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Nath SC, Babaei-Abraki S, Meng G, Heale KA, Hsu CYM, Rancourt DE. A retinoid analogue, TTNPB, promotes clonal expansion of human pluripotent stem cells by upregulating CLDN2 and HoxA1. Commun Biol 2024; 7:190. [PMID: 38365890 PMCID: PMC10873380 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-05812-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Enzymatic dissociation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into single cells during routine passage leads to massive cell death. Although the Rho-associated protein kinase inhibitor, Y-27632 can enhance hPSC survival and proliferation at high seeding density, dissociated single cells undergo apoptosis at clonal density. This presents a major hurdle when deriving genetically modified hPSC lines since transfection and genome editing efficiencies are not satisfactory. As a result, colonies tend to contain heterogeneous mixtures of both modified and unmodified cells, making it difficult to isolate the desired clone buried within the colony. In this study, we report improved clonal expansion of hPSCs using a retinoic acid analogue, TTNPB. When combined with Y-27632, TTNPB synergistically increased hPSC cloning efficiency by more than 2 orders of magnitude (0.2% to 20%), whereas TTNPB itself increased more than double cell number expansion compared to Y-27632. Furthermore, TTNPB-treated cells showed two times higher aggregate formation and cell proliferation compared to Y-27632 in suspension culture. TTNPB-treated cells displayed a normal karyotype, pluripotency and were able to stochastically differentiate into all three germ layers both in vitro and in vivo. TTNBP acts, in part, by promoting cellular adhesion and self-renewal through the upregulation of Claudin 2 and HoxA1. By promoting clonal expansion, TTNPB provides a new approach for isolating and expanding pure hPSCs for future cell therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman C Nath
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Shahnaz Babaei-Abraki
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Guoliang Meng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Kali A Heale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Charlie Y M Hsu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derrick E Rancourt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
- McCaig Institute for Bone and Joint Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
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2
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Sadeghi M, Andani MR, Hajian M, Sanei N, Moradi-Hajidavaloo R, Mahvash N, Jafarpour F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Developmental competence of IVF and SCNT goat embryos is improved by inhibition of canonical WNT signaling. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0281331. [PMID: 37075045 PMCID: PMC10115261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0281331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The specific role of the canonical WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway during the preimplantation development of goat remains unclear. Our objective was to investigate the expression of β-CATENIN, one of the critical components of Wnt signaling pathway, in IVF embryos and compare it with SCNT embryos in goat. In addition, we evaluated the consequence of inhibition of β-catenin using IWR1. Initially, we observed cytoplasmic expression of β-CATENIN in 2 and 8-16 cell stage embryos and membranous expression of β-CATENIN in compact morula and blastocyst stages. Furthermore, while we observed exclusively membranous localization of β-catenin in IVF blastocysts, we observed both membranous and cytoplasmic localization in SCNT blastocysts. We observed that Inhibition of WNT signaling by IWR1 during compact morula to blastocyst transition (from day 4 till day 7 of in vitro culture) increased blastocyst formation rate in both IVF and SCNT embryos. In conclusion, it seems that WNT signaling system has functional role in the preimplantation goat embryos, and inhibition of this pathway during the period of compact morula to blastocyst transition (D4-D7) can improve preimplantation embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Sadeghi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan), Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohsen Rahimi Andani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hajian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nafiseh Sanei
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Reza Moradi-Hajidavaloo
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Nasrin Mahvash
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, ACECR Institute of Higher Education (Isfahan), Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Jafarpour
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
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Babaei-Abraki S, Karamali F, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Ferroptosis: The functions of Nrf2 in human embryonic stem cells. Cell Signal 2023; 106:110654. [PMID: 36906163 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the capacity of self-renewal as well as differentiation towards three germ layer derivatives which makes them as a source of therapeutic application. hESCs are tremendously prone to cell death after dissociation into single cells. Therefore, it technically hinders their applications. Our recent study has revealed that hESCs can be prone to ferroptosis which differs from those in earlier explorations reporting that cellular detachment results in a process cited as anoikis. Ferroptosis occurs via increasing intracellular iron. Therefore, this form of programmed cell death is distinct from other cell deaths in terms of biochemistry, morphology, and genetics. Ferroptosis is found by excessive iron which plays an important part role in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation through the Fenton reaction as a cofactor. Many genes are related to ferroptosis under the control of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) which is a transcription factor regulating the expression of genes to protect cells from oxidative stress. Nrf2 was demonstrated to take a perilous role in the suppression of ferroptosis by regulating the iron, antioxidant defense enzymes, usage, and restoration of glutathione, thioredoxin, and NADPH. Mitochondrial function is another target of Nrf2 to control cell homeostasis through the modulation of ROS production. In this review, we will give a succinct overview of lipid peroxidation and discuss the major players in the ferroptotic cascade. Additionally, we discussed the important role of the Nrf2 signaling pathway in mediating lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis, with a focus on known Nrf2 target genes that inhibit these processes and their possible role in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnaz Babaei-Abraki
