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Behera N, Bhattacharyya G, Behera S, Behera RK. Iron mobilization from intact ferritin: effect of differential redox activity of quinone derivatives with NADH/O 2 and in situ-generated ROS. J Biol Inorg Chem 2024; 29:455-475. [PMID: 38780762 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-024-02058-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Ferritins are multimeric nanocage proteins that sequester/concentrate excess of free iron and catalytically synthesize a hydrated ferric oxyhydroxide bio-mineral. Besides functioning as the primary intracellular iron storehouses, these supramolecular assemblies also oversee the controlled release of iron to meet physiologic demands. By virtue of the reducing nature of the cytosol, reductive dissolution of ferritin-iron bio-mineral by physiologic reducing agents might be a probable pathway operating in vivo. Herein, to explore this reductive iron-release pathway, a series of quinone analogs differing in size, position/nature of substituents and redox potentials were employed to relay electrons from physiologic reducing agent, NADH, to the ferritin core. Quinones are well known natural electron/proton mediators capable of facilitating both 1/2 electron transfer processes and have been implicated in iron/nutrient acquisition in plants and energy transduction. Our findings on the structure-reactivity of quinone mediators highlight that iron release from ferritin is dictated by electron-relay capability (dependent on E1/2 values) of quinones, their molecular structure (i.e., the presence of iron-chelation sites and the propensity for H-bonding) and the type/amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) they generate in situ. Juglone/Plumbagin released maximum iron due to their intermediate E1/2 values, presence of iron chelation sites, the ability to inhibit in situ generation of H2O2 and form intramolecular H-bonding (possibly promotes semiquinone formation). This study may strengthen our understanding of the ferritin-iron-release process and their significance in bioenergetics/O2-based cellular metabolism/toxicity while providing insights on microbial/plant iron acquisition and the dynamic host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narmada Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Gargee Bhattacharyya
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Satyabrat Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India
| | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, 769008, India.
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2
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Vojnikova M, Sukupova M, Stefanik M, Strakova P, Haviernik J, Kapolkova K, Gruberova E, Raskova K, Michalkova H, Svec P, Kudlickova MP, Huvarova I, Ruzek D, Salat J, Pekarik V, Eyer L, Heger Z. Nanoformulation of the Broad-Spectrum Hydrophobic Antiviral Vacuolar ATPase Inhibitor Diphyllin in Human Recombinant H-ferritin. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:3907-3917. [PMID: 38708183 PMCID: PMC11069354 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s452119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Background As highlighted by recent pandemic outbreaks, antiviral drugs are crucial resources in the global battle against viral diseases. Unfortunately, most antiviral drugs are characterized by a plethora of side effects and low efficiency/poor bioavailability owing to their insolubility. This also applies to the arylnaphthalide lignin family member, diphyllin (Diph). Diph acts as a vacuolar ATPase inhibitor and has been previously identified as a promising candidate with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. However, its physicochemical properties preclude its efficient administration in vivo, complicating preclinical testing. Methods We produced human recombinant H- ferritin (HsaFtH) and used it as a delivery vehicle for Diph encapsulation through pH-mediated reversible reassembly of HsaFtH. Diph nanoformulation was subsequently thoroughly characterized and tested for its non-target cytotoxicity and antiviral efficiency using a panel of pathogenic viral strain. Results We revealed that loading into HsaFtH decreased the undesired cytotoxicity of Diph in mammalian host cells. We also confirmed that encapsulated Diph exhibited slightly lower antiviral activity than free Diph, which may be due to the differential uptake mechanism and kinetics of free Diph and Diph@HsaFtH. Furthermore, we confirmed that the antiviral effect was mediated solely by Diph with no contribution from HsaFtH. Conclusion It was confirmed that HsaFtH is a suitable vehicle that allows easy loading of Diph and production of highly homogeneous nanoparticles dispersion with promising broad-spectrum antiviral activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Vojnikova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Sukupova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Stefanik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Strakova
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Haviernik
- Department of infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kapolkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eliska Gruberova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klara Raskova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Michalkova
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Svec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ivana Huvarova
- Department of infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ruzek
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Salat
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Pekarik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ludek Eyer
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of infectious Diseases and Preventive Medicine, Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Heger
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Muranov KO. Fenton Reaction in vivo and in vitro. Possibilities and Limitations. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2024; 89:S112-S126. [PMID: 38621747 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297924140074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The review considers the problem of hydrogen peroxide decomposition and hydroxyl radical formation in the presence of iron in vivo and in vitro. Analysis of the literature data allows us to conclude that, under physiological conditions, transport of iron, carried out with the help of carrier proteins, minimizes the possibility of appearance of free iron ions in cytoplasm of the cell. Under pathological conditions, when the process of transferring an iron ion from a donor protein to an acceptor protein can be disrupted due to modifications of the carrier proteins, iron ions can enter cytosol. However, at pH values close to neutral, which is typical for cytosol, iron ions are converted into water-insoluble hydroxides. This makes it impossible to decompose hydrogen peroxide according to the mechanism of the classical Fenton reaction. A similar situation is observed in vitro, since buffers with pH close to neutral are used to simulate free radical oxidation. At the same time, iron hydroxides are able to catalyze decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with formation of a hydroxyl radical. Decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with iron hydroxides is called Fenton-like reaction. Studying the features of Fenton-like reaction in biological systems is the subject of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin O Muranov
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
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4
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Shesh BP, Connor JR. A novel view of ferritin in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188917. [PMID: 37209958 PMCID: PMC10330744 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery more than 85 years ago, ferritin has principally been known as an iron storage protein. However, new roles, beyond iron storage, are being uncovered. Novel processes involving ferritin such as ferritinophagy and ferroptosis and as a cellular iron delivery protein not only expand our thinking on the range of contributions of this protein but present an opportunity to target these pathways in cancers. The key question we focus on within this review is whether ferritin modulation represents a useful approach for treating cancers. We discussed novel functions and processes of this protein in cancers. We are not limiting this review to cell intrinsic modulation of ferritin in cancers, but also focus on its utility in the trojan horse approach in cancer therapeutics. The novel functions of ferritin as discussed herein realize the multiple roles of ferritin in cell biology that can be probed for therapeutic opportunities and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Connor
- Department of Neurosurgery, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA.
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5
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Tasneem N, Szyszka TN, Jenner EN, Lau YH. How Pore Architecture Regulates the Function of Nanoscale Protein Compartments. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8540-8556. [PMID: 35583458 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembling proteins can form porous compartments that adopt well-defined architectures at the nanoscale. In nature, protein compartments act as semipermeable barriers to enable spatial separation and organization of complex biochemical processes. The compartment pores play a key role in their overall function by selectively controlling the influx and efflux of important biomolecular species. By engineering the pores, the functionality of compartments can be tuned to facilitate non-native applications, such as artificial nanoreactors for catalysis. In this review, we analyze how protein structure determines the porosity and impacts the function of both native and engineered compartments, highlighting the wealth of structural data recently obtained by cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography. Through this analysis, we offer perspectives on how current structural insights can inform future studies into the design of artificial protein compartments as nanoreactors with tunable porosity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuren Tasneem
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Taylor N Szyszka
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney Nano Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Eric N Jenner
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Yu Heng Lau
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Eastern Avenue, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
- University of Sydney Nano Institute, Camperdown, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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6
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Mohanty A, Parida A, Raut RK, Behera RK. Ferritin: A Promising Nanoreactor and Nanocarrier for Bionanotechnology. ACS BIO & MED CHEM AU 2022; 2:258-281. [PMID: 37101573 PMCID: PMC10114856 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomedchemau.2c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
The essence of bionanotechnology lies in the application of nanotechnology/nanomaterials to solve the biological problems. Quantum dots and nanoparticles hold potential biomedical applications, but their inherent problems such as low solubility and associated toxicity due to their interactions at nonspecific target sites is a major concern. The self-assembled, thermostable, ferritin protein nanocages possessing natural iron scavenging ability have emerged as a potential solution to all the above-mentioned problems by acting as nanoreactor and nanocarrier. Ferritins, the cellular iron repositories, are hollow, spherical, symmetric multimeric protein nanocages, which sequester the excess of free Fe(II) and synthesize iron biominerals (Fe2O3·H2O) inside their ∼5-8 nm central cavity. The electrostatics and dynamics of the pore residues not only drives the natural substrate Fe2+ inside ferritin nanocages but also uptakes a set of other metals ions/counterions during in vitro synthesis of nanomaterial. The current review aims to report the recent developments/understanding on ferritin structure (self-assembly, surface/pores electrostatics, metal ion binding sites) and chemistry occurring inside these supramolecular protein cages (protein mediated metal ion uptake and mineralization/nanoparticle formation) along with its surface modification to exploit them for various nanobiotechnological applications. Furthermore, a better understanding of ferritin self-assembly would be highly useful for optimizing the incorporation of nanomaterials via the disassembly/reassembly approach. Several studies have reported the successful engineering of these ferritin protein nanocages in order to utilize them as potential nanoreactor for synthesizing/incorporating nanoparticles and as nanocarrier for delivering imaging agents/drugs at cell specific target sites. Therefore, the combination of nanoscience (nanomaterials) and bioscience (ferritin protein) projects several benefits for various applications ranging from electronics to medicine.
