1
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Natural products from Brazilian biodiversity identified as potential inhibitors of PknA and PknB of M. tuberculosis using molecular modeling tools. Comput Biol Med 2021; 136:104694. [PMID: 34365277 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2021.104694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis was discovered in 1882 by Robert Koch but, since its discovery, the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic has endured, being one of the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Drug-resistant TB continues to be a public health threat and bioactive compounds with a new mode of action (MoA) are needed to overcome this. Since natural products are described as important sources for the development of new drugs, the objective of this work was to identify potential ligands from Brazilian natural products (NPs) for M. tuberculosis targets using molecular modeling tools. Using chemogenomics we identified the Serine/Threonine Protein Kinase PknB as a putative target for 13 NPs from a database from Brazilian biodiversity (NuBBE). Literature data supported further investigation of NuBBE105, NuBBE598, NuBBE936, NuBBE964, NuBBE1045, and NuBBE1180 by molecular docking and dynamics. Key interactions were observed with PknB and simulations confirmed stability and favorable binding energies. Considering structural similarity with PknB, we further explored binding of the NPs to PknA, critical for M. tuberculosis survival, and all of them resembled important interactions with the enzyme, showing stable and favorable binding energies, whilst van der Waals interactions seem to play a key role for binding to PknA and PknB. NuBBE936 and NuBBE1180 have already had their antimycobacterial activity reported and our results can provide a basis for their MoA. Finally, the other NPs which have not been tested against M. tuberculosis deserve further investigation, aiming at the discovery of antimycobacterial drug candidates with innovative MoA.
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2
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Pyrazinamide Susceptibility Is Driven by Activation of the SigE-Dependent Cell Envelope Stress Response in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. mBio 2021; 13:e0043921. [PMID: 35100871 PMCID: PMC8805019 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00439-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazinamide (PZA) plays a crucial role in first-line tuberculosis drug therapy. Unlike other antimicrobial agents, PZA is active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis only at low pH. The basis for this conditional drug susceptibility remains undefined. In this study, we utilized a genome-wide approach to interrogate potentiation of PZA action. We found that mutations in numerous genes involved in central metabolism as well as cell envelope maintenance and stress response are associated with PZA resistance. Further, we demonstrate that constitutive activation of the cell envelope stress response can drive PZA susceptibility independent of environmental pH. Consequently, exposure to peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors, such as beta-lactams and d-cycloserine, potentiate PZA action through triggering this response. These findings illuminate a regulatory mechanism for conditional PZA susceptibility and reveal new avenues for enhancing potency of this important drug through targeting activation of the cell envelope stress response. IMPORTANCE For decades, pyrazinamide has served as a cornerstone of tuberculosis therapy. Unlike any other antitubercular drug, pyrazinamide requires an acidic environment to exert its action. Despite its importance, the driver of this conditional susceptibility has remained unknown. In this study, a genome-wide approach revealed that pyrazinamide action is governed by the cell envelope stress response. This observation was validated by orthologous approaches that demonstrate that a central player of this response, SigE, is both necessary and sufficient for potentiation of pyrazinamide action. Moreover, constitutive activation of this response through deletion of the anti-sigma factor gene rseA or exposure of bacilli to drugs that target the cell wall was found to potently drive pyrazinamide susceptibility independent of environmental pH. These findings force a paradigm shift in our understanding of pyrazinamide action and open new avenues for improving diagnostic and therapeutic tools for tuberculosis.
