1
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Chittum JE, Thompson A, Desai UR. Glycosaminoglycan microarrays for studying glycosaminoglycan-protein systems. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 335:122106. [PMID: 38616080 PMCID: PMC11032185 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
More than 3000 proteins are now known to bind to glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Yet, GAG-protein systems are rather poorly understood in terms of selectivity of recognition, molecular mechanism of action, and translational promise. High-throughput screening (HTS) technologies are critically needed for studying GAG biology and developing GAG-based therapeutics. Microarrays, developed within the past two decades, have now improved to the point of being the preferred tool in the HTS of biomolecules. GAG microarrays, in which GAG sequences are immobilized on slides, while similar to other microarrays, have their own sets of challenges and considerations. GAG microarrays are rapidly becoming the first choice in studying GAG-protein systems. Here, we review different modalities and applications of GAG microarrays presented to date. We discuss advantages and disadvantages of this technology, explain covalent and non-covalent immobilization strategies using different chemically reactive groups, and present various assay formats for qualitative and quantitative interpretations, including selectivity screening, binding affinity studies, competitive binding studies etc. We also highlight recent advances in implementing this technology, cataloging of data, and project its future promise. Overall, the technology of GAG microarray exhibits enormous potential of evolving into more than a mere screening tool for studying GAG - protein systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E Chittum
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Ally Thompson
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States of America; Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, United States of America.
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2
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Fass D, Thornton DJ. Mucin networks: Dynamic structural assemblies controlling mucus function. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2023; 79:102524. [PMID: 36753925 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2022.102524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to first appearances, mucus structural biology is not an oxymoron. Though mucus hydrogels derive their characteristics largely from intrinsically disordered, heavily glycosylated polypeptide segments, the secreted mucin glycoproteins that constitute mucus undergo an orderly assembly process controlled by folded domains at their termini. Recent structural studies revealed how mucin complexes promote disulphide-mediated polymerization to produce the mucus gel scaffold. Additional protein-protein and protein-glycan interactions likely tune the mesoscale properties, stability, and activities of mucins. Evidence is emerging that even intrinsically disordered glycosylated segments have specific structural roles in the production and properties of mucus. Though soft-matter biophysical approaches to understanding mucus remain highly relevant, high-resolution structural studies of mucins and other mucus components are providing new perspectives on these vital, protective hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Fass
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David J Thornton
- Wellcome Centre for Cell-Matrix Research and the Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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3
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Abstract
Through their specific interactions with proteins, cellular glycans play key roles in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. One of the main goals of research in the areas of glycobiology and glycomedicine is to understand glycan-protein interactions at the molecular level. Over the past two decades, glycan microarrays have become powerful tools for the rapid evaluation of interactions between glycans and proteins. In this review, we briefly describe methods used for the preparation of glycan probes and the construction of glycan microarrays. Next, we highlight applications of glycan microarrays to rapid profiling of glycan-binding patterns of plant, animal and pathogenic lectins, as well as other proteins. Finally, we discuss other important uses of glycan microarrays, including the rapid analysis of substrate specificities of carbohydrate-active enzymes, the quantitative determination of glycan-protein interactions, discovering high-affinity or selective ligands for lectins, and identifying functional glycans within cells. We anticipate that this review will encourage researchers to employ glycan microarrays in diverse glycan-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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4
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A jacalin-related lectin domain-containing lipase from chestnut (Castanea crenata): Purification, characterization, and protein identification. Curr Res Food Sci 2022; 5:2081-2093. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crfs.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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5
