1
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Wang J, Li X, Chang JW, Ye T, Mao Y, Wang X, Liu L. Enzymological and structural characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana heme oxygenase-1. FEBS Open Bio 2022; 12:1677-1687. [PMID: 35689519 PMCID: PMC9433822 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis thaliana heme oxygenase‐1 (AtHO‐1), a metabolic enzyme in the heme degradation pathway, serves as a prototype for study of the bilin‐related functions in plants. Past biological analyses revealed that AtHO‐1 requires ferredoxin‐NADP+ reductase (FNR) and ferredoxin for its enzymatic activity. Here, we characterized the binding and degradation of heme by AtHO‐1, and found that ferredoxin is a dispensable component of the reducing system that provides electrons for heme oxidation. Furthermore, we reported the crystal structure of heme‐bound AtHO‐1, which demonstrates both conserved and previously undescribed features of plant heme oxygenases. Finally, the electron transfer pathway from FNR to AtHO‐1 is suggested based on the known structural information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Tong Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Ying Mao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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2
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Taghizadeh A, Jamaat PR, Asli MD. The First Row Transition Metals on Stabilization of Biliverdin Complexes: Theoretical Study. RUSS J INORG CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036023621040227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Sugishima M, Wada K, Fukuyama K. Recent Advances in the Understanding of the Reaction Chemistries of the Heme Catabolizing Enzymes HO and BVR Based on High Resolution Protein Structures. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:3499-3518. [PMID: 30556496 PMCID: PMC7509768 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181217142715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, catabolism of the heme group is indispensable for life. Heme is first cleaved by the enzyme Heme Oxygenase (HO) to the linear tetrapyrrole Biliverdin IXα (BV), and BV is then converted into bilirubin by Biliverdin Reductase (BVR). HO utilizes three Oxygen molecules (O2) and seven electrons supplied by NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) to open the heme ring and BVR reduces BV through the use of NAD(P)H. Structural studies of HOs, including substrate-bound, reaction intermediate-bound, and several specific inhibitor-bound forms, reveal details explaining substrate binding to HO and mechanisms underlying-specific HO reaction progression. Cryo-trapped structures and a time-resolved spectroscopic study examining photolysis of the bond between the distal ligand and heme iron demonstrate how CO, produced during the HO reaction, dissociates from the reaction site with a corresponding conformational change in HO. The complex structure containing HO and CPR provides details of how electrons are transferred to the heme-HO complex. Although the tertiary structure of BVR and its complex with NAD+ was determined more than 10 years ago, the catalytic residues and the reaction mechanism of BVR remain unknown. A recent crystallographic study examining cyanobacterial BVR in complex with NADP+ and substrate BV provided some clarification regarding these issues. Two BV molecules are bound to BVR in a stacked manner, and one BV may assist in the reductive catalysis of the other BV. In this review, recent advances illustrated by biochemical, spectroscopic, and crystallographic studies detailing the chemistry underlying the molecular mechanism of HO and BVR reactions are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sugishima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
| | - Kei Wada
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fukuyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.,Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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4
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Sugishima M, Taira J, Sagara T, Nakao R, Sato H, Noguchi M, Fukuyama K, Yamamoto K, Yasunaga T, Sakamoto H. Conformational Equilibrium of NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Is Essential for Heme Oxygenase Reaction. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080673. [PMID: 32731542 PMCID: PMC7464098 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) catalyzes heme degradation using electrons supplied by NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR). Electrons from NADPH flow first to FAD, then to FMN, and finally to the heme in the redox partner. Previous biophysical analyses suggest the presence of a dynamic equilibrium between the open and the closed forms of CPR. We previously demonstrated that the open-form stabilized CPR (ΔTGEE) is tightly bound to heme-HO-1, whereas the reduction in heme-HO-1 coupled with ΔTGEE is considerably slow because the distance between FAD and FMN in ΔTGEE is inappropriate for electron transfer from FAD to FMN. Here, we characterized the enzymatic activity and the reduction kinetics of HO-1 using the closed-form stabilized CPR (147CC514). Additionally, we analyzed the interaction between 147CC514 and heme-HO-1 by analytical ultracentrifugation. The results indicate that the interaction between 147CC514 and heme-HO-1 is considerably weak, and the enzymatic activity of 147CC514 is markedly weaker than that of CPR. Further, using cryo-electron microscopy, we confirmed that the crystal structure of ΔTGEE in complex with heme-HO-1 is similar to the relatively low-resolution structure of CPR complexed with heme-HO-1 in solution. We conclude that the "open-close" transition of CPR is indispensable for electron transfer from CPR to heme-HO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Sugishima
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (H.S.); (M.N.); (K.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (H.S.)