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3
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Grover S, Engelhart CA, Pérez-Herrán E, Li W, Abrahams KA, Papavinasasundaram K, Bean JM, Sassetti CM, Mendoza-Losana A, Besra GS, Jackson M, Schnappinger D. Two-Way Regulation of MmpL3 Expression Identifies and Validates Inhibitors of MmpL3 Function in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:141-152. [PMID: 33319550 PMCID: PMC7802072 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
MmpL3,
an essential mycolate transporter in the inner membrane
of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), has been identified as a target of multiple, chemically diverse
antitubercular drugs. However, several of these molecules seem to
have secondary targets and inhibit bacterial growth by more than one
mechanism. Here, we describe a cell-based assay that utilizes two-way
regulation of MmpL3 expression to readily identify MmpL3-specific
inhibitors. We successfully used this assay to identify a novel guanidine-based
MmpL3 inhibitor from a library of 220 compounds that inhibit growth
of Mtb by largely unknown mechanisms. We furthermore
identified inhibitors of cytochrome bc1-aa3 oxidase as one class of off-target hits in whole-cell screens for
MmpL3 inhibitors and report a novel sulfanylacetamide as a potential
QcrB inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Grover
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Curtis A. Engelhart
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Esther Pérez-Herrán
- TB Research Unit, Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Wei Li
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Katherine A. Abrahams
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Kadamba Papavinasasundaram
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - James M. Bean
- Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655, United States
| | - Alfonso Mendoza-Losana
- TB Research Unit, Global Health R&D, GlaxoSmithKline, Severo Ochoa 2, Tres Cantos, Madrid 28760, Spain
| | - Gurdyal S. Besra
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biological Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Dirk Schnappinger
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
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4
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Djorić D, Minton NE, Kristich CJ. The enterococcal PASTA kinase: A sentinel for cell envelope stress. Mol Oral Microbiol 2020; 36:132-144. [PMID: 32945615 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive, opportunistic pathogens that reside throughout the gastrointestinal tracts of most terrestrial organisms. Enterococci are resistant to many antibiotics, which makes enterococcal infections difficult to treat. Enterococci are also particularly hardy bacteria that can tolerate a variety of environmental stressors. Understanding how enterococci sense and respond to the extracellular environment to enact adaptive biological responses may identify new targets that can be exploited for development of treatments for enterococcal infections. Bacterial eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases (eSTKs) and cognate phosphatases (STPs) are important signaling systems that mediate biological responses to extracellular stimuli. Some bacterial eSTKs are transmembrane proteins that contain a series of extracellular repeats of the penicillin-binding and Ser/Thr kinase-associated (PASTA) domain, leading to their designation as "PASTA kinases." Enterococcal genomes encode a single PASTA kinase and its cognate phosphatase. Investigations of the enterococcal PASTA kinase revealed its importance in resistance to antibiotics and other cell wall stresses, in enterococcal colonization of the mammalian gut, clues about its mechanism of signal transduction, and its integration with other enterococcal signal transduction systems. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge of PASTA kinase signaling in enterococci and describe important gaps that still need to be addressed to provide a better understanding of this important signaling system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušanka Djorić
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Nicole E Minton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Christopher J Kristich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Infectious Disease Research, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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5
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Alqaseer K, Turapov O, Barthe P, Jagatia H, De Visch A, Roumestand C, Wegrzyn M, Bartek IL, Voskuil MI, O'Hare HM, Ajuh P, Bottrill AR, Witney AA, Cohen-Gonsaud M, Waddell SJ, Mukamolova GV. Protein kinase B controls Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth via phosphorylation of the transcriptional regulator Lsr2 at threonine 112. Mol Microbiol 2019; 112:1847-1862. [PMID: 31562654 PMCID: PMC6906086 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is able to persist in the body through months of multi‐drug therapy. Mycobacteria possess a wide range of regulatory proteins, including the protein kinase B (PknB) which controls peptidoglycan biosynthesis during growth. Here, we observed that depletion of PknB resulted in specific transcriptional changes that are likely caused by reduced phosphorylation of the H‐NS‐like regulator Lsr2 at threonine 112. The activity of PknB towards this phosphosite was confirmed with purified proteins, and this site was required for adaptation of Mtb to hypoxic conditions, and growth on solid media. Like H‐NS, Lsr2 binds DNA in sequence‐dependent and non‐specific modes. PknB phosphorylation of Lsr2 reduced DNA binding, measured by fluorescence anisotropy and electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and our NMR structure of phosphomimetic T112D Lsr2 suggests that this may be due to increased dynamics of the DNA‐binding domain. Conversely, the phosphoablative T112A Lsr2 had increased binding to certain DNA sites in ChIP‐sequencing, and Mtb containing this variant showed transcriptional changes that correspond with the change in DNA binding. In summary, PknB controls Mtb growth and adaptations to the changing host environment by phosphorylating the global transcriptional regulator Lsr2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kawther Alqaseer
