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Sun S, Zhong B, Zeng X, Li J, Chen Q. Transcription factor E4F1 as a regulator of cell life and disease progression. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh1991. [PMID: 37774036 PMCID: PMC10541018 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
E4F transcription factor 1 (E4F1), a member of the GLI-Kruppel family of zinc finger proteins, is now widely recognized as a transcription factor. It plays a critical role in regulating various cell processes, including cell growth, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and necrosis, DNA damage response, and cell metabolism. These processes involve intricate molecular regulatory networks, making E4F1 an important mediator in cell biology. Moreover, E4F1 has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of a range of human diseases. In this review, we provide an overview of the major advances in E4F1 research, from its first report to the present, including studies on its protein domains, molecular mechanisms of transcriptional regulation and biological functions, and implications for human diseases. We also address unresolved questions and potential research directions in this field. This review provides insights into the essential roles of E4F1 in human health and disease and may pave the way for facilitating E4F1 from basic research to clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Bing Zhong
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
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2
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Mashayekhi M, Asadi M, Hashemzadeh S, Vahedi A, Shanehbandi D, Al-Omar AF, Akbari M, Raeisi M. Promoter methylation levels of RASSF1 and ATIC genes are associated with lung cancer in Iranian patients. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2023:hmbci-2022-0007. [PMID: 36584330 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epigenetic alterations like methylation of tumor suppressor genes or oncogenes, in respiratory epithelium have been associated with lung cancer. Hypermethylation of genes promoter is an epigenetic event, and is responsible to tumor suppressor genes inactivation as well as oncogenes activation. This study aimed to assess the role of methylation status in promoter of RASSF1 and ATIC genes their potential implication in the pathogenesis of lung tumor in Iranian patients. METHODS In this study, we collected 100 tissue samples (50 lung cancer tissues and 50 adjacent non-cancerous lung tissues) from Iranian lung cancer patients. The genomic DNA was extracted, and methylation status of both RASSF1 and ATIC genes was investigated by methylation-sensitive high-resolution melting (MS-HRM) assay technique and Real-Time PCR. Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset was also analyzed for further validation of the gene's methylation. RESULTS Methylation of RASSF1 gene promoter was significantly higher in lung tumor tissues. However, promoter methylation levels of ATIC gene was significantly lower in lung tumor tissues. These results were additionally confirmed by TCGA analysis. Promoter methylation of both RASSF1 and ATIC genes was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage of lung cancer. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis indicated a high accuracy of promoter methylation in these genes as a diagnostic biomarker for lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Methylation levels of both RASSF1 and ATIC genes promoters were associated with lung cancer pathogenesis in Iranian population, and may be a suitable biomarker for diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer in early stage of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Mashayekhi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Milad Asadi
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Shahriar Hashemzadeh
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Vahedi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Faris Al-Omar
- Department of Basic Oncology, Health Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mortaza Raeisi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Sun CY, Chen GD, He BC, Fu WE, Lee CH, Leu YW, Hsiao SH. Dysregulated HIC1 and RassF1A expression in vitro alters the cell cytoskeleton and exosomal Piwi-interacting RNA. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 594:109-116. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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McKenna S, García-Gutiérrez L. Resistance to Targeted Therapy and RASSF1A Loss in Melanoma: What Are We Missing? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:5115. [PMID: 34066022 PMCID: PMC8150731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22105115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive forms of skin cancer and is therapeutically challenging, considering its high mutation rate. Following the development of therapies to target BRAF, the most frequently found mutation in melanoma, promising therapeutic responses were observed. While mono- and combination therapies to target the MAPK cascade did induce a therapeutic response in BRAF-mutated melanomas, the development of resistance to MAPK-targeted therapies remains a challenge for a high proportion of patients. Resistance mechanisms are varied and can be categorised as intrinsic, acquired, and adaptive. RASSF1A is a tumour suppressor that plays an integral role in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis as a central signalling hub. RASSF1A tumour suppressor activity is commonly lost in melanoma, mainly by aberrant promoter hypermethylation. RASSF1A loss could be associated with several mechanisms of resistance to MAPK inhibition considering that most of the signalling pathways that RASSF1A controls are found to be altered targeted therapy resistant melanomas. Herein, we discuss resistance mechanisms in detail and the potential role for RASSF1A reactivation to re-sensitise BRAF mutant melanomas to therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucía García-Gutiérrez
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland;
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Huang Y, Zhou C, Wen H, Chen Y, Xie Y, Lan X, Lin J, Huang X, Mo Y, Yang C, Wang Q, Wang C. Jianpi-Huayu Formula Inhibits Development of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Regulating Expression of miR-602, Which Targets the RASSF1A Gene. Integr Cancer Ther 2021; 19:1534735419900804. [PMID: 32046536 PMCID: PMC7016307 DOI: 10.1177/1534735419900804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional Chinese medicine formula Jianpi-Huayu (JPHY) has been reported to be effective in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, its underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this article, we employed an orthotopic transplantation model in nude mice to explore whether JPHY could inhibit the development of HCC by regulating miR-602, which targets the Ras association domain-containing protein 1A (RASSF1A) pathway. HCC SMMC-7721 cells were treated with JPHY to test whether the RASSF1A gene as mediated by miR-602 affected the proliferation and apoptosis of tumor cells. We subsequently detected miR-602, RASSF1A, and tumor cell apoptosis-related markers in cells and liver tumor tissues. We observed that mice treated with JPHY had smaller tumors and higher survival rates than untreated ones. Similarly, JPHY-treated SMMC-7721 cells exhibited alterations in morphology and higher cytotoxicity compared with the control group. Furthermore, we found that JPHY decreased overexpression of miR-602 and increased protein expression levels of the RASS1A gene, which in turn altered protein expression levels of tumor cell apoptosis-related genes in the cells and liver tumor tissues of drug-treated mice. These results indicated that JPHY could potentially be used to treat HCC by targeting miR-602, which targets the RASSF1A gene, which in turn plays a major role in HCC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China.,South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huihong Wen