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Dong X, Si J, Zhang G, Shen Z, Zhang L, Sheng K, Wang J, Kong X, Zha X, Wang Y. The role of Jacalin-related lectin gene AOL_s00083g511 in the development and pathogenicity of the nematophagous fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora. J Microbiol 2021; 59:736-745. [PMID: 34219209 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Arthrobotrys oligospora is a model species of nematophagous fungi and has great potential for the biological control of nematode diseases. Lectin is a protein that binds to carbohydrates and their complexes with high specificity, which mediates recognition events in various physiological and pathological processes. This study aimed to investigate the role of the Jacalin-related lectin (JRL) gene, AOL_s00083g511, in A. oligospora development. Through a homology recombination approach, we obtained the AOL_s00083g511 knockout mutant strain (Ag511). Next, the biological characteristics of the Ag511 mutant strain, including growth rate, conidia germination rate, adaptation to environmental stresses, and nematocidal activity, were compared with those of the wild-type (WT) strain. The results showed that the JRL gene AOL_s00083g511 did not affect fungal growth, conidia germination, 3D-trap formation, and the ability of A. oligospora to prey on nematodes significantly. We speculate that this phenomenon may be caused by a loss of the key β1-β2 loops in the AOL_ s00083g511-encoded JRL domain and an intrinsic genetic compensation of AOL_s00083g511 in this fungus. The growth rates of both strains on high salt or surfactant media were similar; however, in the strong oxidation medium, the growth rate of the Ag511 mutant was significantly lower than that of the WT strain, indicating that AOL_s00083g511 might play a role in oxidative stress resistance. These findings provide a basis for further analysis of the related functions of the JRL gene in A. oligospora and their potential roles in the biological control of nematodes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jiali Si
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Shen
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Kangliang Sheng
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Jingmin Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowei Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Xiangdong Zha
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China
| | - Yongzhong Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Human Microenvironment and Precision Medicine of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China. .,Anhui Key Laboratory of Modern Biomanufacturing, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China. .,Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
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6
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Javitt G, Kinzel A, Reznik N, Fass D. Conformational switches and redox properties of the colon cancer-associated human lectin ZG16. FEBS J 2021; 288:6465-6475. [PMID: 34077620 PMCID: PMC9291870 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Zymogen granule membrane protein 16 (ZG16) is produced in organs that secrete large quantities of enzymes and other proteins into the digestive tract. ZG16 binds microbial pathogens, and lower ZG16 expression levels correlate with colorectal cancer, but the physiological function of the protein is poorly understood. One prominent attribute of ZG16 is its ability to bind glycans, but other aspects of the protein may also contribute to activity. An intriguing feature of ZG16 is a CXXC motif at the carboxy terminus. Here, we describe crystal structures and biochemical studies showing that the CXXC motif is on a flexible tail, where it contributes little to structure or stability but is available to engage in redox reactions. Specifically, we demonstrate that the ZG16 cysteine thiols can be oxidized to a disulfide by quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase 1, which is a sulfhydryl oxidase present together with ZG16 in the Golgi apparatus and in mucus, as well as by protein disulfide isomerase. ZG16 crystal structures also draw attention to a nonproline cis peptide bond that can isomerize within the protein and to the mobility of glycine‐rich loops in the glycan‐binding site. An understanding of the properties of the ZG16 CXXC motif and the discovery of internal conformational switches extend existing knowledge relating to the glycan‐binding activity of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Javitt
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alisa Kinzel
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nava Reznik
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Deborah Fass
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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7
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Manabe N, Yamaguchi Y. 3D Structural View of Pathogen Recognition by Mammalian Lectin Receptors. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:670780. [PMID: 34113651 PMCID: PMC8185196 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.670780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans and other mammals resist exogenous pathogens by recognizing them as non-self. How do they do this? The answer lies in the recognition by mammalian lectin receptors of glycans usually found on the surface of pathogens and whose chemical structure is species-specific. Some glycan components, such as galactofuranose, only occur in microbes, and is the principal means by which mammalian lectin receptors recognize non-self. Several lectins may function together as pattern recognition receptors to survey the infecting pathogen before the adaptive immune system is invoked. Most lectins have primary and secondary monosaccharide-binding sites which together determine the specificity of a receptor toward microbial glycans. There may also be a hydrophobic groove alongside the sugar binding sites that increases specificity. Another elaboration is through oligomerization of lectin domains with defined spacing and arrangement that creates high-affinity binding towards multiply-presented glycans on microbes. Microbe-specific polysaccharides may arise through unique sugar linkages. Specificity can come from mammalian receptors possessing a shallow binding site and binding only internal disaccharide units, as in the recognition of mannan by Dectin-2. The accumulation of 3D structural information on lectins receptors has allowed the recognition modes of microbe glycans to be classified into several groupings. This review is an introduction to our current knowledge on the mechanisms of pathogen recognition by representative mammalian lectin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Manabe
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Division of Structural Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Institute of Molecular Biomembrane and Glycobiology, Division of Structural Glycobiology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
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8
