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Viljakainen L, Jurvansuu J, Holmberg I, Pamminger T, Erler S, Cremer S. Social environment affects the transcriptomic response to bacteria in ant queens. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:11031-11070. [PMID: 30519425 PMCID: PMC6262927 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social insects have evolved enormous capacities to collectively build nests and defend their colonies against both predators and pathogens. The latter is achieved by a combination of individual immune responses and sophisticated collective behavioral and organizational disease defenses, that is, social immunity. We investigated how the presence or absence of these social defense lines affects individual-level immunity in ant queens after bacterial infection. To this end, we injected queens of the ant Linepithema humile with a mix of gram+ and gram- bacteria or a control solution, reared them either with workers or alone and analyzed their gene expression patterns at 2, 4, 8, and 12 hr post-injection, using RNA-seq. This allowed us to test for the effect of bacterial infection, social context, as well as the interaction between the two over the course of infection and raising of an immune response. We found that social isolation per se affected queen gene expression for metabolism genes, but not for immune genes. When infected, queens reared with and without workers up-regulated similar numbers of innate immune genes revealing activation of Toll and Imd signaling pathways and melanization. Interestingly, however, they mostly regulated different genes along the pathways and showed a different pattern of overall gene up-regulation or down-regulation. Hence, we can conclude that the absence of workers does not compromise the onset of an individual immune response by the queens, but that the social environment impacts the route of the individual innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jaana Jurvansuu
- Ecology and Genetics Research UnitUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | - Ida Holmberg
- Ecology and Genetics Research UnitUniversity of OuluOuluFinland
| | | | - Silvio Erler
- Institute of Biology, Molecular EcologyMartin‐Luther‐University Halle‐WittenbergHalle (Saale)Germany
| | - Sylvia Cremer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria)KlosterneuburgAustria
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2
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Veillard F, Troxler L, Reichhart JM. Drosophila melanogaster clip-domain serine proteases: Structure, function and regulation. Biochimie 2015; 122:255-69. [PMID: 26453810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian chymotrypsin-like serine proteases (SPs) are one of the best-studied family of enzymes with roles in a wide range of physiological processes, including digestion, blood coagulation, fibrinolysis and humoral immunity. Extracellular SPs can form cascades, in which one protease activates the zymogen of the next protease in the chain, to amplify physiological or pathological signals. These extracellular SPs are generally multi-domain proteins, with pro-domains that are involved in protein-protein interactions critical for the sequential organization of the cascades, the control of their intensity and their proper localization. Far less is known about invertebrate SPs than their mammalian counterparts. In insect genomes, SPs and their proteolytically inactive homologs (SPHs) constitute large protein families. In addition to the chymotrypsin fold, many of these proteins contain additional structural domains, often with conserved mammalian orthologues. However, the largest group of arthropod SP regulatory modules is the clip domains family, which has only been identified in arthropods. The clip-domain SPs are extracellular and have roles in the immune response and embryonic development. The powerful reverse-genetics tools in Drosophila melanogaster have been essential to identify the functions of clip-SPs and their organization in sequential cascades. This review focuses on the current knowledge of Drosophila clip-SPs and presents, when necessary, data obtained in other insect models. We will first cover the biochemical and structural features of clip domain SPs and SPHs. Clip-SPs are implicated in three main biological processes: the control of the dorso-ventral patterning during embryonic development; the activation of the Toll-mediated response to microbial infections and the prophenoloxydase cascade, which triggers melanization. Finally, we review the regulation of SPs and SPHs, from specificity of activation to inhibition by endogenous or pathogen-encoded inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Veillard
- CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Laurent Troxler
- CNRS UPR9022, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jean-Marc Reichhart
- Faculté des Sciences de la Vie, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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3
