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Zeng T, Lv J, Liang J, Xie B, Liu L, Tan Y, Zhu J, Jiang J, Xie H. Zebrafish cobll1a regulates lipid homeostasis via the RA signaling pathway. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1381362. [PMID: 38699158 PMCID: PMC11063382 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1381362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The COBLL1 gene has been implicated in human central obesity, fasting insulin levels, type 2 diabetes, and blood lipid profiles. However, its molecular mechanisms remain largely unexplored. Methods In this study, we established cobll1a mutant lines using the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene knockout technique. To further dissect the molecular underpinnings of cobll1a during early development, transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis was employed. Results Our study showed that compared to the control, cobll1a -/- zebrafish embryos exhibited impaired development of digestive organs, including the liver, intestine, and pancreas, at 4 days post-fertilization (dpf). Transcriptome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis results showed that in cobll1a knockout group, the expression level of genes in the Retinoic Acid (RA) signaling pathway was affected, and the expression level of lipid metabolism-related genes (fasn, scd, elovl2, elovl6, dgat1a, srebf1 and srebf2) were significantly changed (p < 0.01), leading to increased lipid synthesis and decreased lipid catabolism. The expression level of apolipoprotein genes (apoa1a, apoa1b, apoa2, apoa4a, apoa4b, and apoea) genes were downregulated. Conclusion Our study suggest that the loss of cobll1a resulted in disrupted RA metabolism, reduced lipoprotein expression, and abnormal lipid transport, therefore contributing to lipid accumulation and deleterious effects on early liver development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zeng
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jinrui Lv
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiaxin Liang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Binling Xie
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junwei Zhu
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jifan Jiang
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Huaping Xie
- Hunan International Joint Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Ecology and Health, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Changsha, Hunan, China
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2
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Ballav S, Biswas B, Sahu VK, Ranjan A, Basu S. PPAR-γ Partial Agonists in Disease-Fate Decision with Special Reference to Cancer. Cells 2022; 11:3215. [PMID: 36291082 PMCID: PMC9601205 DOI: 10.3390/cells11203215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) has emerged as one of the most extensively studied transcription factors since its discovery in 1990, highlighting its importance in the etiology and treatment of numerous diseases involving various types of cancer, type 2 diabetes mellitus, autoimmune, dermatological and cardiovascular disorders. Ligands are regarded as the key determinant for the tissue-specific activation of PPAR-γ. However, the mechanism governing this process is merely a contradictory debate which is yet to be systematically researched. Either these receptors get weakly activated by endogenous or natural ligands or leads to a direct over-activation process by synthetic ligands, serving as complete full agonists. Therefore, fine-tuning on the action of PPAR-γ and more subtle modulation can be a rewarding approach which might open new avenues for the treatment of several diseases. In the recent era, researchers have sought to develop safer partial PPAR-γ agonists in order to dodge the toxicity induced by full agonists, akin to a balanced activation. With a particular reference to cancer, this review concentrates on the therapeutic role of partial agonists, especially in cancer treatment. Additionally, a timely examination of their efficacy on various other disease-fate decisions has been also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeta Ballav
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Bini Biswas
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Sahu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Amit Ranjan
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
| | - Soumya Basu
- Cancer and Translational Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Tathawade, Pune 411033, India
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3
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Ma C, Wang Z, Xia R, Wei L, Zhang C, Zhang J, Zhao L, Wu H, Kang L, Yang S. Danthron ameliorates obesity and MAFLD through activating the interplay between PPARα/RXRα heterodimer and adiponectin receptor 2. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111344. [PMID: 33581653 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity and associated metabolic associated fatty liver diseases (MAFLD) are strongly associated with dysfunction of glucose and lipid metabolism. AMPKα and PPARα are key regulators in the lipid and glucose homeostasis, indicating that novel agents to activate them are promising therapeutic approaches for metabolic syndrome. Noticeably, as a natural anthraquinone derivative extracted from rhubarb, danthron can activate AMPKα in vitro. However, the protective effect of danthron on obesity and associated MAFLD in vivo, as well as the underlying mechanism remains unknown. In this study, obesity and associated MAFLD was induced in C57BL/6J mice by high fat diet (HFD), which were subjected to evaluations on the parameters of systematic metabolism. Simultaneously, the molecular mechanism of danthron on lipid metabolism was investigated in 3T3-L1-derived adipocytes and HepG2 cells in vitro. In vivo, danthron significantly attenuated the obesity and MAFLD by enhancing hepatic fatty acid oxidation, decreasing lipid synthesis, and promoting mitochondrial homeostasis. Mechanistically, danthron significantly promoted combination of RXRα and PPARα, enhanced the binding of RXRα/PPARα heterodimer to the promoter of adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2), by which activating the AMPKα and PPARα pathway. Moreover, PPARα and AdipoR2 can interplay in a loop style. Collectively, this study demonstrates that danthron can substantially ameliorate obesity and associated hepatic steatosis via AdipoR2-mediated dual PPARα/AMPKα activation, which suggests that danthron might be a novel therapeutic approach for inhibition of obesity and hepatic steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanrui Ma
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhongyan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Ronglin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Institute of Agricultural Economics and Information, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Linna Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China; State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Han Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China; Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology, National Health Commission, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Kang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University (Shenzhen People's Hospital), Shenzhen, China; Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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4
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Zhang C, Wang Z, Feng Q, Chen WD, Wang YD. Farnesoid X receptor: a potential therapeutic target in multiple organs. Histol Histopathol 2021; 35:1403-1414. [PMID: 33393073 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the nuclear receptor family, is a common receptor found in the intestine and liver, and helps to maintain systemic metabolic homeostasis through regulating bile acid, glucose, lipid metabolism, and energy homeostatsis. In addition, FXR regulates the functions of various organs, such as liver, intestine, kidney, breast, pancreas, cardiovascular system and brain. FXR also plays a key role in regulation of gut-microbiota through mediating the various signaling pathways. Accordingly, FXR has become an attractive therapeutic target in a variety of diseases. This review combines classical and recent research reports to introduce the basic information about FXR and its important roles in various organs of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zixuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Qingqing Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Wei-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, School of Basic Medical Science, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Receptors-Mediated Gene Regulation and Drug Discovery, the People's Hospital of Hebi, School of Medicine, Henan University, Henan, PR China
| | - Yan-Dong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, PR China.
