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Pan J, Pany S, Martinez-Carrasco R, Fini ME. Differential Efficacy of Small Molecules Dynasore and Mdivi-1 for the Treatment of Dry Eye Epitheliopathy or as a Countermeasure for Nitrogen Mustard Exposure of the Ocular Surface. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2024; 388:506-517. [PMID: 37442618 PMCID: PMC10801785 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.123.001697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The ocular surface comprises the wet mucosal epithelia of the cornea and conjunctiva, the associated glands, and the overlying tear film. Epitheliopathy is the common pathologic outcome when the ocular surface is subjected to oxidative stress. Whether different stresses act via the same or different mechanisms is not known. Dynasore and dyngo-4a, small molecules developed to inhibit the GTPase activity of classic dynamins DNM1, DNM2, and DNM3, but not mdivi-1, a specific inhibitor of DNM1L, protect corneal epithelial cells exposed to the oxidant tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBHP). Here we report that, while dyngo-4a is the more potent inhibitor of endocytosis, dynasore is the better cytoprotectant. Dynasore also protects corneal epithelial cells against exposure to high salt in an in vitro model of dysfunctional tears in dry eye. We now validate this finding in vivo, demonstrating that dynasore protects against epitheliopathy in a mouse model of dry eye. Knockdown of classic dynamin DNM2 was also cytoprotective against tBHP exposure, suggesting that dynasore's effect is at least partially on target. Like tBHP and high salt, exposure of corneal epithelial cells to nitrogen mustard upregulated the unfolded protein response and inflammatory markers, but dynasore did not protect against nitrogen mustard exposure. In contrast, mdivi-1 was cytoprotective. Interestingly, mdivi-1 did not inhibit the nitrogen mustard-induced expression of inflammatory cytokines. We conclude that exposure to tBHP or nitrogen mustard, two different oxidative stress agents, cause corneal epitheliopathy via different pathologic pathways. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Results presented in this paper, for the first time, implicate the dynamin DNM2 in ocular surface epitheliopathy. The findings suggest that dynasore could serve as a new topical treatment for dry eye epitheliopathy and that mdivi-1 could serve as a medical countermeasure for epitheliopathy due to nitrogen mustard exposure, with potentially increased efficacy when combined with anti-inflammatory agents and/or UPR modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhong Pan
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine (J.P., S.P., R.M.-C., M.E.F.) and Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (M.E.F.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Satyabrata Pany
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine (J.P., S.P., R.M.-C., M.E.F.) and Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (M.E.F.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Rafael Martinez-Carrasco
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine (J.P., S.P., R.M.-C., M.E.F.) and Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (M.E.F.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - M Elizabeth Fini
- New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine (J.P., S.P., R.M.-C., M.E.F.) and Program in Pharmacology and Drug Development, Tufts Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences (M.E.F.), Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts
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2
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Kameyama A. Eliminative Oximation of O-Glycans from Mucins. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2763:151-158. [PMID: 38347408 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3670-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
The large variety and high concentration of O-glycans are characteristic properties of mucins and play a crucial role in their unique functions. Analyzing the O-glycans of mucins is essential for investigating the functions of mucins. Eliminative oximation is an aqueous reaction that can be used to obtain O-glycan oximes from mucins. Using diazabicyclo undec-7ene (DBU) as a base, an organic superbase that can be removed with an organic solvent during solid-phase extraction, and adding hydroxylamine to the reaction mixture in advance, the O-glycans released from the mucin are immediately converted to the corresponding glycan oximes. The glycan oxime can then be fluorescently labeled with a fluorescent labeling reagent and 2-picoline borane via reductive amination. O-glycans that have been fluorescently labeled can be analyzed using conventional HPLC techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiko Kameyama
- Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.
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3
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Feng R, Zhang Z, Fan Q. Carbohydrate antigen 125 in congestive heart failure: ready for clinical application? Front Oncol 2023; 13:1161723. [PMID: 38023127 PMCID: PMC10644389 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1161723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Congestion is the permanent mechanism driving disease progression in patients with acute heart failure (AHF) and also is an important treatment target. However, distinguishing between the two different phenotypes (intravascular congestion and tissue congestion) for personalized treatment remains challenging. Historically, carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) has been a frequently used biomarker for the screening, diagnosis, and prognosis of ovarian cancer. Interestingly, CA125 is highly sensitive to tissue congestion and shows potential for clinical monitoring and optimal treatment of congestive heart failure (HF). Furthermore, in terms of right heart function parameters, CA125 levels are more advantageous than other biomarkers of HF. CA125 is expected to become a new biological alternative marker for congestive HF and thereby is expected be widely used in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Feng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Asian Heart Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhenlu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Asian Heart Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingkun Fan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Asian Heart Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Sun L, Zhang Y, Li W, Zhang J, Zhang Y. Mucin Glycans: A Target for Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2023; 28:7033. [PMID: 37894512 PMCID: PMC10609567 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28207033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucin glycans are an important component of the mucus barrier and a vital defence against physical and chemical damage as well as pathogens. There are 20 mucins in the human body, which can be classified into secreted mucins and transmembrane mucins according to their distributions. The major difference between them is that secreted mucins do not have transmembrane structural domains, and the expression of each mucin is organ and cell-specific. Under physiological conditions, mucin glycans are involved in the composition of the mucus barrier and thus protect the body from infection and injury. However, abnormal expression of mucin glycans can lead to the occurrence of diseases, especially cancer, through various mechanisms. Therefore, targeting mucin glycans for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer has always been a promising research direction. Here, we first summarize the main types of glycosylation (O-GalNAc glycosylation and N-glycosylation) on mucins and the mechanisms by which abnormal mucin glycans occur. Next, how abnormal mucin glycans contribute to cancer development is described. Finally, we summarize MUC1-based antibodies, vaccines, radio-pharmaceuticals, and CAR-T therapies using the best characterized MUC1 as an example. In this section, we specifically elaborate on the recent new cancer therapy CAR-M, which may bring new hope to cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingbo Sun
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Wenyan Li
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Medical College of Yan'an University, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yuecheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Technology and Detection of Yan'an, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
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5
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Martínez-Carrasco R, Argüeso P. Characterization of Cell Surface Glycan Profiles in Human and Mouse Corneas Using Lectin Microarrays. Cells 2023; 12:2356. [PMID: 37830569 PMCID: PMC10572028 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies has facilitated the profiling of glycosylation genes at a single-cell level in complex biological systems, but the significance of these gene signatures to the composition of the glycocalyx remains ambiguous. Here, we used lectin microarrays to characterize the composition of cell surface glycans in human and mouse corneas and determine its relationship to single-cell transcriptomic data. Our results identify a series of cell surface glycan signatures that are unique to the different cell types of the human cornea and that correlate, to a certain extent, with the transcriptional expression of glycosylation genes. These include pathways involved in the biosynthesis of O-glycans in epithelial cells and core fucose on stromal and endothelial cell surfaces. Moreover, we show that human and mouse corneas display some structural differences in terms of cell surface glycan composition. These results could provide insights into the specialized function of individual cell types in the cornea and foster the identification of novel cornea-specific biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Zhu L, Tang Y, Li XY, Kerk SA, Lyssiotis CA, Sun X, Wang Z, Cho JS, Ma J, Weiss SJ. Proteolytic regulation of a galectin-3/Lrp1 axis controls osteoclast-mediated bone resorption. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202206121. [PMID: 36880731 PMCID: PMC9998966 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202206121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone-resorbing osteoclasts mobilize proteolytic enzymes belonging to the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family to directly degrade type I collagen, the dominant extracellular matrix component of skeletal tissues. While searching for additional MMP substrates critical to bone resorption, Mmp9/Mmp14 double-knockout (DKO) osteoclasts-as well as MMP-inhibited human osteoclasts-unexpectedly display major changes in transcriptional programs in tandem with compromised RhoA activation, sealing zone formation and bone resorption. Further study revealed that osteoclast function is dependent on the ability of Mmp9 and Mmp14 to cooperatively proteolyze the β-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin-3, on the cell surface. Mass spectrometry identified the galectin-3 receptor as low-density lipoprotein-related protein-1 (Lrp1), whose targeting in DKO osteoclasts fully rescues RhoA activation, sealing zone formation and bone resorption. Together, these findings identify a previously unrecognized galectin-3/Lrp1 axis whose proteolytic regulation controls both the transcriptional programs and the intracellular signaling cascades critical to mouse as well as human osteoclast function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxin Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yi Tang