- Guangzhou Red Cross Hospital, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxu Chen
- Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingjie Xie
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohe Lan
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juze Lin
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuhui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Mo
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Yang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Changjun Wang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Donninger H, Harrell-Stewart D, Clark GJ. Detection of Endogenous RASSF1A Interacting Proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2262:303-310. [PMID: 33977485 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1190-6_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
RASSF1A is a Ras effector that promotes the anti-proliferative properties of Ras. It acts as a scaffold protein that regulates several pro-apoptotic signaling pathways, thereby linking Ras to their regulation. However, accumulating evidence suggests that RASSF1A functions as a regulator of other additional biological processes, such as DNA repair and transcription, thereby implicating Ras in the modulation of these biological processes. The mechanisms by which RASSF1A modulates these processes is not fully understood but likely involves interacting with other effectors associated with these functions and coordinating their activity. Thus, to fully understand how RASSF1A manifests its activity, it is critical to identify RASSF1A interacting partners.Unfortunately, the reagents available for the detection of RASSF1A are of poor quality and also exhibit low sensitivity. Here we describe an immunoprecipitation protocol, taking into consideration the limitations of currently available reagents, that can reliably detect the endogenous interaction between RASSF1A and its binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Donninger
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Geoffrey J Clark
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Harrell Stewart DR, Schmidt ML, Donninger H, Clark GJ. The RASSF1A Tumor Suppressor Binds the RasGAP DAB2IP and Modulates RAS Activation in Lung Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12123807. [PMID: 33348649 PMCID: PMC7766191 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12123807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The RASSF1A tumor suppressor can serve as a pro-apoptotic effector of the K-RAS oncoprotein. It is frequently inactivated epigenetically in lung cancer, and genetic inactivation of RASSF1A in transgenic mice enhances the ability of mutant K-RAS to promote tumorigenesis. Here we show that RASSF1A complexes with and stabilizes the protein DAB2IP. DAB2IP is a tumor suppressor itself and acts, in part, as a negative regulator (GAP) for RAS. Thus, loss of RASSF1A results in the reduced expression of DAB2IP, which promotes the activation of wild type RAS. Therefore, RASSF1A negative cells are likely to show enhanced RAS activity. This may be the first example of a RAS effector being able to back-regulate RAS activity. Abstract Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Lung cancer is commonly driven by mutations in the RAS oncogenes, the most frequently activated oncogene family in human disease. RAS-induced tumorigenesis is inhibited by the tumor suppressor RASSF1A, which induces apoptosis in response to hyperactivation of RAS. RASSF1A expression is suppressed in cancer at high rates, primarily owing to promoter hypermethylation. Recent reports have shown that loss of RASSF1A expression uncouples RAS from apoptotic signaling in vivo, thereby enhancing tumor aggressiveness. Moreover, a concomitant upregulation of RAS mitogenic signaling upon RASSF1A loss has been observed, suggesting RASSF1A may directly regulate RAS activation. Here, we present the first mechanistic evidence for control of RAS activation by RASSF1A. We present a novel interaction between RASSF1A and the Ras GTPase Activating Protein (RasGAP) DAB2IP, an important negative regulator of RAS. Using shRNA-mediated knockdown and stable overexpression approaches, we demonstrate that RASSF1A upregulates DAB2IP protein levels in NSCLC cells. Suppression of RASSF1A and subsequent downregulation of DAB2IP enhances GTP loading onto RAS, thus increasing RAS mitogenic signaling in both mutant- and wildtype-RAS cells. Moreover, co-suppression of RASSF1A and DAB2IP significantly enhances in vitro and in vivo growth of wildtype-RAS cells. Tumors expressing wildtype RAS, therefore, may still suffer from hyperactive RAS signaling when RASSF1A is downregulated. This may render them susceptible to the targeted RAS inhibitors currently in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desmond R. Harrell Stewart
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.R.H.S.); (M.L.S.)
| | - M. Lee Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.R.H.S.); (M.L.S.)
| | - Howard Donninger
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA;
| | - Geoffrey J. Clark
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA; (D.R.H.S.); (M.L.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Dhanaraman T, Singh S, Killoran RC, Singh A, Xu X, Shifman JM, Smith MJ. RASSF effectors couple diverse RAS subfamily GTPases to the Hippo pathway. Sci Signal 2020; 13:13/653/eabb4778. [PMID: 33051258 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abb4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) of the RAS superfamily signal by directly binding to multiple downstream effector proteins. Effectors are defined by a folded RAS-association (RA) domain that binds exclusively to GTP-loaded (activated) RAS, but the binding specificities of most RA domains toward more than 160 RAS superfamily GTPases have not been characterized. Ten RA domain family (RASSF) proteins comprise the largest group of related effectors and are proposed to couple RAS to the proapoptotic Hippo pathway. Here, we showed that RASSF1-6 formed complexes with the Hippo kinase ortholog MST1, whereas RASSF7-10 formed oligomers with the p53-regulating effectors ASPP1 and ASPP2. Moreover, only RASSF5 bound directly to activated HRAS and KRAS, and RASSFs did not augment apoptotic induction downstream of RAS oncoproteins. Structural modeling revealed that expansion of the RASSF effector family in vertebrates included amino acid substitutions to key residues that direct GTPase-binding specificity. We demonstrated that the tumor suppressor RASSF1A formed complexes with the RAS-related GTPases GEM, REM1, REM2, and the enigmatic RASL12. Furthermore, interactions between RASSFs and RAS GTPases blocked YAP1 nuclear localization. Thus, these simple scaffolds link the activation of diverse RAS family small G proteins to Hippo or p53 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thillaivillalan Dhanaraman
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Swati Singh
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Ryan C Killoran
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Anamika Singh
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Biological Chemistry, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Xingjian Xu
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julia M Shifman
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Department of Biological Chemistry, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Matthew J Smith
