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Kim Y, Li H, Choi J, Boo J, Jo H, Hyun JY, Shin I. Glycosidase-targeting small molecules for biological and therapeutic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7036-7070. [PMID: 37671645 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00032j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycosidases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic linkages in oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. These enzymes play a vital role in a wide variety of biological events, such as digestion of nutritional carbohydrates, lysosomal catabolism of glycoconjugates, and posttranslational modifications of glycoproteins. Abnormal glycosidase activities are associated with a variety of diseases, particularly cancer and lysosomal storage disorders. Owing to the physiological and pathological significance of glycosidases, the development of small molecules that target these enzymes is an active area in glycoscience and medicinal chemistry. Research efforts carried out thus far have led to the discovery of numerous glycosidase-targeting small molecules that have been utilized to elucidate biological processes as well as to develop effective chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we describe the results of research studies reported since 2018, giving particular emphasis to the use of fluorescent probes for detection and imaging of glycosidases, activity-based probes for covalent labelling of these enzymes, glycosidase inhibitors, and glycosidase-activatable prodrugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Joohee Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihyeon Boo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyemi Jo
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji Young Hyun
- Department of Drug Discovery, Data Convergence Drug Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.
| | - Injae Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, 03722 Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ikegaya M, Park EY, Miyazaki T. Structure-function analysis of bacterial GH31 α-galactosidases specific for α-(1→4)-galactobiose. FEBS J 2023; 290:4984-4998. [PMID: 37438884 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolase family 31 (GH31) contains α-glycoside hydrolases with different substrate specificities involved in various physiological functions. This family has recently been classified into 20 subfamilies using sequence similarity networks. An α-galactosidase from the gut bacterium Bacteroides salyersiae (BsGH31_19, which belongs to GH31 subfamily 19) was reported to have hydrolytic activity against the synthetic substrate p- nitrophenyl α-galactopyranoside, but its natural substrate remained unknown. BsGH31_19 shares low sequence identity (around 20%) with other reported GH31 α-galactosidases, PsGal31A from Pseudopedobacter saltans and human myogenesis-regulating glycosidase (MYORG), and was expected to have distinct specificity. Here, we characterized BsGH31_19 and its ortholog from a soil Bacteroidota bacterium, Flavihumibacter petaseus (FpGH31_19), and demonstrated that they showed high substrate specificity against α-(1→4)-linkages in α-(1→4)-galactobiose and globotriose [α-Gal-(1→4)-β-Gal-(1→4)-Glc], unlike PsGal31A and MYORG. The crystallographic analyses of BsGH31_19 and FpGH31_19 showed that their overall structures resemble those of MYORG and form a dimer with an interface different from that of PsGal31A and MYORG dimers. The structures of FpGH31_19 complexed with d-galactose and α-(1→4)-galactobiose revealed that amino acid residues that recognize a galactose residue at subsite +1 are not conserved between FpGH31_19 and BsGH31_19. The tryptophan (Trp153) that recognizes galactose at subsite -1 is homologous to the tryptophan residues in MYORG and α-galactosidases belonging to GH27, GH36, and GH97, but not in the bacterial GH31 member PsGal31A. Our results provide structural insights into molecular diversity and evolutionary relationships in the GH31 α-galactosidase subfamilies and the other α-galactosidase families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Ikegaya
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
| | - Enoch Y Park
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
| | - Takatsugu Miyazaki
- Department of Bioscience, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
- Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, Japan
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3
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Anisha GS. Biopharmaceutical applications of α-galactosidases. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:257-267. [PMID: 35436353 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidases are exoglycosidases that are active on galactose-containing side chains in oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. α-Galactosidases are gaining increased interest in human medicine, especially in the enzyme replacement therapy for Fabry's disease. α-Galactosidases with regioselectivity toward α-1,3-linked galactose find application in xenotransplantation and blood group transformation. The use of α-galactosidases as a therapeutic agent in alleviating the postprandial symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome is much acclaimed. The excellent therapeutic applications of α-galactosidases have led to an upwelling of worldwide research interventions to identify novel α-galactosidases with improved catalytic efficiency. In addition to these therapeutic applications, α-galactosidases also have interesting applications in the industrial sectors like food, feed, probiotics, sugar, and paper pulp. The current review focuses on the diverse therapeutic applications of α-galactosidases and their prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Sathyanesan Anisha