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Vu TT, Stafford AR, Leslie BA, Kim PY, Fredenburgh JC, Weitz JI. Batroxobin binds fibrin with higher affinity and promotes clot expansion to a greater extent than thrombin. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16862-16871. [PMID: 23612970 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Batroxobin is a thrombin-like serine protease from the venom of Bothrops atrox moojeni that clots fibrinogen. In contrast to thrombin, which releases fibrinopeptide A and B from the NH2-terminal domains of the Aα- and Bβ-chains of fibrinogen, respectively, batroxobin only releases fibrinopeptide A. Because the mechanism responsible for these differences is unknown, we compared the interactions of batroxobin and thrombin with the predominant γA/γA isoform of fibrin(ogen) and the γA/γ' variant with an extended γ-chain. Thrombin binds to the γ'-chain and forms a higher affinity interaction with γA/γ'-fibrin(ogen) than γA/γA-fibrin(ogen). In contrast, batroxobin binds both fibrin(ogen) isoforms with similar high affinity (Kd values of about 0.5 μM) even though it does not interact with the γ'-chain. The batroxobin-binding sites on fibrin(ogen) only partially overlap with those of thrombin because thrombin attenuates, but does not abrogate, the interaction of γA/γA-fibrinogen with batroxobin. Furthermore, although both thrombin and batroxobin bind to the central E-region of fibrinogen with a Kd value of 2-5 μM, the α(17-51) and Bβ(1-42) regions bind thrombin but not batroxobin. Once bound to fibrin, the capacity of batroxobin to promote fibrin accretion is 18-fold greater than that of thrombin, a finding that may explain the microvascular thrombosis that complicates envenomation by B. atrox moojeni. Therefore, batroxobin binds fibrin(ogen) in a manner distinct from thrombin, which may contribute to its higher affinity interaction, selective fibrinopeptide A release, and prothrombotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang T Vu
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Departments of Medical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Alan R Stafford
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Beverly A Leslie
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Paul Y Kim
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - James C Fredenburgh
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Departments of Medical Sciences, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada; Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8L 2X2, Canada.
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4
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Mehrnoush A, Tan CP, Hamed M, Aziz NA, Ling TC. Optimisation of freeze drying conditions for purified serine protease from mango (Mangifera indica Cv. Chokanan) peel. Food Chem 2011; 128:158-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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5
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Tian S, LeMosy EK. Mutagenesis of the cysteine-rich clip domain in the Drosophila patterning protease, Snake. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 475:169-74. [PMID: 18477463 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Revised: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A common motif found in invertebrate serine proteases involved in immunity and development is the clip domain, proposed to regulate catalytic activity or protein-protein interactions within proteolytic cascades. Snake functions in a cascade that patterns the Drosophila embryo, and provides an accessible model for exploring the structural requirements for clip domain function. We tested Snake zymogens bearing charged-to-alanine mutations in the clip domain for their ability to rescue embryos lacking endogenous Snake and for their interactions by S2 cell co-transfection with upstream Gastrulation Defective and downstream Easter in the protease cascade. Of 13 single and multiple substitutions, one double mutant in a predicted protruding region exhibited a severe defect in embryonic rescue but showed only minimal defects in the co-transfection assay. We discuss implications of these and other results for potential biological roles of the Snake clip domain and for use of the in vitro assay in predicting protease behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sufang Tian
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, CB1101, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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6
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Shah PK, Tripathi LP, Jensen LJ, Gahnim M, Mason C, Furlong EE, Rodrigues V, White KP, Bork P, Sowdhamini R. Enhanced function annotations for Drosophila serine proteases: a case study for systematic annotation of multi-member gene families. Gene 2007; 407:199-215. [PMID: 17996400 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 09/09/2007] [Accepted: 10/07/2007] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systematically annotating function of enzymes that belong to large protein families encoded in a single eukaryotic genome is a very challenging task. We carried out such an exercise to annotate function for serine-protease family of the trypsin fold in Drosophila melanogaster, with an emphasis on annotating serine-protease homologues (SPHs) that may have lost their catalytic function. Our approach involves data mining and data integration to provide function annotations for 190 Drosophila gene products containing serine-protease-like domains, of which 35 are SPHs. This was accomplished by analysis of structure-function relationships, gene-expression profiles, large-scale protein-protein interaction data, literature mining and bioinformatic tools. We introduce functional residue clustering (FRC), a method that