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潘 知, 李 思, 李 玲, 张 燕, 华 子. [Impact of chaperone-mediated autophagy on bilirubin-induced damage of mouse microglial cells]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2024; 26:385-393. [PMID: 38660903 PMCID: PMC11057293 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2312014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the effect of chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA) on the damage of mouse microglial BV2 cells induce by unconjugated bilirubin (UCB). METHODS The BV2 cell experiments were divided into two parts. (1) For the CMA activation experiment: control group (treated with an equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxide), QX77 group (treated with 20 μmol/L QX77 for 24 hours), UCB group (treated with 40 μmol/L UCB for 24 hours), and UCB+QX77 group (treated with both 20 μmol/L QX77 and 40 μmol/L UCB for 24 hours). (2) For the cell transfection experiment: LAMP2A silencing control group (treated with an equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxide), LAMP2A silencing control+UCB group (treated with 40 μmol/L UCB for 24 hours), LAMP2A silencing group (treated with an equal volume of dimethyl sulfoxide), and LAMP2A silencing+UCB group (treated with 40 μmol/L UCB for 24 hours). The cell viability was assessed using the modified MTT method. The expression levels of p65, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), and cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase-1 (caspase-1) were detected by Western blot. The relative mRNA expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the cell culture supernatant were measured using ELISA. The co-localization of heat shock cognate protein 70 with p65 and NLRP3 was detected by immunofluorescence. RESULTS Compared to the UCB group, the cell viability in the UCB+QX77 group increased, and the expression levels of inflammation-related proteins p65, NLRP3, and caspase-1, as well as the mRNA relative expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α decreased (P<0.05). Compared to the control group, there was co-localization of heat shock cognate protein 70 with p65 and NLRP3 in both the UCB and UCB+QX77 groups. After silencing the LAMP2A gene, compared to the LAMP2A silencing control+UCB group, the LAMP2A silencing+UCB group showed increased expression levels of inflammation-related proteins p65, NLRP3, and caspase-1, as well as increased mRNA relative expression levels of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α and levels of IL-6 and TNF-α (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS CMA is inhibited in UCB-induced BV2 cell damage, and activating CMA may reduce p65 and NLRP3 protein levels, suppress inflammatory responses, and counteract bilirubin neurotoxicity.
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Li L, Li S, Pan Z, Zhang Y, Hua Z. Bilirubin impacts microglial autophagy via the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway. J Neurochem 2023; 167:582-599. [PMID: 37858960 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Bilirubin encephalopathy is a severe complication of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. With elevation of serum unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) levels, UCB crosses the blood-brain barrier and possibly leads to neurological dysfunction. Neuroinflammation is recognized as a prominent pathological feature in bilirubin encephalopathy. Recent studies have suggested that autophagy plays a crucial role in the inflammatory response. However, the potential effect of microglial autophagy in the pathogenesis of bilirubin encephalopathy remains uncertain. The in vitro findings verified that in primary cultured microglia, UCB significantly reduced the ratio of LC3B-II to LC3B-I and downregulated the expression of ATG5, Beclin-1, and ATG7, while increasing the expression of p62/SQSTM1. The results showed that UCB could decrease the number of mCherry-EGFP-LC3 positive puncta, even when chloroquine (CQ) was applied to block the microglial autophagy flux. Mechanistically, UCB was found to upregulate the expression of TLR4 and increase the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Promoting microglial autophagy by treatment with Rapamycin (RAPA), an mTOR inhibitor, decreased the levels of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components and IL-1β, rescued microglial overactivation, and improved neurological functions. These data indicated that UCB could impact microglial autophagy via the Akt-mTOR signaling pathway and synergistically promote neuroinflammatory responses. Enhancing autophagy might disrupt the assembly of NLRP3 inflammasome, attenuate UCB-induced neuroinflammation, and improve the prognosis of model rats with bilirubin encephalopathy. In conclusion, this study implies that regulating microglial autophagy might be a promising therapeutic strategy for bilirubin encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhifan Pan