- Post-Graduate and Research Department of Zoology, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Chuankhayan P, Lee RH, Guan HH, Lin CC, Chen NC, Huang YC, Yoshimura M, Nakagawa A, Chen CJ. Structural insight into the hydrolase and synthase activities of an alkaline α-galactosidase from Arabidopsis from complexes with substrate/product. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2023; 79:154-167. [PMID: 36762861 PMCID: PMC9912918 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798323000037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The alkaline α-galactosidase AtAkαGal3 from Arabidopsis thaliana catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-D-galactose from galacto-oligosaccharides under alkaline conditions. A phylogenetic analysis based on sequence alignment classifies AtAkαGal3 as more closely related to the raffinose family of oligosaccharide (RFO) synthases than to the acidic α-galactosidases. Here, thin-layer chromatography is used to demonstrate that AtAkαGal3 exhibits a dual function and is capable of synthesizing stachyose using raffinose, instead of galactinol, as the galactose donor. Crystal structures of complexes of AtAkαGal3 and its D383A mutant with various substrates and products, including galactose, galactinol, raffinose, stachyose and sucrose, are reported as the first representative structures of an alkaline α-galactosidase. The structure of AtAkαGal3 comprises three domains: an N-terminal domain with 13 antiparallel β-strands, a catalytic domain with an (α/β)8-barrel fold and a C-terminal domain composed of β-sheets that form two Greek-key motifs. The WW box of the N-terminal domain, which comprises the conserved residues FRSK75XW77W78 in the RFO synthases, contributes Trp77 and Trp78 to the +1 subsite to contribute to the substrate-binding ability together with the (α/β)8 barrel of the catalytic domain. The C-terminal domain is presumably involved in structural stability. Structures of the D383A mutant in complex with various substrates and products, especially the natural substrate/product stachyose, reveal four complete subsites (-1 to +3) at the catalytic site. A functional loop (residues 329-352) that exists in the alkaline α-galactosidase AtAkαGal3 and possibly in RFO synthases, but not in acidic α-galactosidases, stabilizes the stachyose at the +2 and +3 subsites and extends the catalytic pocket for the transferase mechanism. Considering the similarities in amino-acid sequence, catalytic domain and activity between alkaline α-galactosidases and RFO synthases, the structure of AtAkαGal3 might also serve a model for the study of RFO synthases, structures of which are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phimonphan Chuankhayan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Ruey-Hua Lee
- Institute of Tropical Plant Sciences and Microbiology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Hsiang Guan
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Chein-Chih Lin
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Chi Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chieh Huang
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Masato Yoshimura
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
| | - Atsushi Nakagawa
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chun-Jung Chen
- Life Science Group, Scientific Research Division, National Synchrotron Radiation Research Cente, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan,Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City 701, Taiwan,Department of Physics, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan,Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan,Correspondence e-mail:
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Klaewkla M, Prousoontorn J, Charoenwongpaiboon T. A theoretical study on binding and stabilization of galactose and novel galactose analogues to the human α-galactosidase A variant causing Fabry disease. Biophys Chem 2023; 292:106915. [PMID: 36334502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2022.106915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A) catalyzes the hydrolysis of terminal α-galactosyl moieties from globotriaosylceramide, and mutations in this enzyme lead to the lipid metabolism disorder "Fabry disease". Mutation in α-Gal A possibly causes the protein misfolding, which reduces catalytic activity and stability of the enzyme. A recent study demonstrated that the binding of galactose on the α-Gal A catalytic site significantly increases its stability. Herein, the effect of mutation on secondary structure, structural energy, and galactose affinity of α-Gal A (wild type and A143T variant) was investigated using molecular dynamics simulations and free energy calculations based on MM/GBSA method. The results showed that A143T mutation caused the formation of unusual H-bonds that induced the change in secondary structure and binding affinities toward galactose. The amino acid residues involved in galactose binding were identified. The molecular binding mechanism obtained from this study could be helpful for optimizations and designs of new galactose analogs as pharmacological chaperones against Fabry disease.