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Scoma A, Khor WC, Coma M, Heyer R, Props R, Schoelynck J, Bouts T, Benndorf D, Li D, Zhang H, Rabaey K. Substrate-Dependent Fermentation of Bamboo in Giant Panda Gut Microbiomes: Leaf Primarily to Ethanol and Pith to Lactate. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:530. [PMID: 32300339 PMCID: PMC7145396 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The giant panda is known worldwide for having successfully moved to a diet almost exclusively based on bamboo. Provided that no lignocellulose-degrading enzyme was detected in panda's genome, bamboo digestion is believed to depend on its gut microbiome. However, pandas retain the digestive system of a carnivore, with retention times of maximum 12 h. Cultivation of their unique gut microbiome under controlled laboratory conditions may be a valid tool to understand giant pandas' dietary habits, and provide valuable insights about what component of lignocellulose may be metabolized. Here, we collected gut microbiomes from fresh fecal samples of a giant panda (either entirely green or yellow stools) and supplied them with green leaves or yellow pith (i.e., the peeled stem). Microbial community composition was substrate dependent, and resulted in markedly different fermentation profiles, with yellow pith fermented to lactate and green leaves to lactate, acetate and ethanol, the latter to strikingly high concentrations (∼3%, v:v, within 3.5 h). Microbial metaproteins pointed to hemicellulose rather than cellulose degradation. The alpha-amylase from the giant panda (E.C. 3.2.1.1) was the predominant identified metaprotein, particularly in reactors inoculated with pellets derived from fecal samples (up to 60%). Gut microbiomes assemblage was most prominently impacted by the change in substrate (either leaf or pith). Removal of soluble organics from inocula to force lignocellulose degradation significantly enriched Bacteroides (in green leaf) and Escherichia/Shigella (in yellow pith). Overall, different substrates (either leaf or pith) markedly shaped gut microbiome assemblies and fermentation profiles. The biochemical profile of fermentation products may be an underestimated factor contributing to explain the peculiar dietary behavior of giant pandas, and should be implemented in large scale studies together with short-term lab-scale cultivation of gut microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Scoma
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Bioscience, Microbiology Section, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.,Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Way Cern Khor
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Marta Coma
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Robert Heyer
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Ruben Props
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Tim Bouts
- Pairi Daiza Foundation, Brugelette, Belgium
| | - Dirk Benndorf
- Bioprocess Engineering, Otto von Guericke University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Bioprocess Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Desheng Li
- China Conservation and Research Centre for Giant Panda, Dujiangyan City, China
| | - Hemin Zhang
- China Conservation and Research Centre for Giant Panda, Dujiangyan City, China
| | - Korneel Rabaey
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology, University of Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
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9
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Covés-Datson EM, King SR, Legendre M, Gupta A, Chan SM, Gitlin E, Kulkarni VV, Pantaleón García J, Smee DF, Lipka E, Evans SE, Tarbet EB, Ono A, Markovitz DM. A molecularly engineered antiviral banana lectin inhibits fusion and is efficacious against influenza virus infection in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:2122-2132. [PMID: 31932446 PMCID: PMC6995028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915152117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a strong need for a new broad-spectrum antiinfluenza therapeutic, as vaccination and existing treatments are only moderately effective. We previously engineered a lectin, H84T banana lectin (H84T), to retain broad-spectrum activity against multiple influenza strains, including pandemic and avian, while largely eliminating the potentially harmful mitogenicity of the parent compound. The amino acid mutation at position 84 from histidine to threonine minimizes the mitogenicity of the wild-type lectin while maintaining antiinfluenza activity in vitro. We now report that in a lethal mouse model H84T is indeed nonmitogenic, and both early and delayed therapeutic administration of H84T intraperitoneally are highly protective, as is H84T administered subcutaneously. Mechanistically, attachment, which we anticipated to be inhibited by H84T, was only somewhat decreased by the lectin. Instead, H84T is internalized into the late endosomal/lysosomal compartment and inhibits virus-endosome fusion. These studies reveal that H84T is efficacious against influenza virus in vivo, and that the loss of mitogenicity seen previously in tissue culture is also seen in vivo, underscoring the potential utility of H84T as a broad-spectrum antiinfluenza agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn M Covés-Datson
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Steven R King
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48108
| | - Maureen Legendre
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Auroni Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Susana M Chan
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48108
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Emily Gitlin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Vikram V Kulkarni
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Jezreel Pantaleón García
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Donald F Smee
- Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Elke Lipka
- Therapeutic Systems Research Laboratories, Inc., Ann Arbor, MI 48108
| | - Scott E Evans
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030
| | - E Bart Tarbet
