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Hýsková V, Bělonožníková K, Chmelík J, Hoffmeisterová H, Čeřovská N, Moravec T, Ryšlavá H. Potyviral Helper-Component Protease: Multifaced Functions and Interactions with Host Proteins. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1236. [PMID: 38732454 PMCID: PMC11085613 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The best-characterized functional motifs of the potyviral Helper-Component protease (HC-Pro) responding for aphid transmission, RNA silencing suppression, movement, symptom development, and replication are gathered in this review. The potential cellular protein targets of plant virus proteases remain largely unknown despite their multifunctionality. The HC-Pro catalytic domain, as a cysteine protease, autoproteolytically cleaves the potyviral polyproteins in the sequence motif YXVG/G and is not expected to act on host targets; however, 146 plant proteins in the Viridiplantae clade containing this motif were searched in the UniProtKB database and are discussed. On the other hand, more than 20 interactions within the entire HC-Pro structure are known. Most of these interactions with host targets (such as the 20S proteasome, methyltransferase, transcription factor eIF4E, and microtubule-associated protein HIP2) modulate the cellular environments for the benefit of virus accumulation or contribute to symptom severity (interactions with MinD, Rubisco, ferredoxin) or participate in the suppression of RNA silencing (host protein VARICOSE, calmodulin-like protein). On the contrary, the interaction of HC-Pro with triacylglycerol lipase, calreticulin, and violaxanthin deepoxidase seems to be beneficial for the host plant. The strength of these interactions between HC-Pro and the corresponding host protein vary with the plant species. Therefore, these interactions may explain the species-specific sensitivity to potyviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Hýsková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
| | - Kateřina Bělonožníková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
| | - Josef Chmelík
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hoffmeisterová
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Noemi Čeřovská
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Tomáš Moravec
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.H.); (N.Č.); (T.M.)
| | - Helena Ryšlavá
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic; (V.H.); (K.B.); or (J.C.)
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Kumar D, Chaudhury RS, Mandal K, Pradhan P, Bhattacharya S, Das B, Mukhopadhyay R, Phani V, Prudveesh K, Nath S, Mandal R, Boro P. Identification of genes associated to β -N oxalyl- L-α, β-diaminopropionic acid and their role in mitigating salt stress in a low-neurotoxin cultivar of Lathyrus sativus. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2024; 207:108388. [PMID: 38295528 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2024.108388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Grass pea has the potential to become a miracle crop if the stigma attached to it as a toxic plant is ignored. In light of the following, we conducted transcriptome analyses on the high and low ODAP-containing cultivars i.e., Nirmal and Bidhan respectively in both normal and salt stress conditions. In this study, genes that work upstream and downstream to β-ODAP have been found. Among these genes, AAO3 and ACL5 were related to ABA and polyamine biosynthesis, showing the relevance of ABA and polyamines in boosting the β-ODAP content in Nirmal. Elevated β-ODAP levels in salt stress-treated Bidhan may have evolved tolerance by positively regulating the expression of genes involved in phenylpropanoid and jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Although the concentration of β-ODAP in Bidhan increased under salt stress, it was lower than in stress-treated Nirmal. Despite this, the expression of stress-related genes that work downstream to β-ODAP was found higher in stress-treated Bidhan. This could be because stress-treated Nirmal has lower GSH, proline, and higher H2O2, resulting in the development of severe oxidative stress. Overall, our research not only identified new genes linked with β-ODAP, but also revealed the molecular mechanism by which a low β-ODAP-containing cultivar developed tolerance against salinity stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Majhian, West Bengal, India.
| | - Riman Saha Chaudhury
- Department of Horticulture, School of Agriculture and Allied Sciences, The Neotia University, Sarisha, Diamond Harbour, West Bengal, India
| | - Kajal Mandal
- Department of Structural Biology and Bioinformatics, CSIR- Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
| | - Prajjwal Pradhan
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Sampurna Bhattacharya
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari, Gujarat, India
| | - Bimal Das
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Ria Mukhopadhyay
- School of Agriculture, Swami Vivekananda University, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
| | - Victor Phani
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Majhian, West Bengal, India
| | - Kantamraju Prudveesh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Majhian, West Bengal, India
| | - Sahanob Nath
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupsanatan Mandal
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Coochbehar, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Boro
- Plant Biology Laboratory, Organic and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata, India
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Castellano MM, Merchante C. Peculiarities of the regulation of translation initiation in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 63:102073. [PMID: 34186463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a fundamental process for life and, as such, plays a crucial role in the adaptation to energy, developmentaland environmental conditions. For these reasons, and despite the general conservation of the eukaryotic translational machinery, it is not surprising that organisms with different lifestyles have evolved distinct mechanisms of regulation to adapt translation initiation to their intrinsic growth and development. Plants have clear peculiarities compared with other eukaryotes that have also extended to translation control. This review describes the plant-specific mechanisms for regulation of translation initiation, with a focus on those that modulate the eIF4F complexes, central translational regulatory hubs in all eukaryotes, and highlights the latest discoveries on the signaling pathways that regulate their constituents and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain.