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Mahalapbutr P, Klaewkla M, Charoenwongpaiboon T. Unraveling the effect of A143T, P205T and D244N mutations in α-galactosidase A on its catalytic activity and susceptibility to globotriaosylceramide and iminosugar 1-deoxygalactonojirimycin chaperone. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Schistosoma mansoni α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (SmNAGAL) regulates coordinated parasite movement and egg production. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1009828. [PMID: 35025955 PMCID: PMC8791529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
α-galactosidase (α-GAL) and α-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (α-NAGAL) are two glycosyl hydrolases responsible for maintaining cellular homeostasis by regulating glycan substrates on proteins and lipids. Mutations in the human genes encoding either enzyme lead to neurological and neuromuscular impairments seen in both Fabry- and Schindler/Kanzaki- diseases. Here, we investigate whether the parasitic blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni, responsible for the neglected tropical disease schistosomiasis, also contains functionally important α-GAL and α-NAGAL proteins. As infection, parasite maturation and host interactions are all governed by carefully-regulated glycosylation processes, inhibiting S. mansoni's α-GAL and α-NAGAL activities could lead to the development of novel chemotherapeutics. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of putative α-GAL/α-NAGAL protein types showed Smp_089290 to be the only S. mansoni protein to contain the functional amino acid residues necessary for α-GAL/α-NAGAL substrate cleavage. Both α-GAL and α-NAGAL enzymatic activities were higher in females compared to males (p<0.05; α-NAGAL > α-GAL), which was consistent with smp_089290's female biased expression. Spatial localisation of smp_089290 revealed accumulation in parenchymal cells, neuronal cells, and the vitellaria and mature vitellocytes of the adult schistosome. siRNA-mediated knockdown (>90%) of smp_089290 in adult worms significantly inhibited α-NAGAL activity when compared to control worms (siLuc treated males, p<0.01; siLuc treated females, p<0.05). No significant reductions in α-GAL activities were observed in the same extracts. Despite this, decreases in α-NAGAL activities correlated with a significant inhibition in adult worm motility as well as in egg production. Programmed CRISPR/Cas9 editing of smp_089290 in adult worms confirmed the egg reduction phenotype. Based on these results, Smp_089290 was determined to act predominantly as an α-NAGAL (hereafter termed SmNAGAL) in schistosome parasites where it participates in coordinating movement and oviposition processes. Further characterisation of SmNAGAL and other functionally important glycosyl hydrolases may lead to the development of a novel anthelmintic class of compounds.
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Fernandez-Lopez L, Sanchez-Carrillo S, García-Moyano A, Borchert E, Almendral D, Alonso S, Cea-Rama I, Miguez N, Larsen Ø, Werner J, Makarova KS, Plou FJ, Dahlgren TG, Sanz-Aparicio J, Hentschel U, Bjerga GEK, Ferrer M. The bone-degrading enzyme machinery: From multi-component understanding to the treatment of residues from the meat industry. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6328-6342. [PMID: 34938409 PMCID: PMC8645421 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of enzymes from bone-degrading marine microbiomes. Enzymes degrade sialo/glyco-proteins at multiple conditions of pH and temperatures. Enzyme cocktails are useful for valorising bone residues in biorefinery industry.