performs hierarchical clustering of sequences using properties of functionally important residues and utilizes correlation co-efficient as a quantitative similarity measure to transfer in vivo substrate specificities to proteases. We show that the efficiency of transfer of substrate-specificity information using this method is generally high. FRC was also applied on Drosophila proteases to assign putative competitive inhibitor relationships (CIRs). Microarray gene-expression data were utilized to uncover a large-scale and dual involvement of proteases in development and in immune response. We found specific recruitment of SPHs and proteases with CLIP domains in immune response, suggesting evolution of a new function for SPHs. We also suggest existence of separate downstream protease cascades for immune response against bacterial/fungal infections and parasite/parasitoid infections. We verify quality of our annotations using information from RNAi screens and other evidence types. Utilization of such multi-fold approaches results in 10-fold increase of function annotation for Drosophila serine proteases and demonstrates value in increasing annotations in multiple genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parantu K Shah
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Weber ANR, Gangloff M, Moncrieffe MC, Hyvert Y, Imler JL, Gay NJ. Role of the Spätzle Pro-domain in the Generation of an Active Toll Receptor Ligand. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:13522-31. [PMID: 17324925 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700068200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine Spätzle is the ligand for Drosophila Toll, the prototype of an important family of membrane receptors that function in embryonic patterning and innate immunity. A dimeric precursor of Spätzle is processed by an endoprotease to produce a form (C-106) that cross-links Toll receptor ectodomains and establishes signaling. Here we show that before processing the pro-domain of Spätzle is required for correct biosynthesis and secretion. We mapped two loss-of-function mutations of Spätzle to a discrete site in the pro-domain and showed that the phenotype arises because of a defect in biosynthesis rather than signaling. We also report that the pro-domain and C-106 remain associated after cleavage and that this processed complex signals with the same characteristics as the C-terminal fragment. These results suggest that before activation the determinants on C-106 that bind specifically to Toll are sequestered by the pro-domain and that proteolytic processing causes conformational rearrangements that expose these determinants and enables binding to Toll. Furthermore, we show that the pro-domain is released when the Toll extracellular domain binds to the complex, a finding that has implications for the generation of a signaling-competent Toll dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N R Weber
- Department of Biochemistry, Cambridge University, 80 Tennis Court Road, Cambridge CB2 1GA, United Kingdom.
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8
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Piao S, Kim S, Kim JH, Park JW, Lee BL, Ha NC. Crystal Structure of the Serine Protease Domain of Prophenoloxidase Activating Factor-I. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:10783-91. [PMID: 17287215 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m611556200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of serine proteases (SPs) mediates the proteolytic cascades of embryonic development and immune response in invertebrates. These proteases, called easter-type SPs, consist of clip and chymotrypsin-like SP domains. The SP domain of easter-type proteases differs from those of typical SPs in its primary structure. Herein, we report the first crystal structure of the SP domain of easter-type proteases, presented as that of prophenoloxidase activating factor (PPAF)-I in zymogen form. This structure reveals several important structural features including a bound calcium ion, an additional loop with a unique disulfide linkage, a canyon-like deep active site, and an exposed activation loop. We subsequently show the role of the bound calcium and the proteolytic susceptibility of the activation loop, which occurs in a clip domain-independent manner. Based on biochemical study in the presence of heparin, we suggest that PPAF-III, highly homologous to PPAF-I, contains a surface patch that is responsible for enhancing the catalytic activity through interaction with a nonsubstrate region of a target protein. These results provide insights into an activation mechanism of easter-type proteases in proteolytic cascades, in comparison with the well studied blood coagulation enzymes in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfu Piao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
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9
