1
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Simic MS, Moehle EA, Schinzel RT, Lorbeer FK, Halloran JJ, Heydari K, Sanchez M, Jullié D, Hockemeyer D, Dillin A. Transient activation of the UPR ER is an essential step in the acquisition of pluripotency during reprogramming. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw0025. [PMID: 30989118 PMCID: PMC6457941 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells using the Yamanaka transcription factors. Reprogramming requires both epigenetic landscape reshaping and global remodeling of cell identity, structure, basic metabolic processes, and organelle form and function. We hypothesize that variable regulation of the proteostasis network and its influence upon the protein-folding environment within cells and their organelles is responsible for the low efficiency and stochasticity of reprogramming. We find that the unfolded protein response of the endoplasmic reticulum (UPRER), the mitochondrial UPR, and the heat shock response, which ensure proteome quality during stress, are activated during reprogramming. The UPRER is particularly crucial, and its ectopic, transient activation, genetically or pharmacologically, enhances reprogramming. Last, stochastic activation of the UPRER predicts reprogramming efficiency in naïve cells. Thus, the low efficiency and stochasticity of cellular reprogramming are due partly to the inability to properly initiate the UPRER to remodel the ER and its proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milos S. Simic
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erica A. Moehle
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Robert T. Schinzel
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Jonathan J. Halloran
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | - Melissa Sanchez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Damien Jullié
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Andrew Dillin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- California Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Corresponding author.
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2
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The Ras-related gene ERAS is involved in human and murine breast cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13038. [PMID: 30158566 PMCID: PMC6115423 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31326-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although Ras genes are frequently mutated in human tumors, these mutations are uncommon in breast cancer. However, many breast tumors show evidences of Ras pathway activation. In this manuscript, we have analyzed and characterized mouse mammary tumors generated by random Sleeping Beauty transposon mutagenesis and identify ERAS -a member of the RAS family silenced in adult tissues- as a new gene involved in progression and malignancy of breast cancer. Forced expression of ERAS in human non-transformed mammary gland cells induces a process of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and an increase in stem cells markers; these changes are mediated by miR-200c downregulation. ERAS expression in human tumorigenic mammary cells leads to the generation of larger and less differentiated tumors in xenotransplant experiments. Immunohistochemical, RT-qPCR and bioinformatics analysis of human samples show that ERAS is aberrantly expressed in 8–10% of breast tumors and this expression is associated with distant metastasis and reduced metastasis-free survival. In summary, our results reveal that inappropriate activation of ERAS may be important in the development of a subset of breast tumors. These findings open the possibility of new specific treatments for this subset of ERAS-expressing tumors.
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3
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Abstract
Research on stem cells is one of the fastest growing areas of regenerative medicine that paves the way for a comprehensive solution to cell therapy. Today, stem cells are precious assets for generating different types of cells derived from either natural embryonic stem (ES) cells or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. The iPS technology can revolutionize the future of clinics by offering personalized medicine, which will provide the future treatment for curing untreatable diseases. Although iPS cell therapy is now at its infancy, promising research has motivated scientists to pursue this therapeutic approach. In this article, we provide information regarding similarities and differences between ES and iPS cells, and focus on the non-integrating methods of iPS generation via RNA molecules, especially microRNAs with an emphasis on the elucidation of their role and importance in pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Beh-Pajooh
- REBIRTH-Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- REBIRTH-Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Münster, Germany
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4
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Wiraja C, Yeo DC, Tham KC, Chew SWT, Lim X, Xu C. Real-Time Imaging of Dynamic Cell Reprogramming with Nanosensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1703440. [PMID: 29611333 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201703440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming, the process by which somatic cells regain pluripotency, is relevant in many disease modeling, therapeutic, and drug discovery applications. Molecular evaluation of reprogramming (e.g., polymerase chain reaction, immunostaining) is typically disruptive, and only provides snapshots of phenotypic traits. Gene reporter constructs facilitate live-cell evaluation but is labor intensive and may risk insertional mutagenesis during viral transfection. Herein, the utilization of a non-integrative nanosensor is demonstrated to visualize key reprogramming events in situ within live cells. Principally based on sustained intracellular release of encapsulated molecular probes, nanosensors successfully monitored mesenchymal-epithelial transition, pluripotency acquisition, and transdifferentiation events. Tracking the dynamic expression of four pivotal biomarkers (i.e., THY1, E-CADHERIN, OCT4, and GATA4 mRNA), nanosensor signal showed great agreement with polymerase chain reaction and gene reporter imaging (R2 > 0.9). Overall, such facile, versatile nanosensor enables real-time monitoring of low-frequency reprogramming events, thereby useful for high-throughput assessment, optimization, and biomarker-specific cell enrichment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - David C Yeo