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 9HN, UK.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Nursing, University of Kufa, Najaf Governorate, P.O. Box 21, Kufa, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Obolbek Turapov
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 9HN, UK
| | - Philippe Barthe
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Heena Jagatia
- Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Angélique De Visch
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Roumestand
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Malgorzata Wegrzyn
- Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Iona L Bartek
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Martin I Voskuil
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Helen M O'Hare
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 9HN, UK.,LISCB, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Paul Ajuh
- Gemini Biosciences Ltd, Liverpool Science Park, Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
| | - Andrew R Bottrill
- Protein Nucleic Acid Laboratory, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Adam A Witney
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon J Waddell
- Wellcome Trust Brighton and Sussex Centre for Global Health Research, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9PX, UK
| | - Galina V Mukamolova
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE2 9HN, UK
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6
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Hegemann JD, Shi L, Gross ML, van der Donk WA. Mechanistic Studies of the Kinase Domains of Class IV Lanthipeptide Synthetases. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1583-1592. [PMID: 31243957 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lanthipeptides, which belong to the superfamily of ribosomally synthesized and posttranslationally modified peptides (RiPPs), are associated with various interesting biological activities. Lanthipeptides can be subdivided into four classes that are defined by the characteristics of the corresponding posttranslational modification enzymes. Class IV lanthipeptide synthetases consist of an N-terminal lyase, a central kinase, and a C-terminal cyclase domain. Here, we present the first in-depth characterization of such a kinase domain from the globisporin maturation enzyme SgbL that originates from Streptomyces globisporus sp. NRRL B-2293. Catalytic residues were identified by alignments with homologues and structural modeling. Their roles were confirmed by employing proteins with Ala substitutions in in vitro modification and fluorescence polarization binding assays. Furthermore, the protein region that is binding the leader peptide was identified by hydrogen-deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry experiments. By fusion of this protein region to the maltose binding protein, a protein was generated that can specifically bind the SgbA leader peptide, albeit with reduced binding affinity compared to that of full length SgbL. Combined, the results of this study provide a firmer grasp of how lanthipeptide biosynthesis is accomplished by class IV synthetases and suggest by homology analysis that biosynthetic mechanisms are similar in class III lanthipeptide processing enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian D. Hegemann
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Liuqing Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Michael L. Gross
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Wilfred A. van der Donk
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 South Mathews Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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7
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Bellinzoni M, Wehenkel AM, Durán R, Alzari PM. Novel mechanistic insights into physiological signaling pathways mediated by mycobacterial Ser/Thr protein kinases. Microbes Infect 2019; 21:222-229. [PMID: 31254628 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is known to be one of the keystones of signal sensing and transduction in all living organisms. Once thought to be essentially confined to the eukaryotic kingdoms, reversible phosphorylation on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues, has now been shown to play a major role in many prokaryotes, where the number of Ser/Thr protein kinases (STPKs) equals or even exceeds that of two component systems. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of tuberculosis, is one of the most studied organisms for the role of STPK-mediated signaling in bacteria. Driven by the interest and tractability of these enzymes as potential therapeutic targets, extensive studies revealed the remarkable conservation of protein kinases and their cognate phosphatases across evolution, and their involvement in bacterial physiology and virulence. Here, we present an overview of the current knowledge of mycobacterial STPKs structures and kinase activation mechanisms, and we then focus on PknB and PknG, two well-characterized STPKs that are essential for the intracellular survival of the bacillus. We summarize the mechanistic evidence that links PknB to the regulation of peptidoglycan synthesis in cell division and morphogenesis, and the major findings that establishes PknG as a master regulator of central carbon and nitrogen metabolism. Two decades after the discovery of STPKs in M. tuberculosis, the emerging landscape of O-phosphosignaling is starting to unveil how eukaryotic-like kinases can be engaged in unique, non-eukaryotic-like, signaling mechanisms in mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bellinzoni
- Unit of Structural Microbiology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Anne Marie Wehenkel
- Unit of Structural Microbiology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Rosario Durán
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Mataojo 2020, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay
| | - Pedro M Alzari
- Unit of Structural Microbiology, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528 & Université Paris Diderot, 25 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France.