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiao-Yan Li
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Samuel A. Kerk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Doctoral Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Costas A. Lyssiotis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Xiaoyue Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zijun Wang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jung-Sun Cho
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Ma
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen J. Weiss
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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7
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Matsuzawa M, Ando T, Fukase S, Kimura M, Kume Y, Ide T, Izawa K, Kaitani A, Hara M, Nakamura E, Kamei A, Matsuda A, Nakano N, Maeda K, Tada N, Ogawa H, Okumura K, Murakami A, Ebihara N, Kitaura J. The protective role of conjunctival goblet cell mucin sialylation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1417. [PMID: 36932081 PMCID: PMC10023771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37101-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Gel-forming mucins secreted by conjunctival goblet cells have been implicated in the clearance of allergens, pathogens, and debris. However, their roles remain incompletely understood. Here we show that human and mouse conjunctival goblet cell mucins have Alcian blue-detectable sialic acids, but not sulfates in the steady state. Interestingly, Balb/c mouse strain lacks this sialylation due to a point mutation in a sialyltransferase gene, St6galnac1, which is responsible for sialyl-Tn synthesis. Introduction of intact St6galnac1 to Balb/c restores the sialylation of conjunctival goblet cell mucus. Sialylated mucus efficiently captures and encapsulates the allergen particles in an impenetrable layer, leading to the protection of mice from the development of allergic conjunctivitis. Expression of ST6GALNAC1 and sialyl-Tn is upregulated in humans under conditions with chronic stimuli. These results indicate that the sialylated glycans on the ocular mucins play an essential role in maintaining the conjunctival mucosa by protecting from the incoming foreign bodies such as allergen particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moe Matsuzawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ando
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Saaya Fukase
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Meiko Kimura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Kume
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Takuma Ide
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Kumi Izawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ayako Kaitani
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Mutsuko Hara
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular and Biochemical Research, Biomedical Research Core Facilities, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Eri Nakamura
- Research Institute for Diseases of Old Age, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Anna Kamei
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Science of Allergy and Inflammation, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Nakano
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Keiko Maeda
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
- Department of Immunological Diagnosis, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Norihiro Tada
- Center for Biomedical Research Resources, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Hideoki Ogawa
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Ko Okumura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Akira Murakami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Ebihara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Urayasu Hospital, Urayasu, Chiba, 279-0021, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Jiro Kitaura
- Atopy (Allergy) Research Center, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
- Department of Science of Allergy and Inflammation, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
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Qin G, Chao C, Lattery LJ, Lin H, Fu W, Richdale K, Cai C. Tear proteomic analysis of young glasses, orthokeratology, and soft contact lens wearers. J Proteomics 2023; 270:104738. [PMID: 36191803 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2022.104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Contact lens-related ocular surface complications occur more often in teenagers and young adults. The purpose of this study was to determine changes in tear proteome of young patients wearing glasses (GL), orthokeratology lenses (OK), and soft contact lenses (SCL). Twenty-two young subjects (10-26 years of age) who were established GL, OK, and SCL wearers were recruited. Proteomic data were collected using a data-independent acquisition-parallel accumulation serial fragmentation workflow. In total, 3406 protein groups were identified, the highest number of proteins identified in Schirmer strip tears to date. Eight protein groups showed higher abundance, and 11 protein groups showed lower abundance in the SCL group compared to the OK group. In addition, the abundance of 82 proteins significantly differed in children compared to young adult GL wearers, among which 67 proteins were higher, and 15 proteins were lower in children. These 82 proteins were involved in inflammation, immune, and glycoprotein metabolic biological processes. In summary, this work identified over 3000 proteins in Schirmer Strip tears. The results indicated that tear proteomes were altered by orthokeratology and soft contact wear and age, which warrants further larger-scale study on the ocular surface responses of teenagers and young adults separately to contact lens wear. SIGNIFICANCE: In this work, we examined the tear proteomes of young patients wearing glasses, orthokeratology lenses, and soft contact lenses using a data-independent acquisition-parallel accumulation serial fragmentation (diaPASEF) workflow and identified 3406 protein groups in Schirmer strip tears. Nineteen protein groups showed significant abundance changes between orthokeratology and soft contact lens wearers. Moreover, eighty-two protein groups significantly differed in abundance in children and young adult glasses wearers. As a pilot study, this work provides a deep coverage of tear proteome and suggests the need to investigate ocular responses to contact lens wear separately for children and young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoting Qin
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States of America; Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States of America.
| | - Cecilia Chao
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States of America; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2023, Australia
| | - Lauren J Lattery
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States of America
| | - Hong Lin
- Department of Computer Science & Engineering Technology, University of Houston - Downtown, Houston, TX 77002, United States of America
| | - Wenjiang Fu
- Department of Mathematics, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States of America
| | - Kathryn Richdale
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States of America
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, United States of America.
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Impact of High Glucose on Ocular Surface Glycocalyx Components: Implications for Diabetes-Associated Ocular Surface Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214289. [PMID: 36430770 PMCID: PMC9696111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus causes several detrimental effects on the ocular surface, including compromised barrier function and an increased risk of infections. The glycocalyx plays a vital role in barrier function. The present study was designed to test the effect of a high glucose level on components of glycocalyx. Stratified human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells were exposed to a high glucose concentration for 24 and 72 h. Changes in Mucin (MUC) 1, 4, 16 expression were quantified using real-time PCR and ELISA. Rose bengal and jacalin staining were used to assess the spatial distribution of MUC16 and O-glycosylation. Changes in the gene expression of five glycosyltransferases and forty-two proteins involved in cell proliferation and the cell cycle were also quantified using PCR and a gene array. High glucose exposure did not affect the level or spatial distribution of membrane-tethered MUC 1, 4, and 16 either in the corneal or conjunctival epithelial cells. No change in gene expression in glycosyltransferases was observed, but a decrease in the gene expression of proteins involved in cell proliferation and the cell cycle was observed. A high-glucose-mediated decrease in gene expression of proteins involved in cellular proliferation of corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells may be one of the mechanisms underlying a diabetes-associated decrease in ocular surface's glycocalyx.
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11
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Guindolet D, Woodward AM, Gabison EE, Argüeso P. Glycogene Expression Profile of Human Limbal Epithelial Cells with Distinct Clonogenic Potential. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091575. [PMID: 35563881 PMCID: PMC9102009 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycans function as valuable markers of stem cells but also regulate the ability of these cells to self-renew and differentiate. Approximately 2% of the human genome encodes for proteins that are involved in the biosynthesis and recognition of glycans. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of a small subset of glycogenes in human limbal epithelial cells with distinct clonogenic potential. Individual clones were classified as abortive or clonogenic, based on the fraction of the terminal colonies produced; clones leading exclusively to terminal colonies were referred to as abortive while those with half or fewer terminal colonies were referred to as clonogenic. An analysis of glycogene expression in clonogenic cultures revealed a high content of transcripts regulating the galactose and mannose metabolic pathways. Abortive clones were characterized by increased levels of GCNT4 and FUCA2, genes that are responsible for the branching of mucin-type O-glycans and the hydrolysis of fucose residues on N-glycans, respectively. The expansion of primary cultures of human limbal epithelial cells for 10 days resulted in stratification and a concomitant increase in MUC16, GCNT4 and FUCA2 expression. These data indicate that the clonogenic potential of human limbal epithelial cells is associated with specific glycosylation pathways. Mucin-type O-glycan branching and increased fucose metabolism are linked to limbal epithelial cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Guindolet
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (D.G.); (A.M.W.)
- Hôpital Fondation A. de Rothschild, Department of Ophthalmology, 25 rue Manin, 75019 Paris, France
| | - Ashley M. Woodward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (D.G.); (A.M.W.)
| | - Eric E. Gabison
- Hôpital Fondation A. de Rothschild, Department of Ophthalmology, 25 rue Manin, 75019 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (E.E.G.); (P.A.)
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass. Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA; (D.G.); (A.M.W.)
- Correspondence: (E.E.G.); (P.A.)