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5
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Watanabe M, Fujihara M, Motoyama T, Kawasaki M, Yamada S, Takamura Y, Ito S, Makishima M, Nakano S, Kakuta H. Discovery of a "Gatekeeper" Antagonist that Blocks Entry Pathway to Retinoid X Receptors (RXRs) without Allosteric Ligand Inhibition in Permissive RXR Heterodimers. J Med Chem 2020; 64:430-439. [PMID: 33356247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) heterodimers such as PPAR/RXR, LXR/RXR, and FXR/RXR can be activated by RXR agonists alone and are therefore designated as permissive. Similarly, existing RXR antagonists show allosteric antagonism toward partner receptor agonists in these permissive RXR heterodimers. Here, we show 1-(3-(2-ethoxyethoxy)-5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxylic acid (14, CBTF-EE) as the first RXR antagonist that does not show allosteric inhibition in permissive RXR heterodimers. This compound was designed based on the hypothesis that RXR antagonists that do not induce conformational changes of RXR would not exhibit such allosteric inhibition. CD spectra and X-ray co-crystallography of the complex of 14 and the RXR ligand binding domain (LBD) confirmed that 14 does not change the conformation of hRXR-LBD. The X-ray structure analysis revealed that 14 binds at the entrance of the ligand binding pocket (LBP), blocking access to the LBP and thus serving as a "gatekeeper".
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,AIBIOS Company. Ltd., Tri-Seven Roppongi 8F 7-7-7 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106-0032, Japan
| | - Tomoharu Motoyama
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Mayu Kawasaki
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shoya Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.,Research Fellowship Division, Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Sumitomo-Ichibancho FS Bldg., 8 Ichibancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8472, Japan
| | - Yuta Takamura
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
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Brtko J, Dvorak Z. Natural and synthetic retinoid X receptor ligands and their role in selected nuclear receptor action. Biochimie 2020; 179:157-168. [PMID: 33011201 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Important key players in the regulatory machinery within the cells are nuclear retinoid X receptors (RXRs), which compose heterodimers in company with several diverse nuclear receptors, playing a role as ligand inducible transcription factors. In general, nuclear receptors are ligand-activated, transcription-modulating proteins affecting transcriptional responses in target genes. RXR molecules forming permissive heterodimers with disparate nuclear receptors comprise peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), liver X receptors (LXRs), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive androstan receptor (CAR). Retinoid receptors (RARs) and thyroid hormone receptors (TRs) may form conditional heterodimers, and dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor (VDR) is believed to form nonpermissive heterodimer. Thus, RXRs are the important molecules that are involved in control of many cellular functions in biological processes and diseases, including cancer or diabetes. This article summarizes both naturally occurring and synthetic ligands for nuclear retinoid X receptors and describes, predominantly in mammals, their role in molecular mechanisms within the cells. A focus is also on triorganotin compounds, which are high affinity RXR ligands, and finally, we present an outlook on human microbiota as a potential source of RXR activators. Nevertheless, new synthetic rexinoids with better retinoid X receptor activity and lesser side effects are highly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Brtko
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Biomedical Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Zdenek Dvorak
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 11, 783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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7
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Huang F, Li Y, Chen J, Zhang XK, Zhou H. Rosiglitazone binds to RXRα to induce RXRα tetramerization and NB4 cell differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 530:160-166. [PMID: 32828280 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Rosiglitazone is a ligand of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). However, it exerts biological activities and therapeutic effects through both PPARγ-dependent and independent mechanisms. In this study, we defined that rosiglitazone was also a ligand of retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) and displayed RXRα-dependent activities. We found that rosiglitazone directly bound to the ligand binding domain (LBD) of RXRα and induced RXRα/LBD tetramerization. Rosiglitazone inhibited the agonist-induced transcriptional activity of RXRα homodimers and heterodimers likely through inhibiting RXRα homo- and hetero-dimerization. In acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) NB4 cells, rosiglitazone inhibited cell proliferation and induced cell differentiation, resulting from inhibiting RXRα/PML-RARα complex formation and down-regulating PML-RARα. Together, our study identified RXRα as a novel target of rosiglitazone and RXRα mediating the anti-APL activity of rosiglitazone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Yihuan Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China; High Throughput Drug Screening Platform, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361102, China.
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8
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A simple and highly sensitive masking fluorescence detection system for capillary array electrophoresis and its application to food and medicine analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1620:460968. [PMID: 32087880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.460968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A high sampling rate, good stability, high throughput masking fluorescence detection system with easy positioning of each channel for capillary array electrophoresis was prepared and studied. A special mask combined with convex lenses was designed to modulate signals, without using any extra device to position each channel. The signal of each channel was detected by a photomultiplier tube, classified and saved by software. The design was used to evidently reduce the rotational vibration of optical components and to stabilize the system, so a high sampling rate was obtained by increasing the DC motor speed. To improve the optical system, optical fibers instead of conventional bulky optical components were used to transmit optical signal and to collect fluorescences in multiple directions, which greatly raised the sensitivity. Other important parameters including sampling rate, rotating speed and driven voltage laser diode (LDs) have also been investigated. Under optimal conditions, the performance of the detection system was evaluated. This novel system had a well-designed structure, and allowed independent multiple capillary operations and easy microanalysis. Its limit of detection for rhodamine 6G was 2.0 × 10-2 µg/mL.
