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Barron N, Dickgiesser S, Fleischer M, Bachmann AN, Klewinghaus D, Hannewald J, Ciesielski E, Kusters I, Hammann T, Krause V, Fuchs SW, Siegmund V, Gross AW, Mueller-Pompalla D, Krah S, Zielonka S, Doerner A. A Generic Approach for Miniaturized Unbiased High-Throughput Screens of Bispecific Antibodies and Biparatopic Antibody-Drug Conjugates. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2097. [PMID: 38396776 PMCID: PMC10889805 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The toolbox of modern antibody engineering allows the design of versatile novel functionalities exceeding nature's repertoire. Many bispecific antibodies comprise heterodimeric Fc portions recently validated through the approval of several bispecific biotherapeutics. While heterodimerization methodologies have been established for low-throughput large-scale production, few approaches exist to overcome the bottleneck of large combinatorial screening efforts that are essential for the identification of the best possible bispecific antibody. This report presents a novel, robust and miniaturized heterodimerization process based on controlled Fab-arm exchange (cFAE), which is applicable to a variety of heterodimeric formats and compatible with automated high-throughput screens. Proof of applicability was shown for two therapeutic molecule classes and two relevant functional screening read-outs. First, the miniaturized production of biparatopic anti-c-MET antibody-drug conjugates served as a proof of concept for their applicability in cytotoxic screenings on tumor cells with different target expression levels. Second, the automated workflow enabled a large unbiased combinatorial screening of biparatopic antibodies and the identification of hits mediating potent c-MET degradation. The presented workflow utilizes standard equipment and may serve as a facile, efficient and robust method for the discovery of innovative therapeutic agents in many laboratories worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Barron
- Protein and Cell Sciences, EMD Serono, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Stephan Dickgiesser
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Fleischer
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Daniel Klewinghaus
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jens Hannewald
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Elke Ciesielski
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ilja Kusters
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, EMD Serono, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Til Hammann
- Discovery Pharmacology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Volker Krause
- Discovery Pharmacology, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Vanessa Siegmund
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Alec W. Gross
- Protein Engineering and Antibody Technologies, EMD Serono, 45A Middlesex Turnpike, Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Dirk Mueller-Pompalla
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Krah
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Zielonka
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Achim Doerner
- NBE Technologies, Merck Healthcare KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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Yao X, Xie M, Ben Y, Zhu Y, Yang G, Kwong SCW, Zhang Z, Chiu ML. Large scale controlled Fab exchange GMP process to prepare bispecific antibodies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 11:1298890. [PMID: 38283167 PMCID: PMC10812119 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1298890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective: Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) have demonstrated significant therapeutic impacts for the treatment of a broad spectrum of diseases that include oncology, auto-immune, and infectious diseases. However, the large-scale production of clinical batches of bispecific antibodies still has many challenges that include having low yield, poor stability, and laborious downstream purification processes. To address such challenges, we describe the optimization of the controlled Fab arm exchange (cFAE) process for the efficient generation of BsAbs. Methods: The process optimization of a large-scale good manufacturing practice (GMP) cFAE strategy to prepare BsAbs was based on screening the parameters of temperature, reduction, oxidation, and buffer exchange. We include critical quality standards for the reducing agent cysteamine hydrochloride. Results: This large-scale production protocol enabled the generation of bispecific antibodies with >90% exchange yield and at >95% purity. The subsequent downstream processing could use typical mAb procedures. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the bispecific generation protocol can be scaled up to ∼60 L reaction scale using parental monoclonal antibodies that were expressed in a 200 L bioreactor. Conclusion: We presented a robust development strategy for the cFAE process that can be used for a larger scale GMP BsAb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Yao
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | - Yixiang Zhu
- Bioworkshops (Suzhou) Limited, Suzhou, China
| | | | | | | | - Mark L. Chiu
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Suzhou, China
- Tavotek Biotherapeutics, Lower Gwynedd, PA, United States
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3