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7
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Wang R, Chi W, Wan F, Wei J, Ping H, Zou Z, Xie J, Wang W, Fu Z. Nanocage Ferritin Reinforced Polyacrylamide Hydrogel for Wearable Flexible Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21278-21286. [PMID: 35471924 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biocomposite hydrogels are promising for applications in wearable flexible strain sensors. Nevertheless, the existing biocomposite hydrogels are still hard to meet all requirements, which limits the practical application. Here, inspired by the structure and composition of natural ferritin, we design a PAAm-Ferritin hybrid hydrogel through a facile method. Ferritin is uniformly distributed in the cross-linking networks and acts as a nanocage spring model, leading to the enhanced tensile strength of the hydrogel. The fracture stress is 99 kPa at 1400% maximum elongation. As fabricated PAAm-Ferritin hybrid hydrogels exhibit high toughness and low elastic modulus (21 kPa). The PAAm-Ferritin hybrid hydrogels present excellent biocompatibility and increased conductivity compared with PAAm hydrogel. Impressively, as a wearable flexible strain sensor, the PAAm-Ferritin hybrid hydrogels have high sensitivity (gauge factor = 2.06), excellent reliability, and cycling stability. This study indicates the feasibility of utilizing ferritin to synthesize functional materials, which is conducive to expanding the use of protein synthesis of materials technology and application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Wenhao Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Fuqiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingjiang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Hang Ping
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhaoyong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Weimin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyi Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P.R. China
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8
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Lan H, Gao Y, Zhao Z, Mei Z, Wang F. Ferroptosis: Redox Imbalance and Hematological Tumorigenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:834681. [PMID: 35155264 PMCID: PMC8826956 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.834681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a novel characterized form of cell death featured with iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, which is distinct from any known programmed cell death in the biological processes and morphological characteristics. Recent evidence points out that ferroptosis is correlated with numerous metabolic pathways, including iron homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and redox homeostasis, associating with the occurrence and treatment of hematological malignancies, such as multiple myeloma, leukemia, and lymphoma. Nowadays, utilizing ferroptosis as the target to prevent and treat hematological malignancies has become an active and challenging topic of research, and the regulatory network and physiological function of ferroptosis also need to be further elucidated. This review will summarize the recent progress in the molecular regulation of ferroptosis and the physiological roles and therapeutic potential of ferroptosis as the target in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Lan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ziqing Mei
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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9
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Eren E, Wang B, Winkler DC, Watts NR, Steven AC, Wingfield PT. Structural characterization of the Myxococcus xanthus encapsulin and ferritin-like cargo system gives insight into its iron storage mechanism. Structure 2022; 30:551-563.e4. [PMID: 35150605 PMCID: PMC8995368 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulins are bacterial organelle-like cages involved in various aspects of metabolism, especially protection from oxidative stress. They can serve as vehicles for a wide range of medical applications. Encapsulin shell proteins are structurally similar to HK97 bacteriophage capsid protein and their function depends on the encapsulated cargos. The Myxococcus xanthus encapsulin system comprises EncA and three cargos: EncB, EncC, and EncD. EncB and EncC are similar to bacterial ferritins that can oxidize Fe+2 to less toxic Fe+3. We analyzed EncA, EncB, and EncC by cryo-EM and X-ray crystallography. Cryo-EM shows that EncA cages can have T = 3 and T = 1 symmetry and that EncA T = 1 has a unique protomer arrangement. Also, we define EncB and EncC binding sites on EncA. X-ray crystallography of EncB and EncC reveals conformational changes at the ferroxidase center and additional metal binding sites, suggesting a mechanism for Fe oxidation and storage within the encapsulin shell.
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10
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Wu Y, Ming T, Huo C, Qiu X, Su C, Lu C, Zhou J, Li Y, Su X. Crystallographic characterization of a marine invertebrate ferritin from the sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:664-674. [PMID: 35090095 PMCID: PMC8886333 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin is considered to be an ubiquitous and conserved iron-binding protein that plays a crucial role in iron storage, detoxification and immune response. Although ferritin is of critical importance for almost all kingdoms of life, there is a lack of knowledge about its role in the marine invertebrate sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus). In this study, we characterized the first crystal structure of Apostichopus japonicas ferritin (AjFER) at 2.75 Å resolution. The structure of AjFER shows a 4-3-2 symmetry cage-like hollow shell composed of 24 subunits, mostly similar to the structural characteristics of other known ferritin species, including the conserved ferroxidase center and 3-fold channel. The 3-fold channel consisting of three 3-fold negative amino acid rings suggests a potential pathway in which metal ions can be first captured by Asp120 from the outside environment, attracted by His116 and Cys128 when entering the channel, and then transferred by Glu138 from the 3-fold channel to the ferroxidase site. Overall, the presented crystal structure of AjFER may provide insights into the potential mechanism of the metal transport pathway for related marine invertebrate ferritins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tinghong Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunheng Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoting Qiu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chang Su
- Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Byproducts from Ethylene Project, Ningbo Polytechnic College, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.,School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
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11
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Mahroum N, Alghory A, Kiyak Z, Alwani A, Seida R, Alrais M, Shoenfeld Y. Ferritin - from iron, through inflammation and autoimmunity, to COVID-19. J Autoimmun 2022; 126:102778. [PMID: 34883281 PMCID: PMC8647584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While it took decades to arrive to a conclusion that ferritin is more than an indicator of iron storage level, it took a short period of time through the COVID-19 pandemic to wonder what the reason behind high levels of ferritin in patients with severe COVID-19 might be. Unsurprisingly, acute phase reactant was not a satisfactory explanation. Moreover, the behavior of ferritin in patients with severe COVID-19 and the subsequent high mortality rates in patients with high ferritin levels necessitated further investigations to understand the role of ferritin in the diseases. Ferritin was initially described to accompany various acute infections, both viral and bacterial, indicating an acute response to inflammation. However, with the introduction of the hyperferritinemic syndrome connecting four severe pathological conditions such as adult-onset Still's disease, macrophage activation syndrome, catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, and septic shock added another aspect of ferritin where it could have a pathogenetic role rather than an extremely elevated protein only. In fact, suggesting that COVID-19 is a new member in the spectrum of hyperferritinemic syndrome besides the four mentioned conditions could hopefully direct further search on the pathogenetic role of ferritin. Doubtlessly, improving our understanding of those aspects of ferritin would enormously contribute to better coping with severe diseases in terms of treatment and prevention of complications. The origin, history, importance, and the advances of searching the role of ferritin in various pathological and clinical processes are presented hereby in our article. In addition, the implications of ferritin in COVID-19 are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naim Mahroum
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey,Internal Medicine B and Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat- Gan, Israel,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel,Corresponding author. Internal medicine “B” department, Sheba Medical Center (Affiliated to Tel-Aviv University), Tel-Hashomer, 5265601, Israel
| | - Amal Alghory
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Kiyak
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulkarim Alwani
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ravend Seida
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahmoud Alrais
- International School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Almeida AV, Carvalho AJ, Pereira AS. Encapsulin nanocages: Protein encapsulation and iron sequestration. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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13
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Liu Q, Tian J, Liu J, Zhu M, Gao Z, Hu X, Midgley AC, Wu J, Wang X, Kong D, Zhuang J, Liu J, Yan X, Huang X. Modular Assembly of Tumor-Penetrating and Oligomeric Nanozyme Based on Intrinsically Self-Assembling Protein Nanocages. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103128. [PMID: 34350648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biomimetic design of nanomaterials with enzyme-like characteristics has emerged as a promising method for the generation of novel therapeutics. However, synthesis of nanomaterials while maintaining a high degree of control over both geometry and valency poses a prominent challenge. Herein, the authors introduce a nanomaterial-based synthetic biology strategy for accurate and quantitative tailoring of high-ordered nanostructures that uses a "bottom-up" hierarchical incorporation of protein building blocks. The assembled nano-oligomers possessed tunable protein motifs and multivalent binding domains, which facilitated prolonged blood circulation time, accumulation within tumor cells through direct targeting of cell receptors, and deep tumor tissue penetration via a transcytosis mechanism. Using these protein/protein nano-oligomers as scaffolds, the authors created a new series of artificial nano-scaled metalloenzymes (nanozymes) by the in situ incorporation of metal nanoclusters within the cavity of the protein nanocages. Nanozymes were capable of mimicking peroxidase-like activity and generated cytotoxic free radicals. Compared to nanozyme alone, the systemic delivery of oligomeric nanozymes demonstrated significantly enhanced therapeutic and anti-tumor benefits. This study shows a new insight into nanotechnology by taking advantage of synthetic biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jingwei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinjian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Mingsheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Zhanxia Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xueyan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Adam C Midgley
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Xinyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jie Zhuang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Radiopharmacokinetics for Innovative Drugs, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, and Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Xiyun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- CAS Engineering Laboratory for Nanozymes, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinglu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for the Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Frontiers Science Center for Cell Responses, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
- Joint Laboratory of Nanozymes, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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14
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Dps-DNA interaction in Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus protein: effect of a single-charge alteration. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2021; 50:513-521. [PMID: 33900431 DOI: 10.1007/s00249-021-01538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DNA-binding proteins from starved cells (Dps) are members of the ferritin family of proteins found in prokaryotes, with hollow rounded cube-like structures, composed of 12 equal subunits. These protein nanocages are bifunctional enzymes that protect the cell from the harmful reaction of iron and peroxide (Fenton reaction), thus preventing DNA damage by oxidative stress. Ferrous ions are oxidized at specific iron-binding sites in the presence of the oxidant and stored in its cavity that can accommodate up to ca. 500 iron atoms. DNA-binding properties of Dps are associated with the N-terminal, positive charge rich, extensions that can promote DNA binding and condensation, apparently by a cooperative binding mechanism. Here, we describe the binding and protection activities of Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus Dps using Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Essays (EMSA), and synchrotron radiation circular dichroism (SRCD) spectroscopy. While no DNA condensation was observed in the tested conditions, it was possible to determine a Dps-DNA complex formation with an apparent dissociation constant of 6.0 ± 1.0 µM and a Hill coefficient of 1.2 ± 0.1. This interaction is suppressed by the inclusion of a single negative charge in the N-terminal region by point mutation. In Dps proteins containing a ferric mineral core (above 96 Fe/protein), DNA binding was impaired. SRCD data clearly showed that no significant modification existed either in secondary structure or protein stability of WT, Q14E variant and core containing proteins. It was, however, interesting to note that, in our experimental conditions, thermal denaturation induced protein aggregation that caused artifacts in thermal denaturation curves, which were dependent on radiation flux and vertical arrangement of the CD cell.
