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Yang T, Huang Y, Liao L, Wang S, Zhang H, Pan J, Huang Y, Li X, Chen D, Liu T, Lu X, Wu Y. Sucrose-associated SnRK1a1-mediated phosphorylation of Opaque2 modulates endosperm filling in maize. Mol Plant 2024:S1674-2052(24)00117-5. [PMID: 38615195 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
During maize endosperm filling, sucrose not only serves as a source of carbon skeletons for storage-reserve synthesis, but also acts as a stimulus to promote this process. However, the molecular mechanism details about sucrose and endosperm filling are poorly understood. Here, we found that sucrose promoted the expression of endosperm-filling hub Opaque2 (O2), coordinating with storage-reserve accumulation. A protein kinase called SnRK1a1 attenuated O2-mediated transactivation, but sucrose released the suppression. SnRK1a1 phosphorylated O2 at Serine 41 (S41), negatively affecting its protein stability and transactivation ability. Mutation of SnRK1a1 resulted in larger seeds with increased kernel weight and storage reserves, while overexpression of SnRK1a1 had the opposite effect. Overexpression of the native O2 (O2-OE), phospho-dead (O2-SA) and phospho-mimetic (O2-SD) variants all increased 100-kernel weight. Although O2-SA seeds exhibited smaller kernel size, they synthesized higher starch and proteins, thereby resulting in larger vitreous endosperm and increased test weight. O2-SD seeds displayed larger kernel size, but had unchanged levels of storage reserves and test weight. O2-OE seeds represented an admixture of O2-SA and O2-SD, showing elevated kernel dimensions and nutrient storage. Overall, this study discovered a novel mechanism to modulate endosperm filling and S41 in O2 offered potential for engineering efforts to enhance storage-reserve accumulation and yield in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yunqin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Longyu Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Haoyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Jingying Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Yongcai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiaoling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, Sichuan, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoduo Lu
- Institute of Molecular Breeding for Maize, Qilu Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Yongrui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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2
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Morales-Herrera S, Paul MJ, Van Dijck P, Beeckman T. SnRK1/TOR/T6P: three musketeers guarding energy for root growth. Trends Plant Sci 2024:S1360-1385(24)00062-1. [PMID: 38580543 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Sugars derived from photosynthesis, specifically sucrose, are the primary source of plant energy. Sucrose is produced in leaves and transported to the roots through the phloem, serving as a vital energy source. Environmental conditions can result in higher or lower photosynthesis, promoting anabolism or catabolism, respectively, thereby influencing the sucrose budget available for roots. Plants can adjust their root system to optimize the search for soil resources and to ensure the plant's adaptability to diverse environmental conditions. Recently, emerging research indicates that SNF1-RELATED PROTEIN KINASE 1 (SnRK1), trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P), and TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (TOR) collectively serve as fundamental regulators of root development, together forming a signaling module to interpret the nutritional status of the plant and translate this to growth adjustments in the below ground parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Morales-Herrera
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium; Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium
| | - M J Paul
- Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - P Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - T Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium.
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Sun J, Liu H, Blanford JK, Cai Y, Zhai Z, Shanklin J. GRIK phosphorylates and activates KIN10 which also promotes its degradation. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1375471. [PMID: 38590740 PMCID: PMC10999582 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1375471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The sensor kinase Sucrose Non-fermenting-1-Related Kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a central role in energy and metabolic homeostasis. KIN10 is a major catalytic (α) kinase subunit of SnRK1 regulated by transcription, posttranslational modification, targeted protein degradation, and its subcellular localization. Geminivirus Rep Interacting Kinase 1 and 2 (GRIK1 and 2) are immediate upstream kinases of KIN10. In the transient protein expression assays carried out in Nicotiana benthamiana (N. benthamiana) leaves, GRIK1 not only phosphorylates KIN10 but also simultaneously initiates its degradation. Posttranslational GRIK-mediated KIN10 degradation is dependent on both GRIK kinase activity and phosphorylation of the KIN10 T-loop. KIN10 proteins are significantly enriched in the grik1-1 grik2-1 double mutant, consistent with the transient assays in N. benthamiana. Interestingly. Among the enriched KIN10 proteins from grik1-1 grik2-1, is a longer isoform, putatively derived by alternative splicing which is barely detectable in wild-type plants. The reduced stability of KIN10 upon phosphorylation and activation by GRIK represents a mechanism that enables the KIN10 activity to be rapidly reduced when the levels of intracellular sugar/energy are restored to their set point, representing an important homeostatic control that prevents a metabolic overreaction to low-sugar conditions. Since GRIKs are activating kinases of KIN10, KIN10s in the grik1 grik2 double null mutant background remain un-phosphorylated, with only their basal level of activity, are more stable, and therefore increase in abundance, which also explains the longer isoform KIN10L which is a minor isoform in wild type is clearly detected in the grik1 grik2 double mutant.
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4
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Hu Y, Lin Y, Bai J, Xu X, Wang Z, Ding C, Ding Y, Chen L. AMPK activator 991 specifically activates SnRK1 and thereby affects seed germination in rice. J Exp Bot 2024:erae046. [PMID: 38465908 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erae046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) are highly conserved. Compound 991 is an AMPK activator in mammals. However, whether 991 also activates SnRK1 remains unknown. The addition of 991 significantly increased SnRK1 activity in desalted extracts from germinating rice seeds in vitro. To determine whether 991 has biological activity, rice seeds were treated with different concentrations of 991. Germination was promoted at low concentrations but inhibited at high concentrations. The effects of 991 on germination were similar to those of OsSnRK1a overexpression. To explore whether 991 affects germination by specifically affecting SnRK1, germination of an snrk1a mutant and wild type under 1 μM 991 treatment was compared. The snrk1a mutant was insensitive to 991. Phosphoproteomic analysis showed that the differential phosphopeptides induced by 991 and OsSnRK1a overexpression largely overlapped. Furthermore, SnRK1 might regulate rice germination in a dosage-dependent manner by regulating the phosphorylation of S285-PIP2;4, S1013-SOS1, and S110-ABI5. These results indicate that 991 is a specific SnRK1 activator in rice. The promotion and inhibition of germination by 991 also occurred in wheat seeds. Thus, 991 is useful for exploring SnRK1 function and the chemical regulation of growth and development in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Bai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziteng Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengqiang Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
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5
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Lyu J, Wang D, Sun N, Yang F, Li X, Mu J, Zhou R, Zheng G, Yang X, Zhang C, Han C, Xia GM, Li G, Fan M, Xiao J, Bai MY. The Ta SnRK1-TabHLH489 module integrates brassinosteroid and sugar signalling to regulate the grain length in bread wheat. Plant Biotechnol J 2024. [PMID: 38412139 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Regulation of grain size is a crucial strategy for improving the crop yield and is also a fundamental aspect of developmental biology. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms governing grain development in wheat remain largely unknown. In this study, we identified a wheat atypical basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, TabHLH489, which is tightly associated with grain length through genome-wide association study and map-based cloning. Knockout of TabHLH489 and its homologous genes resulted in increased grain length and weight, whereas the overexpression led to decreased grain length and weight. TaSnRK1α1, the α-catalytic subunit of plant energy sensor SnRK1, interacted with and phosphorylated TabHLH489 to induce its degradation, thereby promoting wheat grain development. Sugar treatment induced TaSnRK1α1 protein accumulation while reducing TabHLH489 protein levels. Moreover, brassinosteroid (BR) promotes grain development by decreasing TabHLH489 expression through the transcription factor BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANT1 (BZR1). Importantly, natural variations in the promoter region of TabHLH489 affect the TaBZR1 binding ability, thereby influencing TabHLH489 expression. Taken together, our findings reveal that the TaSnRK1α1-TabHLH489 regulatory module integrates BR and sugar signalling to regulate grain length, presenting potential targets for enhancing grain size in wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Lyu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Dongzhi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Fan Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xuepeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Junyi Mu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Runxiang Zhou
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guolan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenxuan Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guang-Min Xia
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Genying Li
- Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Centre of Excellence for Plant and Microbial Science (CEPAMS), JIC-CAS, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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6
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Huang X, Wang J, Chen S, Liu S, Li Z, Wang Z, Chen B, Zhang C, Zhang Y, Wu J, Yang X, Xie Q, Li F, An H, Huang J, Li H, Liu C, Wu X, Liu DX, Yang X, Zhou G, Zhang T. Rhabdovirus encoded glycoprotein induces and harnesses host antiviral autophagy for maintaining its compatible infection. Autophagy 2024; 20:275-294. [PMID: 37656054 PMCID: PMC10813567 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2252273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy has been recognized as a central antiviral defense mechanism in plant, which involves complex interactions between viral proteins and host factors. Rhabdoviruses are single-stranded RNA viruses, and the infection causes serious harm to public health, livestock, and crop production. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in the defense against rhabdovirus infection by plant. In this work, we showed that Rice stripe mosaic cytorhabdovirus(RSMV) activated autophagy in plants and that autophagy served as an indispensable defense mechanism during RSMV infection. We identified RSMV glycoprotein as an autophagy inducer that interacted with OsSnRK1B and promoted the kinase activity of OsSnRK1B on OsATG6b. RSMV glycoprotein was toxic to rice cells and its targeted degradation by OsATG6b-mediated autophagy was essential to restrict the viral titer in plants. Importantly, SnRK1-glycoprotein and ATG6-glycoprotein interactions were well-conserved between several other rhabdoviruses and plants. Together, our data support a model that SnRK1 senses rhabdovirus glycoprotein for autophagy initiation, while ATG6 mediates targeted degradation of viral glycoprotein. This conserved mechanism ensures compatible infection by limiting the toxicity of viral glycoprotein and restricting the infection of rhabdoviruses.Abbreviations: AMPK: adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase; ANOVA: analysis of variance; ATG: autophagy related; AZD: AZD8055; BiFC: bimolecular fluorescence complementation; BYSMV: barley yellow striate mosaic virus; Co-IP: co-immunoprecipitation; ConA: concanamycin A; CTD: C-terminal domain; DEX: dexamethasone; DMSO: dimethyl sulfoxide; G: glycoprotein; GFP: green fluorescent protein; MD: middle domain; MDC: monodansylcadaverine; NTD: N-terminal domain; OE: over expression; Os: Oryza sativa; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PtdIns3K: class III phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; qRT-PCR: quantitative real-time reverse-transcription PCR; RFP: red fluorescent protein; RSMV: rice stripe mosaic virus; RSV: rice stripe virus; SGS3: suppressor of gene silencing 3; SnRK1: sucrose nonfermenting1-related protein kinase1; SYNV: sonchus yellow net virus; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; TM: transmembrane region; TOR: target of rapamycin; TRV: tobacco rattle virus; TYMaV: tomato yellow mottle-associated virus; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus; WT: wild type; Y2H: yeast two-hybrid; YFP: yellow fluorescent protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqin Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junkai Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siping Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siying Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhanbiao Li
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiyi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Biao Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaorong Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Faqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong An
- Bioinformatics and Analytics Core, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Jilei Huang
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huali Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanhe Liu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxian Wu
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ding Xiang Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guohui Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Li X, Zhao M, Yang W, Zhou X, Xie Y. The C4 Protein of TbLCYnV Promotes SnRK1 β2 Degradation Via the Autophagy Pathway to Enhance Viral Infection in N. benthamiana. Viruses 2024; 16:234. [PMID: 38400010 PMCID: PMC10892878 DOI: 10.3390/v16020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a group of single-stranded DNA viruses that have developed multiple strategies to overcome host defenses and establish viral infections. Sucrose nonfermenting-1-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) is a key regulator of energy balance in plants and plays an important role in plant development and immune defenses. As a heterotrimeric complex, SnRK1 is composed of a catalytic subunit α (SnRK1 α) and two regulatory subunits, β and γ. Previous studies on SnRK1 in plant defenses against microbial pathogens have mainly focused on SnRK1 α. In this study, we validated the interaction between the C4 protein encoded by tobacco leaf curl Yunnan virus (TbLCYnV) and the regulatory subunit β of Nicotiana benthamiana SnRK1, i.e., NbSnRK1 β2, and identified that the Asp22 of C4 is critical for TbLCYnV C4-NbSnRK1 β2 interactions. NbSnRK1 β2 silencing in N. benthamiana enhances susceptibility to TbLCYnV infection. Plants infected with viral mutant TbLCYnV (C4D22A), which contains the mutant version C4 (D22A) that is incapable of interacting with NbSnRK1 β2, display milder symptoms and lower viral accumulation. Furthermore, we discovered that C4 promotes NbSnRK1 β2 degradation via the autophagy pathway. We herein propose a model by which the geminivirus C4 protein causes NbSnRK1 β2 degradation via the TbLCYnV C4-NbSnRK1 β2 interaction to antagonize host antiviral defenses and facilitates viral infection and symptom development in N. benthamiana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Min Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Wanyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (X.L.); (X.Z.)