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Piao S, Jung JY, Park JW, Lee J, Lee BL, Ha NC. Preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of the catalytic domain of prophenoloxidase activating factor-I. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2006; 62:771-3. [PMID: 16880553 PMCID: PMC2242929 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309106025851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2006] [Accepted: 07/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Clip-domain serine proteases (SPs) have been identified in invertebrates as crucial enzymes that are involved in diverse extracellular signalling pathways. Prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating factor-I (PPAF-I), a catalytically active clip-domain SP, cleaves proPO. To date, no crystal structures of a catalytically active clip-domain SP have been determined. Here, the results of crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of the SP domain of PPAF-I are reported. The crystal of the PPAF-I SP domain was obtained using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method in a precipitant solution containing 0.15 M lithium sulfate, 30% polyethylene glycol 4000 and 0.1 M Tris-HCl pH 8.0. The crystal diffracts X-rays to 1.7 angstroms resolution using a synchrotron-radiation source. The crystal belongs to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with one molecule in the asymmetric unit and unit-cell parameters a = 38.3, b = 53.3, c = 116.6 angstroms, alpha = beta = gamma = 90 degrees. A molecular-replacement solution has been found using kallikrein as a starting model, resulting in an interpretable electron-density map.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfu Piao
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Ji Young Jung
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Ji Won Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Bok Leul Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon-dong, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea
- Correspondence e-mail:
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10
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Moussian B, Roth S. Dorsoventral axis formation in the Drosophila embryo--shaping and transducing a morphogen gradient. Curr Biol 2006; 15:R887-99. [PMID: 16271864 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2005.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The graded nuclear location of the transcription factor Dorsal along the dorsoventral axis of the early Drosophila embryo provides positional information for the determination of different cell fates. Nuclear uptake of Dorsal depends on a complex signalling pathway comprising two parts: an extracellular proteolytic cascade transmits the dorsoventral polarity of the egg chamber to the early embryo and generates a gradient of active Spätzle protein, the ligand of the receptor Toll; an intracellular cascade downstream of Toll relays this graded signal to embryonic nuclei. The slope of the Dorsal gradient is not determined by diffusion of extracellular or intracellular components from a local source, but results from self-organised patterning, in which positive and negative feedback is essential to create and maintain the ratio of key factors at different levels, thereby establishing and stabilising the graded spatial information for Dorsal nuclear uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Moussian
- Department of Genetics, Max-Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstr. 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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11
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LeMosy EK. Spatially dependent activation of the patterning protease, Easter. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:2269-72. [PMID: 16566925 PMCID: PMC2644372 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The dorsoventral axis of the Drosophila embryo is established by the activating cleavage of a signaling ligand by a serine protease, Easter, only on the ventral side of the embryo. Easter is the final protease in a serine protease cascade in which initial reaction steps appear not to be ventrally restricted, but where Easter activity is promoted ventrally through the action of a spatial cue at an unknown step in the pathway. Here, biochemical studies demonstrate that this spatial control occurs at or above the level of Easter zymogen activation, rather than through direct promotion of Easter's catalytic activity against the signaling ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K LeMosy
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th St., CB2915, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Piao S, Song YL, Kim JH, Park SY, Park JW, Lee BL, Oh BH, Ha NC. Crystal structure of a clip-domain serine protease and functional roles of the clip domains. EMBO J 2005; 24:4404-14. [PMID: 16362048 PMCID: PMC1356332 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clip-domain serine proteases (SPs) are the essential components of extracellular signaling cascades in various biological processes, especially in embryonic development and the innate immune responses of invertebrates. They consist of a chymotrypsin-like SP domain and one or two clip domains at the N-terminus. Prophenoloxidase-activating factor (PPAF)-II, which belongs to the noncatalytic clip-domain SP family, is indispensable for the generation of the active phenoloxidase leading to melanization, a major defense mechanism of insects. Here, the crystal structure of PPAF-II reveals that the clip domain adopts a novel fold containing a central cleft, which is distinct from the structures of defensins with a similar arrangement of cysteine residues. Ensuing studies demonstrated that PPAF-II forms a homo-oligomer upon cleavage by the upstream protease and that the clip domain of PPAF-II functions as a module for binding phenoloxidase through the central cleft, while the clip domain of a catalytically active easter-type SP plays an essential role in the rapid activation of its protease domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfu Piao