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15
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Mohanty A, K M, Jena SS, Behera RK. Kinetics of Ferritin Self-Assembly by Laser Light Scattering: Impact of Subunit Concentration, pH, and Ionic Strength. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:1389-1398. [PMID: 33720694 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins, the cellular iron repositories, are self-assembled, hollow spherical nanocage proteins composed of 24 subunits. The self-assembly process in ferritin generates the electrostatic gradient to rapidly sequester Fe(II) ions, thereby minimizing its toxicity (Fenton reaction). Although the factors that drive self-assembly and control its kinetics are little investigated, its inherent reversibility has been utilized for cellular imaging and targeted drug delivery. The current work tracks the kinetics of ferritin self-assembly by laser light scattering and investigates the factors that influence the process. The formation of partially structured subunit-monomers/dimers, at pH ≤ 1.5, serves as the starting material for the self-assembly, which upon increasing the pH exhibits biphasic behavior (a rapid assembly process coupled with subunit folding followed by a slower reassembly/reorganization process) and completes within 10 min. The ferritin self-assembly accelerated with subunit concentration and ionic strength (t1/2 decreases in both the cases) but slowed down with the pH of the medium from 5.5 to 7.5 (t1/2 increases). These findings would help to regulate the ferritin self-assembly to enhance the loading/unloading of drugs/nanomaterials for exploiting it as a nanocarrier and nanoreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008 Odisha, India
| | - Mithra K
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008 Odisha, India
| | - Sidhartha S Jena
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008 Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008 Odisha, India
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16
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Ming T, Huan H, Su C, Huo C, Wu Y, Jiang Q, Qiu X, Lu C, Zhou J, Li Y, Su X. Structural comparison of two ferritins from the marine invertebrate Phascolosoma esculenta. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:793-803. [PMID: 33448656 PMCID: PMC7931202 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For marine invertebrates with no adaptive immune system, ferritin is a major intracellular iron-storage protein with a critical role in innate immunity. Here, we present the crystal structures of two novel ferritins [Fer147 and Phascolosoma esculenta ferritin (PeFer)] from the marine invertebrate P. esculenta, which resides in muddy-bottom coastal regions. Fer147 and PeFer exhibit the 4-3-2 symmetry of cage-like hollow shells containing 24 subunits, similar to other known ferritins. Fer147 and PeFer contain both the conserved ferroxidase center and threefold channels. Subtle structural differences in the putative nucleation sites suggest possible routes of metal ion movement in the protein shells. However, the marked variation in the electrostatic potential of the threefold channels in Fer147 and the fourfold channels in PeFer suggests significant diversity between Fer147 and PeFer in terms of metal ion aggregation and cation exclusion. In summary, the presented crystal structures may serve as references for studies of the iron-storage mechanism of additional ferritins from marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinghong Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Hengshang Huan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Chang Su
- Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Byproducts from Ethylene Project, Ningbo Polytechnic College, China
| | - Chunheng Huo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Xiaoting Qiu
- College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, China
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, China.,School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, China
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17
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Koochana PK, Mohanty A, Parida A, Behera N, Behera PM, Dixit A, Behera RK. Flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from frog M and Mycobacterial ferritins: impact of their size, charge and reactivities with NADH/O 2. J Biol Inorg Chem 2021; 26:265-281. [PMID: 33598740 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-021-01850-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In vitro, reductive mobilization of ferritin iron using suitable electron transfer mediators has emerged as a possible mechanism to mimic the iron release process, in vivo. Nature uses flavins as electron relay molecules for important biological oxidation and oxygenation reactions. Therefore, the current work utilizes three flavin analogues: riboflavin (RF), flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which differ in size and charge but have similar redox potentials, to relay electron from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) to ferritin mineral core. Of these, the smallest/neutral analogue, RF, released more iron (~ three fold) in comparison to the larger and negatively charged FMN and FAD. Although iron mobilization got marred during the initial stages under aerobic conditions, but increased with a greater slope at the later stages of the reaction kinetics, which gets inhibited by superoxide dismutase, consistent with the generation of O2∙- in situ. The initial step, i.e., interaction of flavins with NADH played critical role in the iron release process. Overall, the flavin-mediated reductive iron mobilization from ferritins occurred via two competitive pathways, involving the reduced form of flavins either alone (anaerobic condition) or in combination with O2∙- intermediate (aerobic condition). Moreover, faster iron release was observed for ferritins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis than from bullfrog, indicating the importance of protein nanocage and the advantages they provide to the respective organisms. Therefore, these structure-reactivity studies of flavins with NADH/O2 holds significance in ferritin iron release, bioenergetics, O2-based cellular toxicity and may be potentially exploited in the treatment of methemoglobinemia. Smaller sized/neutral flavin analogue, riboflavin (RF) exhibits faster reactivity towards both NADH and O2 generating more amount of O2∙- and releases higher amount of iron from different ferritins, compared to its larger sized/negatively charged derivatives such as FMN and FAD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Akankshika Parida
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Narmada Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | | | - Anshuman Dixit
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar, 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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18
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Graham UM, Dozier AK, Oberdörster G, Yokel RA, Molina R, Brain JD, Pinto JM, Weuve J, Bennett DA. Tissue Specific Fate of Nanomaterials by Advanced Analytical Imaging Techniques - A Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:1145-1162. [PMID: 32349469 PMCID: PMC7774012 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A variety of imaging and analytical methods have been developed to study nanoparticles in cells. Each has its benefits, limitations, and varying degrees of expense and difficulties in implementation. High-resolution analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy (HRSTEM) has the unique ability to image local cellular environments adjacent to a nanoparticle at near atomic resolution and apply analytical tools to these environments such as energy dispersive spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. These tools can be used to analyze particle location, translocation and potential reformation, ion dispersion, and in vivo synthesis of second-generation nanoparticles. Such analyses can provide in depth understanding of tissue-particle interactions and effects that are caused by the environmental "invader" nanoparticles. Analytical imaging can also distinguish phases that form due to the transformation of "invader" nanoparticles in contrast to those that are triggered by a response mechanism, including the commonly observed iron biomineralization in the form of ferritin nanoparticles. The analyses can distinguish ion species, crystal phases, and valence of parent nanoparticles and reformed or in vivo synthesized phases throughout the tissue. This article will briefly review the plethora of methods that have been developed over the last 20 years with an emphasis on the state-of-the-art techniques used to image and analyze nanoparticles in cells and highlight the sample preparation necessary for biological thin section observation in a HRSTEM. Specific applications that provide visual and chemical mapping of the local cellular environments surrounding parent nanoparticles and second-generation phases are demonstrated, which will help to identify novel nanoparticle-produced adverse effects and their associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi M Graham
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Alan K Dozier
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 5555 Ridge Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45213, United States
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, United States
| | - Robert A Yokel
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky, 789 South Limestone, Lexington, Kentucky 40506, United States
| | - Ramon Molina
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Joseph D Brain
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Jennifer Weuve
- School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Boston University, 715 Albany Street, The Talbot Building, T3E & T4E, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - David A Bennett
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 W. Harrison Street, Suite 1118, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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19
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Su C, Ming T, Wu Y, Jiang Q, Huan H, Lu C, Zhou J, Li Y, Song H, Su X. Crystallographic characterization of ferritin from Sinonovacula constricta. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:217-223. [PMID: 31983429 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins are ubiquitous iron-binding proteins that are mainly related to iron storage, detoxification and innate immunity. Here, we present the crystal structure of a marine invertebrate ferritin from Sinonovacula constricta at a resolution of 1.98 Å. The S. constricta ferritin (ScFer) possessed some structural similarities with vertebrate ferritins, and they shared a well-conserved architecture composed of five α-helical bundles that assembled into a cage-like structure with 24-subunits. The structure of ScFer also showed iron binding sites in the 3-fold channel, ferroxidase center, and putative nucleation sites. Further, electrostatic potential calculations suggested that the electrostatic gradient of the 3-fold channel could provide a guidance mechanism for iron entering the ferritin cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Byproducts from Ethylene Project, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315800, China
| | - Tinghong Ming
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315823, China.
| | - Yan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315823, China
| | - Qinqin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315823, China
| | - Hengshang Huan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; College of Food and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315823, China
| | - Chenyang Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315823, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315823, China
| | - Ye Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315823, China
| | - Hongying Song
- Zhejiang Collaborative Innovation Center for High Value Utilization of Byproducts from Ethylene Project, Ningbo Polytechnic, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315800, China
| | - Xiurong Su
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, China; School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315823, China.