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyu Hua
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
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Huang H, Li S, Zhang Y, He C, Hua Z. Microglial Priming in Bilirubin-Induced Neurotoxicity. Neurotox Res 2023; 41:338-348. [PMID: 37058197 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-023-00643-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a major contributor to bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity, which results in severe neurological deficits. Microglia are the primary immune cells in the brain, with M1 microglia promoting inflammatory injury and M2 microglia inhibiting neuroinflammation. Controlling microglial inflammation could be a promising therapeutic strategy for reducing bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity. Primary microglial cultures were prepared from 1-3-day-old rats. In the early stages of bilirubin treatment, pro-/anti-inflammatory (M1/M2) microglia mixed polarization was observed. In the late stages, bilirubin persistence induced dominant proinflammatory microglia, forming an inflammatory microenvironment and inducing iNOS expression as well as the release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-1β. Simultaneously, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) was activated and translocated into the nucleus, upregulating inflammatory target genes. As well known, neuroinflammation can have an effect on N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) expression or function, which is linked to cognition. Treatment with bilirubin-treated microglia-conditioned medium did affect the expression of IL-1β, NMDA receptor subunit 2A (NR2A), and NMDA receptor subunit 2B (NR2B) in neurons. However, VX-765 effectively reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, as well as the expressions of CD86, and increases the expressions of anti-inflammatory related Arg-1. A timely reduction in proinflammatory microglia could protect against bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Huang
- Department of Neonatology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Siyu Li
- Department of Neonatology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Department of Neonatology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyu Hua
- Department of Neonatology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China.
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, China.
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Li S, Huang H, Zhang Y, Li L, Hua Z. Bilirubin Induces A1-Like Reactivity of Astrocyte. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:804-815. [PMID: 36346495 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03810-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of bilirubin neurotoxicity, and activated astrocytes might be potential mediators of neuroinflammation processes contributing to neuronal cell death and tissue injury. Recent studies have reported that activated microglia induce two types of reactive astrocytes. A1 astrocytes could cause neuronal death and synaptic damage, as well as impaired phagocytosis. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether unconjugated bilirubin (UCB)-induced A1-like astrocytes take on a neuroinflammation type and the underlying regulatory mechanisms. In this study, primary cortical astrocytes were treated with UCB in vitro. We detected the expression of complement component 3 (C3), S100 calcium binding protein A10 (S100A10), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), activated caspase-1, gasdermin D N-terminal (GSDMD-N), PSD95, synaptophysin (SYP), the transcription levels of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and the survival rate of astrocytes after UCB treatment. The results showed that an increase in C3 was accompanied by a decrease in S100A10, and that A1-like astrocytes were functionally expressed after UCB stimulation. Meanwhile, the NF-κB and caspase-1 pathways were activated after UCB stimulation. After adding the NF-κB-specific inhibitor trans-activator of transcriptional-NEMO-binding domain (TAT-NBD) and caspase-1 specific inhibitor VX-765, the survival rate of astrocytes and neurons increased, whereas the protein expression of C3, NF-κB, NLRP3, activated caspase-1, and GSDMD-N decreased, and the mRNA levels of IL-1β and IL-18 reduced. Thus, we concluded that UCB stimulates the activation of A1-like astrocytes. Inhibition of NF-κB and caspase-1 alleviated A1-like astrocytes and exerted anti-inflammatory protective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Hongmei Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China
| | - Ziyu Hua
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing, 400014, China.