- Animal, Dairy and Veterinary Sciences Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - David M Markovitz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109;
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Cancer Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
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10
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Mito A, Kumazawa-Inoue K, Kojima-Aikawa K. ZG16p, an Animal Homologue of Plant β-Prism Fold Lectins: Purification Methods of Natural and Recombinant ZG16p and Inhibition Assay of Cancer Cell Growth Using ZG16p. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2132:339-347. [PMID: 32306341 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0430-4_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
ZG16p is a soluble 16-kDa protein abundantly expressed in the pancreas and gut, and has a β-prism fold structure similar to that of mannose-binding Jacalin-related lectins (mJRLs) such as BanLec, Heltuba, and Artocarpin. ZG16p binds to mannose via the well-conserved GXXXD loop among mJRLs and sulfated glycosaminoglycans (e.g., heparin and heparan sulfate) via the basic patch of molecular surface. In addition to the above binding activities, ZG16p has inhibitory activity against proliferation of colon cancer cells. This manuscript describes purification of rat pancreatic ZG16p and recombinant ZG16p expressed in Escherichia coli expression system, and cell growth inhibition assay using ZG16p as an inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mito
- Natural Science Division, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Kumazawa-Inoue
- Natural Science Division, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kojima-Aikawa
- Natural Science Division, Faculty of Science, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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dos Santos Silva PM, de Oliveira WF, Albuquerque PBS, dos Santos Correia MT, Coelho LCBB. Insights into anti-pathogenic activities of mannose lectins. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 140:234-244. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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12
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Pang Y, Gou M, Yang K, Lu J, Han Y, Teng H, Li C, Wang H, Liu C, Zhang K, Yang Y, Li Q. Crystal structure of a cytocidal protein from lamprey and its mechanism of action in the selective killing of cancer cells. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:54. [PMID: 31133022 PMCID: PMC6537362 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0358-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In previous research, we found that lamprey immune protein (LIP) possessed cytocidal activity against tumor cells, but the mechanism of the selective recognition and killing of tumor cells by LIP was not identified. Methods Superresolution microscopy, crystallographic structural analysis, glycan chip assay, SPR experiments, FACS assays, computational studies and mass spectrometric analysis firmly establish the mode of action of LIP, which involves dual selective recognition and efficient binding. Results We determined the overall crystallographic structure of LIP at a resolution of 2.25 Å. LIP exhibits an elongated structure with dimensions of 105 Å × 30 Å × 30 Å containing an N-terminal lectin module and a C-terminal aerolysin module. Moreover, the Phe209-Gly232 region is predicted to insert into the lipid bilayer to form a transmembrane β-barrel, in which the hydrophobic residues face the lipid bilayer, and the polar residues constitute the hydrophilic lumen of the pore. We found that LIP is able to kill various human cancer cells with minimal effects on normal cells. Notably, by coupling biochemical and computational studies, we propose a hypothetical mechanism that involves dual selective recognition and efficient binding dependent on both N-linked glycans on GPI-anchored proteins (GPI-APs) and sphingomyelin (SM) in lipid rafts. Furthermore, specific binding of the lectin module with biantennary bisialylated nonfucosylated N-glycan or sialyl Lewis X-containing glycan structures on GPI-APs triggers substantial conformational changes in the aerolysin module, which interacts with SM, ultimately resulting in the formation of a membrane-bound oligomer in lipid rafts. Conclusions LIP holds great potential for the application of a marine protein towards targeted cancer therapy and early diagnosis in humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12964-019-0358-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Pang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Meng Gou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Kai Yang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Jiali Lu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Yinglun Han
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Hongming Teng
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Changzhi Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Haina Wang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Caigang Liu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
| | - Kejia Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China. .,Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
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13
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Zaitseva J, Vaknin D, Krebs C, Doroghazi J, Milam SL, Balasubramanian D, Duck NB, Freigang J. Structure-function characterization of an insecticidal protein GNIP1Aa, a member of an MACPF and β-tripod families. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2897-2906. [PMID: 30728296 PMCID: PMC6386698 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1815547116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The crystal structure of the Gram-negative insecticidal protein, GNIP1Aa, has been solved at 2.5-Å resolution. The protein consists of two structurally distinct domains, a MACPF (membrane attack complex/PerForin) and a previously uncharacterized type of domain. GNIP1Aa is unique in being a prokaryotic MACPF member to have both its structure and function identified. It was isolated from a Chromobacterium piscinae strain and is specifically toxic to Diabrotica virgifera virgifera larvae upon feeding. In members of the MACPF family, the MACPF domain has been shown to be important for protein oligomerization and formation of transmembrane pores, while accompanying domains define the specificity of the target of the toxicity. In GNIP1Aa the accompanying C-terminal domain has a unique fold composed of three pseudosymmetric subdomains with shared sequence similarity, a feature not obvious from the initial sequence examination. Our analysis places this domain into a protein family, named here β-tripod. Using mutagenesis, we identified functionally important regions in the β-tripod domain, which may be involved in target recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sara L Milam