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20
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Meng D, Zuo P, Song H, Yang R. Influence of Manothermosonication on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Ferritin as a Nanocarrier of Iron or Bioactive Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6633-6641. [PMID: 31099573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a multisubunit protein with a hollow interior interface and modifiable surfaces. In this study, the manothermosonication (MTS) technology was applied to apo-red bean seed ferritin (apoRBF) to produce the MTS-treated apoRBF (MTFS). MTS treatment (200 kPa, 50 °C, and 40 s) maintained the spherical morphology of apoRBF (12 nm), but reduced the content of α-helix structure and increased the content of random coil structure, and correspondingly decreased the ferritin stability. The MTS treatment also affected the ferritin's iron storage function by decreasing its iron oxidative deposition activity and increasing the iron release activity. Importantly, the disassembly and reassembly properties of the MTFS induced by pH changes were retained, which facilitated its usage in encapsulation of tea polyphenol-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) into the ferritin by a relatively benign pH conversion routine (pH 3.0/6.8). In addition, the water solubility of the MTFS was increased, leading to the improved encapsulation efficiency of the EGCG molecules. This study will facilitate the ferritin modification and functionalization by MTS to design a protein variant to be used as new scaffold for iron and bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demei Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Peng Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Huanlu Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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21
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Badu-Boateng C, Naftalin RJ. Ascorbate and ferritin interactions: Consequences for iron release in vitro and in vivo and implications for inflammation. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 133:75-87. [PMID: 30268889 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the chemical mechanisms of ascorbate-dependent reduction and solubilization of ferritin's ferric iron core and subsequent release of ferrous iron. The process is accelerated by low concentrations of Fe(II) that increase ferritin's intrinsic ascorbate oxidase activity, hence increasing the rate of ascorbate radical formation. These increased rates of ascorbate oxidation provide reducing equivalents (electrons) to ferritin's core and speed the core reduction rates with subsequent solubilization and release of Fe(II). Ascorbate-dependent solubilization of ferritin's iron core has consequences relating to the interpretation of 59Fe uptake sourced from 59Fe-lebelled holotransferrin into ferritin. Ascorbate-dependent reduction of the ferritin core iron solubility increases the size of ferritin's iron exchangeable pool and hence the rate and amount of exchange uptake of 59Fe into ferritin, whilst simultaneously increasing net iron release rate from ferritin. This may rationalize the inconsistency that ascorbate apparently stabilizes 59Fe ferritin and retards lysosomal ferritinolysis and whole cell 59Fe release, whilst paradoxically increasing the rate of net iron release from ferritin. This capacity of ascorbate and iron to synergise ferritin iron release has pathological significance, as it lowers the concentration at which ascorbate activates ferritin's iron release to within the physiological range (50-250 μM). These effects have relevance to inflammatory pathology and to the pro-oxidant effects of ascorbate in cancer therapy and cell death by ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Badu-Boateng
- Kings, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Richard J Naftalin
- Kings, BHF Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine & Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
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22
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Koochana PK, Mohanty A, Subhadarshanee B, Satpati S, Naskar R, Dixit A, Behera RK. Phenothiazines and phenoxazines: as electron transfer mediators for ferritin iron release. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:3314-3326. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04383c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Redox active phenothiazine and phenoxazine dyes facilitate ferritin iron release by acting as electron transfer (ET) mediators following Marcus theory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
| | | | - Suresh Satpati
- Institute of Life Sciences
- Bhubaneswar-751023
- India
- Indian Institute of Science
- Bangalore-560012
| | - Rajat Naskar
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
| | | | - Rabindra K. Behera
- Department of Chemistry
- National Institute of Technology
- Rourkela-769008
- India
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23
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Williams SM, Chatterji D. Flexible aspartates propel iron to the ferroxidation sites along pathways stabilized by a conserved arginine in Dps proteins from Mycobacterium smegmatis. Metallomics 2018; 9:685-698. [PMID: 28418062 DOI: 10.1039/c7mt00008a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
DNA-binding proteins under starvation (Dps) are dodecameric nano-compartments for iron oxidation and storage in bacterial cells. These proteins have roughly spherical structures with a hollow interior where iron is stored. Through mutational analysis of a conserved arginine residue in the second Dps protein from Mycobacterium smegmatis, we have identified residues which stabilize the interfaces between the iron entry and ferroxidation sites. Also, we have used X-ray crystallography to determine the structures of co-crystals of iron and Dps in varying proportions and compare the changes in these ligand-bound forms with respect to the apo-protein. The iron-loaded proteins of low, medium and high iron-bound forms were found to exhibit aspartate residues with alternate conformations, some of which could be directly linked to the sites of ferroxidation and iron entry. We conclude that the increased flexibility of aspartates in the presence of iron facilitates its movement from the entry site to the ferroxidaton site, and the two active sites are stabilized by the interactions of a conserved arginine residue R73.
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Koochana PK, Mohanty A, Das S, Subhadarshanee B, Satpati S, Dixit A, Sabat SC, Behera RK. Releasing iron from ferritin protein nanocage by reductive method: The role of electron transfer mediator. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1190-1198. [PMID: 29471025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferritin detoxifies excess of free Fe(II) and concentrates it in the form of ferrihydrite (Fe2O3·xH2O) mineral. When in need, ferritin iron is released for cellular metabolic activities. However, the low solubility of Fe(III) at neutral pH, its encapsulation by stable protein nanocage and presence of dissolved O2 limits in vitro ferritin iron release. METHODS Physiological reducing agent, NADH (E1/2 = -330 mV) was inefficient in releasing the ferritin iron (E1/2 = +183 mV), when used alone. Thus, current work investigates the role of low concentration (5-50 μM) of phenazine based electron transfer (ET) mediators such as FMN, PYO - a redox active virulence factor secreted by Pseudomonas aeruginosa and PMS towards iron mobilization from recombinant frog M ferritin. RESULTS The presence of dissolved O2, resulting in initial lag phase and low iron release in FMN, had little impact in case of PMS and PYO, reflecting their better ET relay ability that facilitates iron mobilization. The molecular modeling as well as fluorescence studies provided further structural insight towards interaction of redox mediators on ferritin surface for electron relay. CONCLUSIONS Reductive mobilization of iron from ferritin is dependent on the relative rate of NADH oxidation, dissolved O2 consumption and mineral core reduction, which in turn depends on E1/2 of these mediators and their interaction with ferritin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The current mechanism of in vitro iron mobilization from ferritin by using redox mediators involves different ET steps, which may help to understand the iron release pathway in vivo and to check microbial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhinav Mohanty
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Suman Das
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Biswamaitree Subhadarshanee
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India; KIIT School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Suresh Satpati
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | - Anshuman Dixit
- Institute of Life Sciences, Bhubaneswar 751023, Odisha, India
| | | | - Rabindra K Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India.