| | - Catharina Merchante
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain.
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Assis LA, Santos Filho MVC, da Cruz Silva JR, Bezerra MJR, de Aquino IRPUC, Merlo KC, Holetz FB, Probst CM, Rezende AM, Papadopoulou B, da Costa Lima TDC, de Melo Neto OP. Identification of novel proteins and mRNAs differentially bound to the Leishmania Poly(A) Binding Proteins reveals a direct association between PABP1, the RNA-binding protein RBP23 and mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009899. [PMID: 34705820 PMCID: PMC8575317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(A) Binding Proteins (PABPs) are major eukaryotic RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) with multiple roles associated with mRNA stability and translation and characterized mainly from multicellular organisms and yeasts. A variable number of PABP homologues are seen in different organisms however the biological reasons for multiple PABPs are generally not well understood. In the unicellular Leishmania, dependent on post-transcriptional mechanisms for the control of its gene expression, three distinct PABPs are found, with yet undefined functional distinctions. Here, using RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing analysis we show that the Leishmania PABP1 preferentially associates with mRNAs encoding ribosomal proteins, while PABP2 and PABP3 bind to an overlapping set of mRNAs distinct to those enriched in PABP1. Immunoprecipitation studies combined to mass-spectrometry analysis identified RBPs differentially associated with PABP1 or PABP2, including RBP23 and DRBD2, respectively, that were investigated further. Both RBP23 and DRBD2 bind directly to the three PABPs in vitro, but reciprocal experiments confirmed preferential co-immunoprecipitation of PABP1, as well as the EIF4E4/EIF4G3 based translation initiation complex, with RBP23. Other RBP23 binding partners also imply a direct role in translation. DRBD2, in contrast, co-immunoprecipitated with PABP2, PABP3 and with RBPs unrelated to translation. Over 90% of the RBP23-bound mRNAs code for ribosomal proteins, mainly absent from the transcripts co-precipitated with DRBD2. These experiments suggest a novel and specific route for translation of the ribosomal protein mRNAs, mediated by RBP23, PABP1 and the associated EIF4E4/EIF4G3 complex. They also highlight the unique roles that different PABP homologues may have in eukaryotic cells associated with mRNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila A. Assis
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Moezio V. C. Santos Filho
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Joao R. da Cruz Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Maria J. R. Bezerra
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | - Kleison C. Merlo
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Fabiola B. Holetz
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Christian M. Probst
- Laboratory of Gene Expression Regulation, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Antonio M. Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Barbara Papadopoulou
- CHU de Quebec Research Center and Department of Microbiology-Infectious Disease and Immunology, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Osvaldo P. de Melo Neto
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Rao S, Yu T, Cong X, Lai X, Xiang J, Cao J, Liao X, Gou Y, Chao W, Xue H, Cheng S, Xu F. Transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome reveal the mechanism of tolerance to selenate toxicity in Cardamine violifolia. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124283. [PMID: 33187796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardamine violifolia was found here to accumulate selenium (Se) to over 9000 mg kg-1 dry weight. To investigate the mechanism of Se accumulation and tolerance in C. violifolia, metabolome, transcriptome, and proteome technologies were applied to C. violifolia seedlings treated with selenate. Several sulfate transporter (Sultr) genes (Sultr1;1, Sultr1;2, and Sultr2;1) and sulfur assimilatory enzyme genes showed high expression levels in response to selenate. Many calcium protein and cysteine-rich kinase genes of C. violifolia were downregulated, whereas selenium-binding protein 1 (SBP1) and protein sulfur deficiency-induced 2 (SDI2) of C. violifolia were upregulated by selenate. The expression of genes involved in the ribosome and posttranslational modifications and chaperones in C. violifolia were also detected in response to selenate. Based on the results of this study and previous findings, we suggest that the downregulated expression of calcium proteins and cysteine-rich kinases, and the upregulated expression of SBP1 and SDI2, were important contributors to the Se tolerance of C. violifolia. The downregulation of cysteine-rich kinases and calcium proteins would enhance Se tolerance of C. violifolia is a novel proposition that has not been reported on other Se hyperaccumulators. This study provides us novel insights to understand Se accumulation and tolerance in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Rao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland of Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
| | - Tian Yu
- National R&D for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Enshi Se-Run Health Tech Development Co., Ltd., Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Xin Cong
- National R&D for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; Enshi Se-Run Health Tech Development Co., Ltd., Enshi 445000, China.