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong Gu, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-Lan Song
- Center for Biomolecular Recognition and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
| | - Jung Hyun Kim
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong Gu, Busan, Korea
| | - Sam Yong Park
- Protein Design Laboratory, Yokohama City University, Suehiro, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Ji Won Park
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong Gu, Busan, Korea
| | - Bok Leul Lee
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong Gu, Busan, Korea
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong Gu, Busan 607-735, Korea. Tel.: +82 51 510 2528 or 2809; Fax: +82 51 513 6754; E-mail:
| | - Byung-Ha Oh
- Center for Biomolecular Recognition and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea
- Center for Biomolecular Recognition and Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Kyungbuk, Korea. Tel.: +82 54 279 2289; Fax: +82 54 279 2199; E-mail:
| | - Nam-Chul Ha
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong Gu, Busan, Korea
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute for Drug Development, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong Gu, Busan 607-735, Korea. Tel.: +82 51 510 2528 or 2809; Fax: +82 51 513 6754; E-mail:
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Herrero S, Combes E, Van Oers MM, Vlak JM, de Maagd RA, Beekwilder J. Identification and recombinant expression of a novel chymotrypsin from Spodoptera exigua. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2005; 35:1073-82. [PMID: 16102414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel chymotrypsin which is expressed in the midgut of the lepidopteran insect Spodoptera exigua is described. This enzyme, referred to as SeCT34, represents a novel class of chymotrypsins. Its amino-acid sequence shares common features of gut chymotrpysins, but can be clearly distinguished from other serine proteinases that are expressed in the insect gut. Most notable, SeCT34 contains a chymotrypsin activation site and the highly conserved motive DSGGP in the catalytic domain around the active-site serine is changed to DSGSA. Recombinant expression of SeCT34 was achieved in Sf21 insect cells using a special baculovirus vector, which has been engineered for optimized protein production. This is the first example of recombinant expression of an active serine proteinase which functions in the lepidopteran digestive tract. Purified recombinant SeCT34 enzyme was characterized by its ability to hydrolyze various synthetic substrates and its susceptibility to proteinase inhibitors. It appeared to be highly selective for substrates carrying a phenylalanine residue at the cleavage site. SeCT34 showed a pH-dependence and sensitivity to inhibitors, which is characteristic for semi-purified lepidopteran gut proteinases. Expression analysis revealed that SeCT34 was only expressed in the midgut of larvae at the end of their last instar, just before the onset of pupation. This suggests a possible role of this protein in the proteolytic remodelling that occurs in the gut during the larval to pupal molt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador Herrero
- Business Unit Bioscience, Plant Research International B.V., Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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14
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Piao S, Kim D, Won Park J, Leul Lee B, Ha NC. Overexpression and preliminary X-ray crystallographic analysis of prophenoloxidase activating factor II, a clip domain family of serine proteases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2005; 1752:103-6. [PMID: 15953772 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 05/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A clip domain family of serine proteases has been identified in invertebrates as a crucial enzyme involved in diverse biological processes including immune responses and embryonic development. Although these proteins contain at least one clip domain at the N-terminal of the serine protease domain, the roles and three-dimensional structure of the clip domain are unknown. Prophenoloxidase activating factor-II (PPAF-II), a clip domain family of serine proteases, derived from the beetle Holotrichia diomphalia larvae, was overexpressed in the baculovirus system, and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapor-diffusion method. High-quality single crystals of PPAF-II were obtained in a precipitant solution containing 0.15 M ammonium sulfate, 1.25 M lithium sulfate monohydrate, and 0.1 M sodium citrate dehydrate (pH 5.5). These crystals belong to space group C2 with unit-cell parameters a=107.84, b=76.78, c=70.49 A and beta=113.93 degrees , and contain one or two molecules in the asymmetric unit. Determination of the three-dimensional structure of PPAF-II would clarify the functions of the clip domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunfu Piao
- National Research Laboratory of Defense Proteins, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University, Jangjeon Dong, Geumjeong Gu, Busan 609-735, Korea
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