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25
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Conti L, Lanzardo S, Ruiu R, Cadenazzi M, Cavallo F, Aime S, Geninatti Crich S. L-Ferritin targets breast cancer stem cells and delivers therapeutic and imaging agents. Oncotarget 2018; 7:66713-66727. [PMID: 27579532 PMCID: PMC5341832 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that cancer stem cells (CSC) have the unique biological properties necessary for tumor maintenance and spreading, and function as a reservoir for the relapse and metastatic evolution of the disease by virtue of their resistance to radio- and chemo-therapies. Thus, the efficacy of a therapeutic approach relies on its ability to effectively target and deplete CSC. In this study, we show that CSC-enriched tumorspheres from breast cancer cell lines display an increased L-Ferritin uptake capability compared to their monolayer counterparts as a consequence of the upregulation of the L-Ferritin receptor SCARA5. L-Ferritin internalization was exploited for the simultaneous delivery of Curcumin, a natural therapeutic molecule endowed with antineoplastic action, and the MRI contrast agent Gd-HPDO3A, both entrapped in the L-Ferritin cavity. This theranostic system was able to impair viability and self-renewal of tumorspheres in vitro and to induce the regression of established tumors in mice. In conclusion, here we show that Curcumin-loaded L-Ferritin has a strong therapeutic potential due to the specific targeting of CSC and the improved Curcumin bioavailability, opening up the possibility of its use in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Conti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Lanzardo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Roberto Ruiu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Cadenazzi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Cavallo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvio Aime
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Simonetta Geninatti Crich
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Geiser DL, Patel N, Patel P, Bhakta J, Velasquez LS, Winzerling JJ. Description of a Second Ferritin Light Chain Homologue From the Yellow Fever Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE 2017. [PMCID: PMC5751084 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iex096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is required for iron storage in vertebrates and for iron transport and storage in invertebrates, specifically insects. Classical ferritins consist of 24 subunits configured as a polyhedron wherein iron is held. The 24 subunits include light and heavy chains, each with specific functions. Several homologues of the light and heavy chains have been sequenced and studied in insects. In addition to iron transport and storage, ferritin has a role in dietary iron absorption, and functions as a protective agent preventing iron overload, decreasing oxidative stress, and reducing infection in these animals. The expression profile and regulation of a second ferritin light chain homologue (LCH2) in Aedes aegypti [Linnaeus (Diptera: Culicidae), yellow fever mosquito] was characterized in cells, animal developmental stages, and tissues post bloodmeal (PBM) by real-time PCR and immunoblot. Two previously studied ferritin subunits from Ae. aegypti, HCH and LCH1, along with LCH2 were immunoprecipitated and analyzed by mass spectrometry. The three Ae. aegypti ferritin subunits, HCH, LCH1, and LCH2, have different expression profiles and regulation with iron exposure, developmental stage, and tissue response PBM. Ae. aegypti expresses multiple and unique ferritin light chain subunits. Ae. aegypti, the vector for Zika, Dengue, and yellow fever, requires iron for oogenesis that is transported and stored in ferritin; this vector expresses a second light chain ferritin subunit homologue unlike any other species in which ferritin has been studied to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn L Geiser
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - Naren Patel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Pritesh Patel
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Janki Bhakta
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lissette S Velasquez
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joy J Winzerling
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, the University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Zhang Y, Zhou J, Ardejani MS, Li X, Wang F, Orner BP. Designability of Aromatic Interaction Networks at E. coli Bacterioferritin B-Type Channels. Molecules 2017; 22:E2184. [PMID: 29292762 PMCID: PMC6149950 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterioferritin from E. coli (BFR), a maxi-ferritin made of 24 subunits, has been utilized as a model to study the fundamentals of protein folding and self-assembly. Through structural and computational analyses, two amino acid residues at the B-site interface of BFR were chosen to investigate the role they play in the self-assembly of nano-cage formation, and the possibility of building aromatic interaction networks at B-type protein-protein interfaces. Three mutants were designed, expressed, purified, and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, size exclusion chromatography, native gel electrophoresis, and temperature-dependent circular dichroism spectroscopy. All of the mutants fold into α-helical structures and possess lowered thermostability. The double mutant D132W/N34W was 12 °C less stable than the wild type, and was also the only mutant for which cage-like nanostructures could not be detected in the dried, surface-immobilized conditions of transmission electron microscopy. Two mutants-N34W and D132W/N34W-only formed dimers in solution, while mutant D132W favored the 24-mer even more robustly than the wild type, suggesting that we were successful in designing proteins with enhanced assembly properties. This investigation into the structure of this important class of proteins could help to understand the self-assembly of proteins in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Ago-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Ago-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Maziar S Ardejani
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK.
| | - Xun Li
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Ago-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab for the Chemistry and Utilization of Ago-Forest Biomass, Jiangsu Key Lab of Biomass-Based Green Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Brendan P Orner
- Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, UK.
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Subhadarshanee B, Mohanty A, Jagdev MK, Vasudevan D, Behera RK. Surface charge dependent separation of modified and hybrid ferritin in native PAGE: Impact of lysine 104. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2017; 1865:1267-1273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Sala D, Ciambellotti S, Giachetti A, Turano P, Rosato A. Investigation of the Iron(II) Release Mechanism of Human H-Ferritin as a Function of pH. J Chem Inf Model 2017; 57:2112-2118. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.7b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Sala
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Silvia Ciambellotti
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Andrea Giachetti
- Consorzio Interuniversitario di Risonanze Magnetiche di Metallo Proteine, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paola Turano
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Magnetic
Resonance Center (CERM), University of Florence, Via Luigi Sacconi 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Badu-Boateng C, Pardalaki S, Wolf C, Lajnef S, Peyrot F, Naftalin RJ. Labile iron potentiates ascorbate-dependent reduction and mobilization of ferritin iron. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 108:94-109. [PMID: 28336129 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ascorbate mobilizes iron from equine spleen ferritin by two separate processes. Ascorbate alone mobilizes ferritin iron with an apparent Km (ascorbate) ≈1.5mM. Labile iron >2μM, complexed with citrate (10mM), synergises ascorbate-dependent iron mobilization by decreasing the apparent Km (ascorbate) to ≈270μM and raising maximal mobilization rate by ≈5-fold. Catalase reduces the apparent Km(ascorbate) for both ascorbate and ascorbate+iron dependent mobilization by ≈80%. Iron mobilization by ascorbate alone has a higher activation energy (Ea=45.0±5.5kJ/mole) than when mediated by ascorbate with labile iron (10μM) (Ea=13.7±2.2kJ/mole); also mobilization by iron-ascorbate has a three-fold higher pH sensitivity (pH range 6.0-8.0) than with ascorbate alone. Hydrogen peroxide inhibits ascorbate's iron mobilizing action. EPR and autochemiluminescence studies show that ascorbate and labile iron within ferritin enhances radical formation, whereas ascorbate alone produces negligible radicals. These findings suggest that iron catalysed single electron transfer reactions from ascorbate, involving ascorbate or superoxide and possibly ferroxidase tyrosine radicals, accelerate iron mobilization from the ferroxidase centre more than EPR silent, bi-dentate two-electron transfers. These differing modes of electron transference from ascorbate mirror the known mono and bidentate oxidation reactions of dioxygen and hydrogen peroxide with di-ferrous iron at the ferroxidase centre. This study implies that labile iron, at physiological pH, complexed with citrate, synergises iron mobilization from ferritin by ascorbate (50-4000μM). This autocatalytic process can exacerbate oxidative stress in ferritin-containing inflamed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Badu-Boateng
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Physiology Department, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Sofia Pardalaki
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Physiology Department, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK
| | | | - Sonia Lajnef
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fabienne Peyrot
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques (UMR CNRS 8601), Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France; ESPE de l'académie de Paris, Université Paris Sorbonne, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Richard J Naftalin
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence and Physiology Department, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Abstract
Iron is very important in many biological processes and the ferritin protein family has evolved to store iron and to maintain cellular iron homeostasis. The deletion of the coding gene for the H subunit of ferritin leads to early embryonic death in mice and mutations in the gene for the L subunits in humans has been observed in neurodegenerative diseases, such as neuroferritinopathy. Thus, understanding how ferritin works is imperative and many studies have been conducted to delineate the molecular mechanism of ferritins and bacterioferritins. In the ferritin protein family, it is clear that a catalytic center for iron oxidation, the routes for iron to reach this center and the ability to nucleate an iron core, are common requirements for all ferritins. However, there are differences in the structural and mechanistic details of iron oxidation and mineralization. Although a common mechanism has been proposed for all ferritins, this mechanism needs to be further explored. There is a mechanistic diversity related to structural variation in the ferritin protein family. It is clear that other factors appear to affect the mechanism of iron oxidation and mineralization. This review focusses on the structural features of the ferritin protein family and its role in the mechanism of iron mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Yévenes
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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32
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Graham UM, Jacobs G, Yokel RA, Davis BH, Dozier AK, Birch ME, Tseng MT, Oberdörster G, Elder A, DeLouise L. From Dose to Response: In Vivo Nanoparticle Processing and Potential Toxicity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 947:71-100. [PMID: 28168666 PMCID: PMC6376403 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-47754-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adverse human health impacts due to occupational and environmental exposures to manufactured nanoparticles are of concern and pose a potential threat to the continued industrial use and integration of nanomaterials into commercial products. This chapter addresses the inter-relationship between dose and response and will elucidate on how the dynamic chemical and physical transformation and breakdown of the nanoparticles at the cellular and subcellular levels can lead to the in vivo formation of new reaction products. The dose-response relationship is complicated by the continuous physicochemical transformations in the nanoparticles induced by the dynamics of the biological system, where dose, bio-processing, and response are related in a non-linear manner. Nanoscale alterations are monitored using high-resolution imaging combined with in situ elemental analysis and emphasis is placed on the importance of the precision of characterization. The result is an in-depth understanding of the starting particles, the particle transformation in a biological environment, and the physiological response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uschi M Graham