| | - Junichi Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Tatsuya Sagara
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Ryota Nakao
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Hideaki Sato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (H.S.); (M.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Masato Noguchi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (H.S.); (M.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Keiichi Fukuyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka 560-0043, Japan;
| | - Ken Yamamoto
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Kurume University School of Medicine, 67 Asahi-machi, Kurume 830-0011, Japan; (H.S.); (M.N.); (K.Y.)
| | - Takuo Yasunaga
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
| | - Hiroshi Sakamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Graduate School of Computer Science and Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka 820-8502, Japan; (J.T.); (T.S.); (R.N.); (T.Y.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (H.S.)
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5
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Chao A, Burley KH, Sieminski PJ, de Miranda R, Chen X, Mobley DL, Goulding CW. Structure of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Heme-Degrading Protein, MhuD, Variant in Complex with Its Product. Biochemistry 2019; 58:4610-4620. [PMID: 31638374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis, requires iron for survival. In Mtb, MhuD is the cytosolic protein that degrades imported heme. MhuD is distinct, in both sequence and structure, from canonical heme oxygenases (HOs) but homologous with IsdG-type proteins. Canonical HO is found mainly in eukaryotes, while IsdG-type proteins are predominantly found in prokaryotes, including pathogens. While there are several published structures of MhuD and other IsdG-type proteins in complex with the heme substrate, no structures of IsdG-type proteins in complex with a product have been reported, unlike the case for HOs. We recently showed that the Mtb variant MhuD-R26S produces biliverdin IXα (αBV) rather than the wild-type mycobilin isomers. Given that mycobilin and other IsdG-type protein products like staphylobilin are difficult to isolate in quantities sufficient for structure determination, here we use the MhuD-R26S variant and its product αBV as a proxy to study the IsdG-type protein-product complex. First, we show that αBV has a nanomolar affinity for MhuD and the R26S variant. Second, we determined the MhuD-R26S-αBV complex structure to 2.5 Å, which reveals two notable features: (1) two αBV molecules bound per active site and (2) a novel α-helix (α3) that was not observed in previous MhuD-heme structures. Finally, through molecular dynamics simulations, we show that α3 is stable with the proximal αBV alone. MhuD's high affinity for the product and the observed structural and electrostatic changes that accompany substrate turnover suggest that there may be an unidentified class of proteins that are responsible for the extraction of products from MhuD and other IsdG-type proteins.
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6
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Uchida T, Sekine Y, Dojun N, Lewis-Ballester A, Ishigami I, Matsui T, Yeh SR, Ishimori K. Reaction intermediates in the heme degradation reaction by HutZ from Vibrio cholerae. Dalton Trans 2018; 46:8104-8109. [PMID: 28607990 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01562c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HutZ is a heme-degrading enzyme in Vibrio cholerae. It converts heme to biliverdin via verdoheme, suggesting that it follows the same reaction mechanism as that of mammalian heme oxygenase. However, none of the key intermediates have been identified. In this study, we applied steady-state and time-resolved UV-vis absorption and resonance Raman spectroscopy to study the reaction of the heme-HutZ complex with H2O2 or ascorbic acid. We characterized three intermediates: oxyferrous heme, meso-hydroxyheme, and verdoheme complexes. Our data support the view that HutZ degrades heme in a manner similar to mammalian heme oxygenase, despite their low sequence and structural homology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Uchida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan.