- Agricultural Solutions, BASF, Morrisville, NC 27560
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14
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Van Holle S, Van Damme EJM. Messages From the Past: New Insights in Plant Lectin Evolution. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:36. [PMID: 30761173 PMCID: PMC6362431 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Lectins are a large and diverse class of proteins, found in all kingdoms of life. Plants are known to express different types of carbohydrate-binding proteins, each containing at least one particular lectin domain which enables them to specifically recognize and bind carbohydrate structures. The group of plant lectins is heterogeneous in terms of structure, biological activity and function. Lectins control various aspects of plant development and defense. Some lectins facilitate recognition of exogenous danger signals or play a role in endogenous signaling pathways, while others are considered as storage proteins or involved in symbiotic relationships. In this study, we revisit the origin of the different plant lectin families in view of the recently reshaped tree of life. Due to new genomic sampling of previously unknown microbial lineages, the tree of life has expanded and was reshaped multiple times. In addition, more plant genomes especially from basal Phragmoplastophyta, bryophytes, and Salviniales (e.g., Chara braunii, Marchantia polymorpha, Physcomitrella patens, Azolla filiculoides, and Salvinia cucullata) have been analyzed, and annotated genome sequences have become accessible. We searched 38 plant genome sequences including core eudicots, monocots, gymnosperms, fern, lycophytes, bryophytes, charophytes, chlorophytes, glaucophytes, and rhodophytes for lectin motifs, performed an extensive comparative analysis of lectin domain architectures, and determined the phylogenetic and evolutionary history of lectins in the plant lineage. In conclusion, we describe the conservation of particular domains in plant lectin sequences obtained from algae to higher plants. The strong conservation of several lectin motifs highlights their significance for plants.
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15
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Biophysical Analyses for Probing Glycan-Protein Interactions. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1104:119-147. [PMID: 30484247 PMCID: PMC7153041 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2158-0_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycan-protein interactions occur at many physiological events, and the analyses are of considerable importance for understanding glycan-dependent mechanisms. Biophysical approaches including 3D structural analysis are essential for revealing glycan-protein interactions at the atomic level. The inherent diversity of glycans suits them to function as identification tags, e.g., distinguish self from the nonself components of pathogens. However, the complexity of glycans and poor affinities for interaction partners limit the usefulness of conventional analyses. To cope with such troublesome glycans, a logical sequence of biophysical analyses need to be developed. In this chapter, we introduce a workflow of glycan-protein interaction analysis consisting of six steps: preparation of lectin and glycan, screening of glycan ligand, determination of binding epitope, quantitative interaction analysis, 3D structural analysis, and molecular dynamics simulation. Our increasing knowledge and understanding of lectin-glycan interactions will hopefully lead to the design of glyco-based medicines and vaccines.
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16
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Mito A, Nakano Y, Saitoh T, Gouraud SSS, Yamaguchi Y, Sato T, Sasaki N, Kojima-Aikawa K. Lectin ZG16p inhibits proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells via its carbohydrate-binding sites. Glycobiology 2018; 28:21-31. [PMID: 29069492 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zymogen granule protein 16 (ZG16p) is a soluble lectin that binds to both mannose and heparin/heparan sulfate. It is highly expressed in the human digestive tract and is secreted into the mucus. In this study, we investigated the effect of ZG16p on the proliferation of human colorectal cancer cells. Overexpression of ZG16p in Caco-2 cells decreased cell growth. Recombinant ZG16p markedly inhibited proliferation of Caco-2, LS174T, HCT116 and HCT15 cells. Caco-2 cell growth was not inhibited by two mutated ZG16p proteins, D151A and M5 (K36A, R37A, R53A, R55A and R79A) lacking mannose- and heparin-binding activities, respectively. Immunofluorescent cell staining revealed that ZG16p-D151A maintained its binding to the Caco-2 cell surface, whereas ZG16p-M5 failed to bind to the cells. These results suggest that ZG16p interacts with the cell surface via basic amino acids substituted in ZG16p-M5 and inhibits Caco-2 cell proliferation via Asp151. In addition, growth of patient-derived colorectal tumor organoids in a 3D intestinal stem cell system was suppressed by ZG16p but not by ZG16p-M5. Taken together, our findings indicate that ZG16p inhibits the growth of colorectal cancer cells via its carbohydrate-binding sites in vitro and ex vivo. In this study, a novel pathway in cancer cell growth regulation through cell surface carbohydrate chains is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mito
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.,Program for Leading Graduate Schools, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakano