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8
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Artins A, Fernie AR. FCS-like zinc finger proteins maintain energy homeostasis during stresses. Trends Plant Sci 2023; 28:1347-1349. [PMID: 37743166 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting kinase 1 (SnRK1) has emerged as a pivotal activator of the autophagy pathway; however, the reciprocal influence of autophagy on SnRK1 remains unknown. Yang et al. have recently revealed the existence of a feedback loop connecting autophagy and SnRK1 in terrestrial plants, involving the novel FCS-like zinc finger (FLZ) class of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Artins
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck Institut für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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9
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Yang C, Li X, Zhou J, Gao C. Autophagy contributes to positive feedback regulation of SnRK1 signaling in plants. Autophagy 2023; 19:3248-3250. [PMID: 37584544 PMCID: PMC10621257 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2247741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
SnRK1 (SNF1-related protein kinase 1) is a plant ortholog of yeast Snf1 and mammalian adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) that acts as a positive regulator of macroautophagy/autophagy. However, whether and how the autophagy pathway modulates SnRK1 activity remains elusive. Recently, we identified a clade of plant-specific FLZ (FCS-like zinc finger) proteins as novel ATG8 (autophagy-related 8)-interacting partners in Arabidopsis thaliana. These AtFLZs, which mainly localize on the surface of mitochondria, can inhibit SnRK1 signaling by repressing the T-loop phosphorylation of its catalytic α subunits, thereby negatively regulating carbon starvation-induced autophagy and plant tolerance to energy deprivation. Upon energy starvation, autophagy is activated to mediate the degradation of these AtFLZs, thus relieving their repression of SnRK1. More importantly, the ATG8-FLZ-SnRK1 regulatory axis appears to be functionally conserved during seed plant evolution. These findings highlight the positive role of autophagy in SnRK1 signaling activation under energy-limiting conditions in plants.Abbreviations: ADS, AIMs docking site; AIM, ATG8-interacting motif; AMPK, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase; ATG, autophagy-related; ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport; FLZ, FCS-like zinc finger protein; FREE1, FYVE DOMAIN PROTEIN REQUIRED FOR ENDOSOMAL SORTING 1; RAPTOR, REGULATORY-ASSOCIATED PROTEIN OF TOR; Snf1, SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING 1; SnRK1, SNF1-related kinase 1; TOR, TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xibao Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Ministry of Education & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Ministry of Education & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiji Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, Ministry of Education & Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Morales-Herrera S, Jourquin J, Coppé F, Lopez-Galvis L, De Smet T, Safi A, Njo M, Griffiths CA, Sidda JD, Mccullagh JSO, Xue X, Davis BG, Van der Eycken J, Paul MJ, Van Dijck P, Beeckman T. Trehalose-6-phosphate signaling regulates lateral root formation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302996120. [PMID: 37748053 PMCID: PMC10556606 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302996120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots explore the soil for water and nutrients, thereby determining plant fitness and agricultural yield, as well as determining ground substructure, water levels, and global carbon sequestration. The colonization of the soil requires investment of carbon and energy, but how sugar and energy signaling are integrated with root branching is unknown. Here, we show through combined genetic and chemical modulation of signaling pathways that the sugar small-molecule signal, trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) regulates root branching through master kinases SNF1-related kinase-1 (SnRK1) and Target of Rapamycin (TOR) and with the involvement of the plant hormone auxin. Increase of T6P levels both via genetic targeting in lateral root (LR) founder cells and through light-activated release of the presignaling T6P-precursor reveals that T6P increases root branching through coordinated inhibition of SnRK1 and activation of TOR. Auxin, the master regulator of LR formation, impacts this T6P function by transcriptionally down-regulating the T6P-degrader trehalose phosphate phosphatase B in LR cells. Our results reveal a regulatory energy-balance network for LR formation that links the 'sugar signal' T6P to both SnRK1 and TOR downstream of auxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Morales-Herrera
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LeuvenB3001, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Center for Microbiology, LeuvenB3001, Belgium
| | - Joris Jourquin
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, GhentB-9052, Belgium
| | - Frederic Coppé
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, GhentB-9052, Belgium
| | - Lorena Lopez-Galvis
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LeuvenB3001, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Center for Microbiology, LeuvenB3001, Belgium
| | - Tom De Smet
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-Organic Synthesis, Ghent University, GhentB-9000, Belgium
| | - Alaeddine Safi
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, GhentB-9052, Belgium
| | - Maria Njo
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, GhentB-9052, Belgium
| | - Cara A. Griffiths
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, HarpendenAL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - John D. Sidda
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - James S. O. Mccullagh
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Xiaochao Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin G. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Next Generation Chemistry, The Rosalind Franklin Institute, DidcotOX1 3TA, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Johan Van der Eycken
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Laboratory for Organic and Bio-Organic Synthesis, Ghent University, GhentB-9000, Belgium
| | - Matthew J. Paul
- Department of Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, HarpendenAL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LeuvenB3001, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie-Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Center for Microbiology, LeuvenB3001, Belgium
- Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Plant Institute, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, LeuvenB3001, Belgium
| | - Tom Beeckman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Ghent University, GhentB-9052, Belgium
- Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie Center for Plant Systems Biology, GhentB-9052, Belgium
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11
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Hu Y, Lin Y, Xia Y, Xu X, Wang Z, Cui X, Han L, Li J, Zhang R, Ding Y, Chen L. Overexpression of Os SnRK1a through a green tissue-specific promoter improves rice yield by accelerating sheath-to-panicle transport of nonstructural carbohydrates and increasing leaf photosynthesis. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 203:108048. [PMID: 37757719 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The redistribution of nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) in rice (Oryza sativa) sheaths contributes greatly to grain filling. Sucrose nonfermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) regulates sheath-to-panicle transport of NSCs during rice grain filling; however, it is unknown whether elevated activity of SnRK1 in sheaths improves NSC transport and grain filling. Expression of OsSnRK1a is mainly responsible for regulating SnRK1 activity in rice sheaths. Analysis of transgenic rice plants containing the OsSnRK1a promoter::GUS construct indicated that OsSnRK1a is widely expressed in rice. Notably, OsSnRK1a is highly expressed in mesophyll cells of sheaths. Therefore, a green tissue promoter specifically expressed in sheaths and leaf parenchyma cells and phloem tissue was used to over-express OsSnRK1a in japonica rice. The transgenic lines exhibited increased SnRK1a expression and SnRK1 activity in sheaths. The NSC and starch in the transgenic lines and WT all showed accumulation before heading and during the early-filling stage, and declining at the peak filling stage. But the starch and NSC content in transgenic lines was lower than that of WT. Moreover, the transgenic lines showed lower sucrose contents and higher sucrose efflux rates. The accelerated sheath NSC transport improved grain filling, and stimulated panicle development in transgenic lines. SnRK1a expression and SnRK1 activity were also increased in the leaves of transgenic lines, which improved leaf photosynthetic activity and contributed to optimal grain filling and panicle development. These results verify the promotion of high SnRK1 activity in sheath NSC transport, and also provide a new approach to improving sheath NSC transport and rice yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Xia
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziteng Wang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiran Cui
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Han
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Li
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongtao Zhang
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Broucke E, Dang TTV, Li Y, Hulsmans S, Van Leene J, De Jaeger G, Hwang I, Wim VDE, Rolland F. SnRK1 inhibits anthocyanin biosynthesis through both transcriptional regulation and direct phosphorylation and dissociation of the MYB/bHLH/TTG1 MBW complex. Plant J 2023; 115:1193-1213. [PMID: 37219821 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved an extensive specialized secondary metabolism. The colorful flavonoid anthocyanins, for example, not only stimulate flower pollination and seed dispersal, but also protect different tissues against high light, UV and oxidative stress. Their biosynthesis is highly regulated by environmental and developmental cues and induced by high sucrose levels. Expression of the biosynthetic enzymes involved is controlled by a transcriptional MBW complex, comprising (R2R3) MYB- and bHLH-type transcription factors and the WD40 repeat protein TTG1. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is not only useful, but also carbon- and energy-intensive and non-vital. Consistently, the SnRK1 protein kinase, a metabolic sensor activated in carbon- and energy-depleting stress conditions, represses anthocyanin biosynthesis. Here we show that Arabidopsis SnRK1 represses MBW complex activity both at the transcriptional and post-translational level. In addition to repressing expression of the key transcription factor MYB75/PAP1, SnRK1 activity triggers MBW complex dissociation, associated with loss of target promoter binding, MYB75 protein degradation and nuclear export of TTG1. We also provide evidence for direct interaction with and phosphorylation of multiple MBW complex proteins. These results indicate that repression of expensive anthocyanin biosynthesis is an important strategy to save energy and redirect carbon flow to more essential processes for survival in metabolic stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Broucke
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thi Tuong Vi Dang
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Yi Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander Hulsmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jelle Van Leene
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Geert De Jaeger
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ildoo Hwang
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH Biotech Center, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Van den Ende Wim
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Filip Rolland
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
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13