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec H3T 1J4, Canada
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Zhou C, Huang Y, Chen Y, Xie Y, Wen H, Tan W, Wang C. miR-602 Mediates the RASSF1A/JNK Pathway, Thereby Promoting Postoperative Recurrence in Nude Mice with Liver Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:6767-6776. [PMID: 32764964 PMCID: PMC7368130 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s243651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose At present, there are few studies on the mechanisms underlying postoperative recurrence of liver cancer, and the mechanism of action of miR-602 in postoperative recurrence of liver tumors is not clear. Our goals were to investigate the effects of miR-602 on the expression of the Ras-associated domain family 1A (RASSF1A) gene and the regulation of primary and recurrent hepatic tumors to clarify the molecular mechanisms of miR-602 in postoperative hepatocellular carcinoma. Methods We constructed a mouse liver orthotopic tumor model and a mouse liver recurrent tumor model. We measured the expression levels of the RASSF1A gene and then analyzed the effects of miR-602 on the regulation of RASSF1A. We transiently transfected the miR-602 gene into cells that stably overexpressed RASSF1A and examined relevant indicators to elucidate the mechanisms by which miR-602 regulates the RASSF1A/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway in recurrence and dormancy in liver cancer. Results RASSF1A expression was inversely related to that of JNK, activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2), and c-Jun in SMMC7721 cells stably transfected with the RASSF1A gene and in recurrent mouse tumor tissues. After transient transfection of cells with miR-602 mimic or miR-602 inhibitor, the expression of miR-602 was inversely related to that of RASSF1A. Conclusion MiR-602 might inhibit the JNK signaling pathway by inhibiting the expression of RASSF1A, thereby promoting recurrence of liver cancer after surgery. The low expression levels of miR-602 in liver cancer tissues were closely related to postoperative recurrence; they could be used as a marker to judge the prognosis of patients with liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Zhou
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yajing Huang
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxu Chen
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjie Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Huihong Wen
- Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Tan
- Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjun Wang
- School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China.,Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangdong Geriatric Institute, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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RASSF1A, puppeteer of cellular homeostasis, fights tumorigenesis, and metastasis-an updated review. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:928. [PMID: 31804463 PMCID: PMC6895193 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2169-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Ras association domain family protein1 isoform A (RASSF1A) is a well-known tumor-suppressor protein frequently inactivated in various human cancers. Consistent with its function as a molecular scaffold protein, referred to in many studies, RASSF1A prevents initiation of tumorigenesis, growth, and dissemination through different biological functions, including cell cycle arrest, migration/metastasis inhibition, microtubular stabilization, and apoptosis promotion. As a regulator of key cancer pathways, namely Ras/Rho GTPases and Hippo signaling without ignoring strong interaction with microtubules, RASSF1A is indeed one of the guardians of cell homeostasis. To date, as we approach the two decade anniversary of RASSF1A’s discovery, this review will summarize our current knowledge on the RASSF1A key interactions as a tumor suppressor and discuss their impact on cell fate during carcinogenesis. This could facilitate a deeper understanding of tumor development and provide us with new strategies in cancer treatment by targeting the RASSF1A pathway.
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Khandelwal M, Anand V, Appunni S, Seth A, Singh P, Mathur S, Sharma A. RASSF1A-Hippo pathway link in patients with urothelial carcinoma of bladder: plausible therapeutic target. Mol Cell Biochem 2019; 464:51-63. [PMID: 31754973 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-019-03648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
RASSF1A is a tumor suppressor gene, and its hypermethylation has been observed in cancers. RASSF1A acts as an upstream regulator of Hippo pathway and modulates its function. The aim of this study was to analyze expression of RASSF1A, Hippo pathway molecules (YAP, MST) and downstream targets (CTGF, Cyr61 and AREG) in bladder cancer patients. Later, the link between RASSF1A and Hippo pathway and a potential therapeutic scope of this link in UBC were also studied. MSPCR was performed to study methylation of RASSF1A promoter. Expression of molecules was studied using qPCR, Western blot and IHC. The link between RASSF1A and Hippo pathway was studied using Spearman's correlation in patients and validated by overexpressing RASSF1A in HT1376 cells and its effect on Hippo pathway was observed using qPCR and Western blot. Further therapeutic potential of this link was studied using MTT and PI assays. The expression of RASSF1A was lower, whereas the expression of YAP, CTGF and CYR61 was higher. The expression of RASSF1A protein gradually decreased, while the expression of YAP, CTGF and CYR61 increased with severity of disease. Based on Spearman's correlation, RASSF1A showed a negative correlation with YAP, CTGF and CYR61. YAP showed a positive correlation with CTGF and CYR61. To validate this link, RASSF1A was overexpressed in HT1376 cells. Overexpressed RASSF1A activated Hippo pathway, followed by a decrease in CTGF and CYR61 at mRNA, and enhanced cytotoxicity to chemotherapeutic drugs. This study finds a previously unrecognized role of RASSF1A in the regulation of CTGF and CYR61 through mediation of Hippo pathway in UBC and supports the significance of this link as a potential therapeutic target for UBC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vivek Anand
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Amlesh Seth
- Department of Urology, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Alpana Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, AIIMS, New Delhi, India.
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The Ambivalent Function of YAP in Apoptosis and Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123770. [PMID: 30486435 PMCID: PMC6321280 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yes-associated protein, a core regulator of the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway, plays a vital role in inhibiting apoptosis. Thus, several studies and reviews suggest that yes-associated protein is a good target for treating cancer. Unfortunately, more and more evidence demonstrates that this protein is also an essential contributor of p73-mediated apoptosis. This questions the concept that yes-associated protein is always a good target for developing novel anti-cancer drugs. Thus, the aim of this review was to evaluate the clinical relevance of yes-associated protein for cancer pathophysiology. This review also summarized the molecules, processes and drugs, which regulate Hippo-YAP signaling and discusses their effect on apoptosis. In addition, issues are defined, which should be addressed in the future in order to provide a solid basis for targeting the Hippo-YAP signaling pathway in clinical trials.