| | - Xiaozhuo Lai
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Jiqian Xiang
- Enshi Autonomous Prefecture Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Enshi 445002, China.
| | - Jie Cao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Xiaoli Liao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Gou
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Wei Chao
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China.
| | - Hua Xue
- National Selenium Rich Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Enshi 445000, Hubei, China.
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- National R&D for Se-rich Agricultural Products Processing Technology, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China; National Selenium Rich Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Center, Enshi 445000, Hubei, China.
| | - Feng Xu
- College of Horticulture and Gardening, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, China; Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland of Ministry of Education, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434025, Hubei, China.
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6
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Update of Genetic Linkage Map and QTL Analysis for Growth Traits in Eucommia ulmoides Oliver. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11030311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eucommia ulmoides (Tu-chung) is an economically and ecologically important tree species which has attracted worldwide attention due to its application in pharmacology, landscaping, wind sheltering and sand fixation. Molecular marker technologies can elucidate the genetic mechanism and substantially improve the breeding efficiency of E. ulmoides. The current research updated the original linkage map, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis was performed on tree growth traits measured over 10 consecutive years in an E. ulmoides F1 population (“Xiaoye” × “Qinzhong No.1”). In total, 452 polymorphic markers were scored from 365 simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers, with an average of 1.24 polymorphic markers per primer combination. The integrated map was 1913.29 cM (centimorgan) long, covering 94.10% of the estimated genome and with an average marker density of 2.20 cM. A total of 869 markers were mapped into 19 major independent linkage groups. Growth-related traits measured over 10 consecutive years showed a significant correlation, and 89 hypothetical QTLs were forecasted and divided into 27 distinct loci. Three traits for tree height, ground diameter and crown diameter detected 25 QTLs (13 loci), 32 QTLs (17 loci) and 15 QTLs (10 loci), respectively. Based on BLASTX search results in the NCBI database, six candidate genes were obtained. It is important to explore the growth-related genetic mechanism and lay the foundation for the genetic improvement of E. ulmoides at the molecular level.
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Lellis AD, Patrick RM, Mayberry LK, Lorence A, Campbell ZC, Roose JL, Frankel LK, Bricker TM, Hellmann HA, Mayberry RW, Zavala AS, Choy GS, Wylie DC, Abdul-Moheeth M, Masood A, Prater AG, Van Hoorn HE, Cole NA, Browning KS. eIFiso4G Augments the Synthesis of Specific Plant Proteins Involved in Normal Chloroplast Function. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 181:85-96. [PMID: 31308150 PMCID: PMC6716253 DOI: 10.1104/pp.19.00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The plant-specific translation initiation complex eIFiso4F is encoded by three genes in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana)-genes encoding the cap binding protein eIFiso4E (eifiso4e) and two isoforms of the large subunit scaffolding protein eIFiso4G (i4g1 and i4g2). To quantitate phenotypic changes, a phenomics platform was used to grow wild-type and mutant plants (i4g1, i4g2, i4e, i4g1 x i4g2, and i4g1 x i4g2 x i4e [i4f]) under various light conditions. Mutants lacking both eIFiso4G isoforms showed the most obvious phenotypic differences from the wild type. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to identify changes in protein levels in plants lacking eIFiso4G. Four of the proteins identified as measurably decreased and validated by immunoblot analysis were two light harvesting complex binding proteins 1 and 3, Rubisco activase, and carbonic anhydrase. The observed decreased levels for these proteins were not the direct result of decreased transcription or protein instability. Chlorophyll fluorescence induction experiments indicated altered quinone reduction kinetics for the double and triple mutant plants with significant differences observed for absorbance, trapping, and electron transport. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of the chloroplasts in mutant plants showed impaired grana stacking and increased accumulation of starch granules consistent with some chloroplast proteins being decreased. Rescue of the i4g1 x i4g2 plant growth phenotype and increased expression of the validated proteins to wild-type levels was obtained by overexpression of eIFiso4G1. These data suggest a direct and specialized role for eIFiso4G in the synthesis of a subset of plant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Lellis
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Ryan M Patrick
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Laura K Mayberry
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Argelia Lorence
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Zachary C Campbell
- Arkansas Biosciences Institute, Arkansas State University, State University, Arkansas 72467
| | - Johnna L Roose
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Laurie K Frankel