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Considine MJ, Foyer CH. Metabolic regulation of quiescence in plants. Plant J 2023; 114:1132-1148. [PMID: 36994639 PMCID: PMC10952390 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Quiescence is a crucial survival attribute in which cell division is repressed in a reversible manner. Although quiescence has long been viewed as an inactive state, recent studies have shown that it is an actively monitored process that is influenced by environmental stimuli. Here, we provide a perspective of the quiescent state and discuss how this process is tuned by energy, nutrient and oxygen status, and the pathways that sense and transmit these signals. We not only highlight the governance of canonical regulators and signalling mechanisms that respond to changes in nutrient and energy status, but also consider the central significance of mitochondrial functions and cues as key regulators of nuclear gene expression. Furthermore, we discuss how reactive oxygen species and the associated redox processes, which are intrinsically linked to energy carbohydrate metabolism, also play a key role in the orchestration of quiescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Considine
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and the School of Molecular SciencesThe University of Western AustraliaPerthWestern Australia6009Australia
- The Department of Primary Industries and Regional DevelopmentPerthWestern Australia6000Australia
| | - Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
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14
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Danieli R, Assouline S, Salam BB, Vrobel O, Teper-Bamnolker P, Belausov E, Granot D, Tarkowski P, Eshel D. Chilling induces sugar and ABA accumulation that antagonistically signals for symplastic connection of dormant potato buds. Plant Cell Environ 2023. [PMID: 37151187 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Endodormancy (ED) is a crucial stage in the life cycle of many perennial plants. ED release requires accumulating a certain amount of cold exposure, measured as chilling units. However, the mechanism governing the effect of chilling on ED duration is poorly understood. We used the potato tuber model to investigate the response to chilling as associated with ED release. We measured the accumulation of specific sugars during and after chilling, defined as sugar units. We discovered that ED duration correlated better with sugar units accumulation than chilling units. A logistic function was developed based on sugar units measurements to predict ED duration. Knockout or overexpression of the vacuolar invertase gene (StVInv) unexpectedly modified sugar units levels and extended or shortened ED, respectively. Silencing the energy sensor SNF1-related protein kinase 1, induced higher sugar units accumulation and shorter ED. Sugar units accumulation induced by chilling or transgenic lines reduced plasmodesmal (PD) closure in the dormant bud meristem. Chilling or knockout of abscisic acid (ABA) 8'-hydroxylase induced ABA accumulation, in parallel to sweetening, and antagonistically promoted PD closure. Our results suggest that chilling induce sugar units and ABA accumulation, resulting in antagonistic signals for symplastic connection of the dormant bud.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raz Danieli
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Biotechnology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Shmuel Assouline
- Department of Environmental Physics and Irrigation, The Volcani Institute, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Bolaji Babajide Salam
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Ondřej Vrobel
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Paula Teper-Bamnolker
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Department of Ornamental Horticulture, The Volcani Institute, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - David Granot
- Department of Vegetable Research, The Volcani Institute, ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Centre of the Region Hana for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Crop Research Institute, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Dani Eshel
- Department of Postharvest Science, The Volcani Institute, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Rishon LeZion, Israel
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15
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Margalha L, Elias A, Belda-Palazón B, Peixoto B, Confraria A, Baena-González E. HOS1 promotes plant tolerance to low-energy stress via the SnRK1 protein kinase. Plant J 2023. [PMID: 37077033 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants need to integrate internal and environmental signals to mount adequate stress responses. The NUCLEAR PORE COMPLEX (NPC) component HIGH EXPRESSION OF OSMOTICALLY RESPONSIVE GENES 1 (HOS1) is emerging as such an integrator, affecting responses to cold, heat, light and salinity. Stress conditions often converge in a low-energy signal that activates SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING 1-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) to promote stress tolerance and survival. Here, we explored the role of HOS1 in the SnRK1-dependent response to low-energy stress in Arabidopsis thaliana, using darkness as a treatment and a combination of genetic, biochemical, and phenotypic assays. We show that the induction of starvation genes and plant tolerance to prolonged darkness are defective in the hos1 mutant. HOS1 interacts physically with the SnRK1α1 catalytic subunit in yeast-two-hybrid and in planta, and the nuclear accumulation of SnRK1α1 is reduced in the hos1 mutant. Likewise, another NPC mutant, nup160, exhibits lower activation of starvation genes and decreased tolerance to prolonged darkness. Importantly, defects in low-energy responses in the hos1 background are rescued by fusing SnRK1α1 to a potent nuclear localization signal, or by sugar supplementation during the dark treatment. Altogether, this work demonstrates the importance of HOS1 for the nuclear accumulation of SnRK1α1, which is key for plant tolerance to low-energy conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonor Margalha
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Elias
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Borja Belda-Palazón
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Current address: IBMCP-CSIC-UPV, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Bruno Peixoto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Current address: Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
| | - Ana Confraria
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elena Baena-González
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
- Current address: Department of Biology, University of Oxford, South Parks Rd, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK
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16
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Zhai Z, Blanford JK, Cai Y, Sun J, Liu H, Shi H, Schwender J, Shanklin J. CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 8 positively regulates oil synthesis by activating WRINKLED1 transcription. New Phytol 2023; 238:724-736. [PMID: 36683527 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
CYCLIN-DEPENDENT KINASE 8 (CDK8), a component of the kinase module of the Mediator complex in Arabidopsis, is involved in many processes, including flowering, plant defense, drought, and energy stress responses. Here, we investigated cdk8 mutants and CDK8-overexpressing lines to evaluate whether CDK8 also plays a role in regulating lipid synthesis, an energy-demanding anabolism. Quantitative lipid analysis demonstrated significant reductions in lipid synthesis rates and lipid accumulation in developing siliques and seedlings of cdk8, and conversely, elevated lipid contents in wild-type seed overexpressing CDK8. Transactivation assays show that CDK8 is necessary for maximal transactivation of the master seed oil activator WRINKLED1 (WRI1) by the seed maturation transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3, supporting a direct regulatory role of CDK8 in oil synthesis. Thermophoretic studies show GEMINIVIRUS REP INTERACTING KINASE1, an activating kinase of KIN10 (a catalytic subunit of SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING1-RELATED KINASE1), physically interacts with CDK8, resulting in its phosphorylation and degradation in the presence of KIN10. This work defines a mechanism whereby, once activated, KIN10 downregulates WRI1 expression and suppresses lipid synthesis via promoting the degradation of CDK8. The KIN10-CDK8-dependent regulation of lipid synthesis described herein is additional to our previously reported KIN10-dependent phosphorylation and degradation of WRI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Zhai
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jantana K Blanford
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Yingqi Cai
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Hai Shi
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Jorg Schwender
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - John Shanklin
- Department of Biology, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Building 463, 50 Bell Ave, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
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17
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Retzer K, Weckwerth W. Recent insights into metabolic and signalling events of directional root growth regulation and its implications for sustainable crop production systems. Front Plant Sci 2023; 14:1154088. [PMID: 37008498 PMCID: PMC10060999 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1154088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Roots are sensors evolved to simultaneously respond to manifold signals, which allow the plant to survive. Root growth responses, including the modulation of directional root growth, were shown to be differently regulated when the root is exposed to a combination of exogenous stimuli compared to an individual stress trigger. Several studies pointed especially to the impact of the negative phototropic response of roots, which interferes with the adaptation of directional root growth upon additional gravitropic, halotropic or mechanical triggers. This review will provide a general overview of known cellular, molecular and signalling mechanisms involved in directional root growth regulation upon exogenous stimuli. Furthermore, we summarise recent experimental approaches to dissect which root growth responses are regulated upon which individual trigger. Finally, we provide a general overview of how to implement the knowledge gained to improve plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Retzer
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Molecular Systems Biology (MoSys), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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18
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Sravya G, Jeyaraj G, Vadivelu A, Mohideen HS, Geetanjali AS. Molecular characterization of chilli leaf curl Ahmedabad virus: homology modelling and evaluation of viral proteins interacting with host protein SnRK1 and docking against flavonoids-an in silico approach. Theory Biosci 2023; 142:47-60. [PMID: 36607541 DOI: 10.1007/s12064-022-00383-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Chilli leaf curl Ahmedabad virus (ChiLCAV), a begomovirus belonging to the family Geminiviridae, has been reported for its occurrence in India, infecting chilli and tomato plants. The viral proteins associated with ChiLCAV involves in the primary pathogenesis and transmission of the virus by whitefly. Viral protein interactions with host proteins show the dynamics of structural binding and interaction in their infection cycle. At the same time, plants have multiple defence mechanisms against bacterial and viral infections. Secondary metabolites play a significant role in the inborne defence mechanism of plants. Host proteins are also the prime producers of secondary metabolites. In the present study, we evaluated the host protein SnRK1 interaction with all six viral proteins (V1, V2, C1, C2, C3 and C4). Apart from C4, all the other viral proteins showed appreciable binding and interaction with SnRK1. SnRK1 has the regulation mechanism for the accumulation of diterpenoids, secondary metabolites. Flavonoids are secondary metabolites produced by the plant under stress conditions. Further, we studied the binding and interaction of six selected flavonoids produced by Solanaceae family members with all the ChiLCAV proteins. All six selected flavonoids showed considerable binding energy with all viral proteins. Each flavonoid showed high binding energy with different viral proteins. Molecular docking is carried out for both flavonoids and the host protein SnRK1. These in silico interactions and docking studies could be useful for understanding the plants defence mechanism against viral infections at the molecular level.