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Dubois F, Jean-Jacques B, Roberge H, Bénard M, Galas L, Schapman D, Elie N, Goux D, Keller M, Maille E, Bergot E, Zalcman G, Levallet G. A role for RASSF1A in tunneling nanotube formation between cells through GEFH1/Rab11 pathway control. Cell Commun Signal 2018; 16:66. [PMID: 30305100 PMCID: PMC6180646 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-018-0276-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By allowing intercellular communication between cells, tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) could play critical role in cancer progression. If TNT formation is known to require cytoskeleton remodeling, key mechanism controlling their formation remains poorly understood. METHODS The cells of human bronchial (HBEC-3, A549) or mesothelial (H2452, H28) lines are transfected with different siRNAs (inactive, anti-RASSF1A, anti-GEFH1 and / or anti-Rab11). At 48 h post-transfection, i) the number and length of the nanotubes per cell are quantified, ii) the organelles, previously labeled with specific tracers, exchanged via these structures are monitored in real time between cells cultured in 2D or 3D and in normoxia, hypoxia or in serum deprivation condition. RESULTS We report that RASSF1A, a key-regulator of cytoskeleton encoded by a tumor-suppressor gene on 3p chromosome, is involved in TNTs formation in bronchial and pleural cells since controlling proper activity of RhoB guanine nucleotide exchange factor, GEF-H1. Indeed, the GEF-H1 inactivation induced by RASSF1A silencing, leads to Rab11 accumulation and subsequent exosome releasing, which in turn contribute to TNTs formation. Finally, we provide evidence involving TNT formation in bronchial carcinogenesis, by reporting that hypoxia or nutriment privation, two almost universal conditions in human cancers, fail to prevent TNTs induced by the oncogenic RASSF1A loss of expression. CONCLUSIONS This finding suggests for the first time that loss of RASSF1A expression could be a potential biomarker for TNTs formation, such TNTs facilitating intercellular communication favoring multistep progression of bronchial epithelial cells toward overt malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatéméh Dubois
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, CHU de Caen, F-14033, Caen, France
| | - Bastien Jean-Jacques
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, CHU de Caen, F-14033, Caen, France
| | - Hélène Roberge
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France
| | - Magalie Bénard
- Normandie Université, Rouen, SFR IRIB, Plateau PRIMACEN, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Ludovic Galas
- Normandie Université, Rouen, SFR IRIB, Plateau PRIMACEN, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Damien Schapman
- Normandie Université, Rouen, SFR IRIB, Plateau PRIMACEN, F-76821, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, SFR ICORE, Plateau CMABio3, F-14032, Caen, France
| | - Didier Goux
- Normandie Université, UNICAEN, SFR ICORE, Plateau CMABio3, F-14032, Caen, France
| | - Maureen Keller
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, UPRES-EA-2608, F-14032, Caen, France
| | - Elodie Maille
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Normandie Université, UNICAEN, UMR 1086 INSERM, F-14032, Caen, France
| | - Emmanuel Bergot
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France.,Service de Pneumologie, CHU de Caen, F-14033, Caen, France
| | - Gérard Zalcman
- U830 INSERM, "Génétique et Biologie des cancers" Centre de Recherche, Institut Curie, Paris, France.,Service d'oncologie thoracique, Hôpital Bichat-Claude Bernard, AP-HP, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Guénaëlle Levallet
- Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, GIP CYCERON, F-14000, Caen, France. .,Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, CHU de Caen, F-14033, Caen, France. .,Service D'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy group, CHU de Caen, Avenue de la côte de Nacre, 14032, Caen, France.
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14
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Nikbakht Dastjerdi M, Azarnezhad A, Hashemibeni B, Salehi M, Kazemi M, Babazadeh Z. An Effective Concentration of 5-Aza-CdR to Induce Cell Death and Apoptosis in Human Pancreatic Cancer Cell Line through Reactivating RASSF1A and Up-Regulation of Bax Genes. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 2018; 43:533-540. [PMID: 30214106 PMCID: PMC6123548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Promoter hyper-methylation of tumor suppressor genes is a common event that occurs in cancer. As methylation is a reversible modification, agents capable of reversing an abnormal methylation status should help to combat cancer. 5-Aza-CdR is a DNA methyl-transferase inhibitor. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of 5-Aza-CdR on the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cell line (PANC-1) and the expression of RASSF1A and Bax genes. METHODS PANC-1 cells were cultured and treated with 5 and 10 µM/L of 5-Aza-CdR for 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours and the percentages of cell viability and apoptosis were measured by MTT and flow cytometry. RASSF1A gene promoter methylation was assessed by methyl-specific primer-PCR (MSP-PCR) and the expression of RASSF1A and Bax genes was measured using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR). All quantitative data are presented as mean±SD (standard deviation). The one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the LSD post hoc test was performed for statistical analysis using the SPSS software package, version 16.0. RESULTS 3-[4,5-dimethythiaziazol-2yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazoliumbr omide (MTT) assay revealed that 5-Aza-CdR significantly inhibit the growth and proliferation of PANC-1. The flow cytometry results showed over 40% and 70% of early and late apoptotic cells after treatment with 5 and 10 µm/L of 5-Aza-CdR, respectively. MSP-PCR data indicated that the treatment of cells with 10 µm/L 5-Aza-CdR resulted in partial demethylation of RASSF1A gene promoter. qPCR results showed significant re-expression of RASSF1A and up-regulation of Bax genes after 96 hours treatment of cells with 10 µm/L 5-Aza-CdR versus control cells (P<0.01). CONCLUSION The result demonstrated that 5 and 10 µM of 5-Aza-CdR induce cell death and apoptosis by epigenetic reactivation of RASSF1A and up-regulation of Bax genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Nikbakht Dastjerdi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
| | - Asaad Azarnezhad
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran;
,Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran;
| | - Batool Hashemibeni
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
| | - Mansour Salehi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Iran;
| | - Mohammad Kazemi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Iran;
| | - Zahra Babazadeh
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran;
,Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Babol University of MedicalSciences, Babol, Iran
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15
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Wang H, Cao D, Wu F. Long noncoding RNA UPAT promoted cell proliferation via increasing UHRF1 expression in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:1491-1498. [PMID: 30008828 PMCID: PMC6036277 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence indicates that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serve a critical role in the regulation of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) progression. LncRNA Ubiquitin-like with PHD and RING finger domains 1 (UHRF1) protein associated transcript (UPAT) has been identified to be overexpressed in a variety of types of cancer. The present study demonstrated that lncRNA UPAT expression was upregulated in NSCLC tissues and significantly associated with tumor size and Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage. Additionally, UPAT promoted NSCLC cell proliferation and G1-S phase transition in vitro. Furthermore, UPAT promoted NSCLC cell proliferation, partly via increasing UHRF1 expression and consequently epigenetically silencing RASSF1 and CDH13 transcription. In addition, the knockdown of UHRF1 partially decreased the promotion of cell growth and G1-S phase transition caused by UPAT overexpression. In conclusion, these data suggest that the lncRNA UPAT promotes the NSCLC cell proliferation and may be a potential therapeutic target of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Dakui Cao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Fengjie Wu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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16