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Li S, Huang H, Wei Q, He C, Feng J, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang Q, Xia X, Hua Z. Depression of Pyroptosis by Inhibiting Caspase-1 Activation Improves Neurological Outcomes of Kernicterus Model Rats. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2929-2939. [PMID: 34296848 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Kernicterus is a severe complication of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia. Prolonged exposure to high-level unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) directly damages brain tissue. Neuroinflammation is believed to contribute to UCB-induced neurotoxicity. Pyroptosis has been as a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether pyroptosis was involved in the pathogenesis of UCB neurotoxicity in kernicterus model rats. VX-765, a specific inhibitor of caspase-1, was intraperitoneally administered to the model rats to observe its effects on the short-term and long-term outcomes of the model animals at the molecular, cellular, morphological, and behavioral levels. The results indicated that UCB significantly induced the activation of caspase-1 and gasdermin D(GSDMD), and VX-765 inhibited caspase-1-GSDMD pathway. Compared with those of the UCB group and the vehicle+UCB group, VX-765-treated rats released lower levels of IL-1β and IL-18. Furthermore, H&E and TUNEL staining showed that nerve cells in the VX-765-treated group were better preserved and had less DNA fragmentation. Most importantly, VX-765 improved both the short-term and long-term neurological functions of kernicterus model rats. This study demonstrated that pyroptosis was involved in the pathogenesis of kernicterus through caspase-1 activation, which could be inhibited by VX-765, exerting a neuroprotective effect in kernicterus model rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Hongmei Huang
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Qian Wei
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Chunmei He
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Mengwen Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Qiannan Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xuhua Xia
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Ziyu Hua
- Department of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
- China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
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Tan N, Hu S, Hu Z, Wu Z, Wang B. Quantitative proteomic characterization of microvesicles/exosomes from the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with acute bilirubin encephalopathy. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:1257-1268. [PMID: 32468033 PMCID: PMC7339682 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe hyperbilirubinemia causes neurotoxicity and may lead to acute bilirubin encephalopathy (ABE) during the critical period of central nervous system development. The aim of the present study was to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in microvesicles/exosomes (MV/E) isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with ABE. Co-precipitation was used to isolate the MV/E from the CSF of patients with ABE and age-matched controls. Isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantification-based proteomic technology combined with liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify DEPs in the MV/E. Bioinformatics analysis was subsequently performed to investigate Gene Ontology functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enriched signaling pathways of these DEPs. A total of four proteins were selected for further validation via western blotting. A total of 291 dysregulated proteins were identified by comparing the patients with ABE with the controls. Bioinformatics analysis indicated the involvement of immune-inflammation-associated cellular processes and signaling pathways in the pathophysiology of ABE. In conclusion, the present study identified the proteomic profile of MV/E isolated from the CSF of patients with ABE. These results may provide an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of ABE and may help to identify early diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tan
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Shuiwang Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Hu
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for High‑through Molecular Diagnosis Technology, Translational Medicine Institute, Collaborative Research Center for Post‑doctoral Mobile Stations of Central South University, Affiliated The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Southern Medical University, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Zhouli Wu
- Department of Neonatology, Affiliated The First People's Hospital of Chenzhou, Southern Medical University, University of South China, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Zhujiang Hospital, The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Guan H, Wang C, Zhang X. Increased Serum Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines may Serve as Potential Diagnostic Biomarker for Bilirubin Encephalopathy. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2020; 75:e1868. [PMID: 33263631 PMCID: PMC7688072 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2020/e1868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to explore the roles of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Tumor growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the diagnosis and treatment of neonate bilirubin encephalopathy (BE). METHODS A total of 128 BE neonates and 128 normal neonates were included. The serum samples of the BE children and controls were collected, and the levels of IL-1β and TGF-β were examined. Moreover, the correlation between the level of bilirubin and serum expression of IL-1β or TGF-β in BE patients was analyzed. Finally, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to determine the diagnostic value of the cytokines. RESULTS IL-1β and TGF-β levels were higher in the serum of BE patients than those in non-BE patients, and the expression of either IL-1β or TGF-β showed a strong positive correlation with the serum expression of bilirubin in BE patients. Moreover, the results of ROC analysis showed that either IL-1β or TGF-β could distinguish BE patients from healthy controls. CONCLUSION IL-1β and TGF-β levels were upregulated in BE and might function as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets for BE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhou Guan
- Department of Neonatology, Shanxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Chenghu Wang
- Department of Neonatology, Shanxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- Department of Neonatology, Shanxi Provincial Children’s Hospital, Taiyuan, China
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
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Caspase-1 involves in bilirubin-induced injury of cultured rat cortical neurons. Pediatr Res 2019; 86:492-499. [PMID: 31195405 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-019-0451-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilirubin encephalopathy, the most serious complication of hyperbilirubinemia during the neonatal period, with high mortality and morbidity, often causes irreversible neurological damage. Currently, caspase-1, a member of the cysteinyl aspartate-specific protease caspase family, is regarded as a key mediator of inflammatory processes, attracting widespread attention. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether caspase-1 is involved in bilirubin-induced neuronal injury. METHODS VX-765, a highly potent and selective inhibitor of caspase-1, was used to investigate the effects of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) on rat cortical neurons, including cell viability, morphological changes in the cell membrane, and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation. RESULTS Neurons treated with UCB showed increased caspase-1 activity without the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, and caspase-1 was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with VX-765. The cell viability of the VX-765-pretreated neurons was improved, and cell membrane rupture was prevented, as detected by lactate dehydrogenase release and ethidium bromide uptake. Moreover, NF-κB activation by UCB exposure, was attenuated by VX-765 pretreatment. CONCLUSION Bilirubin-induced neuronal injury involves the activation of caspase-1 and NF-κB, leading to membrane leakage, independently of IL-1β and IL-18.