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19
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Son S, Im JH, Ko J, Han K. SNF1-related protein kinase 1 represses Arabidopsis growth through post-translational modification of E2Fa in response to energy stress. New Phytol 2023; 237:823-839. [PMID: 36478538 PMCID: PMC10107498 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular sugar starvation and/or energy deprivation serves as an important signaling cue for the live cells to trigger the necessary stress adaptation response. When exposed to cellular energy stress (ES) conditions, the plants reconfigure metabolic pathways and rebalance energy status while restricting vegetative organ growth. Despite the vital importance of this ES-induced growth restriction, the regulatory mechanism underlying the response remains largely elusive in plants. Using plant cell- and whole plant-based functional analyses coupled with extended genetic validation, we show that cellular ES-activated SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1.1) directly interacts with and phosphorylates E2Fa transcription factor, a critical cell cycle regulator. Phosphorylation of E2Fa by SnRK1.1 leads to its proteasome-mediated protein degradation, resulting in S-phase repression and organ growth restriction. Our findings show that ES-dependently activated SnRK1.1 adjusts cell proliferation and vegetative growth for plants to cope with constantly fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungmin Son
- Department of Life SciencesKorea University145 Anamro, Sungbuk‐guSeoul02841Korea
- National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development AdministrationJeonju54874Korea
| | - Jong Hee Im
- Department of Life SciencesKorea University145 Anamro, Sungbuk‐guSeoul02841Korea
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
| | - Jae‐Heung Ko
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Science and Graduate School of BiotechnologyKyung Hee UniversityYongin‐siGyeonggi‐do17104Korea
| | - Kyung‐Hwan Han
- Department of HorticultureMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
- Department of ForestryMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMI48824USA
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20
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Zirngibl ME, Araguirang GE, Kitashova A, Jahnke K, Rolka T, Kühn C, Nägele T, Richter AS. Triose phosphate export from chloroplasts and cellular sugar content regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis during high light acclimation. Plant Commun 2023; 4:100423. [PMID: 35962545 PMCID: PMC9860169 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Plants have evolved multiple strategies to cope with rapid changes in the environment. During high light (HL) acclimation, the biosynthesis of photoprotective flavonoids, such as anthocyanins, is induced. However, the exact nature of the signal and downstream factors for HL induction of flavonoid biosynthesis (FB) is still under debate. Here, we show that carbon fixation in chloroplasts, subsequent export of photosynthates by triose phosphate/phosphate translocator (TPT), and rapid increase in cellular sugar content permit the transcriptional and metabolic activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis during HL acclimation. In combination with genetic and physiological analysis, targeted and whole-transcriptome gene expression studies suggest that reactive oxygen species and phytohormones play only a minor role in rapid HL induction of the anthocyanin branch of FB. In addition to transcripts of FB, sugar-responsive genes showed delayed repression or induction in tpt-2 during HL treatment, and a significant overlap with transcripts regulated by SNF1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) was observed, including a central transcription factor of FB. Analysis of mutants with increased and repressed SnRK1 activity suggests that sugar-induced inactivation of SnRK1 is required for HL-mediated activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our study emphasizes the central role of chloroplasts as sensors for environmental changes as well as the vital function of sugar signaling in plant acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max-Emanuel Zirngibl
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Galileo Estopare Araguirang
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anastasia Kitashova
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Kathrin Jahnke
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tobias Rolka
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Kühn
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Nägele
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Faculty of Biology, Plant Evolutionary Cell Biology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas S Richter
- University of Rostock, Institute for Biosciences, Physiology of Plant Metabolism, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Physiology of Plant Cell Organelles, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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21
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Li M, Wang Y, Zhang P, Bai C, Cao L, Li L, Jiang J, Ding X, Xiao J. The Role of Gm SnRK1-GmNodH Module in Regulating Soybean Nodulation Capacity. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24. [PMID: 36674741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SnRK1 protein kinase plays hub roles in plant carbon and nitrogen metabolism. However, the function of SnRK1 in legume nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation is still elusive. In this study, we identified GmNodH, a putative sulfotransferase, as an interacting protein of GmSnRK1 by yeast two-hybrid screen. The qRT-PCR assays indicate that GmNodH gene is highly expressed in soybean roots and could be induced by rhizobial infection and nitrate stress. Fluorescence microscopic analyses showed that GmNodH was colocalized with GsSnRK1 on plasma membrane. The physical interaction between GmNodH and GmSnRK1 was further verified by using split-luciferase complementary assay and pull-down approaches. In vitro phosphorylation assay showed that GmSnRK1 could phosphorylate GmNodH at Ser193. To dissect the function and genetic relationship of GmSnRK1 and GmNodH in soybean, we co-expressed the wild-type and mutated GmSnRK1 and GmNodH genes in soybean hairy roots and found that co-expression of GmSnRK1/GmNodH genes significantly promoted soybean nodulation rates and the expression levels of nodulation-related GmNF5α and GmNSP1 genes. Taken together, this study provides the first biological evidence that GmSnRK1 may interact with and phosphorylate GmNodH to synergistically regulate soybean nodulation.
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22
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Broucke E, Rolland F, Crepin N. Fast Identification of In Vivo Protein Phosphorylation Events Using Transient Expression in Leaf Mesophyll Protoplasts and Phos-tag TM SDS-PAGE. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2642:215-231. [PMID: 36944881 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3044-0_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation/dephosphorylation is a key posttranslational mechanism for signal transduction and amplification. Several techniques exist for assessing protein phosphorylation status, but each has its own drawbacks. The fast, straightforward, and low-tech approach described here uses transient overexpression of peptide-tagged proteins in Arabidopsis leaf mesophyll protoplasts and immunoblotting with Phos-tag™ SDS-PAGE and commercial anti-tag antibodies. We illustrate this with two relevant examples related to the SnRK1 protein kinase, which mediates metabolic stress signaling: Arabidopsis thaliana SnRK1 activation by T-loop (auto-)phosphorylation and SnRK1 phosphorylation of the Arabidopsis RAV1 transcription factor, which is involved in seed germination and early seedling development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Broucke
- Plant Metabolic Signaling Lab, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Filip Rolland
- Plant Metabolic Signaling Lab, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nathalie Crepin
- Plant Metabolic Signaling Lab, Biology Department, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium.
- KU Leuven Plant Institute (LPI), KU Leuven, Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium.
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23
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Yang C, Shi G, Li Y, Luo M, Wang H, Wang J, Yuan L, Wang Y, Li Y. Genome-Wide Identification of SnRK1 Catalytic α Subunit and FLZ Proteins in Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. Highlights Their Potential Roles in Licorice Growth and Abiotic Stress Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010121. [PMID: 36613561 PMCID: PMC9820696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase-1 (SnRK1) and its scaffolding proteins, FCS-like zinc finger proteins (FLZs), are well conserved in land plants and involved in various processes of plant growth and stress responses. Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. is a widely used licorice species with strong abiotic stress resistance, in which terpenoids and flavonoids are the major bioactive components. Here, we identified 2 SnRK1 catalytic α subunit encoding genes (GiSnRK1α1 and GiSnRK1α2) and 21 FLZ genes in G. inflata. Polygenetic analysis showed that the 21 GiFLZs could be divided into three groups. A total of 10 representative GiFLZ proteins interact with GiSnRK1α1, and they display overlapped subcellular localization (mainly in the nucleus and the cytoplasm) when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana leaf cells. Coinciding with the existence of various phytohormone-responsive and stress-responsive cis-regulatory elements in the GiSnRK1α and GiFLZ gene promoters, GiFLZs are actively responsive to methyl jasmonic acid (MeJA) and abscisic acid (ABA) treatments, and several GiFLZs and GiSnRK1α1 are regulated by drought and saline-alkaline stresses. Interestingly, GiSnRK1α and 20 of 21 GiFLZs (except for GiFLZ2) show higher expression in the roots than in the leaves. These data provide comprehensive information on the SnRK1 catalytic α subunit and the FLZ proteins in licorice for future functional characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guangyu Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongxia Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Crops Genetic Improvement of Guangdong, Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Digital Botanical Garden, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yongqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Correspondence: (Y.W.); (Y.L.)
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24
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Ruiz-Gayosso A, Rodríguez-Cruz I, Martínez-Barajas E, Coello P. Phosphorylation of DPE2 at S786 partially regulates starch degradation. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 193:70-77. [PMID: 36335878 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In plants, transitory starch is synthetized during the day and degraded at night to provide the continuous carbon needed for growth and development. Starch metabolism is highly coordinated, as the starch degradation rate must be coupled to the amount of starch synthetized during the day. Maltose is one of the chloroplastic products obtained from starch degradation, and maltose is exported to the cytosol where disproportionating enzyme-2 (DPE2) is responsible for its metabolism. The amount of DPE2 remained unchanged throughout the day, but its activity notably increased at the end of the day (7 p.m.), suggesting that posttranslational modification drives the mechanism underlying the regulatory activity of this enzyme. Sucrose nonfermenting-related kinase-1 (SnRK1), a protein kinase that controls the activity of several metabolic enzymes, was able to interact and phosphorylate DPE2 at three different residues localized in the α-glucanotransferase domain. This phosphorylation acts as a positive regulator of DPE2, increasing its activity. Complementation of dpe2-deficient mutants with the wild-type (WT) and S786A forms of DPE2 showed that the nonphosphorylated form of DPE2 only partially restored starch degradation, suggesting that phosphorylation at S786 is involved in enzyme regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruiz-Gayosso
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Cd. Mx, 04510, Mexico
| | - I Rodríguez-Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Cd. Mx, 04510, Mexico
| | - E Martínez-Barajas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Cd. Mx, 04510, Mexico
| | - P Coello
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Química, UNAM, Cd. Mx, 04510, Mexico.