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Takako Saitoh
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Sabine S S Gouraud
- Leading Graduate School Promotion Center, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structure Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Toshiro Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sasaki
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Kyoko Kojima-Aikawa
- Natural Science Division, Faculty of Core Research, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan.,Institute for Human Life Innovation, Ochanomizu University, 2-1-1 Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610, Japan
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17
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2013-2014. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2018; 37:353-491. [PMID: 29687922 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is the eighth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2014. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation, and arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly- saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Much of this material is presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 37:353-491, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Nakae S, Shionyu M, Ogawa T, Shirai T. Structures of jacalin-related lectin PPL3 regulating pearl shell biomineralization. Proteins 2018. [PMID: 29524263 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The nacreous layer of pearl oysters is one of the major biominerals of commercial and industrial interest. Jacalin-related lectins, including PPL3 isoforms, are known to regulate biomineralization of the Pteria penguin pearl shell, although the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. The PPL3 crystal structures were determined partly by utilizing microgravity environments for 3 isoforms, namely, PPL3A, PPL3B, and PPL3C. The structures revealed a tail-to-tail dimer structure established by forming a unique inter-subunit disulfide bond at C-termini. The N-terminal residues were found in pyroglutamate form, and this was partly explained by the post-translational modification of PPL3 isoforms implied from the discrepancy between amino acid and gene sequences. The complex structures with trehalose and isomaltose indicated that the novel specificity originated from the unique α-helix of PPL3 isoforms. Docking simulations of PPL3B to various calcite crystal faces suggested the edge of a β-sheet and the carbohydrate-binding site rich in charged residues were the interface to the biomineral, and implied that the isoforms differed in calcite interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Setsu Nakae
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Masafumi Shionyu
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Shirai
- Faculty of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bio-Science and Technology, 1266 Tamura-Cho, Nagahama, Shiga 526-0829, Japan
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19
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Nagae M, Mishra SK, Hanashima S, Tateno H, Yamaguchi Y. Distinct roles for each N-glycan branch interacting with mannose-binding type Jacalin-related lectins Orysata and Calsepa. Glycobiology 2017; 27:1120-1133. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nagae
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Sushil K Mishra
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Shinya Hanashima
- Department of Chemistry, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tateno
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8568, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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20
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A pore-forming protein implements VLR-activated complement cytotoxicity in lamprey. Cell Discov 2017; 3:17033. [PMID: 28944078 PMCID: PMC5605768 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2017.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamprey is a basal vertebrate with a unique adaptive immune system, which uses variable lymphocyte receptors (VLRs) for antigen recognition. Our previous study has shown that lamprey possessed a distinctive complement pathway activated by VLR. In this study, we identified a natterin family member-lamprey pore-forming protein (LPFP) with a jacalin-like lectin domain and an aerolysin-like pore-forming domain. LPFP had a high affinity with mannan and could form oligomer in the presence of mannan. LPFP could deposit on the surface of target cells, form pore-like complex resembling a wheel with hub and spokes, and mediate powerful cytotoxicity on target cells. These pore-forming proteins along with VLRs and complement molecules were essential for the specific cytotoxicity against exogenous pathogens and tumor cells. This unique cytotoxicity implemented by LPFP might emerge before or in parallel with the IgG-based classical complement lytic pathway completed by polyC9.
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21
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Recognition of microbial glycans by soluble human lectins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2017; 44:168-178. [PMID: 28482337 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Human innate immune lectins that recognize microbial glycans can conduct microbial surveillance and thereby help prevent infection. Structural analysis of soluble lectins has provided invaluable insight into how these proteins recognize their cognate carbohydrate ligands and how this recognition gives rise to biological function. In this opinion, we cover the structural features of lectins that allow them to mediate microbial recognition, highlighting examples from the collectin, Reg protein, galectin, pentraxin, ficolin and intelectin families. These analyses reveal how some lectins (e.g., human intelectin-1) can recognize glycan epitopes that are remarkably diverse, yet still differentiate between mammalian and microbial glycans. We additionally discuss strategies to identify lectins that recognize microbial glycans and highlight tools that facilitate these discovery efforts.