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韦 倩, 冯 洁, 何 春, 华 子. [Role of caspase-1 activation in bilirubin-induced injury in cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2018; 38:567-571. [PMID: 29891453 PMCID: PMC6743908 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2018.05.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of caspase-1 activation in bilirubin-induced neuronal injury and the protective effect of VX-765 against bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity in cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons. METHODS Cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons were exposed to DMSO (control group), 50 µmol/L bilirubin, or 50 µmol/L bilirubin 1 h after 50 µmol/L VX-765 treatment. The expressions of NLRP3 and caspase-1 in the neurons were detected by Western blotting, and the relative cell survival and death rates were assessed with a modified MTT assay, lactate dehydrogenase assay and Typan blue staining. Interleukin-18 (IL-18) concentration in the culture supernatant was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons, bilirubin exposure for 3 and 6 h caused significant increases in the expressions of NLRP3 and activated caspase-1 compared with those in the control group (P<0.05). Pretreatment of the cells with VX-765 obviously suppressed bilirubin-induced activation of caspase-1 (P<0.05). The relative survival rate of the neurons was (84.02∓2.31)% in VX-765 intervention group, significantly higher than that in bilirubin group (P<0.05) but lower than that in the control group (P<0.05); LDH release rate in VX-765 intervention group was (10.78∓1.58)%, significantly lower than that in bilirubin group (P<0.05) but higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). The cell death rate in VX-765 intervention group was (5.58∓1.23)%, significantly lower than that in bilirubin group (P<0.05) but higher than that in the control group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION In cultured primary rat hippocampal neurons, caspase-1 activation plays a role in bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity, and VX-765 treatment provides protection against bilirubin-induced neuronal injury by inhibiting caspase-1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 倩 韦
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿科//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//认知发育与学习记忆障碍转化医学重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 洁 冯
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿科//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//认知发育与学习记忆障碍转化医学重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 春梅 何
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿科//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//认知发育与学习记忆障碍转化医学重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - 子瑜 华
- />重庆医科大学附属儿童医院新生儿科//儿童发育疾病研究教育部重点实验室//儿童发育重大疾病国家国际科技合作基地//认知发育与学习记忆障碍转化医学重庆市重点实验室, 重庆 400014Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing 400014, China
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Wang Y, Li L, Deng S, Liu F, He Z. Ursolic Acid Ameliorates Inflammation in Cerebral Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury Possibly via High Mobility Group Box 1/Toll-Like Receptor 4/NFκB Pathway. Front Neurol 2018; 9:253. [PMID: 29867706 PMCID: PMC5968106 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play key roles in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury by inducing the production of inflammatory mediators, such as interleukins (ILs) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). According to recent studies, ursolic acid (UA) regulates TLR signaling and exhibits notable anti-inflammatory properties. In the present study, we explored the mechanism by which UA regulates inflammation in the rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model. The MCAO/R model was induced in male Sprague–Dawley rats (MCAO for 2 h, followed by reperfusion for 48 h). UA was administered intragastrically at 0.5, 24, and 47 h after reperfusion. The direct high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) inhibitor glycyrrhizin (GL) was injected intravenously after 0.5 h of ischemia as a positive control. The degree of brain damage was estimated using the neurological deficit score, infarct volume, histopathological changes, and neuronal apoptosis. We assessed IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels to evaluate post-ischemic inflammation. HMGB1 and TLR4 expression and phosphorylation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (NFκB) were also examined to explore the underlying mechanism. UA (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the neurological deficit scores, infarct volume, apoptotic cells, and IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 concentrations. The infarct area ratio was reduced by (33.07 ± 1.74), (27.05 ± 1.13), (27.49 ± 1.87), and (39.74 ± 2.14)% in the 10 and 20 mg/kg UA, GL, and control groups, respectively. Furthermore, UA (10 and 20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased HMGB1 release and the TLR4 level and inactivated NFκB signaling. Thus, the effects of intragastric administration of 20 mg/kg of UA and 10 mg/kg of GL were similar. We provide novel evidence that UA reduces inflammatory cytokine production to protect the brain from cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury possibly through the HMGB1/TLR4/NFκB signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzhe Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shumin Deng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhiyi He