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Karamali
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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4
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Savoj S, Esfahani MHN, Karimi A, Karamali F. Integrated stem cells from apical papilla in a 3D culture system improve human embryonic stem cell derived retinal organoid formation. Life Sci 2022; 291:120273. [PMID: 35016877 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Eye organoids are 3D models of the retina that provide new possibilities for studying retinal development, drug toxicity and the molecular mechanisms of diseases. Although there are several protocols that can be used to generate functional tissues, none have been used to assemble human retinal organoids containing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). MAIN METHODS In this study we intend to assess the effective interactions of MSCs and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) during retinal organoid formation. We evaluated the inducing activities of bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs), trabecular meshwork (TM), and stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP)-derived MSCs in differentiation of hESCs in a three-dimensional (3D) direct co-culture system. KEY FINDINGS In comparison with the two other MSC sources, the induction potential of SCAP was confirmed in the co-culture system. Although the different SCAP cell ratios did not show any significant morphology changes during the first seven days, increasing the number of SCAPs improved formation of the optic vesicle (OV) structure, which was confirmed by assessment of specific markers. The OVs subsequently developed to an optic cup (OC), which was similar to the in vivo environment. These arrangements expressed MITF in the outer layer and CHX10 in the inner layer. SIGNIFICANCE We assessed the inducing activity of SCAP during differentiation of hESCs towards a retinal fate in a 3D organoid system. However, future studies be conducted to gather additional details about the development of the eye field, retinal differentiation, and the molecular mechanisms of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soraya Savoj
- Department of Biology, University of Payam Noor, Isfahan, Iran; Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akbar Karimi
- Department of Biology, University of Payam Noor, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Fereshteh Karamali
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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Lee J, Lee J, Cho YS. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor α Agonist and Its Target Nanog Cooperate to Induce Pluripotency. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120488. [PMID: 30486372 PMCID: PMC6306698 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical compounds that modulate pluripotent stem cell (PSC) identity and function are increasingly adopted to generate qualified PSCs and their derivatives, which have promising potential in regenerative medicine, in pursuit of more accuracy and safety and less cost. Here, we demonstrate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist as a novel enhancer of pluripotency acquisition and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) generation. We found that PPARα agonist, examined and selected Food and Drug Administration (FDA) -approved compound libraries, increase the expression of pluripotency-associated genes, such as Nanog, Nr5A2, Oct4, and Rex1, during the reprogramming process and facilitate iPSC generation by enhancing their reprogramming efficiency. A reprogramming-promoting effect of PPARα occurred via the upregulation of Nanog, which is essential for the induction and maintenance of pluripotency. Through bioinformatic analysis, we identified putative peroxisome proliferator responsive elements (PPREs) located within the promoter region of the Nanog gene. We also determined that PPARα can activate Nanog transcription by specific binding to putative PPREs. Taken together, our findings suggest that PPARα is an important regulator of PSC pluripotency and reprogramming, and PPARα agonists can be used to improve PSC technology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungwoon Lee
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Biotechnology, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
| | - Yee Sook Cho
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.
- Department of Bioscience, KRIBB School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea.
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Mazaheri N, Peymani M, Galehdari H, Ghaedi K, Ghoochani A, Kiani-Esfahani A, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Ameliorating Effect of Osteopontin on H 2O 2-Induced Apoptosis of Human Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2018; 38:891-899. [PMID: 29110207 PMCID: PMC11481903 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently our group used oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) as appropriate model cells to pinpoint the mechanism of the progress of neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we focused on the therapeutic role of osteopontin (OPN), a secreted glycosylated phosphoprotein, involved in a number of physiological events including bone formation and remodeling, immune responses, and tumor progression. Protective role of OPN, as a negative regulator of tumorigenesis, has already been clarified. Human embryonic stem cell-derived OPCs were pretreated with OPN before induction of apoptosis by H2O2. Data indicated that OPN prohibited cell death and enhanced OPC viability. This effect is achieved through reduction of apoptosis and induction of anti-apoptosis markers. In addition OPN induces expression of several integrin subunits, responsible for OPN interaction. Notably, our findings showed that expression of αV β1/β3/β5 and β8 integrins increased in response to OPN, while treatment with H2O2 down-regulated αV β1/β5 and β8 integrins expression significantly. In conclusion, OPN may act via αV integrin signaling and trigger suppression of P53-dependent apoptotic cascades. Therefore OPN therapy may be considered as a feasible process to prevent progress of neurodegenerative diseases in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Mazaheri
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maryam Peymani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shahrekord, Iran
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran
| | - Hamid Galehdari
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Kamran Ghaedi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran.
| | - Ali Ghoochani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran
| | - Abbas Kiani-Esfahani
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr-Esfahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran.
- Department of Cellular Biotechnology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, 816513-1378, Iran.