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10
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In silico identification of natural products with anticancer activity using a chemo-structural database of Brazilian biodiversity. Comput Biol Chem 2019; 83:107102. [PMID: 31487609 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2019.107102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the number of patients has only increased each year, despite the considerable efforts and investments in scientific research. Since natural products (NPs) may serve as suitable sources for drug development, the cytotoxicity against cancer cells of 2221 compounds from the Nuclei of Bioassays, Ecophysiology, and Biosynthesis of Natural Products Database (NuBBEDB) was predicted using CDRUG algorithm. Molecular modeling, chemoinformatics, and chemometric tools were then used to analyze the structural and physicochemical properties of these compounds. We compared the positive NPs with FDA-approved anticancer drugs and predicted the molecular targets involved in the anticancer activity. In the present study, 46 families comprising potential anticancer compounds and at least 19 molecular targets involved in oncogenesis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study conducted to evaluate the potentiality of NPs sourced from Brazilian biodiversity as anticancer agents, using in silico approaches. Our results provided interesting insights about the mechanism of action of these compounds, and also suggested that their structural diversity may aid structure-based optimization strategies for developing novel drugs for cancer therapy.
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Schierle S, Merk D. Therapeutic modulation of retinoid X receptors – SAR and therapeutic potential of RXR ligands and recent patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:605-621. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1643322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simone Schierle
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Daniel Merk
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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12
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Krężel W, Rühl R, de Lera AR. Alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110436. [PMID: 31026478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) control a wide variety of functions by virtue of their dimerization with other nuclear hormone receptors (NRs), contributing thereby to activities of different signaling pathways. We review known RXR ligands as transcriptional modulators of specific RXR-dimers and the associated biological processes. We also discuss the physiological relevance of such ligands, which remains frequently a matter of debate and which at present is best met by member(s) of a novel family of retinoids, postulated as Vitamin A5. Through comparison with other natural, but also with synthetic ligands, we discuss high diversity in the modes of ligand binding to RXRs resulting in agonistic or antagonistic profiles and selectivity towards specific subtypes of permissive heterodimers. Despite such diversity, direct ligand binding to the ligand binding pocket resulting in agonistic activity was preferentially preserved in the course of animal evolution pointing to its functional relevance, and potential for existence of other, species-specific endogenous RXR ligands sharing the same mode of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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13
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Eberhardt J, McEwen AG, Bourguet W, Moras D, Dejaegere A. A revisited version of the apo structure of the ligand-binding domain of the human nuclear receptor retinoic X receptor α. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION F-STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY COMMUNICATIONS 2019; 75:98-104. [PMID: 30713160 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x18018022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic X receptor (RXR) plays a crucial role in the superfamily of nuclear receptors (NRs) by acting as an obligatory partner of several nuclear receptors; its role as a transcription factor is thus critical in many signalling pathways, such as metabolism, cell development, differentiation and cellular death. The first published structure of the apo ligand-binding domain (LBD) of RXRα, which is still used as a reference today, contained inaccuracies. In the present work, these inaccuracies were corrected using modern crystallographic tools. The most important correction concerns the presence of a π-bulge in helix H7, which was originally built as a regular α-helix. The presence of several CHAPS molecules, which are visible for the first time in the electron-density map and which stabilize the H1-H3 loop, which contains helix H2, are also revealed. The apo RXR structure has played an essential role in deciphering the molecular mode of action of NR ligands and is still used in numerous biophysical studies. This refined structure should be used preferentially in the future in interpreting experiments as well as for modelling and structural dynamics studies of the apo RXRα LBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Eberhardt
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Alastair G McEwen
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - William Bourguet
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale (CBS), CNRS, Inserm, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dino Moras
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
| | - Annick Dejaegere
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France
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14
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Miyashita Y, Numoto N, Arulmozhiraja S, Nakano S, Matsuo N, Shimizu K, Shibahara O, Fujihara M, Kakuta H, Ito S, Ikura T, Ito N, Tokiwa H. Dual conformation of the ligand induces the partial agonistic activity of retinoid X receptor α (RXRα). FEBS Lett 2018; 593:242-250. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yurina Miyashita
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Nobutaka Numoto
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Sundaram Arulmozhiraja
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Japan
| | - Naoya Matsuo
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
| | | | - Osamu Shibahara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Michiko Fujihara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences; University of Shizuoka; Japan
| | - Teikichi Ikura
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Nobutoshi Ito
- Department of Structural Biology; Medical Research Institute; Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU); Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tokiwa
- Department of Chemistry; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
- AMED-CREST; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- AMED; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED); Tokyo Japan
- Research Center for Smart Molecules; Rikkyo University; Tokyo Japan
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15
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Watanabe M, Kakuta H. Retinoid X Receptor Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082354. [PMID: 30103423 PMCID: PMC6121510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists are not only useful as chemical tools for biological research, but are also candidate drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes and allergies, although no RXR antagonist has yet been approved for clinical use. In this review, we present a brief overview of RXR structure, function, and target genes, and describe currently available RXR antagonists, their structural classification, and their evaluation, focusing on the latest research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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16
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Chen L, Wu L, Zhu L, Zhao Y. Overview of the structure-based non-genomic effects of the nuclear receptor RXRα. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2018; 23:36. [PMID: 30093910 PMCID: PMC6080560 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-018-0103-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor RXRα (retinoid X receptor-α) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of multiple genes. Its non-genomic function is largely related to its structure, polymeric forms and modification. Previous research revealed that some non-genomic activity of RXRα occurs via formation of heterodimers with Nur77. RXRα-Nur77 heterodimers translocate from the nucleus to the mitochondria in response to certain apoptotic stimuli and this activity correlates with cell apoptosis. More recent studies revealed a significant role for truncated RXRα (tRXRα), which interacts with the p85α subunit of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, leading to enhanced activation of AKT and promoting cell growth in vitro and in animals. We recently reported on a series of NSAID sulindac analogs that can bind to tRXRα through a unique binding mechanism. We also identified one analog, K-80003, which can inhibit cancer cell growth by inducing tRXRα to form a tetramer, thus disrupting p85α-tRXRα interaction. This review analyzes the non-genomic effects of RXRα in normal and tumor cells, and discusses the functional differences based on RXRα protein structure (structure source: the RCSB Protein Data Bank).
