes encoding the very-long-chain (3R)-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydratase and dehydrase/isomerase involved in FAS and PKS pathways, respectively, revealed that under various salinity conditions, their relative expression levels changed corresponding to the variation of DHA content in Aurantiochytrium sp. Independent knock outs of these genes in Aurantiochytrium sp. resulted in poor cell growth, probably due to little or no intracellular DHA accumulation. Hence, it can be speculated that both genes are engaged in DHA biosynthesis and DHA in Aurantiochytrium sp. could be produced by jointed actions of both FAS and PKS systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmei Liang
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Marine Algal Biotechnology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresource and Eco-environmental Science, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
| | - Jie Tang
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China.
| | - Jiong Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Jay J Cheng
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
| | - Maurycy Daroch
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Hassett BT, Gradinger R. New Species of Saprobic Labyrinthulea (=Labyrinthulomycota) and the Erection of a gen. nov. to Resolve Molecular Polyphyly within the Aplanochytrids. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2018; 65:475-483. [PMID: 29265676 DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A culture of a unicellular heterotrophic eukaryote was established from pollen-baited seawater acquired from the nearshore environment in Tromsø, Norway. Light microscopy revealed the production of ectoplasmic nets and reproduction by biflagellated zoospores, as well as binary division. After culturing and subsequent nucleotide extraction, database queries of the isolate's 18S small ribosomal subunit coding region identified closest molecular affinity to Aplanochytrium haliotidis, a pathogen of abalone. Testing of phylogenetic hypotheses consistently grouped our unknown isolate and A. haliotidis among the homoplasious thraustochytrids. Transmission electron microscopy revealed complex cell walls comprised of electron-dense lamella that formed protuberances, some associated with bothrosomes. Co-culturing experiments with the marine fungus Penicillium brevicompactum revealed prolonged interactions with hyphal strands. Based on the combined information acquired from electron microscopy, life history information, and phylogenetic testing, we describe our unknown isolate as a novel species. To resolve molecular polyphyly within the aplanochytrids, we erect a gen. nov. that circumscribes our novel isolate and the former A. haliotidis within the thraustochytrids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Hassett
- UiT Norges Arktiske Universtiet, BFE, NFH Bygget, Framstredet 6, Tromsø, 9019, Norway
| | - Rolf Gradinger
- UiT Norges Arktiske Universtiet, BFE, NFH Bygget, Framstredet 6, Tromsø, 9019, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shirodkar PV, Muraleedharan UD. Enhanced α-amylase production by a marine protist, Ulkenia sp. using response surface methodology and genetic algorithm. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:1043-1049. [PMID: 29020512 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2017.1373293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Amylases are a group of enzymes with a wide variety of industrial applications. Enhancement of α-amylase production from the marine protists, thraustochytrids has been attempted for the first time by applying statistical-based experimental designs using response surface methodology (RSM) and genetic algorithm (GA) for optimization of the most influencing process variables. A full factorial central composite experimental design was used to study the cumulative interactive effect of nutritional components viz., glucose, corn starch, and yeast extract. RSM was performed on two objectives, that is, growth of Ulkenia sp. AH-2 (ATCC® PRA-296) and α-amylase activity. When GA was conducted for maximization of the enzyme activity, the optimal α-amylase activity was found to be 71.20 U/mL which was close to that obtained by RSM (71.93 U/mL), both of which were in agreement with the predicted value of 72.37 U/mL. Optimal growth at the optimized process variables was found to be 1.89A660nm. The optimized medium increased α-amylase production by 1.2-fold.
Collapse
|