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7
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Lyles KV, Eichenbaum Z. From Host Heme To Iron: The Expanding Spectrum of Heme Degrading Enzymes Used by Pathogenic Bacteria. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:198. [PMID: 29971218 PMCID: PMC6018153 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for many bacteria. Since the metal is highly sequestered in host tissues, bound predominantly to heme, pathogenic bacteria often take advantage of heme uptake and degradation mechanisms to acquire iron during infection. The most common mechanism of releasing iron from heme is through oxidative degradation by heme oxygenases (HOs). In addition, an increasing number of proteins that belong to two distinct structural families have been implicated in aerobic heme catabolism. Finally, an enzyme that degrades heme anaerobically was recently uncovered, further expanding the mechanisms for bacterial heme degradation. In this analysis, we cover the spectrum and recent advances in heme degradation by infectious bacteria. We briefly explain heme oxidation by the two groups of recognized HOs to ground readers before focusing on two new types of proteins that are reported to be involved in utilization of heme iron. We discuss the structure and enzymatic function of proteins representing these groups, their biological context, and how they are regulated to provide a more complete look at their cellular role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin V Lyles
- Biology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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8
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Soldano A, Klinke S, Otero LH, Rivera M, Catalano-Dupuy DL, Ceccarelli EA. Structural and mutational analyses of the Leptospira interrogans virulence-related heme oxygenase provide insights into its catalytic mechanism. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182535. [PMID: 28771589 PMCID: PMC5542595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase from Leptospira interrogans is an important virulence factor. During catalysis, redox equivalents are provided to this enzyme by the plastidic-type ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase also found in L. interrogans. This process may have evolved to aid this bacterial pathogen to obtain heme-iron from their host and enable successful colonization. Herein we report the crystal structure of the heme oxygenase-heme complex at 1.73 Å resolution. The structure reveals several distinctive features related to its function. A hydrogen bonded network of structural water molecules that extends from the catalytic site to the protein surface was cleared observed. A depression on the surface appears to be the H+ network entrance from the aqueous environment to the catalytic site for O2 activation, a key step in the heme oxygenase reaction. We have performed a mutational analysis of the F157, located at the above-mentioned depression. The mutant enzymes were unable to carry out the complete degradation of heme to biliverdin since the reaction was arrested at the verdoheme stage. We also observed that the stability of the oxyferrous complex, the efficiency of heme hydroxylation and the subsequent conversion to verdoheme was adversely affected. These findings underscore a long-range communication between the outer fringes of the hydrogen-bonded network of structural waters and the heme active site during catalysis. Finally, by analyzing the crystal structures of ferredoxin-NADP+ reductase and heme oxygenase, we propose a model for the productive association of these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Soldano
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Klinke
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, and Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lisandro H. Otero
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, and Plataforma Argentina de Biología Estructural y Metabolómica PLABEM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mario Rivera
- Department of Chemistry and Ralph N. Adams Institute for Bioanalytical Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, United States of America
| | - Daniela L. Catalano-Dupuy
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Eduardo A. Ceccarelli
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario (IBR), CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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9
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Sigala PA, Morante K, Tsumoto K, Caaveiro JMM, Goldberg DE. In-Cell Enzymology To Probe His-Heme Ligation in Heme Oxygenase Catalysis. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4836-49. [PMID: 27490825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is a ubiquitous enzyme with key roles in inflammation, cell signaling, heme disposal, and iron acquisition. HO catalyzes the oxidative conversion of heme to biliverdin (BV) using a conserved histidine to coordinate the iron atom of bound heme. This His-heme interaction has been regarded as being essential for enzyme activity, because His-to-Ala mutants fail to convert heme to biliverdin in vitro. We probed a panel of proximal His mutants of cyanobacterial, human, and plant HO enzymes using a live-cell activity assay based on heterologous co-expression in Escherichia coli of each HO mutant and a fluorescent biliverdin biosensor. In contrast to in vitro studies with purified proteins, we observed that multiple HO mutants retained significant activity within the intracellular environment of bacteria. X-ray crystallographic structures of human HO1 H25R with bound heme and additional functional studies suggest that HO mutant activity inside these cells does not involve heme ligation by a proximal amino acid. Our study reveals unexpected plasticity in the active site binding interactions with heme that can support HO activity within cells, suggests important contributions by the surrounding active site environment to HO catalysis, and can guide efforts to understand the evolution and divergence of HO function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Sigala