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Khek-Chian Tham
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
| | - Sharon W T Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinhong Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Immunos, Singapore, 138648, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Program in Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 62 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- NTU-Northwestern Institute for Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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5
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Ocampo A, Reddy P, Martinez-Redondo P, Platero-Luengo A, Hatanaka F, Hishida T, Li M, Lam D, Kurita M, Beyret E, Araoka T, Vazquez-Ferrer E, Donoso D, Roman JL, Xu J, Rodriguez Esteban C, Nuñez G, Nuñez Delicado E, Campistol JM, Guillen I, Guillen P, Izpisua Belmonte JC. In Vivo Amelioration of Age-Associated Hallmarks by Partial Reprogramming. Cell 2017; 167:1719-1733.e12. [PMID: 27984723 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the major risk factor for many human diseases. In vitro studies have demonstrated that cellular reprogramming to pluripotency reverses cellular age, but alteration of the aging process through reprogramming has not been directly demonstrated in vivo. Here, we report that partial reprogramming by short-term cyclic expression of Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) ameliorates cellular and physiological hallmarks of aging and prolongs lifespan in a mouse model of premature aging. Similarly, expression of OSKM in vivo improves recovery from metabolic disease and muscle injury in older wild-type mice. The amelioration of age-associated phenotypes by epigenetic remodeling during cellular reprogramming highlights the role of epigenetic dysregulation as a driver of mammalian aging. Establishing in vivo platforms to modulate age-associated epigenetic marks may provide further insights into the biology of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Ocampo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Pradeep Reddy
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Aida Platero-Luengo
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fumiyuki Hatanaka
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tomoaki Hishida
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mo Li
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Lam
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Masakazu Kurita
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Ergin Beyret
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Toshikazu Araoka
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Eric Vazquez-Ferrer
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - David Donoso
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jose Luis Roman
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jinna Xu
- Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Gabriel Nuñez
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Estrella Nuñez Delicado
- Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia (UCAM) Campus de los Jerónimos, 30107 Guadalupe, Murcia, Spain
| | - Josep M Campistol
- Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Guillen
- Fundación Dr. Pedro Guillén, Clínica Cemtro, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Guillen
- Fundación Dr. Pedro Guillén, Clínica Cemtro, 28035 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Luginbühl J, Sivaraman DM, Shin JW. The essentiality of non-coding RNAs in cell reprogramming. Noncoding RNA Res 2017; 2:74-82. [PMID: 30159423 PMCID: PMC6096403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, short (mi-) and long non-coding (lnc) RNAs are immensely abundant and they are proving to be more functional than ever before. Particularly in cell reprogramming, non-coding RNAs are essential to establish the pluripotent network and are indispensable to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency. Through systematic screening and mechanistic studies, diverse functional features of both miRNA and lncRNAs have emerged as either scaffolds, inhibitors, or co-activators, necessary to orchestrate the intricacy of gene regulation. Furthermore, the collective characterizations of both miRNA and lncRNA reveal their interdependency (e.g. sequestering the function of the other) to modulate cell reprogramming. This review broadly explores the regulatory processes of cell reprogramming - with key functional examples in neuronal and cardiac differentiations - in the context of both short and long non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay W. Shin
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
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7
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Brouwer M, Zhou H, Nadif Kasri N. Choices for Induction of Pluripotency: Recent Developments in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming Strategies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 12:54-72. [PMID: 26424535 PMCID: PMC4720703 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9622-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides tremendous promises for regenerative medicine and its use has widely increased over recent years. However, reprogramming efficiencies remain low and chromosomal instability and tumorigenic potential are concerns in the use of iPSCs, especially in clinical settings. Therefore, reprogramming methods have been under development to generate safer iPSCs with higher efficiency and better quality. Developments have mainly focused on the somatic cell source, the cocktail of reprogramming factors, the delivery method used to introduce reprogramming factors and culture conditions to maintain the generated iPSCs. This review discusses the developments on these topics and briefly discusses pros and cons of iPSCs in comparison with human embryonic stem cells generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinka Brouwer
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6525, AJ, The Netherlands.