Many microorganisms feed on the tissue and recalcitrant bone materials from dead animals, however little is known about the collaborative effort and characteristics of their enzymes. In this study, microbial metagenomes from symbionts of the marine bone-dwelling worm Osedax mucofloris, and from microbial biofilms growing on experimentally deployed bone surfaces were screened for specialized bone-degrading enzymes. A total of 2,043 taxonomically (closest match within 40 phyla) and functionally (1 proteolytic and 9 glycohydrolytic activities) diverse and non-redundant sequences (median pairwise identity of 23.6%) encoding such enzymes were retrieved. The taxonomic assignation and the median identity of 72.2% to homologous proteins reflect microbial and functional novelty associated to a specialized bone-degrading marine community. Binning suggests that only one generalist hosting all ten targeted activities, working in synergy with multiple specialists hosting a few or individual activities. Collagenases were the most abundant enzyme class, representing 48% of the total hits. A total of 47 diverse enzymes, representing 8 hydrolytic activities, were produced in Escherichia coli, whereof 13 were soluble and active. The biochemical analyses revealed a wide range of optimal pH (4.0–7.0), optimal temperature (5–65 °C), and of accepted substrates, specific to each microbial enzyme. This versatility may contribute to a high environmental plasticity of bone-degrading marine consortia that can be confronted to diverse habitats and bone materials. Through bone-meal degradation tests, we further demonstrated that some of these enzymes, particularly those from Flavobacteriaceae and Marinifilaceae, may be an asset for development of new value chains in the biorefinery industry.
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Key Words
- Bone degradation
- Bone microbiome
- COLL, collagenases (peptidases families U32 and M9)
- Collagenase
- DNS, dinitrosalicylic acid
- FALGPA, N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L-leucyl-glycyl-L-prolyl-L-alanine
- Glycosidase
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HMM, Hidden Markov Models
- HPAEC-PAD, High performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
- MAG, Metagenome Assembled Genome
- Metagenomics
- Neu5Ac-GM2, N-acetyl-galactose-β-1,4-[N-acetylneuraminidate-α-2,3-]-galactose-β-1,4-glucose-α-ceramide
- Neu5Ac-GM3, Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-ceramide
- Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid
- Osedax mucofloris
- PEPT, peptidase (families S1, S8, S53, M61)
- RHAM, α-rhamnosidases
- SIAL, sialidases
- pNP-NAβGal, pNP-N-acetyl-β-galactosaminide
- pNP-NAβGlu, pNP-N-acetyl-β-glucosaminide
- pNP-Neu5Ac, 2-O-(p-nitrophenyl)-α-acetylneuraminic acid
- pNP-sugars, p-nitrophenyl-sugars
- pNP-αAFur, pNP-α-arabinofuranoside
- pNP-αAPyr, pNP-α-arabinopyranoside
- pNP-αFuc, pNP-α-fucopyranoside
- pNP-αGal, pNP-α-galactopyranoside
- pNP-αGlu, pNP-α-glucopyranoside
- pNP-αMal, pNP-α-maltoside
- pNP-αMan, pNP-α-mannopyranoside
- pNP-αRham, pNP-α-rhamnopyranoside
- pNP-αXyl, pNP-α-xylopyranoside
- pNP-βAPyr, pNP-β-arabinopyranoside
- pNP-βCel, pNP-β-cellobioside
- pNP-βFuc, pNP-β-fucopyranoside
- pNP-βGal, pNP-β-galactopyranoside
- pNP-βGlu, pNP-β-glucopyranoside
- pNP-βGlucur, pNP-β-glucuronide
- pNP-βLac, pNP-β-lactoside
- pNP-βMan, pNP-β-mannopyranoside
- pNP-βXyl, pNP-β-xylopyranoside
- αFUC, α-fucosidases
- αGAL, α-galactosidases
- αMAN, α-mannosidases
- αNAG, α-N-acetyl-hexosaminidases
- βGAL, β-galactosidases
- βGLU, β-glucosidases
- βNAG, β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidases
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erik Borchert
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Corresponding authors at: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany (E. Borchert). Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain (M. Ferrer).
| | | | | | - Isabel Cea-Rama
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Rocasolano”, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Miguez
- CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Øivind Larsen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, P.O. Box 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838 Bergen, Norway
| | - Johannes Werner
- High Performance and Cloud Computing Group, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung (ZDV), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kira S. Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas G. Dahlgren
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, P.O. Box 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ute Hentschel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Ferrer
- CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding authors at: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany (E. Borchert). Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain (M. Ferrer).