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Banerjee A, Ahmed H, Yang P, Czinn SJ, Blanchard TG. Endoplasmic reticulum stress and IRE-1 signaling cause apoptosis in colon cancer cells in response to andrographolide treatment. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41432-41444. [PMID: 27166181 PMCID: PMC5173070 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The plant metabolite andrographolide induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in cancer cells. The mechanism(s) by which andrographolide induces apoptosis however, have not been elucidated. The present study was performed to determine the molecular events that promote apoptosis in andrographolide treated cells using T84, HCT116 and COLO 205 colon cancer cell lines. Andrographolide was determined to limit colony formation and Ki67 expression, alter nuclear morphology, increase cytoplasmic histone-associated-DNA-fragments, and increase cleaved caspase-3 levels. Andrographolide also induced significantly higher expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins GRP-78 and IRE-1 by 48 h but not PERK or ATF6. Apoptosis signaling molecules BAX, spliced XBP-1 and CHOP were also significantly increased. Moreover, chemical inhibition of ER stress or IRE-1 depletion with siRNA in andrographolide treated cells significantly limited expression of IRE-1 and CHOP as determined by immunofluorescence staining, real time PCR, or immunobloting. This was accompanied by a decreased BAX/Bcl-2 ratio. Andrographolide significantly promotes cancer cell death compared to normal cells. These data demonstrate that andrographolide associated ER stress contributes to apoptosis through the activation of a pro-apoptotic GRP-78/IRE-1/XBP-1/CHOP signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | | | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Steven J Czinn
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Thomas G Blanchard
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A
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17
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De Smedt E, Maes K, Verhulst S, Lui H, Kassambara A, Maes A, Robert N, Heirman C, Cakana A, Hose D, Breckpot K, van Grunsven LA, De Veirman K, Menu E, Vanderkerken K, Moreaux J, De Bruyne E. Loss of RASSF4 Expression in Multiple Myeloma Promotes RAS-Driven Malignant Progression. Cancer Res 2017; 78:1155-1168. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Zheng X, Dong Q, Zhang X, Han Q, Han X, Han Y, Wu J, Rong X, Wang E. The coiled-coil domain of oncogene RASSF 7 inhibits hippo signaling and promotes non-small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:78734-78748. [PMID: 29108261 PMCID: PMC5667994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and despite recent improvements in treatment patient prognosis remains dismal. In this study, we examined the role of N-terminal Ras-association domain family 7 (RASSF7) in human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found that RASSF7 was overexpressed NSCLC tissues, which correlated with advanced TNM stage, positive lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis. This RASSF7 overexpression promoted lung cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. We also found that RASSF7 interacted with mammalian Ste20-like kinase 1(MST1) through its C-terminal coiled-coil domain to inhibit MST1 phosphorylation as well as the phosphorylation of large tumor suppressor kinase 1(LATS1) and yes-associated protein (YAP), while promoting the nuclear translocation of YAP. In addition, RASSF7 overexpression inhibited the Hippo signaling pathway both in vitro and vivo and promoted the expression of proteins associated with proliferation and invasion, such as connective tissue growth factor. These results suggest that targeting RASSF7 could be exploited for therapeutic benefit in the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Department of Electron Microscopy, Basic Medical College, Chengde Medical College, Chengde, China
| | - Qianze Dong
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiang Han
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xu Han
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong Han
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xuezhu Rong
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Science and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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19
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Jiménez AP, Traum A, Boettger T, Hackstein H, Richter AM, Dammann RH. The tumor suppressor RASSF1A induces the YAP1 target gene ANKRD1 that is epigenetically inactivated in human cancers and inhibits tumor growth. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88437-88452. [PMID: 29179447 PMCID: PMC5687617 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Hippo pathway regulates organ size, growth and comprises several tumor related factors, including the oncoprotein YAP1 and the tumor suppressor RASSF1A. RASSF1A is frequently epigenetically inactivated in cancer. In our study, we analyzed the effect of RASSF1A on the function of YAP1. Expression of YAP1 resulted in the downregulation of several tumor suppressor genes and induction of S-phase. Co-expression with RASSF1A normalized the expression levels of these tumor suppressors and induced a G0-G1 arrest and apoptosis. This effect was associated with the reduction of MDM2 and the increase of p53. These data suggest that the tumor suppressor RASSF1A inhibits the oncogenic potential of YAP1. Additionally, we could show that ANKRD1 is a YAP1 target gene that is induced by RASSF1A. Further analysis revealed that ANKRD1 is epigenetically inactivated in human cancer. ANKRD1 expression induced the expression of TP53 as well as BAX and CDKN1A and reduced colony formation of cancer cells. We found that ANKRD1 interacts with p53 and is involved in the destabilization of MDM2. Additionally, our data indicate that the tumor-suppressive effect of ANKRD1 depends on the presence of p53. These results suggest that ANKRD1 is a tumor-suppressive downstream target of the Hippo pathway that is epigenetically silenced in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana P Jiménez
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Annalena Traum
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Boettger
- Department I-Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, D-61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Holger Hackstein
- Clinical Immunology, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Antje M Richter
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard H Dammann
- Institute for Genetics, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, D-35392 Giessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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20
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Excess of a Rassf1-targeting microRNA, miR-193a-3p, perturbs cell division fidelity. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:1451-1461. [PMID: 28449010 PMCID: PMC5520089 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Several microRNA (miRNA) molecules have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of tumour suppressor and oncogene expression. Ras association domain family member 1 (RASSF1) is a critical tumour suppressor that controls multiple aspects of cell proliferation such as cell cycle, cell division and apoptosis. The expression of RASSF1 is lost in a variety of cancers due to the promoter hypermethylation. Methods: miR-193a-3p was identified as a RASSF1-targeting miRNA by a dual screening approach. In cultured human cancer cells, immunoblotting, qRT–PCR, luciferase reporter assays, time-lapse microscopy and immunofluorescence methods were used to study the effects of excess miR-193a-3p on RASSF1 expression and cell division. Results: Here, we report a new miRNA-mediated mechanism that regulates RASSF1 expression: miR-193a-3p binds directly to RASSF1-3′UTR and represses the mRNA and protein expression. In human cancer cells, excess of miR-193a-3p causes polyploidy through impairment of the Rassf1-Syntaxin 16 signalling pathway that is needed for completion of cytokinesis. In the next cell cycle the miR-193a-3p-overexpressing cells exhibit multipolar mitotic spindles, mitotic delay and elevated frequency of cell death. Conclusions: Our results suggest that besides epigenetic regulation, altered expression of specific miRNAs may contribute to the loss of Rassf1 in cancer cells and cause cell division errors.