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25
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Peixoto B, Baena-González E. Management of plant central metabolism by SnRK1 protein kinases. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:7068-7082. [PMID: 35708960 PMCID: PMC9664233 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
SUCROSE NON-FERMENTING1 (SNF1)-RELATED KINASE 1 (SnRK1) is an evolutionarily conserved protein kinase with key roles in plant stress responses. SnRK1 is activated when energy levels decline during stress, reconfiguring metabolism and gene expression to favour catabolism over anabolism, and ultimately to restore energy balance and homeostasis. The capacity to efficiently redistribute resources is crucial to cope with adverse environmental conditions and, accordingly, genetic manipulations that increase SnRK1 activity are generally associated with enhanced tolerance to stress. In addition to its well-established function in stress responses, an increasing number of studies implicate SnRK1 in the homeostatic control of metabolism during the regular day-night cycle and in different organs and developmental stages. Here, we review how the genetic manipulation of SnRK1 alters central metabolism in several plant species and tissue types. We complement this with studies that provide mechanistic insight into how SnRK1 modulates metabolism, identifying changes in transcripts of metabolic components, altered enzyme activities, or direct regulation of enzymes or transcription factors by SnRK1 via phosphorylation. We identify patterns of response that centre on the maintenance of sucrose levels, in an analogous manner to the role described for its mammalian orthologue in the control of blood glucose homeostasis. Finally, we highlight several knowledge gaps and technical limitations that will have to be addressed in future research aiming to fully understand how SnRK1 modulates metabolism at the cellular and whole-plant levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Peixoto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB NOVA, Oeiras, Portugal
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26
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Henriques R, Calderan-Rodrigues MJ, Luis Crespo J, Baena-González E, Caldana C. Growing of the TOR world. J Exp Bot 2022; 73:6987-6992. [PMID: 36377640 PMCID: PMC9664224 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erac401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José Luis Crespo
- Instituto de Bioquimica Vegetal y Fotosintesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC)-Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Baena-González
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal and GREEN-IT Bioresources for Sustainability, ITQB-NOVA, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Camila Caldana
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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27
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Zhou B, Fang Y, Xiao X, Yang J, Qi J, Qi Q, Fan Y, Tang C. Trehalose 6-Phosphate/ SnRK1 Signaling Participates in Harvesting-Stimulated Rubber Production in the Hevea Tree. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2879. [PMID: 36365332 PMCID: PMC9655858 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Trehalose 6-phosphate (T6P), the intermediate of trehalose biosynthesis and a signaling molecule, affects crop yield via targeting sucrose allocation and utilization. As there have been no reports of T6P signaling affecting secondary metabolism in a crop plant, the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis serves as an ideal model in this regard. Sucrose metabolism critically influences the productivity of natural rubber, a secondary metabolite of industrial importance. Here, we report on the characterization of the T6P synthase (TPS) gene family and the T6P/SNF1-related protein kinase1 (T6P/SnRK1) signaling components in Hevea laticifers under tapping (rubber harvesting), an agronomic manipulation that itself stimulates rubber production. A total of fourteen TPS genes were identified, among which a class II TPS gene, HbTPS5, seemed to have evolved with a function specialized in laticifers. T6P and trehalose increased when the trees were tapped, this being consistent with the observed enhanced activities of TPS and T6P phosphatase (TPP) and expression of an active TPS-encoding gene, HbTPS1. On the other hand, SnRK1 activities decreased, suggesting the inhibition of elevated T6P on SnRK1. Expression profiles of the SnRK1 marker genes coincided with elevated T6P and depressed SnRK1. Interestingly, HbTPS5 expression decreased significantly with the onset of tapping, suggesting a regulatory function in the T6P pathway associated with latex production in laticifers. In brief, transcriptional, enzymatic, and metabolic evidence supports the participation of T6P/SnRK1 signaling in rubber formation, thus providing a possible avenue to increasing the yield of a valuable secondary metabolite by targeting T6P in specific cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhui Zhou
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Xiaohu Xiao
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jianghua Yang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Jiyan Qi
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, Haikou 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Qi Qi
- College of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yujie Fan
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
- Natural Rubber Cooperative Innovation Center of Hainan Province and Ministry of Education of PRC, Haikou 570228, China
- Sanya Nanfan Research Institute of Hainan University, Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
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28
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Hu Y, Bai J, Xia Y, Lin Y, Ma L, Xu X, Ding Y, Chen L. Increasing SnRK1 activity with the AMPK activator A-769662 accelerates seed germination in rice. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 185:155-166. [PMID: 35696890 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a key role in rice germination. The small molecule drug, A-769662, activates AMP-activated protein kinase, a mammalian homolog of SnRK1. However, it is unknown whether A-769662 activates SnRK1, thereby affecting germination. SnRK1 in desalted extracts from germinating rice seeds was strongly activated by adding A-769662 in vitro. Applying 50 or 100 μM A-769662 accelerated germination and increased the root length, shoot length, and seedling fresh weight. 50 μM A-769662 treatment increased the catalytic activity and phosphorylation of SnRK1 during germination. Transcriptome analysis and biochemical validation were performed to investigate the mechanism whereby A-769662 treatment promoted rice germination. A-769662 treatment promoted starch hydrolysis by increasing the expression and activity of amylase and inhibited starch biosynthesis by decreasing the expression of OsAGPL2, OsAGPS2a, Wx, and SSIIa. The abscisic acid (ABA) level and gene expression of ABA-induced transcription factors, including OsNF-YC9, OsNF-YC12, OsWRKY24, OsPYL8, OsMKKK62, and OsMKKK63, which reduced the inhibition of germination by ABA were decreased under 50 μM A-769662 treatment. The increased expression of the OsACO3 and OsACO5 genes and increased ethylene levels under A-769662 treatment, which counteracted the inhibition of ABA on germination and, thus, promoted germination. These results demonstrate the activation of A-769662 on SnRK1 and further reveal the regulatory mechanism of A-769662 in rice seed germination and nutrient remobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Hu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaqi Bai
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongqing Xia
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Lin
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Li Ma
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuemei Xu
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanfeng Ding
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Chen
- College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology & Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agricultural University, Nanjing, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Crop Production Co-sponsored By Province and Ministry, Nanjing, China.
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Jin H, Han X, Wang Z, Xie Y, Zhang K, Zhao X, Wang L, Yang J, Liu H, Ji X, Dong L, Zheng H, Hu W, Liu Y, Wang X, Zhou X, Zhang Y, Qian W, Zheng W, Shen Q, Gou M, Wang D. Barley GRIK1- SnRK1 kinases subvert a viral virulence protein to upregulate antiviral RNAi and inhibit infection. EMBO J 2022; 41:e110521. [PMID: 35929182 PMCID: PMC9475517 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2021110521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses often usurp host machineries for their amplification, but it remains unclear if hosts may subvert virus proteins to regulate viral proliferation. Here, we show that the 17K protein, an important virulence factor conserved in barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs) and related poleroviruses, is phosphorylated by host GRIK1‐SnRK1 kinases, with the phosphorylated 17K (P17K) capable of enhancing the abundance of virus‐derived small interfering RNAs (vsiRNAs) and thus antiviral RNAi. Furthermore, P17K interacts with barley small RNA‐degrading nuclease 1 (HvSDN1) and impedes HvSDN1‐catalyzed vsiRNA degradation. Additionally, P17K weakens the HvSDN1‐HvAGO1 interaction, thus hindering HvSDN1 from accessing and degrading HvAGO1‐carried vsiRNAs. Importantly, transgenic expression of 17K phosphomimetics (17K5D), or genome editing of SDN1, generates stable resistance to BYDV through elevating vsiRNA abundance. These data validate a novel mechanism that enhances antiviral RNAi through host subversion of a viral virulence protein to inhibit SDN1‐catalyzed vsiRNA degradation and suggest new ways for engineering BYDV‐resistant crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaibing Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yilin Xie
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kunpu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaoge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lina Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lingli Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weijuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yijing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqiang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenming Zheng
- National Biological Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingyue Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Wheat and Maize Crop Science, College of Agronomy, National Wheat Innovation Center, and Center for Crop Genome Engineering, Longzi Lake Campus, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Biological Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center, College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, China
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30
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Chen M, Farmer N, Zhong Z, Zheng W, Tang W, Han Y, Lu G, Wang Z, Ebbole DJ. HAG Effector Evolution in Pyricularia Species and Plant Cell Death Suppression by HAG4. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2022; 35:694-705. [PMID: 35345886 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-22-0010-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Seventy host-adapted gene (HAG) effector family members from Pyricularia species are found in P. oryzae and three closely related species (isolates LS and 18-2 from an unknown Pyricularia sp., P. grisea, and P. pennisetigena) that share at least eight orthologous HAG family members with P. oryzae. The genome sequence of a more distantly related species, P. penniseti, lacks HAG genes, suggesting a time frame for the origin of the gene family in the genus. In P. oryzae, HAG4 is uniquely found in the genetic lineage that contains populations adapted to Setaria and Oryza hosts. We find a nearly identical HAG4 allele in a P. grisea isolate, suggesting transfer of HAG4 from P. grisea to P. oryzae. HAG4 encodes a suppressor of plant cell death. Yeast two-hybrid screens with several HAG genes independently identify common interacting clones from a rice complementary DNA library, suggesting conservation of protein surface motifs between HAG homologs with as little as 40% protein sequence identity. HAG family orthologs have diverged rapidly and HAG15 orthologs display unusually high rates of sequence divergence compared with adjacent genes suggesting gene-specific accelerated divergence. The sequence diversity of the HAG homologs in Pyricularia species provides a resource for examining mechanisms of gene family evolution and the relationship to structural and functional evolution of HAG effector family activity. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilian Chen
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Chemistry-Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Nick Farmer
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
| | - Zhenhui Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Chemistry-Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Chemistry-Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Chemistry-Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yijuan Han
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Chemistry-Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide and Chemistry-Biology, Ministry of Education, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Daniel J Ebbole
- Department of Plant Pathology & Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, U.S.A
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Asim M, Guo M, Khan R, Sun Y, Du S, Liu W, Li Y, Wang X, Wang M, Shi Y, Zhang Y. Investigation of sugar signaling behaviors involved in sucrose-induced senescence initiation and progression in N. tabacum. Plant Physiol Biochem 2022; 184:112-125. [PMID: 35640518 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugar is involved in initiating leaf senescence. However, its regulatory role, especially as a signal in the senescence process, is unclear. Therefore, this study was designed to illustrate how sugar stimulates the onset of leaf senescence and controls sugar homeostasis through the T6P-SnRK (sucrose non-fermenting (SNF)-related kinase) and HXK (hexokinase) signaling pathways. We used a leaf disc system detached from fully expanded leaves of Nicotiana tabacum cv. K326 and designed a time-course study (days 3, 5, 7, and 9) with exogenously gradient concentrations (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 mM) of sucrose (Suc) treatment to identify how Suc application affects sugar metabolism and induces senescence. Our results revealed that early decreases of Fv/Fm and increases in electrolyte leakage responded to Suc on day 3. Furthermore, a substantial increase in lipid peroxidation and up-regulated expression of senescence marker genes (NtSAG12) (except 60 mM on day 3) responded sequentially by day 5. The glucose, G6P, and HXK contents were first induced by Suc on day 3 and then repressed from day 5 to day 7. However, exogenous Suc treatment significantly improved the TPS content and the subsequent precursor T6P from day 3 to day 7. Following exogenous Suc treatments, the transcript level of NtSnRK1 was markedly down-regulated from day 3 to day 7. On the other hand, a linear regression analysis demonstrated that the T6P-NtSnRK1 signaling pathway was strongly associated with senescence initiation, and was accompanied by membrane degradation and NtCP1/NtSAG12 up-regulation by day 3. The T6P-NtSnRK1 signaling pathway experienced membrane and chloroplast degradation by day 5. HXK functioned as a metabolic enzyme promoting Glc-G6P and as a Glc sensor, accelerating the initiation of senescence through the HXK-dependent pathway by repressing PSII by day 3 and the senescence process through the Glycolytic pathway by day 7. These physiological, biochemical, and molecular analyses demonstrate that exogenous Suc regulates T6P accumulation, inducing senescence through the NtSnRK signaling pathway. These results illustrate the role of Suc and the transition of the sugar signaling pathway during the progression of senescence initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Rayyan Khan
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Yanguo Sun
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Shasha Du
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Agricultural College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yang Li
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Mengyun Wang
- Agricultural College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Qingdao, 266101, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Haq SIU, Shang J, Xie H, Qiu QS. Roles of TOR signaling in nutrient deprivation and abiotic stress. J Plant Physiol 2022; 274:153716. [PMID: 35597106 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2022.153716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In living organisms, nutrient, energy, and environmental stimuli sensing and signaling are considered as the most primordial regulatory networks governing growth and development. Target of Rapamycin (TOR) is a diversified Serine/Threonine protein kinase existing in all eukaryotes that regulates distinct salient growth and developmental signaling pathways. TOR signaling acts as a central hub in plants that allows a variety of nutrients, energy, hormones, and environmental stimuli to be integrated. TOR is activated by several nutrients and promotes energy-consuming processes such as cell division, protein translation, mRNA translation and ribosome biogenesis. We summarized the recent findings on the TOR function in regulating the dynamic networks of nutrients, including sugar, sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, phosphorus, potassium, and amino acids. TOR's role in abiotic stress was discussed, in which TOR orchestrating stress signaling, including heat, cold, salt, and osmotic stress, to regulate transcriptional and metabolic reprogramming, as well as growth and development. The interconnections between TOR and SnRK1 kinase were discussed in controlling nutrient deprivation and abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Inzimam Ul Haq
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China
| | - Jun Shang
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Huichun Xie
- Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China; Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Medicinal Plant and Animal Resources of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Xining, Qinghai, 810008, China
| | - Quan-Sheng Qiu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 73000, China; Academy of Plateau Science and Sustainability, School of Life Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining, Qinghai, 810000, China.