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chen
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Lingjuan Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Linyan Zhu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
| | - Yiyi Zhao
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350108 China
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17
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Pluskal T, Weng JK. Natural product modulators of human sensations and mood: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:1592-1637. [PMID: 28933478 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Humans perceive physical information about the surrounding environment through their senses. This physical information is registered by a collection of highly evolved and finely tuned molecular sensory receptors. A multitude of bioactive, structurally diverse ligands have evolved in nature that bind these molecular receptors. The complex, dynamic interactions between the ligands and the receptors lead to changes in our sensory perception or mood. Here, we review our current knowledge of natural products and their derived analogues that interact specifically with human G protein-coupled receptors, ion channels, and nuclear hormone receptors to modulate the sensations of taste, smell, temperature, pain, and itch, as well as mood and its associated behaviour. We discuss the molecular and structural mechanisms underlying such interactions and highlight cases where subtle differences in natural product chemistry produce drastic changes in functional outcome. We also discuss cases where a single compound triggers complex sensory or behavioural changes in humans through multiple mechanistic targets. Finally, we comment on the therapeutic potential of the reviewed area of research and draw attention to recent technological developments in genomics, metabolomics, and metabolic engineering that allow us to tap the medicinal properties of natural product chemistry without taxing nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Pluskal
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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18
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Hiebl V, Ladurner A, Latkolik S, Dirsch VM. Natural products as modulators of the nuclear receptors and metabolic sensors LXR, FXR and RXR. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:1657-1698. [PMID: 29548878 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) represent attractive targets for the treatment of metabolic syndrome-related diseases. In addition, natural products are an interesting pool of potential ligands since they have been refined under evolutionary pressure to interact with proteins or other biological targets. This review aims to briefly summarize current basic knowledge regarding the liver X (LXR) and farnesoid X receptors (FXR) that form permissive heterodimers with retinoid X receptors (RXR). Natural product-based ligands for these receptors are summarized and the potential of LXR, FXR and RXR as targets in precision medicine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Hiebl
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Angela Ladurner
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Simone Latkolik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Verena M Dirsch
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmacognosy, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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19
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Chou YT, Hsu FF, Hu DY, Chen YC, Hsu YH, Hsu JTA, Chau LY. Identification of danthron as an isoform-specific inhibitor of HEME OXYGENASE-1/cytochrome P450 reductase interaction with anti-tumor activity. J Biomed Sci 2018; 25:6. [PMID: 29361943 PMCID: PMC5781335 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-018-0411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes NADPH-dependent degradation of heme to liberate iron, carbon monoxide and biliverdin. The interaction between HO and cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), an electron donor, is essential for HO activity. HO-1 is a stress-inducible isoform whereas HO-2 is constitutively expressed. HO-1 induction is commonly seen in cancers and impacts disease progression, supporting the possibility of targeting HO-1 for cancer therapy. Methods We employed a cell-based bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assay to screen compounds with ability to inhibit HO-1/CPR interaction. The effect of the identified compound on HO-1/CPR interaction was confirmed by pull down assay. Moreover, the anti-tumorigenic activity of the identified compound on HO-1-enhanced tumor growth and migration was assessed by trypan blue exclusion method and wound healing assay. Results Danthron was identified as an effective small molecule able to interfere with the interaction between HO-1 and CPR but not HO-2 and CPR. Additional experiments with structural analogues of danthron revealed that the positions of hydroxyl moieties significantly affected the potency of inhibition on HO-1/CPR interaction. Pull-down assay confirmed that danthron inhibited the interaction of CPR with HO-1 but not HO-2. Danthron suppressed growth and migration of HeLa cells with stable HO-1 overexpression but not mock cells. In contrast, anthrarufin, a structural analog with no ability to interfere HO-1/CPR interaction, exhibited no significant effect on HO-1-overexpressing HeLa cells. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that danthron is an isoform-specific inhibitor for HO-1/CPR interaction and may serve as a lead compound for novel anticancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tai Chou
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. II, Academy Rd. Taipei 115, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Fei Hsu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. II, Academy Rd. Taipei 115, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dun-Yao Hu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. II, Academy Rd. Taipei 115, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chih Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Life Science Research Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hao Hsu
- Department of Chemistry, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Life Science Research Center, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - John T-A Hsu
- Institute of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Young Chau
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, No.128, Sec. II, Academy Rd. Taipei 115, Taipei, Taiwan.
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20
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Chen L, Aleshin AE, Alitongbieke G, Zhou Y, Zhang X, Ye X, Hu M, Ren G, Chen Z, Ma Y, Zhang D, Liu S, Gao W, Cai L, Wu L, Zeng Z, Jiang F, Liu J, Zhou H, Cadwell G, Liddington RC, Su Y, Zhang XK. Modulation of nongenomic activation of PI3K signalling by tetramerization of N-terminally-cleaved RXRα. Nat Commun 2017; 8:16066. [PMID: 28714476 PMCID: PMC5520057 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms16066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα) binds to DNA either as homodimers or heterodimers, but it also forms homotetramers whose function is poorly defined. We previously discovered that an N-terminally-cleaved form of RXRα (tRXRα), produced in tumour cells, activates phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signalling by binding to the p85α subunit of PI3K and that K-80003, an anti-cancer agent, inhibits this process. Here, we report through crystallographic and biochemical studies that K-80003 binds to and stabilizes tRXRα tetramers via a ‘three-pronged’ combination of canonical and non-canonical mechanisms. K-80003 binding has no effect on tetramerization of RXRα, owing to the head–tail interaction that is absent in tRXRα. We also identify an LxxLL motif in p85α, which binds to the coactivator-binding groove on tRXRα and dissociates from tRXRα upon tRXRα tetramerization. These results identify conformational selection as the mechanism for inhibiting the nongenomic action of tRXRα and provide molecular insights into the development of RXRα cancer therapeutics. The transcription factor retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα) can also form homotetramers. Here the authors show that the anti-cancer agent K-80003 selectively inhibits the nongenomic action of N-terminally-cleaved RXRα in tumour cells by stabilizing its tetramerization but not that of full-length RXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Alexander E Aleshin
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Gulimiran Alitongbieke
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xindao Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Mengjie Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gaoang Ren
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ziwen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yue Ma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lijun Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingjuan Wu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Fuquan Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jie Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gregory Cadwell
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert C Liddington
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Xiao-Kun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.,Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901, North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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21
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Nosova YN, Karlov DS, Pisarev SA, Shutkov IA, Palyulin VA, Baquié M, Milaeva ER, Dyson PJ, Nazarov AA. New highly cytotoxic organic and organometallic bexarotene derivatives. J Organomet Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2017.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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22