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Khosla AA, Jatwani K, Singh R, Reddy A, Jaiyesimi I, Desai A. Bispecific Antibodies in Lung Cancer: A State-of-the-Art Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1461. [PMID: 37895932 PMCID: PMC10609957 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies have emerged as a promising class of therapeutics in the field of oncology, offering an innovative approach to target cancer cells while sparing healthy tissues. These antibodies are designed to bind two different antigens, enabling them to bridge immune cells with cancer cells, resulting in enhanced tumor cell killing and improved treatment responses. This review article summarizes the current landscape of bispecific antibodies in lung cancer, including their mechanisms of action, clinical development, and potential applications in other solid tumor malignancies. Additionally, the challenges and opportunities associated with their use in the clinic are discussed, along with future directions for research and development in this exciting area of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atulya Aman Khosla
- Division of Internal Medicine, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA;
| | - Karan Jatwani
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Roswell Park Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | - Rohit Singh
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Aswanth Reddy
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Mercy Clinic, Fort Smith, AR 72903, USA
| | - Ishmael Jaiyesimi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, William Beaumont University Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA
| | - Aakash Desai
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA
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Kang J, Sun T, Zhang Y. Immunotherapeutic progress and application of bispecific antibody in cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020003. [PMID: 36341333 PMCID: PMC9630604 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) are artificial antibodies with two distinct antigen-binding sites that can bind to different antigens or different epitopes on the same antigen. Based on a variety of technology platforms currently developed, bsAbs can exhibit different formats and mechanisms of action. The upgrading of antibody technology has promoted the development of bsAbs, which has been effectively used in the treatment of tumors. So far, 7 bsAbs have been approved for marketing in the world, and more than 200 bsAbs are in clinical and preclinical research stages. Here, we summarize the development process of bsAbs, application in tumor treatment and look forward to the challenges in future development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyue Kang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tonglin Sun
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Division of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Cao M, Parthemore C, Jiao Y, Korman S, Aspelund M, Hunter A, Kilby G, Chen X. Characterization and Monitoring of a Novel Light-heavy-light Chain Mispair in a Therapeutic Bispecific Antibody. J Pharm Sci 2021; 110:2904-2915. [PMID: 33894207 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Site-specific cysteine engineering, along with other genetic mutations, is broadly implemented in bispecific antibodies (bsAb). Thus far, homodimer, half hole antibody, one-light chain mispaired and light chain swapped variants have been reported as chain-pairing variants for the asymmetric IgG-like bispecific antibodies. Here we report a novel mispair in which the CH3 engineered cysteine on the hole heavy chain (HC) of a knob-into-hole (KiH) bsAb is linked to the engineered cysteine in CL through a disulfide bond, forming a LHL species in a bsAb construct. Due to its impact on bioactivity, it is critical to implement an analytical strategy to monitor this CQA and mitigate risk for the future products. A set of orthogonal physicochemical assays that include hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), capillary electrophoresis sodium dodecyl sulfate (CE-SDS), reverse phase liquid chromatography ultra-performance chromatography mass spectrometry (RP-UPLC MS) and disulfide bond mapping have been utilized to monitor and characterize this chain-pairing impurity for manufacturing process control and product release. Our data shows the LHL mispair in condition medium (CM) is approximately 1.3 - 1.9%. LambdaFabSelect affinity chromatography removes two major chain-pairing variants in CM - i.e. the hole-hole homodimer and hole half-antibody, while retaining the LHL species. Process improvement in Capto Q (anion exchange) and HS50 (cation exchange) chromatography steps removes LHL to as low as 0.2% in the final product. We have demonstrated an orthogonal analytical methodology that is capable of characterizing and monitoring bsAb mispairing, suitable for use in manufacturing process control and product release, and can be potentially implemented for similar bsAb constructs with engineered disulfide bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyan Cao
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States.
| | - Conner Parthemore
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Yang Jiao
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Samuel Korman
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Matthew Aspelund
- Purification Process Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Alan Hunter
- Purification Process Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Greg Kilby
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Analytical Sciences, Biopharmaceutical Development, Biopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, One Medimmune Way, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States.