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8
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Henry C, Haller L, Blein-Nicolas M, Zivy M, Canette A, Verbrugghe M, Mézange C, Boulay M, Gardan R, Samson S, Martin V, André-Leroux G, Monnet V. Identification of Hanks-Type Kinase PknB-Specific Targets in the Streptococcus thermophilus Phosphoproteome. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1329. [PMID: 31275266 PMCID: PMC6593474 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation especially on serine/threonine/tyrosine residues are frequent in many bacteria. This post-translational modification has been associated with pathogenicity and virulence in various species. However, only few data have been produced so far on generally recognized as safe bacteria used in food fermentations. A family of kinases known as Hanks-type kinases is suspected to be responsible for, at least, a part of these phosphorylations in eukaryotes as in bacteria. The objective of our work was to establish the first phosphoproteome of Streptococcus thermophilus, a lactic acid bacterium widely used in dairy fermentations in order to identified the proteins and pathways tagged by Ser/Thr/Tyr phosphorylations. In addition, we have evaluated the role in this process of the only Hanks-type kinase encoded in the S. thermophilus genome. We have constructed a mutant defective for the Hanks type kinase in S. thermophilus and established the proteomes and phosphoproteomes of the wild type and the mutant strains. To do that, we have enriched our samples in phosphopeptides with titane beads and used dimethyl tags to compare phosphopeptide abundances. Peptides and phosphopeptides were analyzed on a last generation LC-MS/MS system. We have identified and quantified 891 proteins representing half of the theoretical proteome. Among these proteins, 106 contained phosphorylated peptides. Various functional groups of proteins (amino acid, carbon and nucleotide metabolism, translation, cell cycle, stress response, …) were found phosphorylated. The phosphoproteome was only weakly reduced in the Hanks-type kinase mutant indicating that this enzyme is only one of the players in the phosphorylation process. The proteins that are modified by the Hanks-type kinase mainly belong to the divisome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Henry
- Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Lucia Haller
- Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Micalis Institute, ComBac, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mélisande Blein-Nicolas
- PAPPSO, GQE - Le Moulon, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michel Zivy
- PAPPSO, GQE - Le Moulon, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alexis Canette
- Micalis Institute, MIMA2, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Morgane Verbrugghe
- Micalis Institute, ComBac, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Christine Mézange
- Micalis Institute, ComBac, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mylène Boulay
- Micalis Institute, ComBac, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Rozenn Gardan
- Micalis Institute, ComBac, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Samantha Samson
- MaIAGE, INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | | | - Véronique Monnet
- Micalis Institute, PAPPSO, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.,Micalis Institute, ComBac, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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9
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Bellinzoni M, Wehenkel AM, Durán R, Alzari PM. Novel mechanistic insights into physiological signaling pathways mediated by mycobacterial Ser/Thr protein kinases. Genes Immun 2019; 20:383-393. [DOI: 10.1038/s41435-019-0069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Kaur P, Rausch M, Malakar B, Watson U, Damle NP, Chawla Y, Srinivasan S, Sharma K, Schneider T, Jhingan GD, Saini D, Mohanty D, Grein F, Nandicoori VK. LipidII interaction with specific residues of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PknB extracytoplasmic domain governs its optimal activation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1231. [PMID: 30874556 PMCID: PMC6428115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Mycobacterium tuberculosis kinase PknB is essential for growth and survival of the pathogen in vitro and in vivo. Here we report the results of our efforts to elucidate the mechanism of regulation of PknB activity. The specific residues in the PknB extracytoplasmic domain that are essential for ligand interaction and survival of the bacterium are identified. The extracytoplasmic domain interacts with mDAP-containing LipidII, and this is abolished upon mutation of the ligand-interacting residues. Abrogation of ligand-binding or sequestration of the ligand leads to aberrant localization of PknB. Contrary to the prevailing hypothesis, abrogation of ligand-binding is linked to activation loop hyperphosphorylation, and indiscriminate hyperphosphorylation of PknB substrates as well as other proteins, ultimately causing loss of homeostasis and cell death. We propose that the ligand-kinase interaction directs the appropriate localization of the kinase, coupled to stringently controlled activation of PknB, and consequently the downstream processes thereof. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis kinase PknB regulates essential cell functions via interactions with muropeptides. Here the authors identify interaction sites in the extracytoplasmic PASTA domain and show that abrogation of ligand binding leads to a hyper-activated kinase, causing loss of homeostasis and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhjot Kaur