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Tsuji M. Antagonist-perturbation mechanism for activation function-2 fixed motifs: active conformation and docking mode of retinoid X receptor antagonists. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2017; 31:577-585. [PMID: 28534193 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-017-0025-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
HX531, which contains a dibenzodiazepine skeleton, is one of the first retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists. Functioning via RXR-PPARγ heterodimer, this compound is receiving a lot of attention as a therapeutic drug candidate for diabetic disease controlling differentiation of adipose tissue. However, the active conformation of HX531 for RXRs is not well established. In the present study, quantum mechanics calculations and molecular mechanical docking simulations were carried out to precisely study the docking mode of HX531 with the human RXRα ligand-binding domain, as well as to provide a new approach to drug design using a structure-based perspective. It was suggested that HX531, which has the R configuration for the bent dibenzodiazepine plane together with the equatorial configuration for the N-methyl group attached to the nitrogen atom in the seven-membered diazepine ring, is a typical activation function-2 (AF-2) fixed motif perturbation type antagonist, which destabilizes the formation of AF-2 fixed motifs. On the other hand, the docking simulations supported the experimental result that LG100754 is an RXR homodimer antagonist and an RXR heterodimer agonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motonori Tsuji
- Institute of Molecular Function, 2-105-14 Takasu, Misato-shi, Saitama, 341-0037, Japan.
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23
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Zhang X, Zhou H, Su Y. Targeting truncated RXRα for cancer therapy. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:49-59. [PMID: 26494413 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor-alpha (RXRα), a unique member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is a well-established drug target, representing one of the most important targets for pharmacologic interventions and therapeutic applications for cancer. However, how RXRα regulates cancer cell growth and how RXRα modulators suppress tumorigenesis are poorly understood. Altered expression and aberrant function of RXRα are implicated in the development of cancer. Previously, several studies had demonstrated the presence of N-terminally truncated RXRα (tRXRα) proteins resulted from limited proteolysis of RXRα in tumor cells. Recently, we discovered that overexpression of tRXRα can promote tumor growth by interacting with tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced phosphoinositide 3-kinase and NF-κB signal transduction pathways. We also identified nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug Sulindac and analogs as effective inhibitors of tRXRα activities via a unique binding mechanism. This review discusses the emerging roles of tRXRα and modulators in the regulation of cancer cell survival and death as well as inflammation and our recent understanding of tRXRα regulation by targeting the alternate binding sites on its surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Hu Zhou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Su
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, Cancer Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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24
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Callies O, Hernández Daranas A. Application of isothermal titration calorimetry as a tool to study natural product interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:881-904. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of molecular interactions of natural products by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a potent tool to get new insights of the underpinning driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Callies
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry “Antonio González”
- Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands
- University of La Laguna
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
| | - A. Hernández Daranas
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry “Antonio González”
- Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands
- University of La Laguna
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
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25
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Small molecule TBTC as a new selective retinoid X receptor α agonist improves behavioral deficit in Alzheimer's disease model mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 762:202-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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26
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Chen F, Chen J, Lin J, Cheltsov AV, Xu L, Chen Y, Zeng Z, Chen L, Huang M, Hu M, Ye X, Zhou Y, Wang G, Su Y, Zhang L, Zhou F, Zhang XK, Zhou H. NSC-640358 acts as RXRα ligand to promote TNFα-mediated apoptosis of cancer cell. Protein Cell 2015; 6:654-666. [PMID: 26156677 PMCID: PMC4537469 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) and its N-terminally truncated version tRXRα play important roles in tumorigenesis, while some RXRα ligands possess potent anti-cancer activities by targeting and modulating the tumorigenic effects of RXRα and tRXRα. Here we describe NSC-640358 (N-6), a thiazolyl-pyrazole derived compound, acts as a selective RXRα ligand to promote TNFα-mediated apoptosis of cancer cell. N-6 binds to RXRα and inhibits the transactivation of RXRα homodimer and RXRα/TR3 heterodimer. Using mutational analysis and computational study, we determine that Arg316 in RXRα, essential for 9-cis-retinoic acid binding and activating RXRα transactivation, is not required for antagonist effects of N-6, whereas Trp305 and Phe313 are crucial for N-6 binding to RXRα by forming extra π–π stacking interactions with N-6, indicating a distinct RXRα binding mode of N-6. N-6 inhibits TR3-stimulated transactivation of Gal4-DBD-RXRα-LBD by binding to the ligand binding pocket of RXRα-LBD, suggesting a strategy to regulate TR3 activity indirectly by using small molecules to target its interacting partner RXRα. For its physiological activities, we show that N-6 strongly inhibits tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-induced AKT activation and stimulates TNFα-mediated apoptosis in cancer cells in an RXRα/tRXRα dependent manner. The inhibition of TNFα-induced tRXRα/p85α complex formation by N-6 implies that N-6 targets tRXRα to inhibit TNFα-induced AKT activation and to induce cancer cell apoptosis. Together, our data illustrate a new RXRα ligand with a unique RXRα binding mode and the abilities to regulate TR3 activity indirectly and to induce TNFα-mediated cancer cell apoptosis by targeting RXRα/tRXRα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
- />School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, 363000 China
| | - Jiebo Chen
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Jiacheng Lin
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | | | - Lin Xu
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ya Chen
- />Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Zhiping Zeng
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Liqun Chen
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Mingfeng Huang
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Mengjie Hu
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Xiaohong Ye
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
| | - Ying Su
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
- />Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Long Zhang
- />Life Science Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- />Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123 China
| | - Xiao-kun Zhang
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
- />Cancer Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Hu Zhou
- />School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102 China
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Li L, Bonneton F, Chen XY, Laudet V. Botanical compounds and their regulation of nuclear receptor action: the case of traditional Chinese medicine. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 401:221-37. [PMID: 25449417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2014.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are major pharmacological targets that allow an access to the mechanisms controlling gene regulation. As such, some NRs were identified as biological targets of active compounds contained in herbal remedies found in traditional medicines. We aim here to review this expanding literature by focusing on the informative articles regarding the mechanisms of action of traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). We exemplified well-characterized TCM action mediated by NR such as steroid receptors (ER, GR, AR), metabolic receptors (PPAR, LXR, FXR, PXR, CAR) and RXR. We also provided, when possible, examples from other traditional medicines. From these, we draw a parallel between TCMs and phytoestrogens or endocrine disrupting chemicals also acting via NR. We define common principle of action and highlight the potential and limits of those compounds. TCMs, by finely tuning physiological reactions in positive and negative manners, could act, in a subtle but efficient way, on NR sensors and their transcriptional network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS UMR 5242; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France.; School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - François Bonneton
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS UMR 5242; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France
| | - Xiao Yong Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon; Université de Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS UMR 5242; Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, France..