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8
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Adlakha YK, Seth P. The expanding horizon of MicroRNAs in cellular reprogramming. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 148:21-39. [PMID: 27979736 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research over the last few years in cellular reprogramming has enlightened the magical potential of microRNAs (miRNAs) in changing the cell fate from somatic to pluripotent. Recent investigations on exploring the role(s) of miRNAs in somatic cell reprogramming revealed that they target a wide range of molecules and refine their protein output. This leads to fine tuning of distinct cellular processes including cell cycle, signalling pathways, transcriptional activation/silencing and epigenetic modelling. The concerted actions of miRNA on different pathways simultaneously strengthen the transition from a differentiated to de-differentiated state. Despite the well characterized transcriptional and epigenetic machinery underlying somatic cell reprogramming, the molecular circuitry for miRNA mediated cellular reprogramming is rather fragmented. This review summarizes recent findings addressing the role of miRNAs in inducing or suppressing reprogramming thus uncovering novel potentials of miRNAs as regulators of induced pluripotency maintenance, establishment and associated signalling pathways. Our bioinformatic analysis sheds light on various unexplored biological processes and pathways associated with reprogramming inducing miRNAs, thus helps in identifying roadblocks to full reprogramming. Specifically, the biological significance of highly conserved and most studied miRNA cluster, i.e. miR-302-367, in reprogramming is also highlighted. Further, roles of miRNAs in the differentiation of neurons from iPSCs are discussed. A recent approach of direct conversion or transdifferentiation of differentiated cells into neurons by miRNAs is also elaborated. This approach is now widely gaining impetus for the generation of neurological patient's brain cells directly from his/her somatic cells in an efficient and safe manner. Thus, decoding the intricate circuitry between miRNAs and other gene regulatory networks will not only uncover novel pathways in the direct reprogramming of somatic cells but will also open new avenues in stem cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita K Adlakha
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122051, India.
| | - Pankaj Seth
- Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, 122051, India
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9
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Construction of a Dual-Fluorescence Reporter System to Monitor the Dynamic Progression of Pluripotent Cell Differentiation. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1390284. [PMID: 27999597 PMCID: PMC5143739 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1390284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oct4 is a crucial germ line-specific transcription factor expressed in different pluripotent cells and downregulated in the process of differentiation. There are two conserved enhancers, called the distal enhancer (DE) and proximal enhancer (PE), in the 5' upstream regulatory sequences (URSs) of the mouse Oct4 gene, which were demonstrated to control Oct4 expression independently in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and epiblast stem cells (EpiSCs). We analyzed the URSs of the pig Oct4 and identified two similar enhancers that were highly consistent with the mouse DE and PE. A dual-fluorescence reporter was later constructed by combining a DE-free-Oct4-promoter-driven EGFP reporter cassette with a PE-free-Oct4-promoter-driven mCherry reporter cassette. Then, it was tested in a mouse ESC-like cell line (F9) and a mouse EpiSC-like cell line (P19) before it is formally used for pig. As a result, a higher red fluorescence was observed in F9 cells, while green fluorescence was primarily detected in P19 cells. This fluorescence expression pattern in the two cell lines was consistent with that in the early naïve pluripotent state and late primed pluripotent state during differentiation of mouse ESCs. Hence, this reporter system will be a convenient tool for screening out ESC-like naïve pluripotent stem cells from other metastable state cells in a heterogenous population.
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10
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Shutova MV, Surdina AV, Ischenko DS, Naumov VA, Bogomazova AN, Vassina EM, Alekseev DG, Lagarkova MA, Kiselev SL. An integrative analysis of reprogramming in human isogenic system identified a clone selection criterion. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:986-97. [PMID: 26919644 PMCID: PMC4889246 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1152425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pluripotency of newly developed human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) is usually characterized by physiological parameters; i.e., by their ability to maintain the undifferentiated state and to differentiate into derivatives of the 3 germ layers. Nevertheless, a molecular comparison of physiologically normal iPSCs to the "gold standard" of pluripotency, embryonic stem cells (ESCs), often reveals a set of genes with different expression and/or methylation patterns in iPSCs and ESCs. To evaluate the contribution of the reprogramming process, parental cell type, and fortuity in the signature of human iPSCs, we developed a complete isogenic reprogramming system. We performed a genome-wide comparison of the transcriptome and the methylome of human isogenic ESCs, 3 types of ESC-derived somatic cells (fibroblasts, retinal pigment epithelium and neural cells), and 3 pairs of iPSC lines derived from these somatic cells. Our analysis revealed a high input of stochasticity in the iPSC signature that does not retain specific traces of the parental cell type and reprogramming process. We showed that 5 iPSC clones are sufficient to find with 95% confidence at least one iPSC clone indistinguishable from their hypothetical isogenic ESC line. Additionally, on the basis of a small set of genes that are characteristic of all iPSC lines and isogenic ESCs, we formulated an approach of "the best iPSC line" selection and confirmed it on an independent dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria V. Shutova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasia V. Surdina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry S. Ischenko
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | | | | | - Ekaterina M. Vassina
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry G. Alekseev
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Maria A. Lagarkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Physical Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, Russia
| | - Sergey L Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kremlevskaya, Russia
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11
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Brouwer M, Zhou H, Nadif Kasri N. Choices for Induction of Pluripotency: Recent Developments in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Reprogramming Strategies. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2015. [PMID: 26424535 DOI: 10.1007/s12015‐015‐9622‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The ability to generate human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from somatic cells provides tremendous promises for regenerative medicine and its use has widely increased over recent years. However, reprogramming efficiencies remain low and chromosomal instability and tumorigenic potential are concerns in the use of iPSCs, especially in clinical settings. Therefore, reprogramming methods have been under development to generate safer iPSCs with higher efficiency and better quality. Developments have mainly focused on the somatic cell source, the cocktail of reprogramming factors, the delivery method used to introduce reprogramming factors and culture conditions to maintain the generated iPSCs. This review discusses the developments on these topics and briefly discusses pros and cons of iPSCs in comparison with human embryonic stem cells generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marinka Brouwer
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands.