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Marvin Rausch
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53105, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, 53105, Germany
| | - Basanti Malakar
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Uchenna Watson
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Nikhil P Damle
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.,BIOSS, Center for Biological Signaling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Yogesh Chawla
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, 10065, NY, USA
| | - Sandhya Srinivasan
- Vproteomics, Valerian Chem Private Limited, Green Park Main, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Kanika Sharma
- Vproteomics, Valerian Chem Private Limited, Green Park Main, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Tanja Schneider
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53105, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, 53105, Germany
| | - Gagan Deep Jhingan
- Vproteomics, Valerian Chem Private Limited, Green Park Main, New Delhi, 110016, India
| | - Deepak Saini
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, 560012, India
| | - Debasisa Mohanty
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Fabian Grein
- Institute for Pharmaceutical Microbiology, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, 53105, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, 53105, Germany
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11
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Rittershaus ESC, Baek SH, Krieger IV, Nelson SJ, Cheng YS, Nambi S, Baker RE, Leszyk JD, Shaffer SA, Sacchettini JC, Sassetti CM. A Lysine Acetyltransferase Contributes to the Metabolic Adaptation to Hypoxia in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1495-1505.e3. [PMID: 30318462 PMCID: PMC6309504 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Upon inhibition of respiration, which occurs in hypoxic or nitric oxide-containing host microenvironments, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) adopts a non-replicating "quiescent" state and becomes relatively unresponsive to antibiotic treatment. We used comprehensive mutant fitness analysis to identify regulatory and metabolic pathways that are essential for the survival of quiescent Mtb. This genetic study identified a protein acetyltransferase (Mt-Pat/Rv0998) that promoted survival and altered the flux of carbon from oxidative to reductive tricarboxylic acid (TCA) reactions. Reductive TCA requires malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and maintains the redox state of the NAD+/NADH pool. Genetic or chemical inhibition of MDH resulted in rapid cell death in both hypoxic cultures and in murine lung. These phenotypic data, in conjunction with significant structural differences between human and mycobacterial MDH enzymes that could be exploited for drug development, suggest a new strategy for eradicating quiescent bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S. C. Rittershaus
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Seung-Hun Baek
- Department of Microbiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul Korea
| | - Inna V. Krieger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Samantha J. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Subhalaxmi Nambi
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Richard E. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - John D. Leszyk
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - Scott A. Shaffer
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
| | - James C. Sacchettini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics. Texas A&M University. College Station, TX. 77843 USA
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School. Worcester, MA. 01650 USA
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12
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Turapov O, Forti F, Kadhim B, Ghisotti D, Sassine J, Straatman-Iwanowska A, Bottrill AR, Moynihan PJ, Wallis R, Barthe P, Cohen-Gonsaud M, Ajuh P, Vollmer W, Mukamolova GV. Two Faces of CwlM, an Essential PknB Substrate, in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Rep 2018; 25:57-67.e5. [PMID: 30282038 PMCID: PMC6180346 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis claims >1 million lives annually, and its causative agent Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a highly successful pathogen. Protein kinase B (PknB) is reported to be critical for mycobacterial growth. Here, we demonstrate that PknB-depleted M. tuberculosis can replicate normally and can synthesize peptidoglycan in an osmoprotective medium. Comparative phosphoproteomics of PknB-producing and PknB-depleted mycobacteria identify CwlM, an essential regulator of peptidoglycan synthesis, as a major PknB substrate. Our complementation studies of a cwlM mutant of M. tuberculosis support CwlM phosphorylation as a likely molecular basis for PknB being essential for mycobacterial growth. We demonstrate that growing mycobacteria produce two forms of CwlM: a non-phosphorylated membrane-associated form and a PknB-phosphorylated cytoplasmic form. Furthermore, we show that the partner proteins for the phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated forms of CwlM are FhaA, a fork head-associated domain protein, and MurJ, a proposed lipid II flippase, respectively. From our results, we propose a model in which CwlM potentially regulates both the biosynthesis of peptidoglycan precursors and their transport across the cytoplasmic membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obolbek Turapov