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12
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Sriwilaijaroen N, Suzuki Y. Roles of Glycans and Non-glycans on the Epithelium and in the Immune System in H1-H18 Influenza A Virus Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2556:205-242. [PMID: 36175637 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2635-1_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The large variation of influenza A viruses (IAVs) in various susceptible hosts and their rapid evolution, which allows host/tissue switching, host immune escape, vaccine escape, and drug resistance, are difficult challenges for influenza control in all countries worldwide. Access and binding of the IAV to actual receptors at endocytic sites is critical for the establishment of influenza infection. In this chapter, the progress in identification of and roles of glycans and non-glycans on the epithelium and in the immune system in H1-H18 IAV infections are reviewed. The first part of the review is on current knowledge of H1-H16 IAV receptors on the epithelium including sialyl glycans, other negatively charged glycans, and annexins. The second part of the review focuses on H1-H16 IAV receptors in the immune system including acidic surfactant phospholipids, Sia on surfactant proteins, the carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD) of surfactant proteins, Sia on mucins, Sia and C-type lectins on macrophages and dendritic cells, and Sia on NK cells. The third part of the review is about a possible H17-H18 IAV receptor. Binding of these receptors to IAVs may result in inhibition or enhancement of IAV infection depending on their location, host cell type, and IAV strain. Among these receptors, host sialyl glycans are key determinants of viral hemagglutinin (HA) lectins for H1-H16 infections. HA must acquire mutations to bind to sialyl glycans that are dominant on a new target tissue when switching to a new host for efficient transmission and to bind to long sialyl glycans found in the case of seasonal HAs with multiple glycosylation sites as a consequence of immune evasion. Although sialyl receptors/C-type lectins on immune cells are decoy receptors/pathogen recognition receptors for capturing viral HA lectin/glycans protecting HA antigenic sites, some IAV strains do not escape, such as by release with neuraminidase, but hijack these molecules to gain entry and replication in immune cells. An understanding of the virus-host battle tactics at the receptor level might lead to the establishment of novel strategies for effective control of influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nongluk Sriwilaijaroen
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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13
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Argüeso P. Human ocular mucins: The endowed guardians of sight. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114074. [PMID: 34875287 PMCID: PMC8724396 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are an ancient group of glycoproteins that provide viscoelastic, lubricating and hydration properties to fluids bathing wet surfaced epithelia. They are involved in the protection of underlying tissues by forming a barrier with selective permeability properties. The expression, processing and spatial distribution of mucins are often determined by organ-specific requirements that in the eye involve protecting against environmental insult while allowing the passage of light. The human ocular surface epithelia have evolved to produce an extremely thin and watery tear film containing a distinct soluble mucin product secreted by goblet cells outside the visual axis. The adaptation to the ocular environment is notably evidenced by the significant contribution of transmembrane mucins to the tear film, where they can occupy up to one-quarter of its total thickness. This article reviews the tissue-specific properties of human ocular mucins, methods of isolation and detection, and current approaches to model mucin systems recapitulating the human ocular surface mucosa. This knowledge forms the fundamental basis to develop applications with a promising biological and clinical impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
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14
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Woodward AM, Feeley MN, Rinaldi J, Argüeso P. CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing reveals an essential role for basigin in maintaining a nonkeratinized squamous epithelium in cornea. FASEB Bioadv 2021; 3:897-908. [PMID: 34761172 PMCID: PMC8565198 DOI: 10.1096/fba.2021-00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the primary functions of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelia is to protect underlying tissues against chemical, microbial, and mechanical insult. Basigin is a transmembrane matrix metalloproteinase inducer commonly overexpressed during epithelial wound repair and cancer but whose physiological significance in normal epithelial tissue has not been fully explored. Here we used a CRISPR/Cas9 system to study the effect of basigin loss in a human cornea model of squamous epithelial differentiation. We find that epithelial cell cultures lacking basigin change shape and fail to produce a flattened squamous layer on the apical surface. This process is associated with the abnormal expression of the transcription factor SPDEF and the decreased biosynthesis of MUC16 and involucrin necessary for maintaining apical barrier function and structural integrity, respectively. Expression analysis of genes encoding tight junction proteins identified a role for basigin in promoting physiological expression of occludin and members of the claudin family. Functionally, disruption of basigin expression led to increased epithelial cell permeability as evidenced by the decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance and increase in rose bengal flux. Overall, these results suggest that basigin plays a distinct role in maintaining the normal differentiation of stratified squamous human corneal epithelium and could have potential implications to therapies targeting basigin function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Woodward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarDepartment of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Marissa N. Feeley
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarDepartment of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jamie Rinaldi
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarDepartment of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and EarDepartment of OphthalmologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusettsUSA
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15
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Argüeso P, Woodward AM, AbuSamra DB. The Epithelial Cell Glycocalyx in Ocular Surface Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:729260. [PMID: 34497615 PMCID: PMC8419333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.729260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycocalyx is the main component of the transcellular barrier located at the interface between the ocular surface epithelia and the external environment. This barrier extends up to 500 nm from the plasma membrane and projects into the tear fluid bathing the surface of the eye. Under homeostatic conditions, defense molecules in the glycocalyx, such as transmembrane mucins, resist infection. However, many pathogenic microorganisms have evolved to exploit components of the glycocalyx in order to gain access to epithelial cells and consequently exert deleterious effects. This manuscript reviews the implications of the ocular surface epithelial glycocalyx to bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic infection. Moreover, it presents some ongoing controversies surrounding the functional relevance of the epithelial glycocalyx to ocular infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ashley M Woodward
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dina B AbuSamra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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16
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Glycosylation reduces the glycan-independent immunomodulatory effect of recombinant Orysata lectin in Drosophila S2 cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17958. [PMID: 34504130 PMCID: PMC8429549 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97161-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Several plant lectins, or carbohydrate-binding proteins, interact with glycan moieties on the surface of immune cells, thereby influencing the immune response of these cells. Orysata, a mannose-binding lectin from rice, has been reported to exert immunomodulatory activities on insect cells. While the natural lectin is non-glycosylated, recombinant Orysata produced in the yeast Pichia pastoris (YOry) is modified with a hyper-mannosylated N-glycan. Since it is unclear whether this glycosylation can affect the YOry activity, non-glycosylated rOrysata was produced in Escherichia coli (BOry). In a comparative analysis, both recombinant Orysata proteins were tested for their carbohydrate specificity on a glycan array, followed by the investigation of the carbohydrate-dependent agglutination of red blood cells (RBCs) and the carbohydrate-independent immune responses in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells. Although YOry and BOry showed a similar carbohydrate-binding profiles, lower concentration of BOry were sufficient for the agglutination of RBCs and BOry induced stronger immune responses in S2 cells. The data are discussed in relation to different hypotheses explaining the weaker responses of glycosylated YOry. In conclusion, these observations contribute to the understanding how post-translational modification can affect protein function, and provide guidance in the selection of the proper expression system for the recombinant production of lectins.
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17
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Martinez-Carrasco R, Argüeso P, Fini ME. Membrane-associated mucins of the human ocular surface in health and disease. Ocul Surf 2021; 21:313-330. [PMID: 33775913 PMCID: PMC8328898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2021.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are a family of high molecular weight, heavily-glycosylated proteins produced by wet epithelial tissues, including the ocular surface epithelia. Densely-packed O-linked glycan chains added post-translationally confer the biophysical properties of hydration, lubrication, anti-adhesion and repulsion. Membrane-associated mucins (MAMs) are the distinguishing components of the mucosal glycocalyx. At the ocular surface, MAMs maintain wetness, lubricate the blink, stabilize the tear film, and create a physical barrier to the outside world. In addition, it is increasingly appreciated that MAMs function as cell surface receptors that transduce information from the outside to the inside of the cell. Recently, our team published a comprehensive review/perspectives article for molecular scientists on ocular surface MAMs, including previously unpublished data and analyses on two new genes MUC21 and MUC22, as well as new MAM functions and biological roles, comparing human and mouse (PMID: 31493487). The current article is a refocus for the audience of The Ocular Surface. First, we update the gene and protein information in a more concise form, and include a new section on glycosylation. Next, we discuss biological roles, with some new sections and further updating from our previous review. Finally, we provide a new chapter on MAM involvement in ocular surface disease. We end this with discussion of an emerging mechanism responsible for damage to the epithelia and their mucosal glycocalyces: the unfolded protein response (UPR). The UPR offers a novel target for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Martinez-Carrasco
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA.
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School at Schepens Eye Research Institute of Mass, Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
| | - M Elizabeth Fini
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts University School of Medicine at New England Eye Center, Tufts Medical Center: Program in Pharmacology & Drug Development, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, O2111, USA.