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21
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Chen Y, Qin Y, Li L, Chen J, Zhang X, Xie Y. Morphine Can Inhibit the Growth of Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells by Arresting the Cell Cycle and Inducing Apoptosis. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:1686-1692. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b17-00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanhua Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology in Cardiovascular Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
| | - Yubo Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University
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22
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Abstract
The Hippo pathway is an essential tumor suppressor signaling network that coordinates cell proliferation, death, and differentiation in higher eukaryotes. Intriguingly, the core components of the Hippo pathway are conserved from yeast to man, with the yeast analogs of mammalian MST1/2 (fly Hippo), MOB1 (fly Mats), LATS1/2 (fly Warts), and NDR1/2 (fly Tricornered) functioning as essential components of the mitotic exit network (MEN). Here, we update our previous summary of mitotic functions of Hippo core components in Drosophila melanogaster and mammals, with particular emphasis on similarities between the yeast MEN pathway and mitotic Hippo signaling. Mitotic functions of YAP and TAZ, the two main effectors of Hippo signaling, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Hergovich
- Tumour Suppressor Signalling Networks Laboratory, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, 72 Huntley Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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23
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RASSF5: An MST activator and tumor suppressor in vivo but opposite in vitro. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:217-224. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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24
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Boyanapalli SSS, Li W, Fuentes F, Guo Y, Ramirez CN, Gonzalez XP, Pung D, Kong ANT. Epigenetic reactivation of RASSF1A by phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) and promotion of apoptosis in LNCaP cells. Pharmacol Res 2016; 114:175-184. [PMID: 27818231 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of tumor suppressor genes is a phenomenon frequently observed in multiple cancers. Ras-association domain family 1 isoform A (RASSF1A) is a well-characterized tumor suppressor that belongs to the Ras-association domain family. Several studies have demonstrated that hypermethylation of the RASSF1A promoter is frequently observed in lung, prostate, and breast cancers. Phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC), a phytochemical abundant in cruciferous vegetables, possesses chemopreventive activities; however, its potential involvement in epigenetic mechanisms remains elusive. The present study aimed to examine the role of PEITC in the epigenetic reactivation of RASSF1A and the induction of apoptosis in LNCaP cells. LNCaP cells were treated for 5days with 0.01% DMSO, 2.5 or 5μM PETIC or 2.5μM azadeoxycytidine (5-Aza) with 0.5μM trichostatin A (TSA). We evaluated the effects of these treatments on CpG demethylation using methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP) and bisulfite genomic sequencing (BGS). CpG demethylation was significantly enhanced in cells treated with 5μM PEITC and 5-Aza+TSA; therefore, the latter treatment was used as a positive control in subsequent experiments. The decrease in RASSF1A promoter methylation correlated with an increase in expression of the RASSF1A gene in a dose-dependent manner. To confirm that promoter demethylation was mediated by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), we analyzed the expression levels of DNMTs and histone deacetylases (HDACs) at the gene and protein levels. PEITC reduced DNMT1, 3A and 3B protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, and 5μM PEITC significantly reduced DNMT3A and 3B protein levels. HDAC1, 2, 4 and 6 protein expression was also inhibited by 5μM PEITC. The combination of 5-Aza and TSA, a DNMT inhibitor and a HDAC inhibitor, respectively, was used as a positive control as this treatment significantly inhibited both HDACs and DNMTs. The function of RASSF1A reactivation in promoting apoptosis and inducing G2/M cell cycle arrest was analyzed using flow-cytometry analysis with Annexin V and propidium iodide (PI). Growth inhibition effect on LNCaP cells were investigated by colony formation assay. In addition, we analyzed p21, caspase-3 and 7, Bax, and Cyclin B1 protein levels. Flow-cytometry analysis of cells stained with PI alone demonstrated that 5μM PEITC promotes early apoptosis and G2/M cell cycle arrest. Flow cytometry analysis of cells stained with Annexin V and PI also demonstrated an increased proportion of cells in early apoptosis in cells treated with 5μM PEITC or 5-Aza with TSA. PEITC and efficiently inhibit colony numbers and total area. In addition, 5μM PEITC significantly enhanced p21, caspase-3, 7 and Bax levels and reduced Cyclin B1 expression compared with the control group. Collectively, the results of our study suggest that PEITC induces apoptosis in LNCaP cells potentially by reactivating RASSF1A via epigenetic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarandeep S S Boyanapalli
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Wenji Li
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Francisco Fuentes
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Yue Guo
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Christina N Ramirez
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Ximena-Parades Gonzalez
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Douglas Pung
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States
| | - Ah-Ng Tony Kong
- Center for Cancer Prevention Research, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest-Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 160 Frelinghuysen Road Piscataway, NJ, 08854, United States.