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
| | - Koldo Morante
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.,Medical Proteomics Laboratory, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo , Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Jose M M Caaveiro
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Daniel E Goldberg
- Departments of Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine , St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
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10
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Li F, Liu J, Liu N, Kuhn LA, Garavito RM, Ferguson-Miller S. Translocator Protein 18 kDa (TSPO): An Old Protein with New Functions? Biochemistry 2016; 55:2821-31. [PMID: 27074410 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Translocator protein 18 kDa (TSPO) was previously known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in eukaryotes, where it is mainly localized to the mitochondrial outer membrane. Considerable evidence indicates that it plays regulatory roles in steroidogenesis and apoptosis and is involved in various human diseases, such as metastatic cancer, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, inflammation, and anxiety disorders. Ligands of TSPO are widely used as diagnostic tools and treatment options, despite there being no clear understanding of the function of TSPO. An ortholog in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodobacter was independently discovered as the tryptophan-rich sensory protein (TspO) and found to play a role in the response to changes in oxygen and light conditions that regulate photosynthesis and respiration. As part of this highly conserved protein family found in all three kingdoms, the rat TSPO is able to rescue the knockout phenotype in Rhodobacter, indicating functional as well as structural conservation. Recently, a major breakthrough in the field was achieved: the determination of atomic-resolution structures of TSPO from different species by several independent groups. This now allows us to reexamine the function of TSPO with a molecular perspective. In this review, we focus on recently determined structures of TSPO and their implications for potential functions of this ubiquitous multifaceted protein. We suggest that TSPO is an ancient bacterial receptor/stress sensor that has developed additional interactions, partners, and roles in its mitochondrial outer membrane environment in eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319, United States
| | - Leslie A Kuhn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824-1319, United States
| | - R Michael Garavito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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11
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Heterogeneous Asymmetric Oxidation Catalysis Using Hemophore HasApf. Application in the Chemoenzymatic Deracemization of sec-Alcohols with Sodium Borohydride. Catalysts 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/catal6030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Li F, Liu J, Zheng Y, Garavito RM, Ferguson-Miller S. Response to Comment on "Crystal structures of translocator protein (TSPO) and mutant mimic of a human polymorphism". Science 2015; 350:519. [PMID: 26516277 DOI: 10.1126/science.aab2595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Wang comments that the diffraction data for the structure of the A139T mutant of translocator protein TSPO from Rhodobacter sphaeroides should be used to 1.65 instead of 1.8 angstroms and that the density interpreted as porphyrin and monoolein is better fitted as polyethylene glycol. Although different practices of data processing exist, in this case they do not substantially influence the final map. Additional data are presented supporting the fit of a porphyrin and monooleins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Yi Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - R Michael Garavito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Shelagh Ferguson-Miller
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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13
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Sheldon JR, Heinrichs DE. Recent developments in understanding the iron acquisition strategies of gram positive pathogens. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2015; 39:592-630. [DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuv009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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14
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Contreras H, Chim N, Credali A, Goulding CW. Heme uptake in bacterial pathogens. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2014; 19:34-41. [PMID: 24780277 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for the survival of organisms. Bacterial pathogens possess specialized pathways to acquire heme from their human hosts. In this review, we present recent structural and biochemical data that provide mechanistic insights into several bacterial heme uptake pathways, encompassing the sequestration of heme from human hemoproteins to secreted or membrane-associated bacterial proteins, the transport of heme across bacterial membranes, and the degradation of heme within the bacterial cytosol to liberate iron. The pathways for heme transport into the bacterial cytosol are divergent, harboring non-homologous protein sequences, novel structures, varying numbers of proteins, and different mechanisms. Congruously, the breakdown of heme within the bacterial cytosol by sequence-divergent proteins releases iron and distinct degradation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Contreras
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Nicholas Chim
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alfredo Credali
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Celia W Goulding
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCI, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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