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7
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Efficient production of erythroid, megakaryocytic and myeloid cells, using single cell-derived iPSC colony differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2018; 29:232-244. [PMID: 29751281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide opportunities not only for fundamental research and disease modelling/drug testing but also for large-scale production of blood effector cells for future clinical application. Although there are multiple ways to differentiate human iPSCs towards hematopoietic lineages, there is a need to develop reproducible and robust protocols. Here we introduce an efficient way to produce three major blood cell types using a standardized differentiation protocol that starts with a single hematopoietic initiation step. This system is feeder-free, avoids EB-formation, starts with a hematopoietic initiation step based on a novel single cell-derived iPSC colony differentiation and produces multi-potential progenitors within 8-10 days. Followed by lineage-specific growth factor supplementation these cells can be matured into well characterized erythroid, megakaryocytic and myeloid cells with high-purity, without transcription factor overexpression or any kind of pre-purification step. This standardized differentiation system provides a simple platform to produce specific blood cells in a reproducible manner for hematopoietic development studies, disease modelling, drug testing and the potential for future therapeutic applications.
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8
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Jeon KI, Phipps RP, Sime PJ, Huxlin KR. Antifibrotic Actions of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Ligands in Corneal Fibroblasts Are Mediated by β-Catenin-Regulated Pathways. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2017; 187:1660-1669. [PMID: 28606794 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing after corneal injury typically involves fibrosis, with transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) as one of its strongest mediators. A class of small molecules-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligands-exert potent antifibrotic effects in the cornea by blocking phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). However, why this blocks fibrosis remains unknown. Herein, we show that PPARγ ligands (rosiglitazone, troglitazone, and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2) decrease levels of β-catenin. We also show that β-catenin siRNA and the Wingless/integrated (Wnt) inhibitor pyrvinium block the ability of corneal fibroblasts to up-regulate synthesis of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen 1 (COL1), and fibronectin (FN) in response to TGF-β1. Activation of TGF-β receptors and p38 MAPK increased glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) phosphorylation, whereas a chemical inhibitor of p38 MAPK (SB203580) reduced the phosphorylation of GSK3β, decreasing active β-catenin levels in both cytoplasmic and nuclear fractions. Finally, lithium chloride, a GSK3 inhibitor, also attenuated the TGF-β1-induced increase in α-SMA, COL1, and FN expression. All in all, our results suggest that TGF-β1 stimulation increases active β-catenin concentration in cultured corneal fibroblasts through p38 MAPK regulation of canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling, increasing α-SMA, COL1, and FN synthesis. Thus, PPARγ ligands, by blocking TGF-β1-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, prevent increases in both total and active β-catenin through p38 MAPK-GSK3β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Im Jeon
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Richard P Phipps
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Patricia J Sime
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Krystel R Huxlin
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York; Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York.
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Hoshiba T, Nemoto E, Sato K, Maruyama H, Endo C, Tanaka M. Promotion of Adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 Cells on Protein Adsorption-Suppressing Poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) Analogs. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:3808-3815. [PMID: 27809482 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation is an important issue in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering. It has been reported that cell shape is one of the factors that determine the lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Therefore, the substrates have been developed to control their shapes. Recently, we found that poly(2-methoxyethyl acrylate) (PMEA) analogs can control tumor cell shape through the alteration of protein adsorption. Here, the adipogenesis of an adipocyte-progenitor cell, 3T3-L1 cells, was attempted; adipogenesis was to be regulated by surfaces coated with PMEA analogs through the control of their shape. The adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells was promoted on the surfaces coated with PMEA and its analogs, PMe3A and PMe2A. Evident focal adhesions were hardly observed on these surfaces, suggesting that integrin signal activation was suppressed. Additionally, actin assembly and cell spreading were suppressed on these surfaces. Therefore, the surfaces coated with PMEA analogs are expected to be suitable surfaces to regulate adipogenesis through the suppression of cell spreading. Additionally, we found that protein adsorption correlated with actin assembly and adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hoshiba
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | - Masaru Tanaka
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Kramer N, Rosner M, Kovacic B, Hengstschläger M. Full biological characterization of human pluripotent stem cells will open the door to translational research. Arch Toxicol 2016; 90:2173-2186. [PMID: 27325309 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1763-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC), great hopes were held for their therapeutic application including disease modeling, drug discovery screenings, toxicological screenings and regenerative therapy. hESC and hiPSC have the advantage of indefinite self-renewal, thereby generating an inexhaustible pool of cells with, e.g., specific genotype for developing putative treatments; they can differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers enabling autologous transplantation, and via donor-selection they can express various genotypes of interest for better disease modeling. Furthermore, drug screenings and toxicological screenings in hESC and hiPSC are more pertinent to identify drugs or chemical compounds that are harmful for human, than a mouse model could predict. Despite continuing research in the wide field of therapeutic applications, further understanding of the underlying basic mechanisms of stem cell function is necessary. Here, we summarize current knowledge concerning pluripotency, self-renewal, apoptosis, motility, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Kramer
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Margit Rosner
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Boris Kovacic
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Hengstschläger
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Währingerstrasse 10, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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