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Asim M, Hussain Q, Wang X, Sun Y, Liu H, Khan R, Du S, Shi Y, Zhang Y. Mathematical Modeling Reveals That Sucrose Regulates Leaf Senescence via Dynamic Sugar Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126498. [PMID: 35742940 PMCID: PMC9223756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sucrose (Suc) accumulation is one of the key indicators of leaf senescence onset, but little is known about its regulatory role. Here, we found that application of high (120–150 mM) and low levels (60 mM) of Suc to young leaf (YL) and fully expanded leaf (FEL) discs, respectively, decreased chlorophyll content and maximum photosynthetic efficiency. Electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde levels increased at high Suc concentrations (90–120 mM in YL and 60 and 150 mM in FEL discs). In FEL discs, the senescence-associated gene NtSAG12 showed a gradual increase in expression with increased Suc application; in contrast, in YL discs, NtSAG12 was upregulated with low Suc treatment (60 mM) but downregulated at higher levels of Suc. In YL discs, trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) accumulated at a low half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of Suc (1.765 mM). However, T6P levels declined as trehalose 6 phosphate synthase (TPS) content decreased, resulting in the maximum velocity of sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase (SnRK) and hexokinase (HXK) occurring at higher level of Suc. We therefore speculated that senescence was induced by hexose accumulation. In FEL discs, the EC50 of T6P occurred at a low concentration of Suc (0.9488 mM); T6P levels progressively increased with higher TPS content, which inhibited SnRK activity with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.001475 U/g. This confirmed that the T6P–SnRK complex induced senescence in detached FEL discs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asim
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Quaid Hussain
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, 666 Wusu Street, Hangzhou 311300, China;
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Yanguo Sun
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Haiwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Rayyan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Shasha Du
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
| | - Yi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China; (M.A.); (X.W.); (Y.S.); (H.L.); (R.K.); (S.D.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (Y.S.); (Y.Z.)
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Pathak B, Maurya C, Faria MC, Alizada Z, Nandy S, Zhao S, Jamsheer K M, Srivastava V. Targeting TOR and SnRK1 Genes in Rice with CRISPR/Cas9. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:plants11111453. [PMID: 35684226 PMCID: PMC9183148 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Genome targeting with CRISPR/Cas9 is a popular method for introducing mutations and creating knock-out effects. However, limited information is currently available on the mutagenesis of essential genes. This study investigated the efficiency of CRISPR/Cas9 in targeting rice essential genes: the singleton TARGET OF RAPAMYCIN (OsTOR) and the three paralogs of the Sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related kinase 1 (OsSnRK1α), OsSnRK1αA, OsSnRK1αB and OsSnRK1αC. Strong activity of constitutively expressed CRISPR/Cas9 was effective in creating mutations in OsTOR and OsSnRK1α genes, but inducible CRISPR/Cas9 failed to generate detectable mutations. The rate of OsTOR mutagenesis was relatively lower and only the kinase domain of OsTOR could be targeted, while mutations in the HEAT region were unrecoverable. OsSnRK1α paralogs could be targeted at higher rates; however, sterility or early senescence was observed in >50% of the primary mutants. Additionally, OsSnRK1αB and OsSnRK1αC, which bear high sequence homologies, could be targeted simultaneously to generate double-mutants. Further, although limited types of mutations were found in the surviving mutants, the recovered lines displayed loss-of-function or knockdown tor or snrk1 phenotypes. Overall, our data show that mutations in these essential genes can be created by CRISPR/Cas9 to facilitate investigations on their roles in plant development and environmental response in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvan Pathak
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Chandan Maurya
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Maria C. Faria
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Zahra Alizada
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Soumen Nandy
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shan Zhao
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
| | - Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Institute of Genome Engineering, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida 201313, India;
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas System Division of Agriculture, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (B.P.); (C.M.); (M.C.F.); (S.N.); (S.Z.)
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
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Luo J, Yu W, Xiao Y, Zhang Y, Peng F. Overexpression of PpSnRK1α in Tomato Increased Autophagy Activity under Low Nutrient Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5464. [PMID: 35628273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants suffer from a variety of environmental stresses during their growth and development. The evolutionarily conserved sucrose nonfermenting kinase 1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) plays a central role in the regulation of energy homeostasis in response to stresses. In plant cells, autophagy is a degradation process occurring during development or under stress, such as nutrient starvation. In recent years, SnRK1 signaling has been reported to be an upstream activator of autophagy. However, these studies all focused on the regulatory effect of SnRK1 on TOR signaling and the autophagy-related gene 1 (ATG1) complex. In this study, overexpression of the gene encoding the Prunus persica SnRK1 α subunit (PpSnRK1α) in tomato improved the photosynthetic rates and enhanced the resistance to low nutrient stress (LNS). Overexpression of PpSnRK1α increased autophagy activity and upregulated the expression of seven autophagy-related genes (ATGs). The transcriptional levels of SlSnRK2 family genes were altered significantly by PpSnRK1α, signifying that PpSnRK1α may be involved in the ABA signaling pathway. Further analysis showed that PpSnRK1α not only activated autophagy by inhibiting target of rapamycin (TOR) signaling but also enhanced ABA-induced autophagy. This indicates that PpSnRK1α regulates the photosynthetic rate and induces autophagy, and then responds to low nutrient stress.
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36
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Han C, Qiao Y, Yao L, Hao W, Liu Y, Shi W, Fan M, Bai MY. TOR and SnRK1 fine tune SPEECHLESS transcription and protein stability to optimize stomatal development in response to exogenously supplied sugar. New Phytol 2022; 234:107-121. [PMID: 35060119 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis, the differentiation of epidermal cells into stomata is regulated by endogenous and environmental signals. Sugar is required for plant epidermal cell proliferation and differentiation. However, it is unclear how epidermal cells maintain division and differentiation to generate proper amounts of stomata in response to different sugar availability. Here, we show that two evolutionarily conserved kinase Snf1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) and Target of rapamycin (TOR) play critical roles in the regulation of stomatal development under different sugar availability. When plants are grown on a medium containing 1% sucrose, sucrose-activated TOR promotes the stomatal development by inducing the expression of SPEECHLESS (SPCH), a master regulator of stomatal development. SnRK1 promotes stomatal development through phosphorylating and stabilizing SPCH. However, under the high sucrose conditions, the highly accumulated trehalose-6-phosphate (Tre6P) represses the activity of KIN10, the catalytic α-subunit of SnRK1, by reducing the interaction between KIN10 and its upstream kinase, consequently promoting SPCH degradation and inhibiting stomatal development. Our findings revealed that TOR and SnRK1 finely regulate SPCH expression and protein stability to optimize the stomatal development in response to exogenously supplied sugar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Han
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan Qiao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lianmei Yao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wei Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yue Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wen Shi
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Min Fan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ming-Yi Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Castellano MM, Merchante C. Peculiarities of the regulation of translation initiation in plants. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2021; 63:102073. [PMID: 34186463 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2021.102073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein synthesis is a fundamental process for life and, as such, plays a crucial role in the adaptation to energy, developmentaland environmental conditions. For these reasons, and despite the general conservation of the eukaryotic translational machinery, it is not surprising that organisms with different lifestyles have evolved distinct mechanisms of regulation to adapt translation initiation to their intrinsic growth and development. Plants have clear peculiarities compared with other eukaryotes that have also extended to translation control. This review describes the plant-specific mechanisms for regulation of translation initiation, with a focus on those that modulate the eIF4F complexes, central translational regulatory hubs in all eukaryotes, and highlights the latest discoveries on the signaling pathways that regulate their constituents and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mar Castellano
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA, CSIC), Campus Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, 28223, Spain.
| | - Catharina Merchante
- Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea "La Mayora" (IHSM-UMA-CSIC), Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain.