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Marchetti M, Faggiano S, Mozzarelli A. Enzyme Replacement Therapy for Genetic Disorders Associated with Enzyme Deficiency. Curr Med Chem 2021; 29:489-525. [PMID: 34042028 DOI: 10.2174/0929867328666210526144654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in human genes might lead to loss of functional proteins, causing diseases. Among these genetic disorders, a large class is associated with the deficiency in metabolic enzymes, resulting in both an increase in the concentration of substrates and a loss in the metabolites produced by the catalyzed reactions. The identification of therapeutic actions based on small molecules represents a challenge to medicinal chemists because the target is missing. Alternative approaches are biology-based, ranging from gene and stem cell therapy, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, distinct types of RNAs, and enzyme replacement therapy (ERT). This review will focus on the latter approach that since the 1990s has been successfully applied to cure many rare diseases, most of them being lysosomal storage diseases or metabolic diseases. So far, a dozen enzymes have been approved by FDA/EMA for lysosome storage disorders and only a few for metabolic diseases. Enzymes for replacement therapy are mainly produced in mammalian cells and some in plant cells and yeasts and are further processed to obtain active, highly bioavailable, less degradable products. Issues still under investigation for the increase in ERT efficacy are the optimization of enzymes interaction with cell membrane and internalization, the reduction in immunogenicity, and the overcoming of blood-brain barrier limitations when neuronal cells need to be targeted. Overall, ERT has demonstrated its efficacy and safety in the treatment of many genetic rare diseases, both saving newborn lives and improving patients' life quality, and represents a very successful example of targeted biologics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marialaura Marchetti
- Biopharmanet-TEC Interdepartmental Center, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze, Bldg 33., 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Faggiano
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 23/A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Mozzarelli
- Institute of Biophysics, National Research Council, Via Moruzzi 1, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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Kok K, Zwiers KC, Boot RG, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG, Artola M. Fabry Disease: Molecular Basis, Pathophysiology, Diagnostics and Potential Therapeutic Directions. Biomolecules 2021; 11:271. [PMID: 33673160 PMCID: PMC7918333 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fabry disease (FD) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD) characterized by the deficiency of α-galactosidase A (α-GalA) and the consequent accumulation of toxic metabolites such as globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lysoGb3). Early diagnosis and appropriate timely treatment of FD patients are crucial to prevent tissue damage and organ failure which no treatment can reverse. LSDs might profit from four main therapeutic strategies, but hitherto there is no cure. Among the therapeutic possibilities are intravenous administered enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), oral pharmacological chaperone therapy (PCT) or enzyme stabilizers, substrate reduction therapy (SRT) and the more recent gene/RNA therapy. Unfortunately, FD patients can only benefit from ERT and, since 2016, PCT, both always combined with supportive adjunctive and preventive therapies to clinically manage FD-related chronic renal, cardiac and neurological complications. Gene therapy for FD is currently studied and further strategies such as substrate reduction therapy (SRT) and novel PCTs are under investigation. In this review, we discuss the molecular basis of FD, the pathophysiology and diagnostic procedures, together with the current treatments and potential therapeutic avenues that FD patients could benefit from in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Kok
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kimberley C Zwiers
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G Boot
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M F G Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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Lafond M, Tauzin AS, Bruel L, Laville E, Lombard V, Esque J, André I, Vidal N, Pompeo F, Quinson N, Perrier J, Fons M, Potocki-Veronese G, Giardina T. α-Galactosidase and Sucrose-Kinase Relationships in a Bi-functional AgaSK Enzyme Produced by the Human Gut Symbiont Ruminococcus gnavus E1. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:579521. [PMID: 33281771 PMCID: PMC7688924 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.579521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant α-galactosides belonging to the raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and considered as prebiotics, are commonly degraded by α-galactosidases produced by the human gut microbiome. In this environment, the Ruminococcus gnavus E1 symbiont-well-known for various benefit-is able to produce an original RgAgaSK bifunctional enzyme. This enzyme contains an hydrolytic α-galactosidase domain linked to an ATP dependent extra-domain, specifically involved in the α-galactoside hydrolysis and the phosphorylation of the glucose, respectively. However, the multi-modular relationships between both catalytic domains remained hitherto unexplored and has been, consequently, herein