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Terry M Bricker
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803
| | - Hanjo A Hellmann
- School of Biological Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-4236
| | - Roderick W Mayberry
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Ana Solis Zavala
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Grace S Choy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Dennis C Wylie
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Mustafa Abdul-Moheeth
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Adeeb Masood
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Amy G Prater
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Hailey E Van Hoorn
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Nicola A Cole
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
| | - Karen S Browning
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and The Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712
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Bi C, Ma Y, Jiang SC, Mei C, Wang XF, Zhang DP. Arabidopsis translation initiation factors eIFiso4G1/2 link repression of mRNA cap-binding complex eIFiso4F assembly with RNA-binding protein SOAR1-mediated ABA signaling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 223:1388-1406. [PMID: 31050354 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The translation initiation factor eIF4E-binding protein-mediated regulation of protein translation by interfering with assembly of mRNA cap-binding complex eIF4F is well described in mammalian and yeast cells. However, it remains unknown whether a signaling regulator or pathway interacts directly with any translation initiation factor to modulate assembly of eIF4F in plant cells. Here, we report that the two isoforms of Arabidopsis eIF4G, eIFiso4G1 and eIFiso4G2, interact with a cytoplasmic-nuclear dual-localized pentatricopeptide repeat protein SOAR1 to regulate abscisic acid (ABA) signaling. SOAR1 inhibits interactions of eIFiso4E, eIF4Es, eIF4A1, eIF4B2 and poly(A)-binding protein PAB6 with eIFiso4G1 and eIFiso4G2, thereby inhibiting eIFiso4F/mixed eIF4F assembly and repressing translation initiation. SOAR1 binds mRNA of a key ABA-responsive gene ABI5 and cooperates with eIFiso4G1/2 to repress translation of ABI5. The binding of SOAR1 to ABI5 mRNA is likely to inhibit the interaction of SOAR1 with eIFiso4G1/2, suggesting a regulatory loop. Our findings identify a novel translation initiation repressor interfering with cap-binding complex assembly, and establish a link between cap-binding complex assembly and ABA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bi
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yu Ma
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shang-Chuan Jiang
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chao Mei
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Da-Peng Zhang
- MOE Systems Biology and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Plant Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Gallino JP, Ruibal C, Casaretto E, Fleitas AL, Bonnecarrère V, Borsani O, Vidal S. A Dehydration-Induced Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor iso4G Identified in a Slow Wilting Soybean Cultivar Enhances Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:262. [PMID: 29552022 PMCID: PMC5840855 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Water is usually the main limiting factor for soybean productivity worldwide and yet advances in genetic improvement for drought resistance in this crop are still limited. In the present study, we investigated the physiological and molecular responses to drought in two soybean contrasting genotypes, a slow wilting N7001 and a drought sensitive TJS2049 cultivars. Measurements of stomatal conductance, carbon isotope ratios and accumulated dry matter showed that N7001 responds to drought by employing mechanisms resulting in a more efficient water use than TJS2049. To provide an insight into the molecular mechanisms that these cultivars employ to deal with water stress, their early and late transcriptional responses to drought were analyzed by suppression subtractive hybridization. A number of differentially regulated genes from N7001 were identified and their expression pattern was compared between in this genotype and TJS2049. Overall, the data set indicated that N7001 responds to drought earlier than TJ2049 by up-regulating a larger number of genes, most of them encoding proteins with regulatory and signaling functions. The data supports the idea that at least some of the phenotypic differences between slow wilting and drought sensitive plants may rely on the regulation of the level and timing of expression of specific genes. One of the genes that exhibited a marked N7001-specific drought induction profile encoded a eukaryotic translation initiation factor iso4G (GmeIFiso4G-1a). GmeIFiso4G-1a is one of four members of this protein family in soybean, all of them sharing high sequence identity with each other. In silico analysis of GmeIFiso4G-1 promoter sequences suggested a possible functional specialization between distinct family members, which can attain differences at the transcriptional level. Conditional overexpression of GmeIFiso4G-1a in Arabidopsis conferred the transgenic plants increased tolerance to osmotic, salt, drought and low temperature stress, providing a strong experimental evidence for a direct association between a protein of this class and general abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms. Moreover, the results of this work reinforce the importance of the control of protein synthesis as a central mechanism of stress adaptation and opens up for new strategies for improving crop performance under stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P. Gallino