- University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- CDC/NIOSH DART, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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Kwak Y, Schwartz JK, Huang VW, Boice E, Kurtz DM, Solomon EI. CD/MCD/VTVH-MCD Studies of Escherichia coli Bacterioferritin Support a Binuclear Iron Cofactor Site. Biochemistry 2015; 54:7010-8. [PMID: 26551523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins and bacterioferritins (Bfrs) utilize a binuclear non-heme iron binding site to catalyze oxidation of Fe(II), leading to formation of an iron mineral core within a protein shell. Unlike ferritins, in which the diiron site binds Fe(II) as a substrate, which then autoxidizes and migrates to the mineral core, the diiron site in Bfr has a 2-His/4-carboxylate ligand set that is commonly found in diiron cofactor enzymes. Bfrs could, therefore, utilize the diiron site as a cofactor rather than for substrate iron binding. In this study, we applied circular dichroism (CD), magnetic CD (MCD), and variable-temperature, variable-field MCD (VTVH-MCD) spectroscopies to define the geometric and electronic structures of the biferrous active site in Escherichia coli Bfr. For these studies, we used an engineered M52L variant, which is known to eliminate binding of a heme cofactor but to have very minor effects on either iron oxidation or mineral core formation. We also examined an H46A/D50A/M52L Bfr variant, which additionally disrupts a previously observed mononuclear non-heme iron binding site inside the protein shell. The spectral analyses define a binuclear and an additional mononuclear ferrous site. The biferrous site shows two different five-coordinate centers. After O2 oxidation and re-reduction, only the mononuclear ferrous signal is eliminated. The retention of the biferrous but not the mononuclear ferrous site upon O2 cycling supports a mechanism in which the binuclear site acts as a cofactor for the O2 reaction, while the mononuclear site binds the substrate Fe(II) that, after its oxidation to Fe(III), migrates to the mineral core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jennifer K Schwartz
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Victor W Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Emily Boice
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Donald M Kurtz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
| | - Edward I Solomon
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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Sana B, Johnson E, Lim S. The unique self-assembly/disassembly property of Archaeoglobus fulgidus ferritin and its implications on molecular release from the protein cage. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:2544-51. [PMID: 26341788 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In conventional in vitro encapsulation of molecular cargo, the multi-subunit ferritin protein cages are disassembled in extremely acidic pH and re-assembled in the presence of highly concentrated cargo materials, which results in poor yields due to the low-pH treatment. In contrast, Archaeoglobus fulgidus open-pore ferritin (AfFtn) and its closed-pore mutant (AfFtn-AA) are present as dimeric species in neutral buffers that self-assemble into cage-like structure upon addition of metal ions. METHODS To understand the iron-mediated self-assembly and ascorbate-mediated disassembly properties, we studied the iron binding and release profile of the AfFtn and AfFtn-AA, and the corresponding oligomerization of their subunits. RESULTS Fe(2+) binding and conversion to Fe(3+) triggered the self-assembly of cage-like structures from dimeric species of AfFtn and AfFtn-AA subunits, while disassembly was induced by dissolving the iron core with reducing agents. The closed-pore AfFtn-AA has identical iron binding kinetics but lower iron release rates when compared to AfFtn. While the iron binding rate is proportional to Fe(2+) concentration, the iron release rate can be controlled by varying ascorbate concentrations. CONCLUSION The AfFtn and AfFtn-AA cages formed by iron mineralization could be disassembled by dissolving the iron core. The open-pores of AfFtn contribute to enhanced reductive iron release while the small channels located at the 3-fold symmetry axis (3-fold channels) are used for iron uptake. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The iron-mediated self-assembly/disassembly property of AfFtn offers a new set of molecular trigger for formation and dissociation of the protein cage, which can potentially regulate uptake and release of molecular cargo from protein cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barindra Sana
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Division of Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore
| | - Eric Johnson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Sierin Lim
- School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Division of Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637457, Singapore.
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Plath LD, Ozdemir A, Aksenov AA, Bier ME. Determination of iron content and dispersity of intact ferritin by superconducting tunnel junction cryodetection mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:8985-93. [PMID: 26266697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a common iron storage protein complex found in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms. Although horse spleen holoferritin (HS-HoloFt) has been widely studied, this is the first report of mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of the intact form, likely because of its high molecular weight ∼850 kDa and broad iron-core mass distribution. The 24-subunit ferritin heteropolymer protein shell consists of light (L) and heavy (H) subunits and a ferrihydrite-like iron core. The H/L heterogeneity ratio of the horse spleen apoferritin (HS-ApoFt) shell was found to be ∼1:10 by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Superconducting tunneling junction (STJ) cryodetection matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS was utilized to determine the masses of intact HS-ApoFt, HS-HoloFt, and the HS-HoloFt dimer to be ∼505 kDa, ∼835 kDa, and ∼1.63 MDa, respectively. The structural integrity of HS-HoloFt and the proposed mineral adducts found for both purified L and H subunits suggest a robust biomacromolecular complex that is internally stabilized by the iron-based core. However, cross-linking experiments of HS-HoloFt with glutaraldehyde, unexpectedly, showed the complete release of the iron-based core in a one-step process revealing a cross-linked HS-ApoFt with a narrow fwhm peak width of 31.4 kTh compared to 295 kTh for HS-HoloFt. The MS analysis of HS-HoloFt revealed a semiquantitative description of the iron content and core dispersity of 3400 ± 1600 (2σ) iron atoms. Commercially prepared HS-ApoFt was estimated to still contain an average of 240 iron atoms. These iron abundance and dispersity results suggest the use of STJ cryodetection MS for the clinical analysis of iron deficient/overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan D Plath
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Abdil Ozdemir
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alexander A Aksenov
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Mark E Bier
- Center for Molecular Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University , 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
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36
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Behera RK, Torres R, Tosha T, Bradley JM, Goulding CW, Theil EC. Fe(2+) substrate transport through ferritin protein cage ion channels influences enzyme activity and biomineralization. J Biol Inorg Chem 2015. [PMID: 26202907 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-015-1279-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins, complex protein nanocages, form internal iron-oxy minerals (Fe2O3·H2O), by moving cytoplasmic Fe(2+) through intracage ion channels to cage-embedded enzyme (2Fe(2+)/O2 oxidoreductase) sites where ferritin biomineralization is initiated. The products of ferritin enzyme activity are diferric oxy complexes that are mineral precursors. Conserved, carboxylate amino acid side chains of D127 from each of three cage subunits project into ferritin ion channels near the interior ion channel exits and, thus, could direct Fe(2+) movement to the internal enzyme sites. Ferritin D127E was designed and analyzed to probe properties of ion channel size and carboxylate crowding near the internal ion channel opening. Glu side chains are chemically equivalent to, but longer by one -CH2 than Asp, side chains. Ferritin D127E assembled into normal protein cages, but diferric peroxo formation (enzyme activity) was not observed, when measured at 650 nm (DFP λ max). The caged biomineral formation, measured at 350 nm in the middle of the broad, nonspecific Fe(3+)-O absorption band, was slower. Structural differences (protein X-ray crystallography), between ion channels in wild type and ferritin D127E, which correlate with the inhibition of ferritin D127E enzyme activity include: (1) narrower interior ion channel openings/pores; (2) increased numbers of ion channel protein-metal binding sites, and (3) a change in ion channel electrostatics due to carboxylate crowding. The contributions of ion channel size and structure to ferritin activity reflect metal ion transport in ion channels are precisely regulated both in ferritin protein nanocages and membranes of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabindra K Behera
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI), 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA
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37
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Pozzi C, Di Pisa F, Lalli D, Rosa C, Theil E, Turano P, Mangani S. Time-lapse anomalous X-ray diffraction shows how Fe(2+) substrate ions move through ferritin protein nanocages to oxidoreductase sites. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA. SECTION D, BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2015; 71:941-53. [PMID: 25849404 PMCID: PMC4388269 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715002333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin superfamily protein cages reversibly synthesize internal biominerals, Fe2O3·H2O. Fe(2+) and O2 (or H2O2) substrates bind at oxidoreductase sites in the cage, initiating biomineral synthesis to concentrate iron and prevent potentially toxic reactions products from Fe(2+)and O2 or H2O2 chemistry. By freezing ferritin crystals of Rana catesbeiana ferritin M (RcMf) at different time intervals after exposure to a ferrous salt, a series of high-resolution anomalous X-ray diffraction data sets were obtained that led to crystal structures that allowed the direct observation of ferrous ions entering, moving along and binding at enzyme sites in the protein cages. The ensemble of crystal structures from both aerobic and anaerobic conditions provides snapshots of the iron substrate bound at different cage locations that vary with time. The observed differential occupation of the two iron sites in the enzyme oxidoreductase centre (with Glu23 and Glu58, and with Glu58, His61 and Glu103 as ligands, respectively) and other iron-binding sites (with Glu53, His54, Glu57, Glu136 and Asp140 as ligands) reflects the approach of the Fe(2+) substrate and its progression before the enzymatic cycle 2Fe(2+) + O2 → Fe(3+)-O-O-Fe(3+) → Fe(3+)-O(H)-Fe(3+) and turnover. The crystal structures also revealed different Fe(2+) coordination compounds bound to the ion channels located at the threefold and fourfold symmetry axes of the cage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Pozzi
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Flavio Di Pisa
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Lalli
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CERM, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Camilla Rosa
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CERM, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Theil
- Children’s Hospital, Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA
| | - Paola Turano
- Dipartimento di Chimica and CERM, University of Florence, Via Della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Mangani
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Chimica e Farmacia, University of Siena, Via Aldo Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
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38
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Piccioli M, Turano P. Transient iron coordination sites in proteins: Exploiting the dual nature of paramagnetic NMR. Coord Chem Rev 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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39
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Honarmand Ebrahimi K, Hagedoorn PL, Hagen WR. Unity in the Biochemistry of the Iron-Storage Proteins Ferritin and Bacterioferritin. Chem Rev 2014; 115:295-326. [DOI: 10.1021/cr5004908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Honarmand Ebrahimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628
BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Peter-Leon Hagedoorn