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Muralidhara P, Weiste C, Collani S, Krischke M, Kreisz P, Draken J, Feil R, Mair A, Teige M, Müller MJ, Schmid M, Becker D, Lunn JE, Rolland F, Hanson J, Dröge-Laser W. Perturbations in plant energy homeostasis prime lateral root initiation via SnRK1-bZIP63-ARF19 signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2106961118. [PMID: 34504003 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106961118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants adjust their energy metabolism to continuous environmental fluctuations, resulting in a tremendous plasticity in their architecture. The regulatory circuits involved, however, remain largely unresolved. In Arabidopsis, moderate perturbations in photosynthetic activity, administered by short-term low light exposure or unexpected darkness, lead to increased lateral root (LR) initiation. Consistent with expression of low-energy markers, these treatments alter energy homeostasis and reduce sugar availability in roots. Here, we demonstrate that the LR response requires the metabolic stress sensor kinase Snf1-RELATED-KINASE1 (SnRK1), which phosphorylates the transcription factor BASIC LEUCINE ZIPPER63 (bZIP63) that directly binds and activates the promoter of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR19 (ARF19), a key regulator of LR initiation. Consistently, starvation-induced ARF19 transcription is impaired in bzip63 mutants. This study highlights a positive developmental function of SnRK1. During energy limitation, LRs are initiated and primed for outgrowth upon recovery. Hence, this study provides mechanistic insights into how energy shapes the agronomically important root system.
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Jamsheer K M, Kumar M, Srivastava V. SNF1-related protein kinase 1: the many-faced signaling hub regulating developmental plasticity in plants. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:6042-6065. [PMID: 33693699 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Snf1-related protein kinase 1 (SnRK1) is the plant homolog of the heterotrimeric AMP-activated protein kinase/sucrose non-fermenting 1 (AMPK/Snf1), which works as a major regulator of growth under nutrient-limiting conditions in eukaryotes. Along with its conserved role as a master regulator of sugar starvation responses, SnRK1 is involved in controlling the developmental plasticity and resilience under diverse environmental conditions in plants. In this review, through mining and analyzing the interactome and phosphoproteome data of SnRK1, we are highlighting its role in fundamental cellular processes such as gene regulation, protein synthesis, primary metabolism, protein trafficking, nutrient homeostasis, and autophagy. Along with the well-characterized molecular interaction in SnRK1 signaling, our analysis highlights several unchartered regions of SnRK1 signaling in plants such as its possible communication with chromatin remodelers, histone modifiers, and inositol phosphate signaling. We also discuss potential reciprocal interactions of SnRK1 signaling with other signaling pathways and cellular processes, which could be involved in maintaining flexibility and homeostasis under different environmental conditions. Overall, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the SnRK1 signaling network in plants and suggests many novel directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammed Jamsheer K
- Amity Food & Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Amity Food & Agriculture Foundation, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector 125, Noida 201313, India
| | - Vibha Srivastava
- Department of Crop, Soil & Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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40
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Alves HLS, Matiolli CC, Soares RC, Almadanim MC, Oliveira MM, Abreu IA. Carbon/nitrogen metabolism and stress response networks - calcium-dependent protein kinases as the missing link? J Exp Bot 2021; 72:4190-4201. [PMID: 33787877 PMCID: PMC8162629 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) play essential roles in plant development and stress responses. CDPKs have a conserved kinase domain, followed by an auto-inhibitory junction connected to the calmodulin-like domain that binds Ca2+. These structural features allow CDPKs to decode the dynamic changes in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentrations triggered by hormones and by biotic and abiotic stresses. In response to these signals, CDPKs phosphorylate downstream protein targets to regulate growth and stress responses according to the environmental and developmental circumstances. The latest advances in our understanding of the metabolic, transcriptional, and protein-protein interaction networks involving CDPKs suggest that they have a direct influence on plant carbon/nitrogen (C/N) balance. In this review, we discuss how CDPKs could be key signaling nodes connecting stress responses with metabolic homeostasis, and acting together with the sugar and nutrient signaling hubs SnRK1, HXK1, and TOR to improve plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo L S Alves
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Cleverson C Matiolli
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Rafael C Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Cecília Almadanim
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - M Margarida Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel A Abreu
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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41
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Huang T, Yu D, Wang X. VvWRKY22 transcription factor interacts with Vv SnRK1.1/VvSnRK1.2 and regulates sugar accumulation in grape. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 554:193-198. [PMID: 33798947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.03.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
WRKY transcription factors are one of the largest transcriptional regulator families, involved in various signaling networks in plants. However, only limited functional exploration of the sugar signaling of Vitis vinifera WRKY22 transcription factor (VvWRKY22) has been conducted. In this study, the roles played by VvWRKY22 in sugar accumulation in grapes were investigated. VvWRKY22 was co-expressed with 16 sugar-related genes, and the expression of VvWRKY22 in grape suspension cells was inhibited by sucrose, and induced by fructose and abscisic acid (ABA). Results showed that over-expression of VvWRKY22 decreased the sucrose, glucose and fructose content, and regulated the expression levels of sugar and ABA-related genes. Moreover, it was found that VvWRKY22 interacted with VvSnRK1.1 or VvSnRK1.2 proteins (Sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase 1), which are important kinases related to sugar metabolism. These results, thus, provide new genetic evidences to support the view that VvWRKY22 functions in regulating sugar metabolism in grapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Dan Yu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
| | - Xiuqin Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Viticulture and Enology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, PR China.
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42
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Zhang S, Wang H, Luo J, Yu W, Xiao Y, Peng F. Peach Pp SnRK1α interacts with bZIP11 and maintains trehalose balance in plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 160:377-385. [PMID: 33550178 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The nonreducing disaccharide trehalose is widespread in nature. It plays a very important role in plant growth and development. In plants, trehalose is present in trace amounts. High concentration of trehalose disrupts energy balance and inhibits normal growth and development. Studies have shown that high levels of trehalose and trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P), the metabolic precursor of trehalose, inhibit sucrose non-fermenting-1-related protein kinase1 (SnRK1) activity, which affect plant growth and development. However, the role of SnRK1, the energy balance center, in the regulation of trehalose metabolism in plants is unknown. In this study, exogenous trehalose at higher concentrations inhibited the expression of SnRK1 genes, especially PpSnRK1α in peach (Prunus persica) seedlings. This change in gene expression was dependent on trehalose concentration. Furthermore, overexpression of peach PpSnRK1α in Arabidopsis thaliana significantly promoted trehalase activity, reduced T6P content, and suppressed the trehalose synthesis related genes (TPSs, TPPB) expression, promoted the trehalose metabolism of gene expression (TRE1), in addition the transgenic plants alleviated photosynthetic product distribution imbalance (aboveground and underground parts), and enhanced root growth. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence assays revealed the interaction between PpSnRK1α and peach basic domain leucine zipper transcription factor 11 (PpbZIP11), a key transcription factor of trehalose metabolism, in the nucleus. To summarize, PpSnRK1α overexpression improved bZIP11 transcriptional activity and regulated trehalose metabolism to protect the plants against trehalose-induced damage. This study preliminarily explained the mechanism of SnRK1 regulating trehalose metabolism balance in plants, which laid a foundation for further understanding of energy metabolism and function of SnRK1 in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Hui Wang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yang Ling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Jingjing Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yuansong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
| | - Futian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.
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Song J, Shang L, Wang X, Xing Y, Xu W, Zhang Y, Wang T, Li H, Zhang J, Ye Z. MAPK11 regulates seed germination and ABA signaling in tomato by phosphorylating SnRKs. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:1677-1690. [PMID: 33448300 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination is a critical stage in the plant life cycle and it plays an important role in the efficiency of agricultural production. However, our knowledge of the mechanisms that regulate seed germination remains limited. In this study, we identified a novel gene, MAPK11, that encodes mitogen-activated protein kinase 11; its expression was significantly higher in seeds of tomato varieties with a low optimum germination temperature than in those with a high optimum germination temperature. In tests at 25 °C, overexpression of MAPK11 in an accession with optimum germination at 25 °C resulted in a decrease in germination, whereas RNAi of MAPK11 in an accession with optimum germination at 15 °C resulted in increased germination. Furthermore, we found that lines overexpressing MAPK11 exhibited hypersensitivity to ABA during germination. These observations were at least partially explained by the fact that MAPK11 up-regulated both NCED1 expression and ABA biosynthesis, and that it also affected ABA signaling and negatively regulated germination by influencing the phosphorylation of SnRK2.2 in vivo. In addition, we found that MAPK11 interacts with and phosphorylates SnRK1 in vivo, thereby potentially inhibiting its activation. SnRK1 interacted with ABI5 and suppressed the transcription of ABI5, thereby affecting ABA signaling and the regulation of germination. Our results demonstrate that ABA signaling in tomato is affected by a mechanism that depends on MAPK11 phosphorylating SnRKs, and this ultimately influences seed germination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Song
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lele Shang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yali Xing
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Taotao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hanxia Li
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhibiao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (MOE) and National Center for Vegetable Improvement (Central China) Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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Liu Z, Shi Y, Xue Y, Wang X, Huang Z, Xue J, Zhang X. Non-structural carbohydrates coordinate tree peony flowering both as energy substrates and as sugar signaling triggers, with the bracts playing an essential role. Plant Physiol Biochem 2021; 159:80-88. [PMID: 33341082 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The natural fluorescence of tree peony is short. Forcing culture, mainly by defoliation and gibberellin (GA) treatment, is frequently used for its industrial production. We previously found forcing culture to be coordinated by non-structural carbohydrates (NSCs). Herein, we further revealed the specific role of NSCs during this process. We observed that both defoliation and GA treatment increased the photosynthesis in the bracts, and defoliation had a greater effect on NSC assimilation. We further determined the NSC content and PsSWEETs expression in the bracts, and the results indicated that GA may contribute more to NSC allocation by inducing PsSWEET7. Furthermore, we determined the trehalose-6-phosphate (T6P) content and sugar signaling-related gene (PsTPS1, PsSnRK1, and PsHXK1) expression in both the petals and bracts and found that both defoliation and GA treatment induced T6P levels as well as PsTPS1 expression in both tissues. This indicated that the sugar signaling pathway may also be involved in NSC-coordinated tree peony flowering. In particular, PsSnRK1 was more rapidly induced in the bracts (as an energy shortage response) in the control plants and was completely prohibited by defoliation and GA treatment, indicating the key role of the bracts in sugar signaling. In conclusion, NSCs induced tree peony flowering both as an energy substrate and sugar signaling trigger, with the bracts playing an essential role. These results may provide further evidence on the mechanism of NSC-coordinated flower opening in tree peony under forcing culture conditions, which may also provide a foundation for improving this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Liu
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yantong Shi
- Beijing Agricultural Technology Extension Station, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yuqian Xue
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zhen Huang
- Zaozhuang Vocational College, Shandong, 277800, China.