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Zheng L, Yu J, Shi H, Xia L, Xin Q, Zhang Q, Zhao H, Luo J, Jin W, Li D, Zhou J. Quantitative toxicoproteomic analysis of zebrafish embryos exposed to a retinoid X receptor antagonist UVI3003. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 35:1049-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology; University of Illinois College of Medicine; One Illini Drive Peoria IL 61605 USA
| | - Jianlan Yu
- Asia Pacific Application Support Center; AB SCIEX; 888 Tianlin Road Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Liang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Qi Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Ji Luo
- Asia Pacific Application Support Center; AB SCIEX; 888 Tianlin Road Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Wenhai Jin
- Asia Pacific Application Support Center; AB SCIEX; 888 Tianlin Road Shanghai 200233 China
| | - Daoji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Junliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
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Zhang XK, Su Y, Chen L, Chen F, Liu J, Zhou H. Regulation of the nongenomic actions of retinoid X receptor-α by targeting the coregulator-binding sites. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:102-12. [PMID: 25434990 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2014.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor-α (RXRα), a unique member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, represents an intriguing and unusual target for pharmacologic interventions and therapeutic applications in cancer, metabolic disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite the fact that the RXR-based drug Targretin (bexarotene) is currently used for treating human cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and the fact that RXRα ligands (rexinoids) show beneficial effects in the treatment of cancer and diseases, the therapeutic potential of RXRα remains unexplored. In addition to its conventional transcription regulation activity in the nucleus, RXRα can act in the cytoplasm to modulate important biological processes, such as mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, inflammation, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT-mediated cell survival. Recently, new small-molecule-binding sites on the surface of RXRα have been identified, which mediate the regulation of the nongenomic actions of RXRα by a class of small molecules derived from the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) Sulindac. This review discusses the emerging roles of the nongenomic actions of RXRα in the RXRα signaling network, and their possible implications in cancer, metabolic and neurodegenerative disorders, as well as our current understanding of RXRα regulation by targeting alternate binding sites on its surface.
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Zheng L, Xu T, Li D, Zhou J. A representative retinoid X receptor antagonist UVI3003 induced teratogenesis in zebrafish embryos. J Appl Toxicol 2014; 35:280-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
- Department of Cancer Biology and Pharmacology; University of Illinois College of Medicine; One Illini Drive Peoria IL 61605 USA
| | - Ting Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Daoji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
| | - Junliang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research; East China Normal University; 3663 Zhongshan (N) Road Shanghai 200062 China
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Verma R, Jung JH, Kim JY. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 up-regulates TLR10 while down-regulating TLR2, 4, and 5 in human monocyte THP-1. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 141:1-6. [PMID: 24373795 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 11/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In humans, there are ten Toll-like receptors (TLRs), among which TLR10 is the only orphan receptor whose function is unknown. In this study, we examined the effects of IFN-γ, LPS and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] on TLR10 expression of human monocyte THP-1 and compared them with those of other surface TLRs such as TLR2, 4 and 5 to differentiate TLR10 from other TLRs. Surface TLR10 expression on THP-1 was significantly enhanced by the addition of IFN-γ or LPS in a fashion similar to that of other TLRs. However, TLR10 expression was differentially regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3. Surface TLR10 expression on THP-1 was significantly enhanced at 24h, reaching approximately two times the control level at 48h after treatment with 100nM 1,25(OH)2D3, while that of TLR2, 4 and 5 decreased gradually in response to treatment over time. 1,25(OH)2D3 at concentrations above 1nM markedly enhanced surface TLR10 expression, but concentrations below 1nM did not. TLR10 mRNA expression was also increased by 1,25(OH)2D3. We next screened for putative binding sites of nuclear vitamin D receptor (VDR) and its counterpart RXR-α within promoter of TLR genes using a transcription factor binding site-prediction program. The results revealed that TLR10 is the only receptor among the tested TLRs that has both a VDR and RXR-α binding site within its proximal promoter. To identify possible involvement of VDR/RXR in the 1,25(OH)2D3-induced TLR10 up-regulation, we engaged the VDR synthesis inhibitor, dexamethasone, and the RXR antagonist, 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone. We found that TLR10 up-regulation was significantly blocked with pre-treatment of these inhibitors. These findings indicate that surface TLR10 expression is differentially regulated by 1,25(OH)2D3 and mainly regulated at the transcriptional level via VDR/RXR-α. Overall, results presented herein suggest that TLR10 functions differently from other known surface TLRs under certain circumstances. Further study using primary cells is necessary to confirm the results of the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rewa Verma
- Department of Biological Science, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hyeok Jung
- Department of Biological Science, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Young Kim