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Francesca Forti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Baleegh Kadhim
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; Biology Department, College of Science, University of Al-Qadisiyah, Al-Diwaniyah 58002, Iraq
| | - Daniela Ghisotti
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Jad Sassine
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Anna Straatman-Iwanowska
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Core Biotechnology Services, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Andrew R Bottrill
- Protein Nucleic Acid Laboratory, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Patrick J Moynihan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Russell Wallis
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK; The Leicester Institute of Structural and Chemical Biology, Henry Wellcome Building, University of Leicester, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 7HB, UK
| | - Philippe Barthe
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Martin Cohen-Gonsaud
- Centre de Biochimie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier 34090, France
| | - Paul Ajuh
- Gemini Biosciences, Liverpool Science Park, Liverpool L3 5TF, UK
| | - Waldemar Vollmer
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4AX, UK
| | - Galina V Mukamolova
- Leicester Tuberculosis Research Group, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK.
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13
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Khan MZ, Kaur P, Nandicoori VK. Targeting the messengers: Serine/threonine protein kinases as potential targets for antimycobacterial drug development. IUBMB Life 2018; 70:889-904. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehak Zahoor Khan
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi India
| | - Prabhjot Kaur
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg; New Delhi India
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14
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Zucchini L, Mercy C, Garcia PS, Cluzel C, Gueguen-Chaignon V, Galisson F, Freton C, Guiral S, Brochier-Armanet C, Gouet P, Grangeasse C. PASTA repeats of the protein kinase StkP interconnect cell constriction and separation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Nat Microbiol 2018; 3:197-209. [PMID: 29203882 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-017-0069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases (eSTKs) with extracellular PASTA repeats are key membrane regulators of bacterial cell division. How PASTA repeats govern eSTK activation and function remains elusive. Using evolution- and structural-guided approaches combined with cell imaging, we disentangle the role of each PASTA repeat of the eSTK StkP from Streptococcus pneumoniae. While the three membrane-proximal PASTA repeats behave as interchangeable modules required for the activation of StkP independently of cell wall binding, they also control the septal cell wall thickness. In contrast, the fourth and membrane-distal PASTA repeat directs StkP localization at the division septum and encompasses a specific motif that is critical for final cell separation through interaction with the cell wall hydrolase LytB. We propose a model in which the extracellular four-PASTA domain of StkP plays a dual function in interconnecting the phosphorylation of StkP endogenous targets along with septal cell wall remodelling to allow cell division of the pneumococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Zucchini
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Chryslène Mercy
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Pierre Simon Garcia
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Caroline Cluzel
- Laboratoire de Biologie Tissulaire et d'Ingénierie Thérapeutique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Virginie Gueguen-Chaignon
- Protein Science Facility, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Biosciences/UMS3444/US8, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, INSERM, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Frédéric Galisson
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Freton
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Sébastien Guiral
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Céline Brochier-Armanet
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Patrice Gouet
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Grangeasse
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Lyon, France.