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biAb Mediated Restoration of the Linkage between Dystroglycan and Laminin-211 as a Therapeutic Approach for α-Dystroglycanopathies. Mol Ther 2019; 28:664-676. [PMID: 31843448 PMCID: PMC7001080 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with α-dystroglycanopathies, a subgroup of rare congenital muscular dystrophies, present with a spectrum of clinical manifestations that includes muscular dystrophy as well as CNS and ocular abnormalities. Although patients with α-dystroglycanopathies are genetically heterogeneous, they share a common defect of aberrant post-translational glycosylation modification of the dystroglycan alpha-subunit, which renders it defective in binding to several extracellular ligands such as laminin-211 in skeletal muscles, agrin in neuromuscular junctions, neurexin in the CNS, and pikachurin in the eye, leading to various symptoms. The genetic heterogeneity associated with the development of α-dystroglycanopathies poses significant challenges to developing a generalized treatment to address the spectrum of genetic defects. Here, we propose the development of a bispecific antibody (biAb) that functions as a surrogate molecular linker to reconnect laminin-211 and the dystroglycan beta-subunit to ameliorate sarcolemmal fragility, a primary pathology in patients with α-dystroglycan-related muscular dystrophies. We show that the treatment of LARGEmyd-3J mice, an α-dystroglycanopathy model, with the biAb improved muscle function and protected muscles from exercise-induced damage. These results demonstrate the viability of a biAb that binds to laminin-211 and dystroglycan simultaneously as a potential treatment for patients with α-dystroglycanopathy.
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Chiu ML, Goulet DR, Teplyakov A, Gilliland GL. Antibody Structure and Function: The Basis for Engineering Therapeutics. Antibodies (Basel) 2019; 8:antib8040055. [PMID: 31816964 PMCID: PMC6963682 DOI: 10.3390/antib8040055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies and antibody-derived macromolecules have established themselves as the mainstay in protein-based therapeutic molecules (biologics). Our knowledge of the structure–function relationships of antibodies provides a platform for protein engineering that has been exploited to generate a wide range of biologics for a host of therapeutic indications. In this review, our basic understanding of the antibody structure is described along with how that knowledge has leveraged the engineering of antibody and antibody-related therapeutics having the appropriate antigen affinity, effector function, and biophysical properties. The platforms examined include the development of antibodies, antibody fragments, bispecific antibody, and antibody fusion products, whose efficacy and manufacturability can be improved via humanization, affinity modulation, and stability enhancement. We also review the design and selection of binding arms, and avidity modulation. Different strategies of preparing bispecific and multispecific molecules for an array of therapeutic applications are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L. Chiu
- Drug Product Development Science, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Malvern, PA 19355, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Dennis R. Goulet
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, P.O. Box 357610, Seattle, WA 98195-7610, USA;
| | - Alexey Teplyakov
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
| | - Gary L. Gilliland
- Biologics Research, Janssen Research & Development, LLC, Spring House, PA 19477, USA; (A.T.); (G.L.G.)