investigated. Biochemical characterization of heterologously expressed enzymes either in full-form or in separated domains revealed similar kinetic parameters. These results were supported by molecular modeling studies performed on the whole enzyme in complex with different RFOs. Further enzymatic analysis associated with kinetic degradation of various substrates followed by high pressure anionic exchange chromatography revealed that catalytic efficiency decreased as the number of D-galactosyl moieties branched onto the oligosaccharide increased, suggesting a preference of RgAgaSK for RFO's short chains. A wide prevalence and abundance study on a human metagenomic library showed a high prevalence of the RgAgaSK encoding gene whatever the health status of the individuals. Finally, phylogeny and synteny studies suggested a limited spread by horizontal transfer of the clusters' containing RgAgaSK to only few species of Firmicutes, highlighting the importance of these undispersed tandem activities in the human gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickael Lafond
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | - Laetitia Bruel
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jérémy Esque
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle André
- TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Vidal
- Yelen Analytics, Aix-Marseille Université, ICR, Marseille, France
| | | | - Nathalie Quinson
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Josette Perrier
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Michel Fons
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, IMM, BIP, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thierry Giardina
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
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12
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Kytidou K, Artola M, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. Plant Glycosides and Glycosidases: A Treasure-Trove for Therapeutics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:357. [PMID: 32318081 PMCID: PMC7154165 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plants contain numerous glycoconjugates that are metabolized by specific glucosyltransferases and hydrolyzed by specific glycosidases, some also catalyzing synthetic transglycosylation reactions. The documented value of plant-derived glycoconjugates to beneficially modulate metabolism is first addressed. Next, focus is given to glycosidases, the central theme of the review. The therapeutic value of plant glycosidases is discussed as well as the present production in plant platforms of therapeutic human glycosidases used in enzyme replacement therapies. The increasing knowledge on glycosidases, including structure and catalytic mechanism, is described. The novel insights have allowed the design of functionalized highly specific suicide inhibitors of glycosidases. These so-called activity-based probes allow unprecedented visualization of glycosidases cross-species. Here, special attention is paid on the use of such probes in plant science that promote the discovery of novel enzymes and the identification of potential therapeutic inhibitors and chaperones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kassiani Kytidou
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Marta Artola
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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13
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Rodriguez-Hernandez M, Triggiani D, Ivison F, Demurtas OC, Illiano E, Marino C, Franconi R, Massa S. Expression of a Functional Recombinant Human Glycogen Debranching Enzyme (hGDE) in N. benthamiana Plants and in Hairy Root Cultures. Protein Pept Lett 2020; 27:145-157. [PMID: 31622193 DOI: 10.2174/0929866526666191014154047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycogen storage disease type III (GSDIII, Cori/Forbes disease) is a metabolic disorder due to the deficiency of the Glycogen Debranching Enzyme (GDE), a large monomeric protein (about 176 kDa) with two distinct enzymatic activities: 4-α-glucantransferase and amylo-α-1,6-glucosidase. Several mutations along the amylo-alpha-1,6-glucosidase,4-alphaglucanotransferase (Agl) gene are associated with loss of enzymatic activity. The unique treatment for GSDIII, at the moment, is based on diet. The potential of plants to manufacture exogenous engineered compounds for pharmaceutical purposes, from small to complex protein molecules such as vaccines, antibodies and other therapeutic/prophylactic entities, was shown by modern biotechnology through "Plant Molecular Farming". OBJECTIVE AND METHODS In an attempt to develop novel protein-based therapeutics for GSDIII, the Agl gene, encoding for the human GDE (hGDE) was engineered for expression as a histidinetagged GDE protein both in Nicotiana benthamiana plants by a transient expression approach, and in axenic hairy root in vitro cultures (HR) from Lycopersicum esculentum and Beta vulgaris. RESULTS In both plant-based expression formats, the hGDE protein accumulated in the soluble fraction of extracts. The plant-derived protein was purified by affinity chromatography in native conditions showing glycogen debranching activity. CONCLUSION These investigations will be useful for the design of a new generation of biopharmaceuticals based on recombinant GDE protein that might represent, in the future, a possible therapeutic option for GSDIII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilyn Rodriguez-Hernandez
- Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Direction of Agricultural Biotechnology, Havana,Cuba
| | - Doriana Triggiani