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15
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Pompeo F, Byrne D, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Galinier A. Dual regulation of activity and intracellular localization of the PASTA kinase PrkC during Bacillus subtilis growth. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1660. [PMID: 29374241 PMCID: PMC5786024 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20145-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of the PrkC protein kinase is regulated in a sophisticated manner in Bacillus subtilis cells. In spores, in the presence of muropeptides, PrkC stimulates dormancy exit. The extracellular region containing PASTA domains binds peptidoglycan fragments to probably enhance the intracellular kinase activity. During exponential growth, the cell division protein GpsB interacts with the intracellular domain of PrkC to stimulate its activity. In this paper, we have reinvestigated the regulation of PrkC during exponential and stationary phases. We observed that, during exponential growth, neither its septal localization nor its activity are influenced by the addition of peptidoglycan fragments or by the deletion of one or all PASTA domains. However, Dynamic Light Scattering experiments suggest that peptidoglycan fragments bind specifically to PrkC and induce its oligomerization. In addition, during stationary phase, PrkC appeared evenly distributed in the cell wall and the deletion of one or all PASTA domains led to a non-activated kinase. We conclude that PrkC activation is not as straightforward as previously suggested and that regulation of its kinase activity via the PASTA domains and peptidoglycan fragments binding occurs when PrkC is not concentrated to the bacterial septum, but all over the cell wall in non-dividing bacillus cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérique Pompeo
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, IMM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009, Marseille, France.
| | - Deborah Byrne
- Protein Expression Facility, IMM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Dominique Mengin-Lecreulx
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ Paris-Sud and Université Paris-Saclay, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anne Galinier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne, UMR 7283, IMM, CNRS, Aix Marseille Univ, 31 Chemin Joseph Aiguier, 13009, Marseille, France
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16
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Righino B, Galisson F, Pirolli D, Vitale S, Réty S, Gouet P, De Rosa MC. Structural model of the full-length Ser/Thr protein kinase StkP from S. pneumoniae and its recognition of peptidoglycan fragments. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:3666-3679. [PMID: 29057709 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1395767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The unique eukaryotic-like Ser/Thr protein kinases of Streptococcus pneumoniae, StkP, plays a primary role in the cell division process. It is composed of an intracellular kinase domain, a transmembrane helix and four extracellular PASTA subunits. PASTA domains were shown to interact with cell wall fragments but the key questions related to the molecular mechanism governing ligand recognition remain unclear. To address this issue, the full-length structural model of StkP was generated by combining small-angle X-ray scattering data with the results of computer simulations. Docking and molecular dynamics studies on the generated three-dimensional model structure reveal the possibility of peptidoglycan fragment binding at the hinge regions between PASTA subunits with a preference for a bent hinge between PASTA3 and PASTA4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Righino
- a Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , L.go F. Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Frédéric Galisson
- b Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Institute , UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon , Cedex 7, Lyon F-69367 , France
| | - Davide Pirolli
- a Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , L.go F. Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy.,c Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) , CNR c/o Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore L.go F , Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Serena Vitale
- a Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica , Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore , L.go F. Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy
| | - Stéphane Réty
- b Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Institute , UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon , Cedex 7, Lyon F-69367 , France
| | - Patrice Gouet
- b Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry Institute , UMR5086 CNRS Univ-Lyon , Cedex 7, Lyon F-69367 , France
| | - Maria Cristina De Rosa
- c Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare (ICRM) , CNR c/o Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore L.go F , Vito 1, Rome 00168 , Italy
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17