| | - Jingqi Xue
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Xiuxin Zhang
- Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Abstract
The major consequence of hypoxia is a dramatic reduction in energy production. At the onset of hypoxia, both oxygen and ATP availability decrease. Oxygen and energy sensing therefore converge to induce an adaptive response at both the transcriptional and translational levels. Oxygen sensing results in stabilization of the transcription factors that activate hypoxia-response genes, including enzymes required for efficient sugar metabolism, allowing plants to produce enough energy to ensure survival. The translation of the resulting mRNAs is mediated by SnRK1, acting as an energy sensor. However, as soon as the sugar availability decreases, a homeostatic mechanism, detecting sugar starvation, dampens the hypoxia-dependent transcription to reduce energy consumption and preserves carbon reserves for regrowth when oxygen availability is restored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Yi Cho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Elena Loreti
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, CNR, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ming-Che Shih
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 115, Taiwan
| | - Pierdomenico Perata
- PlantLab, Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Via Giudiccioni 10, 56010, San Giuliano Terme, Pisa, Italy
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46
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Su W, Bao Y, Yu X, Xia X, Liu C, Yin W. Autophagy and Its Regulators in Response to Stress in Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8889. [PMID: 33255241 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To survive in stressful conditions, plants have developed multiple strategies to relieve damage. One of the strategies is to clear the damaged protein and organelles. Autophagy is a highly conservative degradation process, which refers to the recycling of damaged protein and organelles. Over the past decades, increasing evidence has revealed the important roles of autophagy in response to stress conditions, and many factors have been revealed involved in the sophisticated regulation of the autophagy signaling pathway. However, the accurate regulation pathway of the autophagy pathway is largely unknown. The current review proposes how stress-response factors respond to stress conditions involved in regulating the autophagy signaling pathway. In short, clarifying the regulating pathway of autophagy in response to stress conditions is beneficial to plant breeding.
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Zhu T, Li Z, An X, Long Y, Xue X, Xie K, Ma B, Zhang D, Guan Y, Niu C, Dong Z, Hou Q, Zhao L, Wu S, Li J, Jin W, Wan X. Normal Structure and Function of Endothecium Chloroplasts Maintained by ZmMs33-Mediated Lipid Biosynthesis in Tapetal Cells Are Critical for Anther Development in Maize. Mol Plant 2020; 13:1624-1643. [PMID: 32956899 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Genic male sterility (GMS) is critical for heterosis utilization and hybrid seed production. Although GMS mutants and genes have been studied extensively in plants, it has remained unclear whether chloroplast-associated photosynthetic and metabolic activities are involved in the regulation of anther development. In this study, we characterized the function of ZmMs33/ZmGPAT6, which encodes a member of the glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (GPAT) family that catalyzes the first step of the glycerolipid synthetic pathway. We found that normal structure and function of endothecium (En) chloroplasts maintained by ZmMs33-mediated lipid biosynthesis in tapetal cells are crucial for maize anther development. ZmMs33 is expressed mainly in the tapetum at early anther developmental stages and critical for cell proliferation and expansion at late stages. Chloroplasts in En cells of wild-type anthers function as starch storage sites before stage 10 but as photosynthetic factories since stage 10 to enable starch metabolism and carbohydrate supply. Loss of ZmMs33 function inhibits the biosynthesis of glycolipids and phospholipids, which are major components of En chloroplast membranes, and disrupts the development and function of En chloroplasts, resulting in the formation of abnormal En chloroplasts containing numerous starch granules. Further analyses reveal that starch synthesis during the day and starch degradation at night are greatly suppressed in the mutant anthers, leading to carbon starvation and low energy status, as evidenced by low trehalose-6-phosphate content and a reduced ATP/AMP ratio. The energy sensor and inducer of autophagy, SnRK1, was activated to induce early and excessive autophagy, premature PCD, and metabolic reprogramming in tapetal cells, finally arresting the elongation and development of mutant anthers. Taken together, our results not only show that ZmMs33 is required for normal structure and function of En chloroplasts but also reveal that starch metabolism and photosynthetic activities of En chloroplasts at different developmental stages are essential for normal anther development. These findings provide novel insights for understanding how lipid biosynthesis in the tapetum, the structure and function of En chloroplasts, and energy and substance metabolism are coordinated to maintain maize anther development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taotao Zhu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Ziwen Li
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xueli An
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yan Long
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xue
- Risk Assessment Laboratory for Bee Products Quality and Safety of Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100093, China
| | - Ke Xie
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Biao Ma
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Danfeng Zhang
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yijian Guan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Canfang Niu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Zhenying Dong
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Quancan Hou
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Lina Zhao
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Suowei Wu
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, National Maize Improvement Center, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize (MOA), Beijing Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyuan Wan
- Zhongzhi International Institute of Agricultural Biosciences, Biology and Agriculture Research Center of USTB, University of Science and Technology Beijing (USTB), Beijing 100024, China; Beijing Engineering Laboratory of Main Crop Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Bio-Tech Breeding, Beijing Solidwill Sci-Tech Co. Ltd., Beijing 100192, China.
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48
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Carianopol CS, Gazzarrini S. SnRK1α1 Antagonizes Cell Death Induced by Transient Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana ABI5 Binding Protein 2 (AFP2). Front Plant Sci 2020; 11:582208. [PMID: 33133119 PMCID: PMC7550686 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.582208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Plants are continuously exposed to environmental stressors. They have thus evolved complex signaling pathways to govern responses to a variety of stimuli. The hormone abscisic acid (ABA) has been implicated in modulating both abiotic and biotic stress responses in plants. ABI5 Binding Proteins (AFPs) are a family of negative regulators of bZIP transcription factors of the AREB/ABF family, which promote ABA responses. AFP2 interacts with Snf1-Related protein Kinase 1 (SnRK1), which belongs to a highly conserved heterotrimeric kinase complex that is activated to re-establish energy homeostasis following stress. However, the role of this interaction is currently unknown. Here, we show that transient overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana AFP2 in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves induces cell death (CD). Using truncated AFP2 constructs, we demonstrate that CD induction by AFP2 is dependent on the EAR domain. Co-expression of the catalytic subunit SnRK1α1, but not SnRK1α2, rescues AFP2-induced CD. Overexpression of SnRK1α1 has little effect on AFP2 protein level and does not affect AFP2 subcellular localization. Our results show that a high level of AFP2 is detrimental for cell function and that SnRK1α1 antagonizes AFP2-induced CD most likely through a mechanism that does not involve AFP2 protein degradation or a change in subcellular localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Steliana Carianopol
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sonia Gazzarrini
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Cell and Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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49
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Almeida FA, Passamani LZ, Santa-Catarina C, Mooney BP, Thelen JJ, Silveira V. Label-Free Quantitative Phosphoproteomics Reveals Signaling Dynamics Involved in Embryogenic Competence Acquisition in Sugarcane. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4145-4157. [PMID: 32964716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a label-free quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis was performed to identify and quantify signaling events related to the acquisition of embryogenic competence in sugarcane. Embryogenic and nonembryogenic calli were compared at the multiplication phase, resulting in the identification of 163 phosphoproteins unique to embryogenic calli, 9 unique to nonembryogenic calli, and 51 upregulated and 40 downregulated in embryogenic calli compared to nonembryogenic calli. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD018054. Motif-x analysis revealed the enrichment of [xxxpSPxxx], [RxxpSxxx], and [xxxpSDxxx] motifs, which are predicted phosphorylation sites for several kinases related to stress responses. The embryogenic-related phosphoproteins (those unique and upregulated in embryogenic calli) identified in the present study are related to abscisic acid-induced signaling and abiotic stress response; they include OSK3, ABF1, LEAs, and RD29Bs. On the other hand, the nonembryogenic-related phosphoproteins EDR1 and PP2Ac-2 are negative regulators of abscisic acid signaling, suggesting a relationship between phosphoproteins involved in the abscisic acid and stress responses in the acquisition of embryogenic competence. Moreover, embryogenic-related phosphoproteins associated with epigenetic modifications, such as HDA6, HDA19, and TOPLESS, and with RNA metabolism, including AGO1, DEAH5, SCL30, UB2C, and SR45, were identified to play potential roles in embryogenic competence. These results reveal novel phosphorylation sites for several proteins and identify potential candidate biomarkers for the acquisition of embryogenic competence in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Almeida
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Lucas Z Passamani
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Claudete Santa-Catarina
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, CBB-UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes 28013-602, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Brian P Mooney
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, 65211 Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Jay J Thelen
- Department of Biochemistry, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, 1201 Rollins Street, 65211 Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia (CBB), Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Unidade de Biologia Integrativa, Setor de Genômica e Proteômica, UENF, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
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50
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Han X, Zhang L, Zhao L, Xue P, Qi T, Zhang C, Yuan H, Zhou L, Wang D, Qiu J, Shen QH. SnRK1 Phosphorylates and Destabilizes WRKY3 to Enhance Barley Immunity to Powdery Mildew. Plant Commun 2020; 1:100083. [PMID: 33367247 PMCID: PMC7747994 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants recognize pathogens and activate immune responses, which usually involve massive transcriptional reprogramming. The evolutionarily conserved kinase, Sucrose non-fermenting-related kinase 1 (SnRK1), functions as a metabolic regulator that is essential for plant growth and stress responses. Here, we identify barley SnRK1 and a WRKY3 transcription factor by screening a cDNA library. SnRK1 interacts with WRKY3 in yeast, as confirmed by pull-down and luciferase complementation assays. Förster resonance energy transfer combined with noninvasive fluorescence lifetime imaging analysis indicates that the interaction occurs in the barley nucleus. Transient expression and virus-induced gene silencing analyses indicate that WRKY3 acts as a repressor of disease resistance to the Bgh fungus. Barley plants overexpressing WRKY3 have enhanced fungal microcolony formation and sporulation. Phosphorylation assays show that SnRK1 phosphorylates WRKY3 mainly at Ser83 and Ser112 to destabilize the repressor, and WRKY3 non-phosphorylation-null mutants at these two sites are more stable than the wild-type protein. SnRK1-overexpressing barley plants display enhanced disease resistance to Bgh. Transient expression of SnRK1 reduces fungal haustorium formation in barley cells, which probably requires SnRK1 nuclear localization and kinase activity. Together, these findings suggest that SnRK1 is directly involved in plant immunity through phosphorylation and destabilization of the WRKY3 repressor, revealing a new regulatory mechanism of immune derepression in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyun Han
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Lifang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pengya Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ting Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongbo Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Daowen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jinlong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qian-Hua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Innovation Academy for Seed Design, Beijing 100101, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author
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