| | - Nael Nadif Kasri
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, 6500, HB, The Netherlands. .,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour , Centre for Neuroscience, Nijmegen, 6525, AJ, The Netherlands.
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12
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Limiting replication stress during somatic cell reprogramming reduces genomic instability in induced pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8036. [PMID: 26292731 PMCID: PMC4560784 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from adult somatic cells is one of the most remarkable discoveries in recent decades. However, several works have reported evidence of genomic instability in iPSC, raising concerns on their biomedical use. The reasons behind the genomic instability observed in iPSC remain mostly unknown. Here we show that, similar to the phenomenon of oncogene-induced replication stress, the expression of reprogramming factors induces replication stress. Increasing the levels of the checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) reduces reprogramming-induced replication stress and increases the efficiency of iPSC generation. Similarly, nucleoside supplementation during reprogramming reduces the load of DNA damage and genomic rearrangements on iPSC. Our data reveal that lowering replication stress during reprogramming, genetically or chemically, provides a simple strategy to reduce genomic instability on mouse and human iPSC. The expression of reprogramming factors can induce replication stress in induced pluripotent stem cells. In this study, to reduce such genomic instability, Ruiz et al. increase CHK1 kinase levels and nucleoside supplementation during reprogramming.
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13
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A Neuronal Activity-Dependent Dual Function Chromatin-Modifying Complex Regulates Arc Expression. eNeuro 2015; 2:eN-NWR-0020-14. [PMID: 26464965 PMCID: PMC4586916 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0020-14.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatin modification is an important epigenetic mechanism underlying neuroplasticity. Histone methylation and acetylation have both been shown to modulate gene expression, but the machinery responsible for mediating these changes in neurons has remained elusive. Here we identify a chromatin-modifying complex containing the histone demethylase PHF8 and the acetyltransferase TIP60 as a key regulator of the activity-induced expression of Arc, an important mediator of synaptic plasticity. Clinically, mutations in PHF8 cause X-linked mental retardation while TIP60 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Within minutes of increased synaptic activity, this dual function complex is rapidly recruited to the Arc promoter, where it specifically counteracts the transcriptionally repressive histone mark H3K9me2 to facilitate the formation of the transcriptionally permissive H3K9acS10P, thereby favoring transcriptional activation. Consequently, gain-of-function of the PHF8-TIP60 complex in primary rat hippocampal neurons has a positive effect on early activity-induced Arc gene expression, whereas interfering with the function of this complex abrogates it. A global proteomics screen revealed that the majority of common interactors of PHF8 and TIP60 were involved in mRNA processing, including PSF, an important molecule involved in neuronal gene regulation. Finally, we proceeded to show, using super-resolution microscopy, that PHF8 and TIP60 interact at the single molecule level with PSF, thereby situating this chromatin modifying complex at the crossroads of transcriptional activation. These findings point toward a mechanism by which an epigenetic pathway can regulate neuronal activity-dependent gene transcription, which has implications in the development of novel therapeutics for disorders of learning and memory.
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14
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Moradi S, Asgari S, Baharvand H. Concise Review: Harmonies Played by MicroRNAs in Cell Fate Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2014; 32:3-15. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture; ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture; ACECR Tehran Iran
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