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Growth- and Stress-Induced PASTA Kinase Phosphorylation in Enterococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol 2017; 199:JB.00363-17. [PMID: 28808126 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00363-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane Ser/Thr kinases containing extracellular PASTA domains are ubiquitous among Actinobacteria and Firmicutes Such PASTA kinases regulate critical processes, including antibiotic resistance, cell division, toxin production, and virulence, and are essential for viability in certain organisms. Based on in vitro studies with purified extracellular and intracellular fragments of PASTA kinases, a model for signaling has been proposed, in which the extracellular PASTA domains bind currently undefined ligands (typically thought to be peptidoglycan, or fragments thereof) to drive kinase dimerization, which leads to enhanced kinase autophosphorylation and enhanced phosphorylation of substrates. However, this model has not been rigorously tested in vivoEnterococcus faecalis is a Gram-positive intestinal commensal and major antibiotic-resistant opportunistic pathogen. In E. faecalis, the PASTA kinase IreK drives intrinsic resistance to cell wall-active antimicrobials, suggesting that such antimicrobials may trigger IreK signaling. Here we show that IreK responds to cell wall stress in vivo by enhancing its phosphorylation and that of a downstream substrate. This response requires both the extracellular PASTA domains and specific phosphorylatable residues in the kinase domain. Thus, our results provide in vivo evidence, with an intact full-length PASTA kinase in its native physiological environment, that supports the prevailing model of PASTA kinase signaling. In addition, we show that IreK responds to a signal associated with growth and/or cell division, in the absence of cell wall-active antimicrobials. Surprisingly, the ability of IreK to respond to growth and/or division does not require the extracellular PASTA domains, suggesting that IreK monitors multiple parameters for sensory input in vivoIMPORTANCE Transmembrane Ser/Thr kinases containing extracellular PASTA domains are ubiquitous among Actinobacteria and Firmicutes and regulate critical processes. The prevailing model for signaling by PASTA kinases proposes that the extracellular PASTA domains bind ligands to drive kinase dimerization, enhanced autophosphorylation, and enhanced phosphorylation of substrates. However, this model has not been rigorously tested in vivo We show that the PASTA kinase IreK of Enterococcus faecalis responds to cell wall stress in vivo by enhancing its phosphorylation and that of a downstream substrate. This response requires the PASTA domains and phosphorylatable residues in the kinase domain. Thus, our results provide in vivo evidence, with an intact full-length PASTA kinase in its native physiological environment, that supports the prevailing model of PASTA kinase signaling.
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18
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Pensinger DA, Schaenzer AJ, Sauer JD. Do Shoot the Messenger: PASTA Kinases as Virulence Determinants and Antibiotic Targets. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:56-69. [PMID: 28734616 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
All domains of life utilize protein phosphorylation as a mechanism of signal transduction. In bacteria, protein phosphorylation was classically thought to be mediated exclusively by histidine kinases as part of two-component signaling systems. However, it is now well appreciated that eukaryotic-like serine/threonine kinases (eSTKs) control essential processes in bacteria. A subset of eSTKs are single-pass transmembrane proteins that have extracellular penicillin-binding-protein and serine/threonine kinase-associated (PASTA) domains which bind muropeptides. In a variety of important pathogens, PASTA kinases have been implicated in regulating biofilms, antibiotic resistance, and ultimately virulence. Although there are limited examples of direct regulation of virulence factors, PASTA kinases are critical for virulence due to their roles in regulating bacterial physiology in the context of stress. This review focuses on the role of PASTA kinases in virulence for a variety of important Gram-positive pathogens and concludes with a discussion of current efforts to develop kinase inhibitors as novel antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Pensinger
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Adam J Schaenzer
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Doctoral Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - John-Demian Sauer
- Microbiology Doctoral Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Doctoral Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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19
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Appunni S, Rajisha P, Rubens M, Chandana S, Singh HN, Swarup V. Targeting PknB, an eukaryotic-like serine/threonine protein kinase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with phytomolecules. Comput Biol Chem 2017; 67:200-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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