- Department of Biological Science, Gachon University, Incheon 406-799, Republic of Korea.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are nuclear receptors that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs function as homodimers or as heterodimers with other nuclear receptors, such as retinoic acid receptors, PPARs, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, vitamin D receptor or thyroid hormone receptors. RXR ligands (agonists or antagonists) show various physiological effects, depending on their partner receptors. RXR agonist bexarotene (Targretin®) is used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in clinical practice. RXR agonists were also reported to be useful for treatment of type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disease and Alzheimer's disease. RXR antagonists were also reported to be effective in type 2 diabetes treatment. AREAS COVERED Here patent applications (2007 - 2013) concerning RXR ligands are summarized, and the usefulness of RXR ligands as pharmaceutical agents is discussed. EXPERT OPINION RXR agonists show a wide variety of biological effects. However, they cause serious side effects, such as blood triglyceride elevation, hypothyroidism and others. Thus, for clinical application of RXR agonists, abrogation of these side effects is required. RXR heterodimer-selective agonists and RXR partial agonists exhibiting desired effects without side effects are expected to find clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Yamada
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences , 1-1-1, Tsushima-Naka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530 , Japan +81 086 251 7963 ; +81 086 251 7963 ;
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Wang G, Xu X, Yao X, Zhu Z, Yu L, Chen L, Chen J, Shen X. Latanoprost effectively ameliorates glucose and lipid disorders in db/db and ob/ob mice. Diabetologia 2013; 56:2702-12. [PMID: 23989723 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-3032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Improvement of glucose and lipid metabolic dysfunctions is a potent therapeutic strategy against type 2 diabetes mellitus, and identifying new functions for existing drugs may help accelerate the speed of new drug development. Here, we report that latanoprost, a clinical drug for treating primary open-angle glaucoma and intraocular hypertension, effectively ameliorated glucose and lipid disorders in two mouse models of type 2 diabetes. In addition, the glucose-lowering mechanisms of latanoprost were intensively investigated. METHODS A binding-affinity assay and enzymatic tests were used to determine the targets of latanoprost. Cell-based assays on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 myotubes and animal model-based assays with db/db and ob/ob mice were further performed to clarify the mechanisms underlying latanoprost-regulated glucose and lipid metabolism. RESULTS Latanoprost functioned as both an indirect activator of AMP-activated protein kinase and a selective retinoid X receptor α (RXRα) antagonist able to selectively antagonise the transcription of a RXRα/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ heterodimer. It promoted glucose uptake, inhibited pre-adipocyte differentiation and regulated the main genes responsible for glucose and lipid metabolism, including Fas, Scd1, Perilipin (also known as Plin1), Lpl and Pdk4. Chronic administration of latanoprost in mice potently decreased the levels of fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, fructosamine (FMN), NEFA and total cholesterol, and effectively improved glucose tolerance and glucose/lipid metabolism-related genes in vivo. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our studies demonstrate that the existing eye drug latanoprost is both an indirect activator of AMP-activated protein kinase and a selective RXRα antagonist. Latanoprost effectively ameliorated glucose and lipid disorders in diabetic mice, which strongly highlights the potential of latanoprost in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China
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Danthron activates AMP-activated protein kinase and regulates lipid and glucose metabolism in vitro. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1061-9. [PMID: 23770982 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To discover the active compound on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation and investigate the effects of the active compound 1,8-dihydroxyanthraquinone (danthron) from the traditional Chinese medicine rhubarb on AMPK-mediated lipid and glucose metabolism in vitro. METHODS HepG2 and C2C12 cells were used. Cell viability was determined using MTT assay. Real-time PCR was performed to measure the gene expression. Western blotting assay was applied to investigate the protein phosphorylation level. Enzymatic assay kits were used to detect the total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and glucose contents. RESULTS Danthron (0.1, 1, and 10 μmol/L) dose-dependently promoted the phosphorylation of AMPK and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in both HepG2 and C2C12 cells. Meanwhile, danthron treatment significantly reduced the lipid synthesis related sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) and fatty acid synthetase (FAS) gene expressions, and the TC and TG levels. In addition, danthron treatment efficiently increased glucose consumption. The actions of danthron on lipid and glucose metabolism were abolished or reversed by co-treatment with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. CONCLUSION Danthron effectively reduces intracellular lipid contents and enhanced glucose consumption in vitro via activation of AMPK signaling pathway.
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Synthesis and SAR study of modulators inhibiting tRXRα-dependent AKT activation. Eur J Med Chem 2013; 62:632-48. [PMID: 23434637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RXRα represents an intriguing and unique target for pharmacologic interventions. We recently showed that Sulindac and a designed analog could bind to RXRα and modulate its biological activity, including inhibition of the interaction of an N-terminally truncated RXRα (tRXRα) with the p85α regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI3K). Here we report the synthesis, testing and SAR of a series of novel analogs of Sulindac as potential modulators for inhibiting tRXRα-dependent AKT activation. A new compound 30 was identified to have improved biological activity.