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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11
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Feng J, Li M, Wei Q, Li S, Song S, Hua Z. Unconjugated bilirubin induces pyroptosis in cultured rat cortical astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2018; 15:23. [PMID: 29357878 PMCID: PMC5776766 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-018-1064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (BIND), a severe complication of extreme neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, could develop into permanent neurodevelopmental impairments. Several studies have demonstrated that inflammation and nerve cell death play important roles in bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity; however, the underlying mechanism remains unidentified. Methods The present study was intended to investigate whether pyroptosis, a highly inflammatory form of programmed cell death, participated in the bilirubin-mediated toxicity on cultured rat cortical astrocytes. Further, VX-765, a potent and selective competitive drug, was used to inhibit the activation of caspase-1. The effects of VX-765 on astrocytes treated with bilirubin, including the cell viability, morphological changes of the cell membrane and nucleus, and the production of pro-inflammation cytokines, were observed. Results Stimulation of the astrocytes with unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) at the conditions mimicking those of jaundiced newborns significantly increased the activation of caspase-1. Further, caspase-1 activation was inhibited by treatment with VX-765. Compared with UCB-treated astrocytes, the relative cell viability of VX-765-pretreated astrocytes was improved; meanwhile, the formation of plasma membrane pores was prevented, as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release, trypan blue staining, and ethidium bromide (EtBr) uptake. Moreover, DNA fragmentation was partly attenuated and the release of IL-1β and IL-18 was apparently decreased. Conclusion Pyroptosis is involved in the process of UCB-induced rat cortical astrocytes’ injury in vitro and may be the missing link of cell death and inflammatory response exacerbating UCB-related neurotoxicity. More importantly, the depression of caspase-1 activation, the core link of pyroptosis, attenuated UCB-induced cellular dysfunction and cytokine release, which might shed light on a new therapeutic approach to BIND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Mengwen Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Wei
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Medical Research in Cognitive Development and Learning and Memory Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Shengjun Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Sijie Song
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China.,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyu Hua
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, China. .,China International Science and Technology Cooperation base of Child development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing, China.
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Li J, Ma J, Wang KS, Mi C, Wang Z, Piao LX, Xu GH, Li X, Lee JJ, Jin X. Baicalein inhibits TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation and expression of NF-κB-regulated target gene products. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:2771-2776. [PMID: 27667548 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) transcription factors control many physiological processes including inflammation, immunity, apoptosis and angiogenesis. In our search for NF-κB inhibitors from natural resources, we identified baicalein from Scutellaria baicalensis as an inhibitor of NF-κB activation. As examined by the NF-κB luciferase reporter assay, we found that baicalein suppressed TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in a dose-dependent manner. It also inhibited TNF-α-induced nuclear translocation of p65 through inhibition of phosphorylation and degradation of IκBα. Furthermore, baicalein blocked the TNF-α-induced expression of NF-κB target genes involved in anti-apoptosis (cIAP-1, cIAP-2, FLIP and BCL-2), proliferation (COX-2, cyclin D1 and c-Myc), invasion (MMP‑9), angiogenesis (VEGF) and major inflammatory cytokines (IL-8 and MCP1). The flow cytometric analysis indicated that baicalein potentiated TNF-α-induced apoptosis and induced G1 phase arrest in HeLa cells. Moreover, baicalein significantly blocked activation of p38, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). Our results imply that baicalein could be a lead compound for the modulation of inflammatory diseases as well as certain cancers in which inhibition of NF-κB activity may be desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Juan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Ke Si Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Chunliu Mi
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Lian Xun Piao
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Guang Hua Xu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Xuezheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Jung Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jin
- Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Ministry of Education, Molecular Cancer Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin 133002, P.R. China
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