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RASSF1A Site-Specific Methylation Hotspots in Cancer and Correlation with RASSF1C and MOAP-1. Cancers (Basel) 2016; 8:cancers8060055. [PMID: 27294960 PMCID: PMC4931620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers8060055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic silencing of RASSF1A is frequently observed in numerous cancers and has been previously reported. The promoter region of RASSF1A is predicted to have 75 CpG sites, and very few studies demonstrate how the methylation of these sites affects expression. In addition, the expression relationship between RASSF1A and its downstream target, modulator of apoptosis 1 (MOAP-1), is poorly understood. In this study, we have explored the mRNA expression of RASSF1A, MOAP-1 and the well-characterized splice variant of RASSF1, RASSF1C, in cancer cell lines and primary tumors. We confirmed that the RASSF1A promoter is robustly methylated within a 32-CpG region in solid tumors and results in lower mRNA expression. The MOAP-1 promoter contains ~110 CpG sites, but was not found to be methylated in cancer cell lines when 19 predicted CpG sites were explored. Interestingly, MOAP-1 mRNA expression positively correlated with RASSF1A expression in numerous cancers, whereas RASSF1C expression remained the same or was increased in cell lines or tissues with epigenetic loss of RASSF1A. We speculate that MOAP-1 and RASSF1A may be more intimately connected than originally thought, and the expression of both are warranted in experimental designs exploring the biology of the RASSF1A/MOAP-1 molecular pathway.
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Donninger H, Schmidt ML, Mezzanotte J, Barnoud T, Clark GJ. Ras signaling through RASSF proteins. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:86-95. [PMID: 27288568 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There are six core RASSF family proteins that contain conserved Ras Association domains and may serve as Ras effectors. They lack intrinsic enzymatic activity and appear to function as scaffolding and localization molecules. While initially being associated with pro-apoptotic signaling pathways such as Bax and Hippo, it is now clear that they can also connect Ras to a surprisingly broad range of signaling pathways that control senescence, inflammation, autophagy, DNA repair, ubiquitination and protein acetylation. Moreover, they may be able to impact the activation status of pro-mitogenic Ras effector pathways, such as the Raf pathway. The frequent epigenetic inactivation of RASSF genes in human tumors disconnects Ras from pro-death signaling systems, enhancing Ras driven transformation and metastasis. The best characterized members are RASSF1A and RASSF5 (NORE1A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Donninger
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - M Lee Schmidt
- Department of Pharmacoloxy and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Jessica Mezzanotte
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Targets Program, J.G Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Thibaut Barnoud
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Molecular Targets Program, J.G Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Geoffrey J Clark
- Department of Pharmacoloxy and Toxicology, University of Louisville, KY, 40202, USA.
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Nussinov R, Tsai CJ, Jang H, Korcsmáros T, Csermely P. Oncogenic KRAS signaling and YAP1/β-catenin: Similar cell cycle control in tumor initiation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:79-85. [PMID: 27058752 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Why are YAP1 and c-Myc often overexpressed (or activated) in KRAS-driven cancers and drug resistance? Here, we propose that there are two independent pathways in tumor proliferation: one includes MAPK/ERK and PI3K/A kt/mTOR; and the other consists of pathways leading to the expression (or activation) of YAP1 and c-Myc. KRAS contributes through the first. MYC is regulated by e.g. β-catenin, Notch and Hedgehog. We propose that YAP1 and ERK accomplish similar roles in cell cycle control, as do β-catenin and PI3K. This point is compelling, since the question of how YAP1 rescues K-Ras or B-Raf ablation has recently captured much attention, as well as the mechanism of resistance to PI3K inhibitors. The similarity in cell cycle actions of β-catenin and PI3K can also clarify the increased aggressiveness of lung cancer when both K-Ras and β-catenin operate. Thus, we propose that the two pathways can substitute one another - or together amplify each other - in promoting proliferation. This new understanding of the independence and correspondence of the two pathways in cancer - MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt/mTOR; and YAP1 and c-Myc - provide a coherent and significant picture of signaling-driven oncogenic proliferation and may help in judicious, pathway-based drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
| | - Chung-Jung Tsai
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, and TGAC, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK; TGAC, The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Peter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary
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Amato E, Barbi S, Fassan M, Luchini C, Vicentini C, Brunelli M, Malleo G, Scarpa A, Malpeli G. RASSF1 tumor suppressor gene in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: correlation of expression, chromosomal status and epigenetic changes. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:11. [PMID: 26754001 PMCID: PMC4710004 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2048-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Ras Association Domain Family Member 1 (RASSF1) is one of the most frequently reported methylation-inactivated tumor suppressor genes in primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC). Limited information is still available about the impact of RASSF1 gene silencing on the expression of its different isoforms in neoplastic cells. Methods A series of 96 primary PDAC, with known clinico-pathological parameters, was tested for RASSF1 methylation status by methylation-specific PCR, RASSF1 locus copy number alterations by fluorescence in situ hybridization, and Rassf1a protein expression by immunohistochemistry. A further series of 14 xenografted primary PDAC and 8 PDAC-derived cell lines were tested to obtain a detailed methylation mapping of CpG islands A and C of the RASSF1 locus by pyrosequencing and to evaluate the expression of Rassf1 variants by qRT-PCR. Results Methylation of CpG island A of the RASSF1 gene was observed in 35 % of the tumors and allelic loss of RASSF1 locus was seen in 30 disomic and in 20 polysomic cases (52 %). Rassf1a immunohistochemical expression was downregulated in half of primary PDAC, and this downregulation was neither correlated with methylation of RASSF1 promoter nor with RASSF1 copy number alterations. RASSF1 status did not influence patients’ prognosis. The expression of the seven RASSF1 isoforms in xenografts and cell lines showed that RASSF1A, RASSF1B, and RASSF1C isoforms were present in all xenografts and cell lines, whereas RASSF1D, RASSF1E, and RASSF1F isoforms were variably expressed among samples. RASSF1G was never expressed in either xenografts or cell lines. The variable expression of RASSF1 isoforms in PDAC xenografts and cell lines was not dependent on RASSF1 methylation status of CpG islands A and C. Conclusions RASSF1 alterations occurring in PDAC mainly consist in variations of expression of the different isoforms. Different genetic mechanisms seem to contribute to RASSF1 deregulation in this setting, but RASSF1 methylation does not seem to substantially affect RASSF1 isoforms expression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2048-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Amato
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Stefano Barbi
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Matteo Fassan
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Claudio Luchini
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Pathology, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Caterina Vicentini
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Matteo Brunelli
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Malleo
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Aldo Scarpa
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Pathology, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Malpeli
- ARC-NET Centre for Applied Research on Cancer, Department of Pathology and Diagnostics, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy. .,Department of Surgery and Oncology, The Hospital and University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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Genetic and Chromosomal Aberrations and Their Clinical Significance in Renal Neoplasms. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:476508. [PMID: 26448938 PMCID: PMC4584050 DOI: 10.1155/2015/476508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The most common form of malignant renal neoplasms is renal cell carcinoma (RCC), which is classified into several different subtypes based on the histomorphological features. However, overlaps in these characteristics may present difficulties in the accurate diagnosis of these subtypes, which have different clinical outcomes. Genomic and molecular studies have revealed unique genetic aberrations in each subtype. Knowledge of these genetic changes in hereditary and sporadic renal neoplasms has given an insight into the various proteins and signalling pathways involved in tumour formation and progression. In this review, the genetic aberrations characteristic to each renal neoplasm subtype are evaluated along with the associated protein products and affected pathways. The potential applications of these genetic aberrations and proteins as diagnostic tools, prognostic markers, or therapeutic targets are also assessed.