- Italian Glycogen Storage Disease Association (AIG) NPO, Assago, Milan, Italy
- Department of Sustainability (SSPT), Biomedical Technologies Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development ENEA, Rome,Italy
| | - Fiona Ivison
- Department of Biochemistry, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester,United Kingdom
| | - Olivia C Demurtas
- Department of Sustainability (SSPT), Biotechnology Laboratory, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome,Italy
| | - Elena Illiano
- Department of Sustainability (SSPT), Biomedical Technologies Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development ENEA, Rome,Italy
| | - Carmela Marino
- Department of Sustainability (SSPT), Biomedical Technologies Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development ENEA, Rome,Italy
| | - Rosella Franconi
- Department of Sustainability (SSPT), Biomedical Technologies Laboratory, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development ENEA, Rome,Italy
| | - Silvia Massa
- Department of Sustainability (SSPT), Biotechnology Laboratory, ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome,Italy
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14
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Coconi Linares N, Dilokpimol A, Stålbrand H, Mäkelä MR, de Vries RP. Recombinant production and characterization of six novel GH27 and GH36 α-galactosidases from Penicillium subrubescens and their synergism with a commercial mannanase during the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 295:122258. [PMID: 31639625 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
α-Galactosidases are important industrial enzymes for hemicellulosic biomass degradation or modification. In this study, six novel extracellular α-galactosidases from Penicillium subrubescens were produced in Pichia pastoris and characterized. All α-galactosidases exhibited high affinity to pNPαGal, and only AglE was not active towards galacto-oligomers. Especially AglB and AglD released high amounts of galactose from guar gum, carob galactomannan and locust bean, but combining α-galactosidases with an endomannanase dramatically improved galactose release. Structural comparisons to other α-galactosidases and homology modelling showed high sequence similarities, albeit significant differences in mechanisms of productive binding, including discrimination between various galactosides. To our knowledge, this is the first study of such an extensive repertoire of extracellular fungal α-galactosidases, to demonstrate their potential for degradation of galactomannan-rich biomass. These findings contribute to understanding the differences within glycoside hydrolase families, to facilitate the development of new strategies to generate tailor-made enzymes for new industrial bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Coconi Linares
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Henrik Stålbrand
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Lund University, PO Box 124, S-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Bhatia S, Singh A, Batra N, Singh J. Microbial production and biotechnological applications of α-galactosidase. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 150:1294-1313. [PMID: 31747573 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
α-Galactosidase, (E.C. 3.2.1.22) is an exoglycosidase that target galactooligosaccharides such as raffinose, melibiose, stachyose and branched polysaccharides like galactomannans and galacto-glucomannans by catalysing the hydrolysis of α-1,6 linked terminal galactose residues. The enzyme has been isolated and characterized from microbial, plant and animal sources. This ubiquitous enzyme possesses physiological significance and immense industrial potential. Optimization of the growth conditions and efficient purification strategies can lead to a significant increase in the enzyme production. To boost commercial productivity, cloning of novel α-galactosidase genes and their heterologous expression in suitable host has gained popularity. Enzyme immobilization leads to its greater reutilization, superior thermostability, pH tolerance and increased activity. The enzyme is well explored in food industry in the removal of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) in soymilk and sugar crystallization process. It also improves animal feed quality and biomass processing. Applications of the enzyme is in the area of biomedicine includes therapeutic advances in treatment of Fabry disease, blood group conversion and removal of α-gal type immunogenic epitopes in xenotransplantation. With considerable biotechnological applications, this enzyme has been vastly commercialized and holds greater future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonu Bhatia
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Abhinashi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navneet Batra
- Department of Biotechnology, G.G.D.S.D. College, Sector-32-C, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jagtar Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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Lenders M, Brand E. Effects of Enzyme Replacement Therapy and Antidrug Antibodies in Patients with Fabry Disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 29:2265-2278. [PMID: 30093456 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2018030329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Lenders
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Eva Brand
- Internal Medicine D, Department of Nephrology, Hypertension and Rheumatology, University Hospital Muenster, Muenster, Germany
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