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22
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Hopper JTS, Ambrose S, Grant OC, Krumm SA, Allison TM, Degiacomi MT, Tully MD, Pritchard LK, Ozorowski G, Ward AB, Crispin M, Doores KJ, Woods RJ, Benesch JLP, Robinson CV, Struwe WB. The Tetrameric Plant Lectin BanLec Neutralizes HIV through Bidentate Binding to Specific Viral Glycans. Structure 2017; 25:773-782.e5. [PMID: 28434916 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Select lectins have powerful anti-viral properties that effectively neutralize HIV-1 by targeting the dense glycan shield on the virus. Here, we reveal the mechanism by which one of the most potent lectins, BanLec, achieves its inhibition. We identify that BanLec recognizes a subset of high-mannose glycans via bidentate interactions spanning the two binding sites present on each BanLec monomer that were previously considered separate carbohydrate recognition domains. We show that both sites are required for high-affinity glycan binding and virus neutralization. Unexpectedly we find that BanLec adopts a tetrameric stoichiometry in solution whereby the glycan-binding sites are positioned to optimally target glycosylated viral spikes. The tetrameric architecture, together with bidentate binding to individual glycans, leads to layers of multivalency that drive viral neutralization through enhanced avidity effects. These structural insights will prove useful in engineering successful lectin therapeutics targeting the dense glycan shield of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan T S Hopper
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Stephen Ambrose
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Oliver C Grant
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Stefanie A Krumm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Timothy M Allison
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Matteo T Degiacomi
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Mark D Tully
- Diamond Light Source B21, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, UK
| | - Laura K Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, CHAVI-ID, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center & Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, CHAVI-ID, IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center & Collaboration for AIDS Vaccine Discovery (CAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Katie J Doores
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Robert J Woods
- Department of Biochemistry, Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Justin L P Benesch
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Carol V Robinson
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK
| | - Weston B Struwe
- Physical & Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK.
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23
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Gram-positive bacteria are held at a distance in the colon mucus by the lectin-like protein ZG16. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13833-13838. [PMID: 27849619 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1611400113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The distal colon functions as a bioreactor and harbors an enormous amount of bacteria in a mutualistic relationship with the host. The microbiota have to be kept at a safe distance to prevent inflammation, something that is achieved by a dense inner mucus layer that lines the epithelial cells. The large polymeric nets made up by the heavily O-glycosylated MUC2 mucin forms this physical barrier. Proteomic analyses of mucus have identified the lectin-like protein ZG16 (zymogen granulae protein 16) as an abundant mucus component. To elucidate the function of ZG16, we generated recombinant ZG16 and studied Zg16-/- mice. ZG16 bound to and aggregated Gram-positive bacteria via binding to the bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan. Zg16-/- mice have a distal colon mucus layer with normal thickness, but with bacteria closer to the epithelium. Using distal colon explants mounted in a horizontal perfusion chamber we demonstrated that treatment of bacteria with recombinant ZG16 hindered bacterial penetration into the mucus. The inner colon mucus of Zg16-/- animals had a higher load of Gram-positive bacteria and showed bacteria with higher motility in the mucus close to the host epithelium compared with cohoused littermate Zg16+/+ The more penetrable Zg16-/- mucus allowed Gram-positive bacteria to translocate to systemic tissues. Viable bacteria were found in spleen and were associated with increased abdominal fat pad mass in Zg16-/- animals. The function of ZG16 reveals a mechanism for keeping bacteria further away from the host colon epithelium.
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24
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Jia N, Liu N, Cheng W, Jiang YL, Sun H, Chen LL, Peng J, Zhang Y, Ding YH, Zhang ZH, Wang X, Cai G, Wang J, Dong MQ, Zhang Z, Wu H, Wang HW, Chen Y, Zhou CZ. Structural basis for receptor recognition and pore formation of a zebrafish aerolysin-like protein. EMBO Rep 2015; 17:235-48. [PMID: 26711430 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201540851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various aerolysin-like pore-forming proteins have been identified from bacteria to vertebrates. However, the mechanism of receptor recognition and/or pore formation of the eukaryotic members remains unknown. Here, we present the first crystal and electron microscopy structures of a vertebrate aerolysin-like protein from Danio rerio, termed Dln1, before and after pore formation. Each subunit of Dln1 dimer comprises a β-prism lectin module followed by an aerolysin module. Specific binding of the lectin module toward high-mannose glycans triggers drastic conformational changes of the aerolysin module in a pH-dependent manner, ultimately resulting in the formation of a membrane-bound octameric pore. Structural analyses combined with computational simulations and biochemical assays suggest a pore-forming process with an activation mechanism distinct from the previously characterized bacterial members. Moreover, Dln1 and its homologs are ubiquitously distributed in bony fishes and lamprey, suggesting a novel fish-specific defense molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jia
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yong-Liang Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Lan-Lan Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Junhui Peng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yonghui Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yue-He Ding
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Hui Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xuejuan Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Gang Cai
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Meng-Qiu Dong
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Hui Wu