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18
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Shamloo K, Mistry P, Barbarino A, Ross C, Jhanji V, Sharma A. Differential Effect of Proinflammatory Cytokines on Corneal and Conjunctival Epithelial Cell Mucins and Glycocalyx. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:17. [PMID: 34128966 PMCID: PMC8212448 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.7.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Ocular surface mucins and glycocalyx are critical for providing ocular hydration as well lubrication and repelling pathogens or allergens. Elevated levels of tear proinflammatory cytokines in dry eye may have detrimental effect on mucins and glycocalyx. The present study tested the effect of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ on membrane-tethered mucins expression, glycocalyx, and viability of ocular surface epithelial cells. Methods Stratified cultures of human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells were exposed to different concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ for 24 hours. The mucins gene and protein expressions were quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The glycocalyx was imaged using confocal microscopy after staining with Alexa 488-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin lectin. Apoptotic and necrotic cell death was quantified using flow cytometry. Results IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ treatment resulted in a significant increase in mucins (MUC)1 and MUC4 gene and protein expression in human corneal epithelial cells but caused no significant changes in the levels of these mucins in conjunctival epithelial cells. Further, these cytokines decreased MUC16 expression in both corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. Moreover, no notable change in glycocalyx or apoptotic cell death in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells was noted with any of the tested cytokines, but IL-6 and TNF-α exposure increased necrotic cell death in corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells, respectively. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that proinflammatory cytokines have differential effects on human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cell mucins expression, but do not cause any damage to ocular surface epithelial cell glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiumars Shamloo
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Priya Mistry
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Ashley Barbarino
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Ross
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Vishal Jhanji
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ajay Sharma
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA
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Chen Z, Yu Q, Yu Q, Johnson J, Shipman R, Zhong X, Huang J, Asthana S, Carlsson C, Okonkwo O, Li L. In-depth Site-specific Analysis of N-glycoproteome in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid and Glycosylation Landscape Changes in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2021; 20:100081. [PMID: 33862227 PMCID: PMC8724636 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2021.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
As the body fluid that directly interchanges with the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system (CNS), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) serves as a rich source for CNS-related disease biomarker discovery. Extensive proteome profiling has been conducted for CSF, but studies aimed at unraveling site-specific CSF N-glycoproteome are lacking. Initial efforts into site-specific N-glycoproteomics study in CSF yield limited coverage, hindering further experimental design of glycosylation-based disease biomarker discovery in CSF. In the present study, we have developed an N-glycoproteomic approach that combines enhanced N-glycopeptide sequential enrichment by hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) and boronic acid enrichment with electron transfer and higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) for large-scale intact N-glycopeptide analysis. The application of the developed approach to the analyses of human CSF samples enabled identifications of a total of 2893 intact N-glycopeptides from 511 N-glycosites and 285 N-glycoproteins. To our knowledge, this is the largest site-specific N-glycoproteome dataset reported for CSF to date. Such dataset provides molecular basis for a better understanding of the structure-function relationships of glycoproteins and their roles in CNS-related physiological and pathological processes. As accumulating evidence suggests that defects in glycosylation are involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, in the present study, a comparative in-depth N-glycoproteomic analysis was conducted for CSF samples from healthy control and AD patients, which yielded a comparable N-glycoproteome coverage but a distinct expression pattern for different categories of glycoforms, such as decreased fucosylation in AD CSF samples. Altered glycosylation patterns were detected for a number of N-glycoproteins including alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, ephrin-A3 and carnosinase CN1 etc., which serve as potentially interesting targets for further glycosylation-based AD study and may eventually lead to molecular elucidation of the role of glycosylation in AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qinying Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qing Yu
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jillian Johnson
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Richard Shipman
- Department of Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Stout, Menomonie, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Xiaofang Zhong
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Junfeng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Sanjay Asthana
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Cynthia Carlsson
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ozioma Okonkwo
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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20
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The effects of diet and gut microbiota on the regulation of intestinal mucin glycosylation. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 258:117651. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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21
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Francis LW, Yao SN, Powell LC, Griffiths S, Berquand A, Piasecki T, Howe W, Gazze AS, Farach-Carson MC, Constantinou P, Carson D, Margarit L, Gonzalez D, Conlan RS. Highly glycosylated MUC1 mediates high affinity L-selectin binding at the human endometrial surface. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:50. [PMID: 33596915 PMCID: PMC7890821 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-00793-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sialyl-Lewis X/L-selectin high affinity binding interactions between transmembrane O-glycosylated mucins proteins and the embryo have been implicated in implantation processes within the human reproductive system. However, the adhesive properties of these mucins at the endometrial cell surface are difficult to resolve due to known discrepancies between in vivo models and the human reproductive system and a lack of sensitivity in current in vitro models. To overcome these limitations, an in vitro model of the human endometrial epithelial was interrogated with single molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) to delineate the molecular configurations of mucin proteins that mediate the high affinity L-selectin binding required for human embryo implantation. Results This study reveals that MUC1 contributes to both the intrinsic and extrinsic adhesive properties of the HEC-1 cellular surface. High expression of MUC1 on the cell surface led to a significantly increased intrinsic adhesion force (148 pN vs. 271 pN, p < 0.001), whereas this adhesion force was significantly reduced (271 pN vs. 118 pN, p < 0.001) following siRNA mediated MUC1 ablation. Whilst high expression of MUC1 displaying elevated glycosylation led to strong extrinsic (> 400 pN) L-selectin binding at the cell surface, low expression of MUC1 with reduced glycosylation resulted in significantly less (≤200 pN) binding events. Conclusions An optimal level of MUC1 together with highly glycosylated decoration of the protein is critical for high affinity L-selectin binding. This study demonstrates that MUC1 contributes to cellular adhesive properties which may function to facilitate trophoblast binding to the endometrial cell surface through the L-selectin/sialyl-Lewis x adhesion system subsequent to implantation.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lewis W Francis
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Seydou N Yao
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Lydia C Powell
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Sean Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | | | - Thomas Piasecki
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - William Howe
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Andrea S Gazze
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - Mary C Farach-Carson
- School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, 77054, Texas, USA
| | - Pamela Constantinou
- Department of Biosciences, Wiess School of Natural Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77251, USA
| | - Daniel Carson
- Department of Biosciences, Wiess School of Natural Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas, 77251, USA
| | - Lavinia Margarit
- Cwm Taf Morgannwg University Health Board, Princess of Wales Hospital, Bridgend, CF31 1RQ, UK
| | - Deya Gonzalez
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK
| | - R Steven Conlan
- Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea, SA2 8PP, Wales, UK.
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22
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Abstract
The glycocalyx is a dense and diverse coat of glycans and glycoconjugates responsible for maintaining cell surface integrity and regulating the interaction of cells with the external environment. Transmembrane mucins such as MUC1 and MUC16 comprise a major component of the epithelial glycocalyx and are currently used to monitor disease progression in cancer. At the ocular surface, multiple lines of evidence indicate that abnormal expression of the enzymes responsible for glycan biosynthesis during pathological conditions impairs the glycosylation of transmembrane mucins. It is now becoming clear that these changes contribute to modify the interaction of mucins with galectin-3, a multimeric lectin crucial for preserving the ocular surface epithelial barrier. This review highlights the potential of using the epithelial glycocalyx as a reliable source for the generation of biomarkers to diagnose and monitor ocular surface disease.
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Peixoto A, Cotton S, Santos LL, Ferreira JA. The Tumour Microenvironment and Circulating Tumour Cells: A Partnership Driving Metastasis and Glycan-Based Opportunities for Cancer Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1329:1-33. [PMID: 34664231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTC) are rare cells that actively detach or are shed from primary tumours into the lymph and blood. Some CTC subpopulations gain the capacity to survive, home and colonize distant locations, forming metastasis. This results from a multifactorial process in which cancer cells optimize motility, invasion, immune escape and cooperative relationships with microenvironmental cues. Here we present evidences of a self-fuelling molecular crosstalk between cancer cells and the tumour stroma supporting the main milestones leading to metastasis. We discuss how the tumour microenvironment supports pre-metastatic niches and CTC development and ultimately dictates CTC fate in targeted organs. Finally, we highlight the key role played by protein glycosylation in metastasis development, its prompt response to microenvironmental stimuli and the tremendous potential of glycan-based molecular signatures for liquid biopsies and targeted therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Peixoto
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3s), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Porto, Portugal. .,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Sofia Cotton
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Research and Innovation in Health (i3s), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (INEB), Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcio Lara Santos
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal.,Department of Surgical Oncology, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - José Alexandre Ferreira
- Experimental Pathology and Therapeutics Group, Portuguese Institute of Oncology, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Porto Comprehensive Cancer Centre (P.ccc), Porto, Portugal
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Kim J, Lee B, Lee J, Ji M, Park CS, Lee J, Kang M, Kim J, Jin M, Kim HH. N-Glycan Modifications with Negative Charge in a Natural Polymer Mucin from Bovine Submaxillary Glands, and Their Structural Role. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010103. [PMID: 33383793 PMCID: PMC7796149 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) is a natural polymer used in biomaterial applications for its viscoelasticity, lubricity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. N-glycans are important for mucin stability and function, but their structures have not been fully characterized, unlike that of O-glycans. In this study, BSM N-glycans were investigated using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The microheterogeneous structures of 32 N-glycans were identified, and the quantities (%) of each N-glycan relative to total N-glycans (100%) were obtained. The terminal N-acetylgalactosamines in 12 N-glycans (sum of relative quantities; 27.9%) were modified with mono- (10 glycans) and disulfations (2 glycans). Total concentration of all sulfated N-glycans was 6.1 pmol in BSM (20 µg), corresponding to 25.3% of all negatively charged glycans (sum of present N-glycans and reported O-glycans). No N-glycans with sialylated or phosphorylated forms were identified, and sulfate modification ions were the only negative charges in BSM N-glycans. Mucin structures, including sulfated N-glycans located in the hydrophobic terminal regions, were indicated. This is the first study to identify the structures and quantities of 12 sulfated N-glycans in natural mucins. These sulfations play important structural roles in hydration, viscoelasticity control, protection from bacterial sialidases, and polymer stabilization to support the functionality of BSM via electrostatic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Byoungju Lee
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Junmyoung Lee
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Minkyoo Ji
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Chi Soo Park
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jaeryong Lee
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Minju Kang
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Jeongeun Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Mijung Jin
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea; (J.K.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (M.J.); (C.S.P.); (J.L.); (M.K.); (J.K.); (M.J.)