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628
BC Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred R. Hagen
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 67, 2628
BC Delft, The Netherlands
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40
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Ruvinsky AM, Vakser IA, Rivera M. Local packing modulates diversity of iron pathways and cooperative behavior in eukaryotic and prokaryotic ferritins. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:115104. [PMID: 24655206 DOI: 10.1063/1.4868229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritin-like molecules show a remarkable combination of the evolutionary conserved activity of iron uptake and release that engage different pores in the conserved ferritin shell. It was hypothesized that pore selection and iron traffic depend on dynamic allostery with no conformational changes in the backbone. In this study, we detect the allosteric networks in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterioferritin (BfrB), bacterial ferritin (FtnA), and bullfrog M and L ferritins (Ftns) by a network-weaving algorithm (NWA) that passes threads of an allosteric network through highly correlated residues using hierarchical clustering. The residue-residue correlations are calculated in the packing-on elastic network model that introduces atom packing into the common packing-off model. Applying NWA revealed that each of the molecules has an extended allosteric network mostly buried inside the ferritin shell. The structure of the networks is consistent with experimental observations of iron transport: The allosteric networks in BfrB and FtnA connect the ferroxidase center with the 4-fold pores and B-pores, leaving the 3-fold pores unengaged. In contrast, the allosteric network directly links the 3-fold pores with the 4-fold pores in M and L Ftns. The majority of the network residues are either on the inner surface or buried inside the subunit fold or at the subunit interfaces. We hypothesize that the ferritin structures evolved in a way to limit the influence of functionally unrelated events in the cytoplasm on the allosteric network to maintain stability of the translocation mechanisms. We showed that the residue-residue correlations and the resultant long-range cooperativity depend on the ferritin shell packing, which, in turn, depends on protein sequence composition. Switching from the packing-on to the packing-off model reduces correlations by 35%-38% so that no allosteric network can be found. The influence of the side-chain packing on the allosteric networks explains the diversity in mechanisms of iron traffic suggested by experimental approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly M Ruvinsky
- Infection Innovative Medicine, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, USA
| | - Ilya A Vakser
- Center for Bioinformatics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
| | - Mario Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66047, USA
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41
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Aslam MF, Frazer DM, Faria N, Bruggraber SFA, Wilkins SJ, Mirciov C, Powell JJ, Anderson GJ, Pereira DIA. Ferroportin mediates the intestinal absorption of iron from a nanoparticulate ferritin core mimetic in mice. FASEB J 2014; 28:3671-8. [PMID: 24776745 PMCID: PMC4101650 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-251520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ferritin core is composed of fine nanoparticulate Fe(3+) oxohydroxide, and we have developed a synthetic mimetic, nanoparticulate Fe(3+) polyoxohydroxide (nanoFe(3+)). The aim of this study was to determine how dietary iron derived in this fashion is absorbed in the duodenum. Following a 4 wk run-in on an Fe-deficient diet, mice with intestinal-specific disruption of the Fpn-1 gene (Fpn-KO), or littermate wild-type (WT) controls, were supplemented with Fe(2+) sulfate (FeSO4), nanoFe(3+), or no added Fe for a further 4 wk. A control group was Fe sufficient throughout. Direct intestinal absorption of nanoFe(3+) was investigated using isolated duodenal loops. Our data show that FeSO4 and nanoFe(3+) are equally bioavailable in WT mice, and at wk 8 the mean ± SEM hemoglobin increase was 18 ± 7 g/L in the FeSO4 group and 30 ± 5 g/L in the nanoFe(3+) group. Oral iron failed to be utilized by Fpn-KO mice and was retained in enterocytes, irrespective of the iron source. In summary, although nanoFe(3+) is taken up directly by the duodenum its homeostasis is under the normal regulatory control of dietary iron absorption, namely via ferroportin-dependent efflux from enterocytes, and thus offers potential as a novel oral iron supplement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad F Aslam
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - David M Frazer
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Nuno Faria
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvaine F A Bruggraber
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah J Wilkins
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Cornel Mirciov
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Greg J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience and School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dora I A Pereira
- Medical Research Council Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Cambridge, UK;
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42
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Arenas-Salinas M, Townsend PD, Brito C, Marquez V, Marabolli V, Gonzalez-Nilo F, Matias C, Watt RK, López-Castro JD, Domínguez-Vera J, Pohl E, Yévenes A. The crystal structure of ferritin from Chlorobium tepidum reveals a new conformation of the 4-fold channel for this protein family. Biochimie 2014; 106:39-47. [PMID: 25079050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2014.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins are ubiquitous iron-storage proteins found in all kingdoms of life. They share a common architecture made of 24 subunits of five α-helices. The recombinant Chlorobium tepidum ferritin (rCtFtn) is a structurally interesting protein since sequence alignments with other ferritins show that this protein has a significantly extended C-terminus, which possesses 12 histidine residues as well as several aspartate and glutamic acid residues that are potential metal ion binding residues. We show that the macromolecular assembly of rCtFtn exhibits a cage-like hollow shell consisting of 24 monomers that are related by 4-3-2 symmetry; similar to the assembly of other ferritins. In all ferritins of known structure the short fifth α-helix adopts an acute angle with respect to the four-helix bundle. However, the crystal structure of the rCtFtn presented here shows that this helix adopts a new conformation defining a new assembly of the 4-fold channel of rCtFtn. This conformation allows the arrangement of the C-terminal region into the inner cavity of the protein shell. Furthermore, two Fe(III) ions were found in each ferroxidase center of rCtFtn, with an average FeA-FeB distance of 3 Å; corresponding to a diferric μ-oxo/hydroxo species. This is the first ferritin crystal structure with an isolated di-iron center in an iron-storage ferritin. The crystal structure of rCtFtn and the biochemical results presented here, suggests that rCtFtn presents similar biochemical properties reported for other members of this protein family albeit with distinct structural plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Arenas-Salinas
- Centro de Bioinformática y Simulación Molecular, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
| | - Philip D Townsend
- Department of Chemistry & School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Christian Brito
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valeria Marquez
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Vanessa Marabolli
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gonzalez-Nilo
- Centro de Bioinformática y Biología Integrativa, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cata Matias
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Richard K Watt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Juan D López-Castro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Domínguez-Vera
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ehmke Pohl
- Department of Chemistry & School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Alejandro Yévenes
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultad de Química, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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43
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Moving Fe2+ from ferritin ion channels to catalytic OH centers depends on conserved protein cage carboxylates. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:7925-30. [PMID: 24843174 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1318417111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritin biominerals are protein-caged metabolic iron concentrates used for iron-protein cofactors and oxidant protection (Fe(2+) and O2 sequestration). Fe(2+) passage through ion channels in the protein cages, like membrane ion channels, required for ferritin biomineral synthesis, is followed by Fe(2+) substrate movement to ferritin enzyme (Fox) sites. Fe(2+) and O2 substrates are coupled via a diferric peroxo (DFP) intermediate, λmax 650 nm, which decays to [Fe(3+)-O-Fe(3+)] precursors of caged ferritin biominerals. Structural studies show multiple conformations for conserved, carboxylate residues E136 and E57, which are between ferritin ion channel exits and enzymatic sites, suggesting functional connections. Here we show that E136 and E57 are required for ferritin enzyme activity and thus are functional links between ferritin ion channels and enzymatic sites. DFP formation (Kcat and kcat/Km), DFP decay, and protein-caged hydrated ferric oxide accumulation decreased in ferritin E57A and E136A; saturation required higher Fe(2+) concentrations. Divalent cations (both ion channel and intracage binding) selectively inhibit ferritin enzyme activity (block Fe(2+) access), Mn(2+) << Co(2+) < Cu(2+) < Zn(2+), reflecting metal ion-protein binding stabilities. Fe(2+)-Cys126 binding in ferritin ion channels, observed as Cu(2+)-S-Cys126 charge-transfer bands in ferritin E130D UV-vis spectra and resistance to Cu(2+) inhibition in ferritin C126S, was unpredicted. Identifying E57 and E136 links in Fe(2+) movement from ferritin ion channels to ferritin enzyme sites completes a bucket brigade that moves external Fe(2+) into ferritin enzymatic sites. The results clarify Fe(2+) transport within ferritin and model molecular links between membrane ion channels and cytoplasmic destinations.
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44
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Williams SM, Chandran AV, Vijayabaskar MS, Roy S, Balaram H, Vishveshwara S, Vijayan M, Chatterji D. A histidine aspartate ionic lock gates the iron passage in miniferritins from Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:11042-11058. [PMID: 24573673 PMCID: PMC4036245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.524421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dps (DNA-binding protein from starved cells) are dodecameric assemblies belonging to the ferritin family that can bind DNA, carry out ferroxidation, and store iron in their shells. The ferritin-like trimeric pore harbors the channel for the entry and exit of iron. By representing the structure of Dps as a network we have identified a charge-driven interface formed by a histidine aspartate cluster at the pore interface unique to Mycobacterium smegmatis Dps protein, MsDps2. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to generate mutants to disrupt the charged interactions. Kinetics of iron uptake/release of the wild type and mutants were compared. Crystal structures were solved at a resolution of 1.8-2.2 Å for the various mutants to compare structural alterations vis à vis the wild type protein. The substitutions at the pore interface resulted in alterations in the side chain conformations leading to an overall weakening of the interface network, especially in cases of substitutions that alter the charge at the pore interface. Contrary to earlier findings where conserved aspartate residues were found crucial for iron release, we propose here that in the case of MsDps2, it is the interplay of negative-positive potentials at the pore that enables proper functioning of the protein. In similar studies in ferritins, negative and positive patches near the iron exit pore were found to be important in iron uptake/release kinetics. The unique ionic cluster in MsDps2 makes it a suitable candidate to act as nano-delivery vehicle, as these gated pores can be manipulated to exhibit conformations allowing for slow or fast rates of iron release.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anu V Chandran
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Mahalingam S Vijayabaskar
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom, and
| | - Sourav Roy
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Hemalatha Balaram
- Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | | | - Mamannamana Vijayan
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Dipankar Chatterji
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India,; Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore 560 064, India.