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Cecilia Ruibal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Esteban Casaretto
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Andrea L. Fleitas
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Victoria Bonnecarrère
- Unidad de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Omar Borsani
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sabina Vidal
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Vegetal, Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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10
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Gallie DR. Plant growth and fertility requires functional interactions between specific PABP and eIF4G gene family members. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191474. [PMID: 29381712 PMCID: PMC5790229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The initiation of protein synthesis requires the involvement of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G to promote assembly of the factors needed to recruit a 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. Although many eukaryotes express two eIF4G isoforms that are highly similar, those in plants, referred to as eIF4G and eIFiso4G, are highly divergent in size, sequence, and domain organization. Species of the Brassicaceae and the Cleomaceae also express a divergent eIFiso4G isoform, referred to as eIFiso4G2, not found elsewhere in the plant kingdom. Despite their divergence, eIF4G and eIFiso4G interact with eIF4A, eIF4B, and eIF4E isoforms needed for binding an mRNA. eIF4G and eIFiso4G also interact with the poly(A)-binding protein (PABP) which promotes ribosome recruitment to an mRNA. Increasing the complexity of such an interaction, however, Arabidopsis also expresses three PABP isoforms (PAB2, PAB4, and PAB8) in vegetative and reproductive tissues. In this study, the functional interactions among the eIF4G and the widely-expressed PABP isoforms were examined. Loss of PAB2 or PAB8 in combination with loss of eIF4G or eIFiso4G had little to no effect on growth or fertility whereas pab2 pab8 eif4g or pab2 pab8 eifiso4g1/2 mutants exhibited smaller stature and reduced fertility. Although the pab4 eifiso4g1 mutant grows normally and is fertile, pab4 eif4g or pab4 eifiso4g2 mutants could not be isolated. Even pab4/PAB4 eif4g/eIF4G heterozygous plants exhibited growth defects and low fertility. Mutant co-inheritance analysis in reciprocal crosses with wild-type plants revealed that most ovaries and pollen from pab4/PAB4 eif4g/eIF4G plants were PAB4 eif4g. Similarly, co-inheritance studies with pab4/PAB4 eifiso4g2/eIFiso4G2 plants suggested most ovaries were PAB4 eifiso4g2. These results suggest that a functional interaction between PAB4 and eIF4G and between PAB4 and eIFiso4G2 is required for growth and normal fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R. Gallie
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Daszkowska-Golec A. Emerging Roles of the Nuclear Cap-Binding Complex in Abiotic Stress Responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:242-253. [PMID: 29142023 PMCID: PMC5761810 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Plant nuclear CBC consisted of two subunits (CBP20 and CBP80) is involved in both conserved processes related to RNA metabolism and simultaneously in extremely dynamic plant stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Daszkowska-Golec
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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12
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Chen L, Yan Z, Xia Z, Cheng Y, Jiao Z, Sun B, Zhou T, Fan Z. A Violaxanthin Deepoxidase Interacts with a Viral Suppressor of RNA Silencing to Inhibit Virus Amplification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 175:1774-1794. [PMID: 29021224 PMCID: PMC5717725 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.00638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
RNA silencing plays a critical role against viral infection. To counteract this antiviral silencing, viruses have evolved various RNA silencing suppressors. Meanwhile, plants have evolved counter-counter defense strategies against RNA silencing suppression (RSS). In this study, the violaxanthin deepoxidase protein of maize (Zea mays), ZmVDE, was shown to interact specifically with the helper component-proteinase (HC-Pro; a viral RNA silencing suppressor) of Sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) via its mature protein region by yeast two-hybrid assay, which was confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation in Nicotiana benthamiana cells. It was demonstrated that amino acids 101 to 460 in HC-Pro and the amino acid glutamine-292 in ZmVDE mature protein were essential for this interaction. The mRNA levels of ZmVDE were down-regulated 75% to 65% at an early stage of SCMV infection. Interestingly, ZmVDE, which normally localized in the chloroplasts and cytoplasm, could relocalize to HC-Pro-containing aggregate bodies in the presence of HC-Pro alone or SCMV infection. In addition, ZmVDE could attenuate the RSS activity of HC-Pro in a specific protein interaction-dependent manner. Subsequently, transient silencing of the ZmVDE gene facilitated SCMV RNA and coat protein accumulation. Taken together, our results suggest that ZmVDE interacts with SCMV HC-Pro and attenuates its RSS activity, contributing to decreased SCMV accumulation. This study demonstrates that a host factor can be involved in secondary defense responses against viral infection in monocot plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhaoling Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zihao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuqin Cheng