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-820-5612
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Patel KR, Rodriguez Benavente MC, Lorenz WW, Mace EM, Barb AW. Fc γ receptor IIIa/CD16a processing correlates with the expression of glycan-related genes in human natural killer cells. J Biol Chem 2020; 296:100183. [PMID: 33310702 PMCID: PMC7948478 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many therapeutic monoclonal antibodies require binding to Fc γ receptors (FcγRs) for full effect and increasing the binding affinity increases efficacy. Preeminent among the five activating human FcγRs is FcγRIIIa/CD16a expressed by natural killer (NK) cells. CD16a is heavily processed, and recent reports indicate that the composition of the five CD16a asparagine(N)-linked carbohydrates (glycans) impacts affinity. These observations indicate that specific manipulation of CD16a N-glycan composition in CD16a-expressing effector cells including NK cells may improve treatment efficacy. However, it is unclear if modifying the expression of select genes that encode processing enzymes in CD16a-expressing effector cells is sufficient to affect N-glycan composition. We identified substantial processing differences using a glycoproteomics approach by comparing CD16a isolated from two NK cell lines, NK92 and YTS, with CD16a expressed by HEK293F cells and previous reports of CD16a from primary NK cells. Gene expression profiling by RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR revealed expression levels for glycan-modifying genes that correlated with CD16a glycan composition. These results identified a high degree of variability between the processing of the same human protein by different human cell types. N-glycan processing correlated with the expression of glycan-modifying genes and thus explained the substantial differences in CD16a processing by NK cells of different origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap R Patel
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | | | - W Walter Lorenz
- Georgia Genomics and Bioinformatics Core and Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam W Barb
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA; Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
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A missense variant in SLC39A8 confers risk for Crohn's disease by disrupting manganese homeostasis and intestinal barrier integrity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:28930-28938. [PMID: 33139556 PMCID: PMC7682327 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014742117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
SLC39A8 A391T exhibits remarkable pleiotropic effects on multiple conditions, including cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson’s disease, and Crohn’s disease. However, how this single coding variant impacts such a wide range of pathologies has not been investigated. We generated Slc39a8 A391T knockin mice and show that they exhibit severe Mn deficiency in the colon, and impaired intestinal barrier integrity due to glycoprotein barrier structure defects, leading to indolent inflammation that can prime further inflammation driven by epithelial injury. Thus, we highlight the importance of Mn in gut homeostasis, and mechanistically unravel how A391T impacts intestinal barrier integrity. Common genetic variants interact with environmental factors to impact risk of heritable diseases. A notable example of this is a single-nucleotide variant in the Solute Carrier Family 39 Member 8 (SLC39A8)geneencoding the missense variant A391T, which is associated with a variety of traits ranging from Parkinson’s disease and neuropsychiatric disease to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and Crohn’s disease. The remarkable extent of pleiotropy exhibited by SLC39A8 A391T raises key questions regarding how a single coding variant can contribute to this diversity of clinical outcomes and what is the mechanistic basis for this pleiotropy. Here, we generate a murine model for the Slc39a8 A391T allele and demonstrate that these mice exhibit Mn deficiency in the colon associated with impaired intestinal barrier function and epithelial glycocalyx disruption. Consequently, Slc39a8 A391T mice exhibit increased sensitivity to epithelial injury and pathological inflammation in the colon. Taken together, our results link a genetic variant with a dietary trace element to shed light on a tissue-specific mechanism of disease risk based on impaired intestinal barrier integrity.
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Miller MC, Cai C, Wichapong K, Bhaduri S, Pohl NLB, Linhardt RJ, Gabius HJ, Mayo KH. Structural insight into the binding of human galectins to corneal keratan sulfate, its desulfated form and related saccharides. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15708. [PMID: 32973213 PMCID: PMC7515912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan chains of keratan sulfate proteoglycans appear to be physiologically significant by pairing with tissue lectins. Here, we used NMR spectroscopy and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to characterize interactions of corneal keratan sulfate (KS), its desulfated form, as well as di-, tetra- (N-acetyllactosamine and lacto-N-tetraose) and octasaccharides with adhesion/growth-regulatory galectins, in particular galectin-3 (Gal-3). The KS contact region involves the lectin canonical binding site, with estimated KD values in the low µM range and stoichiometry of ~ 8 to ~ 20 galectin molecules binding per polysaccharide chain. Compared to Gal-3, the affinity to Gal-7 is relatively low, signaling preferences among galectins. The importance of the sulfate groups was delineated by using desulfated analogs that exhibit relatively reduced affinity. Binding studies with two related di- and tetrasaccharides revealed a similar decrease that underscores affinity enhancement by repetitive arrangement of disaccharide units. MD-based binding energies of KS oligosaccharide-loaded galectins support experimental data on Gal-3 and -7, and extend the scope of KS binding to Gal-1 and -9N. Overall, our results provide strong incentive to further probe the relevance of molecular recognition of KS by galectins in terms of physiological processes in situ, e.g. maintaining integrity of mucosal barriers, intermolecular (lattice-like) gluing within the extracellular meshwork or synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Chao Cai
- Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Kanin Wichapong
- Department of Biochemistry and the Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sayantan Bhaduri
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Nicola L B Pohl
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Biocatalysis and Metabolic Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximillians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
| | - Kevin H Mayo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Macpherson AM, Barry SC, Ricciardelli C, Oehler MK. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer and the Immune System: Biology, Interactions, Challenges and Potential Advances for Immunotherapy. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2967. [PMID: 32937961 PMCID: PMC7564553 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9092967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of immune function and the interactions with tumour cells have led to the development of various cancer immunotherapies and strategies for specific cancer types. However, despite some stunning successes with some malignancies such as melanomas and lung cancer, most patients receive little or no benefit from immunotherapy, which has been attributed to the tumour microenvironment and immune evasion. Although the US Food and Drug Administration have approved immunotherapies for some cancers, to date, only the anti-angiogenic antibody bevacizumab is approved for the treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer. Immunotherapeutic strategies for ovarian cancer are still under development and being tested in numerous clinical trials. A detailed understanding of the interactions between cancer and the immune system is vital for optimisation of immunotherapies either alone or when combined with chemotherapy and other therapies. This article, in two main parts, provides an overview of: (1) components of the normal immune system and current knowledge regarding tumour immunology, biology and their interactions; (2) strategies, and targets, together with challenges and potential innovative approaches for cancer immunotherapy, with attention given to epithelial ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Macpherson
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Simon C. Barry
- Molecular Immunology, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, Australia;
| | - Carmela Ricciardelli
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
| | - Martin K. Oehler
- Discipline of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Adelaide Medical School, Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia; (A.M.M.); (C.R.)
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide 5000, Australia
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Abstract
The cornea is a transparent avascular tissue on the anterior segment of the eye responsible for providing refractive power and forming a protective barrier against the external environment. Infectious and inflammatory conditions can compromise the structure of the cornea, leading to visual impairment and blindness. Galectins are a group of β-galactoside-binding proteins expressed by immune and non-immune cells that play pivotal roles in innate and adaptive immunity. In this brief review, we discuss how different members of this family of proteins affect both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in the cornea, particularly in the context of infection, transplantation and wound healing. We further describe recent research showing beneficial effects of galectin-targeted therapy in corneal diseases.
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Luis J, Eastlake K, Khaw PT, Limb GA. Galectins and their involvement in ocular disease and development. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108120. [PMID: 32565112 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Galectins are carbohydrate binding proteins with high affinity to ß-galactoside containing glycoconjugates. Understanding of the functions of galectins has grown steadily over the past decade, as a result of substantial advancements in the field of glycobiology. Galectins have been shown to be versatile molecules that participate in a range of important biological systems, including inflammation, neovascularisation and fibrosis. These processes are of particular importance in ocular tissues, where a major theme of recent research has been to divert diseases away from pathways which result in loss of function into pathways of repair and regeneration. This review summarises our current understanding of galectins in the context important ocular diseases, followed by an update on current clinical studies and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Luis
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom.
| | - Karen Eastlake
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - Peng T Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
| | - G Astrid Limb
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 9EL, United Kingdom
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32
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Midha MK, Huang YF, Yang HH, Fan TC, Chang NC, Chen TH, Wang YT, Kuo WH, Chang KJ, Shen CY, Yu AL, Chiu KP, Chen CJ. Comprehensive Cohort Analysis of Mutational Spectrum in Early Onset Breast Cancer Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2089. [PMID: 32731431 PMCID: PMC7464007 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early onset breast cancer (EOBC), diagnosed at age ~40 or younger, is associated with a poorer prognosis and higher mortality rate compared to breast cancer diagnosed at age 50 or older. EOBC poses a serious threat to public health and requires in-depth investigation. We studied a cohort comprising 90 Taiwanese female patients, aiming to unravel the underlying mechanisms of EOBC etiopathogenesis. Sequence data generated by whole-exome sequencing (WES) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) from white blood cell (WBC)-tumor pairs were analyzed to identify somatic missense mutations, copy number variations (CNVs) and germline missense mutations. Similar to regular breast cancer, the key somatic mutation-susceptibility genes of EOBC include TP53 (40% prevalence), PIK3CA (37%), GATA3 (17%) and KMT2C (17%), which are frequently reported in breast cancer; however, the structural protein-coding genes MUC17 (19%), FLG (16%) and NEBL (11%) show a significantly higher prevalence in EOBC. Furthermore, the top 2 genes harboring EOBC germline mutations, MUC16 (19%) and KRT18 (19%), encode structural proteins. Compared to conventional breast cancer, an unexpectedly higher number of EOBC susceptibility genes encode structural proteins. We suspect that mutations in structural proteins may increase physical permeability to environmental hormones and carcinogens and cause breast cancer to occur at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Midha
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (M.K.M.); (Y.-F.H.); (T.-H.C.); (C.-J.C.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Feng Huang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (M.K.M.); (Y.-F.H.); (T.-H.C.); (C.-J.C.)