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8
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Evans AR, Capaldi MT, Goparaju G, Colter D, Shi FF, Aubert S, Li LC, Mo J, Lewis MJ, Hu P, Alfonso P, Mehndiratta P. Using bispecific antibodies in forced degradation studies to analyze the structure-function relationships of symmetrically and asymmetrically modified antibodies. MAbs 2019; 11:1101-1112. [PMID: 31161859 PMCID: PMC6748611 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1618675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Forced degradation experiments of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) aid in the identification of critical quality attributes (CQAs) by studying the impact of post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as oxidation, deamidation, glycation, and isomerization, on biological functions. Structure-function characterization of mAbs can be used to identify the PTM CQAs and develop appropriate analytical and process controls. However, the interpretation of forced degradation results can be complicated because samples may contain mixtures of asymmetrically and symmetrically modified mAbs with one or two modified chains. We present a process to selectively create symmetrically and asymmetrically modified antibodies for structure-function characterization using the bispecific DuoBody® platform. Parental molecules mAb1 and mAb2 were first stressed with peracetic acid to induce methionine oxidation. Bispecific antibodies were then prepared from a mixture of oxidized or unoxidized parental mAbs by a controlled Fab-arm exchange process. This process was used to systematically prepare four bispecific mAb products: symmetrically unoxidized, symmetrically oxidized, and both combinations of asymmetrically oxidized bispecific mAbs. Results of this study demonstrated chain-independent, 1:2 stoichiometric binding of the mAb Fc region to both FcRn receptor and to Protein A. The approach was also applied to create asymmetrically deamidated mAbs at the asparagine 330 residue. Results of this study support the proposed 1:1 stoichiometric binding relationship between the FcγRIIIa receptor and the mAb Fc. This approach should be generally applicable to study the potential impact of any modification on biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R Evans
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Michael T Capaldi
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Geetha Goparaju
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - David Colter
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Frank F Shi
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Sarah Aubert
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Lian-Chao Li
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Jingjie Mo
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Michael J Lewis
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Ping Hu
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Pedro Alfonso
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA
| | - Promod Mehndiratta
- a Discovery and Manufacturing Sciences, Janssen Research and Development, LLC , Malvern , PA , USA.,b Analytical Development, Biologics Research and Development, Celgene Corporation , Summit , NJ , USA
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Garcia NK, Deperalta G, Wecksler AT. Current Trends in Biotherapeutic Higher Order Structure Characterization by Irreversible Covalent Footprinting Mass Spectrometry. Protein Pept Lett 2019; 26:35-43. [PMID: 30484396 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666181128141953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biotherapeutics, particularly monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), are a maturing class of drugs capable of treating a wide range of diseases. Therapeutic function and solutionstability are linked to the proper three-dimensional organization of the primary sequence into Higher Order Structure (HOS) as well as the timescales of protein motions (dynamics). Methods that directly monitor protein HOS and dynamics are important for mapping therapeutically relevant protein-protein interactions and assessing properly folded structures. Irreversible covalent protein footprinting Mass Spectrometry (MS) tools, such as site-specific amino acid labeling and hydroxyl radical footprinting are analytical techniques capable of monitoring the side chain solvent accessibility influenced by tertiary and quaternary structure. Here we discuss the methodology, examples of biotherapeutic applications, and the future directions of irreversible covalent protein footprinting MS in biotherapeutic research and development. CONCLUSION Bottom-up mass spectrometry using irreversible labeling techniques provide valuable information for characterizing solution-phase protein structure. Examples range from epitope mapping and protein-ligand interactions, to probing challenging structures of membrane proteins. By paring these techniques with hydrogen-deuterium exchange, spectroscopic analysis, or static-phase structural data such as crystallography or electron microscopy, a comprehensive understanding of protein structure can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K Garcia
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Galahad Deperalta
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Aaron T Wecksler
- Department of Protein Analytical Chemistry, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
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You J, Shi Y, Zhu W, Wu Z, Xiong J. Characterization of disulfide linkages at the hinge region of IgG antibodies by HPLC mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4371. [PMID: 30121965 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
There are two types of disulfide linkages in IgG antibodies at the hinge region: intra- and inter-disulfide linkages. Characterization of intra-disulfide linked isomer will provide important information on the stability of the antibodies and better understanding of the mechanism of Fab-arm exchange. In this report, HPLC coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry was applied for characterization of disulfide linkages in IgG antibodies at the hinge region. We were able to accurately identify both inter- and intra-disulfide linked peptides and correctly quantify intra-disulfide isomers. It is the first study to quantify intra-disulfide isomers in IgG antibodies with a mass spectrometry approach. It will help to achieve efficient generation of bispecific antibodies with Fab-arm exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia You
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Shi
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Zhu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD, P.R China
| | - Zhigang Wu
- Chengdu MediMass Technology CO., LTD, P.R China
| | - Jingyuan Xiong
- West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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