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Law J, Salla M, Zare A, Wong Y, Luong L, Volodko N, Svystun O, Flood K, Lim J, Sung M, Dyck JRB, Tan CT, Su YC, Yu VC, Mackey J, Baksh S. Modulator of apoptosis 1 (MOAP-1) is a tumor suppressor protein linked to the RASSF1A protein. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24100-18. [PMID: 26269600 PMCID: PMC4591801 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.648345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulator of apoptosis 1 (MOAP-1) is a BH3-like protein that plays key roles in cell death or apoptosis. It is an integral partner to the tumor suppressor protein, Ras association domain family 1A (RASSF1A), and functions to activate the Bcl-2 family pro-apoptotic protein Bax. Although RASSF1A is now considered a bona fide tumor suppressor protein, the role of MOAP-1 as a tumor suppressor protein has yet to be determined. In this study, we present several lines of evidence from cancer databases, immunoblotting of cancer cells, proliferation, and xenograft assays as well as DNA microarray analysis to demonstrate the role of MOAP-1 as a tumor suppressor protein. Frequent loss of MOAP-1 expression, in at least some cancers, appears to be attributed to mRNA down-regulation and the rapid proteasomal degradation of MOAP-1 that could be reversed utilizing the proteasome inhibitor MG132. Overexpression of MOAP-1 in several cancer cell lines resulted in reduced tumorigenesis and up-regulation of genes involved in cancer regulatory pathways that include apoptosis (p53, Fas, and MST1), DNA damage control (poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase and ataxia telangiectasia mutated), those within the cell metabolism (IR-α, IR-β, and AMP-activated protein kinase), and a stabilizing effect on microtubules. The loss of RASSF1A (an upstream regulator of MOAP-1) is one of the earliest detectable epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor proteins in cancer, and we speculate that the additional loss of function of MOAP-1 may be a second hit to functionally compromise the RASSF1A/MOAP-1 death receptor-dependent pathway and drive tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yoke Wong
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | - Le Luong
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and
| | | | | | | | | | - Miranda Sung
- Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Jason R B Dyck
- Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Chong Teik Tan
- the Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yu-Chin Su
- the Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Victor C Yu
- the Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - John Mackey
- the Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada, and
| | - Shairaz Baksh
- From the Departments of Biochemistry and Pediatrics, the Department of Experimental Oncology, Cross Cancer Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada, and the Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1Z2, Canada, the Alberta IBD Consortium, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2X8, Canada, and the Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
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Delire B, Stärkel P. The Ras/MAPK pathway and hepatocarcinoma: pathogenesis and therapeutic implications. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:609-23. [PMID: 25832714 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still a major health problem, often diagnosed at an advanced stage. The multikinase inhibitor sorafenib is to date the sole approved systemic therapy. Several signalling pathways are implicated in tumour development and progression. Among these pathways, the Ras/MAPK pathway is activated in 50-100% of human HCCs and is correlated with a poor prognosis. The aim of this work was to review the main intracellular mechanisms leading to aberrant Ras pathway activation in HCC and the potential therapeutic implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on the material found on PubMed up to December 2014. 'Ras signaling, Ras dysregulation, Ras inhibition, MAPK pathway, cancer, hepatocarcinoma and liver cancer' alone or in combination were the main terms used for online research. RESULTS Multiple mechanisms lead to the deregulation of the Ras pathway in liver cancer. Ras and Raf gene mutations are rare events in human hepatocarcinogenesis in contrast to experimental models in rodents. Downregulation of several Ras/MAPK pathway inhibitors such as GAPs, RASSF proteins, DUSP1, Sprouty and Spred proteins is largely implicated in the aberrant activation of this pathway in the context of wild-type Ras and Raf genes. Epigenetic or post-transcriptional mechanisms lead to the downregulation of these tumour suppressor genes. CONCLUSION Ras/MAPK pathway effectors may be considered as potential therapeutic targets in the field of HCC. In particular after the arrival of sorafenib, more Ras/MAPK inhibitors have emerged and are still in preclinical or clinical investigation for HCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Delire
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Stärkel
- Laboratory of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Gastroenterology, Saint-Luc Academic Hospital and Institute of Clinical Research, Catholic University of Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
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Alterations in gene promoter methylation and transcript expression induced by cisplatin in comparison to 5-Azacytidine in HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cell lines. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 404:181-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-015-2377-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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