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45
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Laghaei R, Kowallis W, Evans DG, Coalson RD. Calculation of Iron Transport through Human H-chain Ferritin. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7442-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500198u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Laghaei
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - William Kowallis
- Department
of Chemistry, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Deborah G. Evans
- The
Nanoscience and Microsystems Program and the Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Rob D. Coalson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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46
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Theil EC, Turano P, Ghini V, Allegrozzi M, Bernacchioni C. Coordinating subdomains of ferritin protein cages with catalysis and biomineralization viewed from the C4 cage axes. J Biol Inorg Chem 2014; 19:615-22. [PMID: 24504941 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-014-1103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Integrated ferritin protein cage function is the reversible synthesis of protein-caged, solid Fe2O3·H2O minerals from Fe(2+) for metabolic iron concentrates and oxidant protection; biomineral order differs in different ferritin proteins. The conserved 432 geometric symmetry of ferritin protein cages parallels the subunit dimer, trimer, and tetramer interfaces, and coincides with function at several cage axes. Multiple subdomains distributed in the self-assembling ferritin nanocages have functional relationships to cage symmetry such as Fe(2+) transport though ion channels (threefold symmetry), biomineral nucleation/order (fourfold symmetry), and mineral dissolution (threefold symmetry) studied in ferritin variants. On the basis of the effects of natural or synthetic subunit dimer cross-links, cage subunit dimers (twofold symmetry) influence iron oxidation and mineral dissolution. 2Fe(2+)/O2 catalysis in ferritin occurs in single subunits, but with cooperativity (n = 3) that is possibly related to the structure/function of the ion channels, which are constructed from segments of three subunits. Here, we study 2Fe(2+) + O2 protein catalysis (diferric peroxo formation) and dissolution of ferritin Fe2O3·H2O biominerals in variants with altered subunit interfaces for trimers (ion channels), E130I, and external dimer surfaces (E88A) as controls, and altered tetramer subunit interfaces (L165I and H169F). The results extend observations on the functional importance of structure at ferritin protein twofold and threefold cage axes to show function at ferritin fourfold cage axes. Here, conserved amino acids facilitate dissolution of ferritin-protein-caged iron biominerals. Biological and nanotechnological uses of ferritin protein cage fourfold symmetry and solid-state mineral properties remain largely unexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Theil
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, CA, 94609, USA,
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47
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Kwak Y, Schwartz JK, Haldar S, Behera RK, Tosha T, Theil EC, Solomon EI. Spectroscopic studies of single and double variants of M ferritin: lack of conversion of a biferrous substrate site into a cofactor site for O2 activation. Biochemistry 2014; 53:473-82. [PMID: 24397299 PMCID: PMC3985457 DOI: 10.1021/bi4013726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Ferritin has a binuclear non-heme
iron active site that functions
to oxidize iron as a substrate for formation of an iron mineral core.
Other enzymes of this class have tightly bound diiron cofactor sites
that activate O2 to react with substrate. Ferritin has
an active site ligand set with 1-His/4-carboxylate/1-Gln rather than
the 2-His/4-carboxylate set of the cofactor site. This ligand variation
has been thought to make a major contribution to this biferrous substrate
rather than cofactor site reactivity. However, the Q137E/D140H double
variant of M ferritin, has a ligand set that is equivalent to most
of the diiron cofactor sites, yet did not rapidly react with O2 or generate the peroxy intermediate observed in the cofactor
sites. Therefore, in this study, a combined spectroscopic methodology
of circular dichroism (CD)/magnetic CD (MCD)/variable temperature,
variable field (VTVH) MCD has been applied to evaluate the factors
required for the rapid O2 activation observed in cofactor
sites. This methodology defines the coordination environment of each
iron and the bridging ligation of the biferrous active sites in the
double and corresponding single variants of frog M ferritin. Based
on spectral changes, the D140H single variant has the new His ligand
binding, and the Q137E variant has the new carboxylate forming a μ-1,3
bridge. The spectra for the Q137E/D140H double variant, which has
the cofactor ligand set, however, reflects a site that is more coordinately
saturated than the cofactor sites in other enzymes including ribonucleotide
reductase, indicating the presence of additional water ligation. Correlation
of this double variant and the cofactor sites to their O2 reactivities indicates that electrostatic and steric changes in
the active site and, in particular, the hydrophobic nature of a cofactor
site associated with its second sphere protein environment, make important
contributions to the activation of O2 by the binuclear
non-heme iron enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonju Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
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48
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Carmona U, Li L, Zhang L, Knez M. Ferritin light-chain subunits: key elements for the electron transfer across the protein cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:15358-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07996e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Using an external electron acceptor and donor and Pt nanoparticles as the enzyme-mimetic electron source, the electron transfer across the protein cage was identified as the first specific functionality of the light-chain subunit of ferritin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Le Li
- CIC nanoGUNE
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Mato Knez
- CIC nanoGUNE
- 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- IKERBASQUE
- Basque Foundation for Science
- 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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49
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Sana B, Johnson E, Le Magueres P, Criswell A, Cascio D, Lim S. The role of nonconserved residues of Archaeoglobus fulgidus ferritin on its unique structure and biophysical properties. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32663-32672. [PMID: 24030827 PMCID: PMC3820901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeoglobus fulgidus ferritin (AfFtn) is the only tetracosameric ferritin known to form a tetrahedral cage, a structure that remains unique in structural biology. As a result of the tetrahedral (2-3) symmetry, four openings (∼45 Å in diameter) are formed in the cage. This open tetrahedral assembly contradicts the paradigm of a typical ferritin cage: a closed assembly having octahedral (4-3-2) symmetry. To investigate the molecular mechanism affecting this atypical assembly, amino acid residues Lys-150 and Arg-151 were replaced by alanine. The data presented here shed light on the role that these residues play in shaping the unique structural features and biophysical properties of the AfFtn. The x-ray crystal structure of the K150A/R151A mutant, solved at 2.1 Å resolution, indicates that replacement of these key residues flips a "symmetry switch." The engineered molecule no longer assembles with tetrahedral symmetry but forms a typical closed octahedral ferritin cage. Small angle x-ray scattering reveals that the overall shape and size of AfFtn and AfFtn-AA in solution are consistent with those observed in their respective crystal structures. Iron binding and release kinetics of the AfFtn and AfFtn-AA were investigated to assess the contribution of cage openings to the kinetics of iron oxidation, mineralization, or reductive iron release. Identical iron binding kinetics for AfFtn and AfFtn-AA suggest that Fe(2+) ions do not utilize the triangular pores for access to the catalytic site. In contrast, relatively slow reductive iron release was observed for the closed AfFtn-AA, demonstrating involvement of the large pores in the pathway for iron release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barindra Sana
- From the School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Division of Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457
| | - Eric Johnson
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | | | | | - Duilio Cascio
- UCLA-Department of Energy, Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570.
| | - Sierin Lim
- From the School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Division of Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457,.
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Abstract
At the center of iron and oxidant metabolism is the ferritin superfamily: protein cages with Fe(2+) ion channels and two catalytic Fe/O redox centers that initiate the formation of caged Fe2O3·H2O. Ferritin nanominerals, initiated within the protein cage, grow inside the cage cavity (5 or 8 nm in diameter). Ferritins contribute to normal iron flow, maintenance of iron concentrates for iron cofactor syntheses, sequestration of iron from invading pathogens, oxidant protection, oxidative stress recovery, and, in diseases where iron accumulates excessively, iron chelation strategies. In eukaryotic ferritins, biomineral order/crystallinity is influenced by nucleation channels between active sites and the mineral growth cavity. Animal ferritin cages contain, uniquely, mixtures of catalytically active (H) and inactive (L) polypeptide subunits with varied rates of Fe(2+)/O2 catalysis and mineral crystallinity. The relatively low mineral order in liver ferritin, for example, coincides with a high percentage of L subunits and, thus, a low percentage of catalytic sites and nucleation channels. Low mineral order facilitates rapid iron turnover and the physiological role of liver ferritin as a general iron source for other tissues. Here, current concepts of ferritin structure/function/genetic regulation are discussed and related to possible therapeutic targets such as mini-ferritin/Dps protein active sites (selective pathogen inhibition in infection), nanocage pores (iron chelation in therapeutic hypertransfusion), mRNA noncoding, IRE riboregulator (normalizing the ferritin iron content after therapeutic hypertransfusion), and protein nanovessels to deliver medicinal or sensor cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Theil
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute (CHORI) , 5700 Martin Luther King Jr. Way, Oakland, California 94609, United States , and Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 2765-7622, United States
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