| | - Hsiao-Hsiang Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Hsinchu Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Tan-Chi Fan
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-C.F.); (N.-C.C.); (A.L.Y.)
| | - Nai-Chuan Chang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-C.F.); (N.-C.C.); (A.L.Y.)
| | - Tzu-Han Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (M.K.M.); (Y.-F.H.); (T.-H.C.); (C.-J.C.)
| | - Yu-Tai Wang
- National Center for High-Performance Computing, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan;
| | - Wen-Hung Kuo
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (W.-H.K.); (K.-J.C.)
| | - King-Jen Chang
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan; (W.-H.K.); (K.-J.C.)
| | - Chen-Yang Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| | - Alice L. Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou and Chang Gung University, No. 5, Fu-Shin St., Kuei Shang, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan; (T.-C.F.); (N.-C.C.); (A.L.Y.)
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California in San Diego, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Kuo-Ping Chiu
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (M.K.M.); (Y.-F.H.); (T.-H.C.); (C.-J.C.)
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jen Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (M.K.M.); (Y.-F.H.); (T.-H.C.); (C.-J.C.)
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Klicznik MM, Morawski PA, Höllbacher B, Varkhande SR, Motley SJ, Kuri-Cervantes L, Goodwin E, Rosenblum MD, Long SA, Brachtl G, Duhen T, Betts MR, Campbell DJ, Gratz IK. Human CD4 +CD103 + cutaneous resident memory T cells are found in the circulation of healthy individuals. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/37/eaav8995. [PMID: 31278120 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aav8995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) persist locally in nonlymphoid tissues where they provide frontline defense against recurring insults. TRM at barrier surfaces express the markers CD103 and/or CD69, which function to retain them in epithelial tissues. In humans, neither the long-term migratory behavior of TRM nor their ability to reenter the circulation and potentially migrate to distant tissue sites has been investigated. Using tissue explant cultures, we found that CD4+CD69+CD103+ TRM in human skin can down-regulate CD69 and exit the tissue. In addition, we identified a skin-tropic CD4+CD69-CD103+ population in human lymph and blood that is transcriptionally, functionally, and clonally related to the CD4+CD69+CD103+ TRM population in the skin. Using a skin xenograft model, we confirmed that a fraction of the human cutaneous CD4+CD103+ TRM population can reenter circulation and migrate to secondary human skin sites where they reassume a TRM phenotype. Thus, our data challenge current concepts regarding the strict tissue compartmentalization of CD4+ T cell memory in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Klicznik
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Barbara Höllbacher
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Suraj R Varkhande
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eileen Goodwin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Michael D Rosenblum
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - S Alice Long
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Gabriele Brachtl
- Experimental and Clinical Cell Therapy Institute, Spinal Cord and Tissue Regeneration Center, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Duhen
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Campbell
- Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. .,Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Iris K Gratz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria. .,Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.,EB House Austria, Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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McColgan NM, Feeley MN, Woodward AM, Guindolet D, Argüeso P. The O-GlcNAc modification promotes terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells. Glycobiology 2020; 30:872-880. [PMID: 32280968 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic modification of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) plays an important role in orchestrating the transcriptional activity of eukaryotic cells. Here, we report that the O-GlcNAc modification contributes to maintaining ocular surface epithelial homeostasis by promoting mucin biosynthesis and barrier function. We found that induction of human corneal epithelial cell differentiation stimulated the global transfer of O-GlcNAc to both nuclear and cytosolic proteins. Inflammatory conditions, on the other hand, were associated with a reduction in the expression of O-GlcNAc transferase at the ocular surface epithelia. Loss- and gain-of-function studies using small interfering RNA targeting O-GlcNAc transferase, or Thiamet G, a selective inhibitor of O-GlcNAc hydrolase, respectively, revealed that the presence of O-GlcNAc was necessary to promote glycocalyx barrier function. Moreover, we found that Thiamet G triggered a correlative increase in both surface expression of MUC16 and apical epithelial cell area while reducing paracellular permeability. Collectively, these results identify intracellular protein O-glycosylation as a novel pathway responsible for promoting the terminal differentiation of human corneal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M McColgan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St. Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marissa N Feeley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St. Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ashley M Woodward
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St. Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Wu ZL, Person AD, Burton AJ, Singh R, Burroughs B, Fryxell D, Tatge TJ, Manning T, Wu G, Swift KAD, Kalabokis V. Direct fluorescent glycan labeling with recombinant sialyltransferases. Glycobiology 2020; 29:750-754. [PMID: 31361010 PMCID: PMC6835046 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwz058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation is a common modification found on numerous proteins and lipids. However, direct detection of glycans on these intact biomolecules has been challenge. Here, utilizing enzymatic incorporation of fluorophore-conjugated sialic acids, dubbed as direct fluorescent glycan labeling, we report the labeling and detection of N- and O-glycans on glycoproteins. The method allows detection of specific glycans without the laborious gel blotting and chemiluminescence reactions used in Western blotting. The method can also be used with a variety of fluorescent dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang L Wu
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Anthony D Person
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Andrew J Burton
- Bio-Techne, Tocris Bioscience, The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road, Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, UK
| | - Ravinder Singh
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Barbara Burroughs
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Dan Fryxell
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Timothy J Tatge
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Timothy Manning
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Guoping Wu
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Karl A D Swift
- Bio-Techne, Tocris Bioscience, The Watkins Building, Atlantic Road, Avonmouth, Bristol BS11 9QD, UK
| | - Vassili Kalabokis
- Bio-Techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place NE Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
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36
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Advances in molecular mechanisms of drugs affecting abnormal glycosylation and metastasis of breast cancer. Pharmacol Res 2020; 155:104738. [PMID: 32151681 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide, and its incidence is also increasing. High recurrence rate and metastasis rate are the key causes of poor prognosis and death. It is suggested that abnormal glycosylation plays an important role in the growth, invasion, metastasis and resistance to therapy of breast cancer cells. Meanwhile, it can be used as the biomarkers for the early detection and prognosis of breast cancer and the potential attractive targets for drug treatment. However, only a few attentions have been paid to the molecular mechanism of abnormal glycosylation in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of breast cancer cells and the related intervention of drugs. This manuscript thus investigated the relationship between abnormal glycosylation, the EMT, and breast cancer metastasis. Then, the process of abnormal glycosylation, the classification and their molecular regulatory mechanisms of breast cancer were analyzed in detail. Last, potential drugs are introduced in different categories, which are expected to reverse or intervene the abnormal glycosylation of breast cancer. This review is conducive to an in-depth understanding of the metastasis and drug resistance of breast cancer cells, which will provide new ideas for the clinical regulation of glycosylation and related drug treatments in breast cancer.
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37
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Endoplasmic reticulum stress promotes inflammation-mediated proteolytic activity at the ocular surface. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2216. [PMID: 32042069 PMCID: PMC7010695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence implicates endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. Here, we demonstrate that the proinflammatory cytokine TNFα stimulates matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) at the ocular surface through a c-Fos-dependent mechanism of ER stress. We found positive reactivity of the molecular chaperone BiP/GRP78 in conjunctival epithelium of patients with ocular cicatricial pemphigoid and increased levels of BiP/GRP78, sXBP1 and GRP94 in human corneal epithelial cells treated with TNFα. Pharmacological blockade of ER stress in vitro using dexamethasone or the chemical chaperones TUDCA and 4PBA attenuated MMP9 expression and secretion in the presence of TNFα. Moreover, expression analysis of genes associated with inflammation and autoimmunity identified the c-Fos proto-oncogene as a mediator of ER stress responses in epithelial cells. Substantially less TNFα-induced MMP9 expression occurred when c-Fos signaling was suppressed with a function-blocking antibody. Taken together, these results indicate that activation of ER stress contributes to promote inflammation-mediated proteolytic activity and uncovers a target for restoring tissue homeostasis in ocular autoimmune disease.