- Departments of Microbiology and Pediatric Dentistry, Schools of Dentistry and Medicine University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Hong-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Science, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Cong-Zhao Zhou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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25
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Nagae M, Yamaguchi Y. Sugar recognition and protein-protein interaction of mammalian lectins conferring diverse functions. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2015; 34:108-15. [PMID: 26418728 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in structural analyses of mammalian lectins reveal atomic-level details of their fine specificities toward diverse endogenous and exogenous glycans. Local variations on a common scaffold can enable certain lectins to recognize complex carbohydrate ligands including branched glycans and O-glycosylated peptides. Simultaneous recognition of both glycan and the aglycon moieties enhances the affinity and specificity of lectins such as CLEC-2 and PILRα. Attention has been paid to the roles of galectin and RegIII family of proteins in protein-protein interactions involved in critical biological functions including signal transduction and bactericidal pore formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Nagae
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, Systems Glycobiology Research Group, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
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Hanashima S, Götze S, Liu Y, Ikeda A, Kojima-Aikawa K, Taniguchi N, Varón Silva D, Feizi T, Seeberger PH, Yamaguchi Y. Defining the Interaction of Human Soluble Lectin ZG16p and Mycobacterial Phosphatidylinositol Mannosides. Chembiochem 2015; 16:1502-11. [PMID: 25919894 PMCID: PMC5896728 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201500103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ZG16p is a soluble mammalian lectin that interacts with mannose and heparan sulfate. Here we describe detailed analysis of the interaction of human ZG16p with mycobacterial phosphatidylinositol mannosides (PIMs) by glycan microarray and NMR. Pathogen-related glycan microarray analysis identified phosphatidylinositol mono- and di-mannosides (PIM1 and PIM2) as novel ligand candidates of ZG16p. Saturation transfer difference (STD) NMR and transferred NOE experiments with chemically synthesized PIM glycans indicate that PIMs preferentially interact with ZG16p by using the mannose residues. The binding site of PIM was identified by chemical-shift perturbation experiments with uniformly (15)N-labeled ZG16p. NMR results with docking simulations suggest a binding mode of ZG16p and PIM glycan; this will help to elucidate the physiological role of ZG16p.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Hanashima
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 (Japan)
| | - Sebastian Götze
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam (Germany)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Yan Liu
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN (UK)
| | - Akemi Ikeda
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 (Japan)
| | - Kyoko Kojima-Aikawa
- The Glycoscience Institute, Ochanomizu University, Otsuka, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8610 (Japan)
| | - Naoyuki Taniguchi
- Disease Glycomics Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 (Japan)
| | - Daniel Varón Silva
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam (Germany)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Ten Feizi
- Glycosciences Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN (UK)
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14424 Potsdam (Germany)
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin (Germany)
| | - Yoshiki Yamaguchi
- Structural Glycobiology Team, RIKEN-Max Planck Joint Research Center for Systems Chemical Biology, RIKEN Global Research Cluster, Wako, Saitama 351-0198 (Japan).
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Protein-carbohydrate interactions as part of plant defense and animal immunity. Molecules 2015; 20:9029-53. [PMID: 25996210 PMCID: PMC6272538 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20059029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system consists of a complex network of cells and molecules that interact with each other to initiate the host defense system. Many of these interactions involve specific carbohydrate structures and proteins that specifically recognize and bind them, in particular lectins. It is well established that lectin-carbohydrate interactions play a major role in the immune system, in that they mediate and regulate several interactions that are part of the immune response. Despite obvious differences between the immune system in animals and plants, there are also striking similarities. In both cases, lectins can play a role as pattern recognition receptors, recognizing the pathogens and initiating the stress response. Although plants do not possess an adaptive immune system, they are able to imprint a stress memory, a mechanism in which lectins can be involved. This review will focus on the role of lectins in the immune system of animals and plants.
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Lannoo N, Van Damme EJM. Lectin domains at the frontiers of plant defense. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:397. [PMID: 25165467 PMCID: PMC4131498 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are under constant attack from pathogens and herbivorous insects. To protect and defend themselves, plants evolved a multi-layered surveillance system, known as the innate immune system. Plants sense their encounters upon perception of conserved microbial structures and damage-associated patterns using cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors. Plant lectins and proteins with one or more lectin domains represent a major part of these receptors. The whole group of plant lectins comprises an elaborate collection of proteins capable of recognizing and interacting with specific carbohydrate structures, either originating from the invading organisms or from damaged plant cell wall structures. Due to the vast diversity in protein structures, carbohydrate recognition domains and glycan binding specificities, plant lectins constitute a very diverse protein superfamily. In the last decade, new types of nucleocytoplasmic plant lectins have been identified and characterized, in particular lectins expressed inside the nucleus and the cytoplasm of plant cells often as part of a specific plant response upon exposure to different stress factors or changing environmental conditions. In this review, we provide an overview on plant lectin motifs used in the constant battle against pathogens and predators during plant defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Els J. M. Van Damme
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Glycobiology, Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Ghent UniversityGhent, Belgium
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