- Department of Pomology/Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Molecular Biology for Tree Fruits-Key Laboratory of Beijing Municipality, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Biao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zaifeng Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management-MOA, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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13
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Li Q, Shen W, Zheng Q, Tan Y, Gao J, Shen J, Wei Y, Kunst L, Zou J. Effects of eIFiso4G1 mutation on seed oil biosynthesis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:966-978. [PMID: 28244172 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid biosynthesis is a primary metabolic pathway that occurs in plastids, whereas the formation of glycerolipid molecules for the majority of cellular membrane systems and the deposition of storage lipid in seeds takes place in the cytosolic compartment. In this report, we present a study of an Arabidopsis mutant, ar21, with a novel seed fatty acid phenotype showing higher contents of eicosanoic acid (20:1) and oleic acid (18:1) and a reduced level of α-linolenic acid (18:3). A combination of map-based cloning and whole-genome sequencing identified the genetic basis underlying the fatty acid phenotype as a lesion in the plant-specific eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIFiso4G1. Transcriptome analysis on developing seeds revealed a reduced level of plastid-encoded genes. Specifically, decreases in both transcript and protein levels of an enzyme involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, the β-subunit of the plastidic heteromeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (htACCase) encoded by accD, were evident in the mutant. Biochemical assays showed that the developing seeds of the mutant possessed a decreased htACCase activity in the plastid but an elevated activity of homomeric acetyl-CoA carboxylase (hmACCase). These results suggested that the increased 20:1 was attributable at least in part to the enhanced cytosolic hmACCase activity. We also detected a significant repression of FATTY ACID DESATURASE 3 (FAD3) during seed development, which correlated with a decreased 18:3 level in seed oil. Together, our study on a mutant of eIFiso4G1 uncovered multifaceted interactions between the cytosolic and plastidic compartments in seed lipid biosynthesis that impact major seed oil traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
- Department of Plant Science, University of Saskatchewan, 51 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Wenyun Shen
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Qian Zheng
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Yifang Tan
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
| | - Jie Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizi Shan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jinxiong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1, Shizi Shan Street, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yangdou Wei
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Ljerka Kunst
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jitao Zou
- National Research Council Canada, 110 Gymnasium Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 0W9, Canada
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14
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Sesma A, Castresana C, Castellano MM. Regulation of Translation by TOR, eIF4E and eIF2α in Plants: Current Knowledge, Challenges and Future Perspectives. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:644. [PMID: 28491073 PMCID: PMC5405063 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
An important step in eukaryotic gene expression is the synthesis of proteins from mRNA, a process classically divided into three stages, initiation, elongation, and termination. Translation is a precisely regulated and conserved process in eukaryotes. The presence of plant-specific translation initiation factors and the lack of well-known translational regulatory pathways in this kingdom nonetheless indicate how a globally conserved process can diversify among organisms. The control of protein translation is a central aspect of plant development and adaptation to environmental stress, but the mechanisms are still poorly understood. Here we discuss current knowledge of the principal mechanisms that regulate translation initiation in plants, with special attention to the singularities of this eukaryotic kingdom. In addition, we highlight the major recent breakthroughs in the field and the main challenges to address in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Sesma
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- Departamento Biotecnología y Biología Vegetal, Universidad Politécnica de MadridMadrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Castresana
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Madrid, Spain
| | - M. Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid – Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y AlimentariaMadrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: M. Mar Castellano,
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15