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38
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A Markov model of glycosylation elucidates isozyme specificity and glycosyltransferase interactions for glycoengineering. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:22-36. [PMID: 32285041 DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylated biopharmaceuticals are important in the global pharmaceutical market. Despite the importance of their glycan structures, our limited knowledge of the glycosylation machinery still hinders controllability of this critical quality attribute. To facilitate discovery of glycosyltransferase specificity and predict glycoengineering efforts, here we extend the approach to model N-linked protein glycosylation as a Markov process. Our model leverages putative glycosyltransferase (GT) specificity to define the biosynthetic pathways for all measured glycans, and the Markov chain modelling is used to learn glycosyltransferase isoform activities and predict glycosylation following glycosyltransferase knock-in/knockout. We apply our methodology to four different glycoengineered therapeutics (i.e., Rituximab, erythropoietin, Enbrel, and alpha-1 antitrypsin) produced in CHO cells. Our model accurately predicted N-linked glycosylation following glycoengineering and further quantified the impact of glycosyltransferase mutations on reactions catalyzed by other glycosyltransferases. By applying these learned GT-GT interaction rules identified from single glycosyltransferase mutants, our model further predicts the outcome of multi-gene glycosyltransferase mutations on the diverse biotherapeutics. Thus, this modeling approach enables rational glycoengineering and the elucidation of relationships between glycosyltransferases, thereby facilitating biopharmaceutical research and aiding the broader study of glycosylation to elucidate the genetic basis of complex changes in glycosylation.
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39
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Mucin glycans attenuate the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:2146-2154. [PMID: 31611643 PMCID: PMC7157942 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0581-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A slimy, hydrated mucus gel lines all wet epithelia in the human body, including the eyes, lungs, and gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. Mucus forms the first line of defence while housing trillions of microorganisms that constitute the microbiota1. Rarely do these microorganisms cause infections in healthy mucus1, suggesting that mechanisms exist in the mucus layer that regulate virulence. Using the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa and a three-dimensional (3D) laboratory model of native mucus, we determined that exposure to mucus triggers downregulation of virulence genes that are involved in quorum sensing, siderophore biosynthesis and toxin secretion, and rapidly disintegrates biofilms-a hallmark of mucosal infections. This phenotypic switch is triggered by mucins, which are polymers that are densely grafted with O-linked glycans that form the 3D scaffold inside mucus. Here, we show that isolated mucins act at various scales, suppressing distinct virulence pathways, promoting a planktonic lifestyle, reducing cytotoxicity to human epithelia in vitro and attenuating infection in a porcine burn model. Other viscous polymer solutions lack the same effect, indicating that the regulatory function of mucin does not result from its polymeric structure alone. We identify that interactions with P. aeruginosa are mediated by mucin-associated glycans (mucin glycans). By isolating glycans from the mucin backbone, we assessed the collective activity of hundreds of complex structures in solution. Similar to their grafted counterparts, free mucin glycans potently regulate bacterial phenotypes even at relatively low concentrations. This regulatory function is likely dependent on glycan complexity, as monosaccharides do not attenuate virulence. Thus, mucin glycans are potent host signals that 'tame' microorganisms, rendering them less harmful to the host.
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40
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Zheng L, Li H, Fu L, Liu S, Yan Q, Leng SX. Blocking cellular N-glycosylation suppresses human cytomegalovirus entry in human fibroblasts. Microb Pathog 2019; 138:103776. [PMID: 31600539 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of viral infections. However, the role of host cell N-glycosylation in human cytomegalovirus (hCMV) infection remains to be elucidated. In this study, we found that blocking or removal of cellular N-glycosylation by tunicamycin, peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F) treatment, or N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (MGAT1) knockdown resulted in suppression of hCMV infection in human fibroblasts. This suppression was reversed following N-glycosylation restoration. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis showed that blockade of cellular N-glycosylation interfered with hCMV entry rather than binding. Removal of N-glycosylation on epidermal growth factor (EGFR) and integrin β3, two proposed hCMV receptors, blocked their interaction with hCMV glycoproteins B and H. It also suppressed activation of these receptors and downstream integrin β3/Src signaling. Taken together, these results suggest that N-glycosylation of host cell glycoproteins including two proposed hCMV receptors is critical for hCMV entry rather than attachment. They provide novel insights into the biological process important for the early stage of hCMV infection with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luping Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Huifen Li
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Li Fu
- Institute of Dalian Fusheng Natural Medicine, Development District, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Sally Liu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qiu Yan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Core Laboratory of Glycobiology and Glycoengineering, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Sean X Leng
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Mucus selectively controls the transport of molecules, particulate matter, and microorganisms to the underlying epithelial layer. It may be desirable to weaken the mucus barrier to enable effective delivery of drug carriers. Alternatively, the mucus barrier can be strengthened to prevent epithelial interaction with pathogenic microbes or other exogenous materials. The dynamic mucus layer can undergo changes in structure (e.g., pore size) and/or composition (e.g., protein concentrations, mucin glycosylation) in response to stimuli that occur naturally or are purposely administered, thus altering its barrier function. This review outlines mechanisms by which mucus provides a selective barrier and methods to engineer the mucus layer from the perspective of strengthening or weakening its barrier properties. In addition, we discuss strategic design of drug carriers and dosing formulation properties for efficient delivery across the mucus barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Carlson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - J Y Lock
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - R L Carrier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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42
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Kim J, Lee J, Jang Y, Ha J, Kim D, Ji M, Lee YK, Kim W, You S, Do J, Ryu C, Kim HH. N-glycans of bovine submaxillary mucin contain core-fucosylated and sulfated glycans but not sialylated glycans. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:1072-1078. [PMID: 31325506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) is a heavily-glycosylated macromolecular (approximately 4 MDa) protein and is used in various biomaterial applications in light of its high viscosity and biocompatibility, in addition to use as a biochemical substrate or inhibitor as a result of its abundant O-glycans. Although it has been reported that N-glycosylation provides stability of human mucins, most BSM research has been focused on its O-glycans, while N-glycans have not been reported to date. In this study, a common N-glycan core component was detected by monosaccharide analysis of BSM, and the structures of the N-glycans and their relative quantities were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Seventeen N-glycans comprising ten complex-type [Fucose0~2Hexose3~4N-acetylhexosamine1~6Sulfate0~1; 61.1% (the sum of the relative quantities of each N-glycan out of the total N-glycans)], two high-mannose-type (Hexose5~6N-acetylhexosamine2; 12.0%), and five paucimannose type (Fucose0~1Hexose3~4N-acetylhexosamine2~3; 26.9%) were identified, but no hybrid-type or sialylated N-glycans were found. Additionally, these are less-branched structures compared to human mucins. Of these, ten glycans (77.2%), including two sulfated glycans (8.0%), were core fucosylated, which confer unique biological functions to glycoproteins. The N-glycosylation sites were identified from the analysis of glycopeptides from BSM. This study is the first confirmation of N-glycan attachment to BSM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Junmyoung Lee
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Yeonjoo Jang
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jongkwan Ha
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Donghwi Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Minkyoo Ji
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Young Kwang Lee
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Wooseok Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Seungkwan You
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Jonghye Do
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Changsoo Ryu
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- Biotherapeutics and Glycomics Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, South Korea.
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43
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Zhou X, Kinlough CL, Hughey RP, Jin M, Inoue H, Etling E, Modena BD, Kaminski N, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA, Jarjour NN, Trudeau JB, Holguin F, Ray A, Wenzel SE. Sialylation of MUC4β N-glycans by ST6GAL1 orchestrates human airway epithelial cell differentiation associated with type-2 inflammation. JCI Insight 2019; 4:122475. [PMID: 30730306 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.122475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Although type-2-induced (T2-induced) epithelial dysfunction is likely to profoundly alter epithelial differentiation and repair in asthma, the mechanisms for these effects are poorly understood. A role for specific mucins, heavily N-glycosylated epithelial glycoproteins, in orchestrating epithelial cell fate in response to T2 stimuli has not previously been investigated. Levels of a sialylated MUC4β isoform were found to be increased in airway specimens from asthmatic patients in association with T2 inflammation. We hypothesized that IL-13 would increase sialylation of MUC4β, thereby altering its function and that the β-galactoside α-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 (ST6GAL1) would regulate the sialylation. Using human biologic specimens and cultured primary human airway epithelial cells (HAECs),we demonstrated that IL-13 increases ST6GAL1-mediated sialylation of MUC4β and that both were increased in asthma, particularly in sputum supernatant and/or fresh isolated HAECs with elevated T2 biomarkers. ST6GAL1-induced sialylation of MUC4β altered its lectin binding and secretion. Both ST6GAL1 and MUC4β inhibited epithelial cell proliferation while promoting goblet cell differentiation. These in vivo and in vitro data provide strong evidence for a critical role for ST6GAL1-induced sialylation of MUC4β in epithelial dysfunction associated with T2-high asthma, thereby identifying specific sialylation pathways as potential targets in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Zhou
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Carol L Kinlough
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca P Hughey
- Renal-Electrolyte Division, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mingzhu Jin
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Hideki Inoue
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Division of Pulmonary and Allergy Medicine, Department of Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emily Etling
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Brian D Modena
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Naftali Kaminski
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Deborah A Meyers
- Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - John B Trudeau
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Fernando Holguin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Anuradha Ray
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh Asthma Institute at University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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44
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Xiang P, Jia Y, Wang K, Li MY, Qin YS, He RW, Gao P, Liu Y, Liu X, Ma LQ. Water extract of indoor dust induces tight junction disruption in normal human corneal epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:301-307. [PMID: 30189392 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.08.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In corneal epithelium, tight junctions play a vital role in its barrier function. Human cornea is highly susceptible to damage by dust. Continued daily exposure to dust has been associated with increased risks of corneal injury. Studies demonstrated that water extract of dust induced cytotoxicity in human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs); however, its effects on corneal epithelial barrier function are unknown. In this study, we determined the concentrations of heavy metals in water extracts of dust, with office dust having higher concentrations of heavy metals than housedust, and Cu and Zn being highest among metals for both dust. Changes in barrier function and its associated mechanism after exposing HCECs to water extracts of dust at 48 μg/100 μ L for 7 d were evaluated. Water extracts of both dust caused decrease of TEER value (39-73%), down-regulation of gene expression related to tight junction and mucin (0.2-0.8 fold), and loss of ZO-1 immunoreactivity from cellular borders, with office dust having greater potential than housedust to disrupt corneal epithelial barrier function. Our data implied the importance to reduce heavy metals in dust to reduce their adverse impacts on human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiang
- Research Center for Soil Contamination and Environment Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yue Jia
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Research Center for Soil Contamination and Environment Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Meng-Ying Li
- Research Center for Soil Contamination and Environment Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Yi-Shu Qin
- Research Center for Soil Contamination and Environment Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Rui-Wen He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Yungen Liu
- Research Center for Soil Contamination and Environment Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Xue Liu
- Research Center for Soil Contamination and Environment Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- Research Center for Soil Contamination and Environment Remediation, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States.