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36
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Study on chrysazin–aluminium(III) interaction in solution by spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations. Polyhedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2012.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Retinoid X receptors (subtypes RXRα or NR2B1, RXRβ or NR2B2 and RXRγ or NR2B3, which originate from three distinct genes) are promiscuous partners with heterodimeric associations to other members of the Nuclear Receptor (NR) superfamily. Some of the heterodimers are "permissive" and transcriptionally active in the presence of either an RXR ligand ("rexinoid") or a NR partner ligand, whereas others are "non-permissive" and unresponsive to rexinoids alone. In rodent models, rexinoids and partner agonists (mainly PPARγ, LXR, FXR) produce beneficial effects on insulin sensitization, diabetes and obesity, but secondary effects have also been noted, such as a raise in tryglyceride levels, supression of the thyroid hormone axis and induction of hepatomegaly. AREAS COVERED The authors review recent advances in rexinoid design, including further optimization of known scaffolds, and the discovery of novel RXR modulators by virtual ligand screening or from bioactive natural products. The understanding of rexinoid functions in permissive and non-permissive heterodimers is firmly based on structural knowledge. By strenghtening or disrupting the interaction surface with coregulators rexinoids exert agonist or (partial) antagonist activities. The activity state of the heterodimer can also be fine-tuned by the cellular context and the nature of coregulators. EXPERT OPINION The synthetic chemistry toolbox has provided a panel of agonists, partial (ant)agonists and/or heterodimer-selective rexinoids starting from existing, naturally occurring or serendipitously discovered scaffolds. These compounds have an unexplored therapeutic potential that might overcome some of the current limitations of rexinoids in therapy, such as hypertriglyceridemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén Vaz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química and Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
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Huang H, Yu Y, Gao Z, Zhang Y, Li C, Xu X, Jin H, Yan W, Ma R, Zhu J, Shen X, Jiang H, Chen L, Li J. Discovery and Optimization of 1,3,4-Trisubstituted-pyrazolone Derivatives as Novel, Potent, and Nonsteroidal Farnesoid X Receptor (FXR) Selective Antagonists. J Med Chem 2012; 55:7037-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3002718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huang Huang
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhenting Gao
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Zunyi Medical
College, 201 Dalian Road, Zunyi, Guizhou 563003, China
| | - Chenjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wenzhong Yan
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruoqun Ma
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xu Shen
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of
Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jian Li
- Shanghai Key
Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University
of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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Chiou SM, Chiu CH, Yang ST, Yang JS, Huang HY, Kuo CL, Chen PY, Chung JG. Danthron Triggers ROS and Mitochondria-Mediated Apoptotic Death in C6 Rat Glioma Cells Through Caspase Cascades, Apoptosis-Inducing Factor and Endonuclease G Multiple Signaling. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1790-800. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0792-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Kakuta H, Yakushiji N, Shinozaki R, Ohsawa F, Yamada S, Ohta Y, Kawata K, Nakayama M, Hagaya M, Fujiwara C, Makishima M, Uno S, Tai A, Maehara A, Nakayama M, Oohashi T, Yasui H, Yoshikawa Y. RXR Partial Agonist CBt-PMN Exerts Therapeutic Effects on Type 2 Diabetes without the Side Effects of RXR Full Agonists. ACS Med Chem Lett 2012; 3:427-32. [PMID: 24900488 DOI: 10.1021/ml300055n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Treating insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in rodents, currently known retinoid X receptor (RXR) agonists induce significant adverse effects. Here we introduce a novel RXR partial agonist CBt-PMN (11b), which shows a potent glucose-lowering effect and improvements of insulin secretion and glucose tolerance without the serious adverse effects caused by RXR full agonists. We suggest that RXR partial agonists may be a new class of antitype 2 diabetes drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Yakushiji
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Shinozaki
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Fuminori Ohsawa
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Shoya Yamada
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yui Ohta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Kohei Kawata
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Mariko Nakayama
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Manabu Hagaya
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Chisa Fujiwara
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1 Tsushima-Naka, Okayama 700-8530, Japan
| | - Makoto Makishima
- Division of Biochemistry, Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Uno
- Division of Biochemistry, Department
of Biomedical Sciences, Nihon University School of Medicine, 30-1 Oyaguchi-kamicho, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Akihiro Tai
- Faculty of Life and Environmental
Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka-Cho,
Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
| | - Ami Maehara
- Division of Medical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558,
Japan
| | - Masaru Nakayama
- Division of Medical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558,
Japan
| | - Toshitaka Oohashi
- Division of Medical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-Cho, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8558,
Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yasui
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku,
Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshikawa
- Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku,
Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Dawson MI, Xia Z. The retinoid X receptors and their ligands. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:21-56. [PMID: 22020178 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the current status of studies on the structural and molecular biology of the retinoid X receptor subtypes α, β, and γ (RXRs, NR2B1-3), their nuclear and cytoplasmic functions, post-transcriptional processing, and recently reported ligands. Points of interest are the different changes in the ligand-binding pocket induced by variously shaped agonists, the communication of the ligand-bound pocket with the coactivator binding surface and the heterodimerization interface, and recently identified ligands that are natural products, those that function as environmental toxins or drugs that had been originally designed to interact with other targets, as well as those that were deliberately designed as RXR-selective transcriptional agonists, synergists, or antagonists. Of these synthetic ligands, the general trend in design appears to be away from fully aromatic rigid structures to those containing partial elements of the flexible tetraene side chain of 9-cis-retinoic acid. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia I Dawson
- Cancer Center, Sanford-Burn Medical Research Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA 93207, USA.
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Zhang H, Chen L, Chen J, Jiang H, Shen X. Structural basis for retinoic X receptor repression on the tetramer. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:24593-8. [PMID: 21613212 PMCID: PMC3137034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.245498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic X receptor (RXR) is a master nuclear receptor in the processes of cell development and homeostasis. Unliganded RXR exists in an autorepressed tetramer, and agonists can induce RXR dimerization and coactivator recruitment for activation. However, the molecular mechanisms involving the corepressor recruitment and antagonist-mediated repression of RXR are still elusive. Here we report the crystal structure of RXRα ligand-binding domain (LBD) complexed with silencing mediator for retinoid and thyroid hormone receptors (SMRT) corepressor motif. As the first structural report on the unliganded nuclear receptor bound to the corepressor motif, RXRαLBD-SMRT exhibits a significant structural rearrangement, compared with apoRXRαLBD tetramer. To elucidate further the molecular determinants for RXR repression by its antagonist, we also determine the crystal structure of RXRαLBD-SMRT complexed with the identified antagonist rhein. In the structure, two rhein molecules and two SMRT peptides are in the RXRαLBD tetramer, different from the case in RXRαLBD-SMRT structure, where four SMRT peptides bind to RXRαLBD tetramer. It seems that rhein induces a displacement of SMRT motif by activation function 2 (AF-2) motif binding to the receptor. Combining our current work with the published results, structural superposition of RXRαLBDs in different states reveals that RXR uses an overlapped binding site for coactivator, corepressor, and AF-2 motifs, whereas the AF-2 motif adopts different conformations for agonist or antagonist interaction and coactivator or corepressor recruitment. Taken together, we thus propose a molecular model of RXR repression on the tetramer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xu Shen
- From the State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zuchongzhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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