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Gallie DR. Eukaryotic Initiation Factor eIFiso4G1 and eIFiso4G2 Are Isoforms Exhibiting Distinct Functional Differences in Supporting Translation in Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:1501-13. [PMID: 26578519 PMCID: PMC4714232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.692939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G is required during protein synthesis to promote the assembly of several factors involved in the recruitment of a 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. Although many eukaryotes express two eIF4G isoforms that are highly similar, the eIF4G isoforms in plants, referred to as eIF4G and eIFiso4G, are highly divergent in size, sequence, and domain organization but both can interact with eIF4A, eIF4B, eIF4E isoforms, and the poly(A)-binding protein. Nevertheless, eIF4G and eIFiso4G from wheat exhibit preferences in the mRNAs they translate optimally. For example, mRNA containing the 5'-leader (called Ω) of tobacco mosaic virus preferentially uses eIF4G in wheat germ lysate. In this study, the eIF4G isoform specificity of Ω was used to examine functional differences of the eIF4G isoforms in Arabidopsis. As in wheat, Ω-mediated translation was reduced in an eif4g null mutant. Loss of the eIFiso4G1 isoform, which is similar in sequence to wheat eIFiso4G, did not substantially affect Ω-mediated translation. However, loss of the eIFiso4G2 isoform substantially reduced Ω-mediated translation. eIFiso4G2 is substantially divergent from eIFiso4G1 and is present only in the Brassicaceae, suggesting a recent evolution. eIFiso4G2 isoforms exhibit sequence-specific differences in regions representing partner protein and RNA binding sites. Loss of any eIF4G isoform also resulted in a substantial reduction in reporter transcript level. These results suggest that eIFiso4G2 appeared late in plant evolution and exhibits more functional similarity with eIF4G than with eIFiso4G1 during Ω-mediated translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Gallie
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521-0129
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16
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Rezaei MK, Deokar A, Tar'an B. Identification and Expression Analysis of Candidate Genes Involved in Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Chickpea Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1867. [PMID: 28018400 PMCID: PMC5157839 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant carotenoids have a key role in preventing various diseases in human because of their antioxidant and provitamin A properties. Chickpea is a good source of carotenoid among legumes and its diverse germplasm and genome accessibility makes it a good model for carotenogenesis studies. The structure, location, and copy numbers of genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis were retrieved from the chickpea genome. The majority of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) within these genes across five diverse chickpea cultivars was synonymous mutation. We examined the expression of the carotenogenesis genes and their association with carotenoid concentration at different seed development stages of five chickpea cultivars. Total carotenoid concentration ranged from 22 μg g-1 in yellow cotyledon kabuli to 44 μg g-1 in green cotyledon desi at 32 days post anthesis (DPA). The majority of carotenoids in chickpea seeds consists of lutein and zeaxanthin. The expression of the selected 19 genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis pathway showed common pattern across five cultivars with higher expression at 8 and/or 16 DPA then dropped considerably at 24 and 32 DPA. Almost all genes were up-regulated in CDC Jade cultivar. Correlation analysis between gene expression and carotenoid concentration showed that the genes involved in the primary step of carotenoid biosynthesis pathway including carotenoid desaturase and isomerase positively correlated with various carotenoid components in chickpea seeds. A negative correlation was found between hydroxylation activity and provitamin A concentration in the seeds. The highest provitamin A concentration including β-carotene and β-cryptoxanthin were found in green cotyledon chickpea cultivars.
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17
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Browning KS, Bailey-Serres J. Mechanism of cytoplasmic mRNA translation. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2015; 13:e0176. [PMID: 26019692 PMCID: PMC4441251 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a fundamental process in gene expression that depends upon the abundance and accessibility of the mRNA transcript as well as the activity of many protein and RNA-protein complexes. Here we focus on the intricate mechanics of mRNA translation in the cytoplasm of higher plants. This chapter includes an inventory of the plant translational apparatus and a detailed review of the translational processes of initiation, elongation, and termination. The majority of mechanistic studies of cytoplasmic translation have been carried out in yeast and mammalian systems. The factors and mechanisms of translation are for the most part conserved across eukaryotes; however, some distinctions are known to exist in plants. A comprehensive understanding of the complex translational apparatus and its regulation in plants is warranted, as the modulation of protein production is critical to development, environmental plasticity and biomass yield in diverse ecosystems and agricultural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S. Browning
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712-0165
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Julia Bailey-Serres
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Center for Plant Cell Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521 USA
- Both authors contributed equally to this work
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