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45
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Woodward AM, Lehoux S, Mantelli F, Di Zazzo A, Brockhausen I, Bonini S, Argüeso P. Inflammatory Stress Causes N-Glycan Processing Deficiency in Ocular Autoimmune Disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2018; 189:283-294. [PMID: 30448401 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High levels of proinflammatory cytokines have been associated with a loss of tissue function in ocular autoimmune diseases, but the basis for this relationship remains poorly understood. Here we investigate a new role for tumor necrosis factor α in promoting N-glycan-processing deficiency at the surface of the eye through inhibition of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase expression in the Golgi. Using mass spectrometry, complex-type biantennary oligosaccharides were identified as major N-glycan structures in differentiated human corneal epithelial cells. Remarkably, significant differences were detected between the efficacies of cytokines in regulating the expression of glycogenes involved in the biosynthesis of N-glycans. Tumor necrosis factor α but not IL-1β had a profound effect in suppressing the expression of enzymes involved in the Golgi branching pathway, including N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases 1 and 2, which are required for the formation of biantennary structures. This decrease in gene expression was correlated with a reduction in enzymatic activity and impaired N-glycan branching. Moreover, patients with ocular mucous membrane pemphigoid were characterized by marginal N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase expression and decreased N-glycan branching in the conjunctiva. Together, these data indicate that proinflammatory cytokines differentially influence the expression of N-glycan-processing enzymes in the Golgi and set the stage for future studies to explore the pathophysiology of ocular autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Woodward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sylvain Lehoux
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Ophthalmology Complex Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Ophthalmology Complex Unit, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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46
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Brockhausen I, Elimova E, Woodward AM, Argüeso P. Glycosylation pathways of human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cell mucins. Carbohydr Res 2018; 470:50-56. [PMID: 30392563 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucin glycoproteins on the ocular surface are rich in O-glycans and have important roles in the protection from physical, chemical and microbial impact. In this work, we have cultured human corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells to examine the glycosyltransferase activities that synthesize the O-glycans of mucins. The results indicate that ocular surface epithelial cells have active enzymes that synthesize O-glycans with sialylated core 1, Galβ1-3GalNAcα, and core 2, GlcNAcβ1-6(Galβ1-3)GalNAcα structures which corresponds to previous structural studies. Eye cells also have enzymes that synthesize complex N-glycans that are found on mucins. Results from treatment of eye cells with TNFα suggest that epithelial O-glycosylation changes in a dynamic fashion during inflammatory stimuli of the eye surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inka Brockhausen
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Elena Elimova
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ashley M Woodward
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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AbuSamra DB, Argüeso P. Lectin-Glycan Interactions in Corneal Infection and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2338. [PMID: 30349544 PMCID: PMC6186829 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The cornea is an extraordinary component of vision that functions as the principal barrier to pathogens in the eye while allowing light transmission into the retina. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms that maintain homeostasis in this tissue is the subject of intense scientific study given the high prevalence of corneal disease. Over the past decade, the interactions between lectins and glycans on plasma membranes have emerged as important regulatory factors in corneal biology. In particular, members of the galectin family have been shown to bind multiple β-galactoside-containing receptors to regulate immunopathological processes associated with viral and bacterial infection, transplantation, wound healing, dry eye, angiogenesis, and lymphangiogenesis. In this review, we describe the current understanding of how these surface interactions intersect with different pathways to activate unique cellular responses in cornea as well as their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina B AbuSamra
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Aithal A, Rauth S, Kshirsagar P, Shah A, Lakshmanan I, Junker WM, Jain M, Ponnusamy MP, Batra SK. MUC16 as a novel target for cancer therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2018; 22:675-686. [PMID: 29999426 PMCID: PMC6300140 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2018.1498845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION MUC16 is overexpressed in multiple cancers and plays an important role in tumorigenicity and acquired resistance to therapy. Area covered: In this review, we describe the role of MUC16 under normal physiological conditions and during tumorigenesis. First, we provide a summary of research on MUC16 from its discovery as CA125 to present anti-MUC16 therapy trials that are currently in the initial phases of clinical testing. Finally, we discuss the reasons for the limited effectiveness of these therapies and discuss the direction and focus of future research. Expert opinion: Apart from its protective role in normal physiology, MUC16 contributes to disease progression and metastasis in several malignancies. Due to its aberrant overexpression, it is a promising target for diagnosis and therapy. Cleavage and shedding of its extracellular domain is the major barrier for efficient targeting of MUC16-expressing cancers. Concerted efforts should be undertaken to target the noncleaved cell surface retained portion of MUC16. Such efforts should be accompanied by basic research to understand MUC16 cleavage and decipher the functioning of MUC16 cytoplasmic tail. While previous efforts to activate anti-MUC16 immune response using anti-CA125 idiotype antibodies have met with limited success, ideification of neo-antigenic epitopes in MUC16 that correlate with improved survival have raised raised hopes for developing MUC16-targeted immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Aithal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Sanchita Rauth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Prakash Kshirsagar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Ashu Shah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Imayavaramban Lakshmanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Wade M. Junker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Moorthy P. Ponnusamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States of America
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Abstract
Glycosylation is a major form of enzymatic modification of organic molecules responsible for multiple biological processes in an organism. The biosynthesis of glycans is controlled by a series of glycosyltransferases, glycosidases and glycan-modifying enzymes that collectively assemble and process monosaccharide moieties into a diverse array of structures. Many studies have provided insight into various pathways of glycosylation at the ocular surface, such as those related to the biosynthesis of mucin-type O-glycans and N-glycans on proteins, but many others still remain largely unknown. This review provides an overview of the different classes of glycans described at the ocular surface focusing on their biosynthetic pathways and biological relevance. A precise understanding of these pathways under physiological and pathological conditions could help identify biomarkers and novel targets for therapeutic intervention.
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50
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Manning JC, García Caballero G, Knospe C, Kaltner H, Gabius HJ. Three-step monitoring of glycan and galectin profiles in the anterior segment of the adult chicken eye. Ann Anat 2018; 217:66-81. [PMID: 29501632 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A histochemical three-step approach is applied for processing a panel of sections that covers the different regions of fixed anterior segment of the adult chicken eye. This analysis gains insight into the presence of binding partners for functional pairing by galectin/lectin recognition in situ. Glycophenotyping with 11 fungal and plant lectins (step 1) revealed a complex pattern of reactivity with regional as well as glycan- and cell-type-dependent differences. When characterizing expression of the complete set of the seven adhesion/growth-regulatory chicken galectins immunohistochemically (step 2), the same holds true, clearly demonstrating profiles with individual properties, even for the CG-1A/B paralogue pair. Testing this set of labeled tissue lectins as probes (step 3) detected binding sites in a galectin-type-dependent manner. The results of steps 2 and 3 reflect the divergence of sequences and argue against functional redundancy among the galectins. These data shape the concept of an in situ network of galectins. As consequence, experimental in vitro studies will need to be performed from the level of testing a single protein to work with mixtures that mimic the (patho)physiological situation, a key message of this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim C Manning
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gabriel García Caballero
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Clemens Knospe
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Herbert Kaltner
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Gabius
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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