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Fernandez-Lopez L, Roda S, Robles-Martín A, Muñoz-Tafalla R, Almendral D, Ferrer M, Guallar V. Enhancing the Hydrolytic Activity of a Lipase towards Larger Triglycerides through Lid Domain Engineering. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13768. [PMID: 37762071 PMCID: PMC10530837 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipases have valuable potential for industrial use, particularly those mostly active against water-insoluble substrates, such as triglycerides composed of long-carbon chain fatty acids. However, in most cases, engineered variants often need to be constructed to achieve optimal performance for such substrates. Protein engineering techniques have been reported as strategies for improving lipase characteristics by introducing specific mutations in the cap domain of esterases or in the lid domain of lipases or through lid domain swapping. Here, we improved the lipase activity of a lipase (WP_075743487.1, or LipMRD) retrieved from the Marine Metagenomics MarRef Database and assigned to the Actinoalloteichus genus. The improvement was achieved through site-directed mutagenesis and by substituting its lid domain (FRGTEITQIKDWLTDA) with that of Rhizopus delemar lipase (previously R. oryzae; UniProt accession number, I1BGQ3) (FRGTNSFRSAITDIVF). The results demonstrated that the redesigned mutants gain activity against bulkier triglycerides, such as glyceryl tridecanoate and tridodecanoate, olive oil, coconut oil, and palm oil. Residue W89 (LipMRD numbering) appears to be key to the increase in lipase activity, an increase that was also achieved with lid swapping. This study reinforces the importance of the lid domains and their amino acid compositions in determining the substrate specificity of lipases, but the generalization of the lid domain swapping between lipases or the introduction of specific mutations in the lid domain to improve lipase activity may require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fernandez-Lopez
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-L.); (D.A.)
| | - Sergi Roda
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.); (A.R.-M.); (R.M.-T.)
| | - Ana Robles-Martín
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.); (A.R.-M.); (R.M.-T.)
- PhD Programme, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rubén Muñoz-Tafalla
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.); (A.R.-M.); (R.M.-T.)
- PhD Programme, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-L.); (D.A.)
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (L.F.-L.); (D.A.)
| | - Víctor Guallar
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), 08034 Barcelona, Spain; (S.R.); (A.R.-M.); (R.M.-T.)
- Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Goris M, Cea-Rama I, Puntervoll P, Ree R, Almendral D, Sanz-Aparicio J, Ferrer M, Bjerga GEK. Increased Thermostability of an Engineered Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase to Remediate Trimethylamine in Fish Protein Hydrolysates. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023:e0039023. [PMID: 37222584 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00390-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates made from marine by-products are very nutritious but frequently contain trimethylamine (TMA), which has an unattractive fish-like smell. Bacterial trimethylamine monooxygenases can oxidize TMA into the odorless trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and have been shown to reduce TMA levels in a salmon protein hydrolysate. To make the flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) Methylophaga aminisulfidivorans trimethylamine monooxygenase (mFMO) more suitable for industrial application, we engineered it using the Protein Repair One-Stop Shop (PROSS) algorithm. All seven mutant variants, containing 8 to 28 mutations, displayed increases in melting temperature of between 4.7°C and 9.0°C. The crystal structure of the most thermostable variant, mFMO_20, revealed the presence of four new stabilizing interhelical salt bridges, each involving a mutated residue. Finally, mFMO_20 significantly outperformed native mFMO in its ability to reduce TMA levels in a salmon protein hydrolysate at industrially relevant temperatures. IMPORTANCE Marine by-products are a high-quality source for peptide ingredients, but the unpleasant fishy odor caused by TMA limits their access to the food market. This problem can be mitigated by enzymatic conversion of TMA into the odorless TMAO. However, enzymes isolated from nature must be adapted to industrial requirements, such as the ability to tolerate high temperatures. This study has demonstrated that mFMO can be engineered to become more thermostable. Moreover, unlike the native enzyme, the best thermostable variant efficiently oxidized TMA in a salmon protein hydrolysate at industrial temperatures. Our results present an important next step toward the application of this novel and highly promising enzyme technology in marine biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Goris
- NORCE Climate & Environment - NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Isabel Cea-Rama
- Instituto de Quimica Fisica Rocasolano (IQFR), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pål Puntervoll
- NORCE Climate & Environment - NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - Rasmus Ree
- NORCE Climate & Environment - NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, Bergen, Norway
| | - David Almendral
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Ferrer
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Marasco R, Fusi M, Coscolín C, Barozzi A, Almendral D, Bargiela R, Nutschel CGN, Pfleger C, Dittrich J, Gohlke H, Matesanz R, Sanchez-Carrillo S, Mapelli F, Chernikova TN, Golyshin PN, Ferrer M, Daffonchio D. Enzyme adaptation to habitat thermal legacy shapes the thermal plasticity of marine microbiomes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1045. [PMID: 36828822 PMCID: PMC9958047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36610-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities respond to temperature with physiological adaptation and compositional turnover. Whether thermal selection of enzymes explains marine microbiome plasticity in response to temperature remains unresolved. By quantifying the thermal behaviour of seven functionally-independent enzyme classes (esterase, extradiol dioxygenase, phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, nuclease, transaminase, and aldo-keto reductase) in native proteomes of marine sediment microbiomes from the Irish Sea to the southern Red Sea, we record a significant effect of the mean annual temperature (MAT) on enzyme response in all cases. Activity and stability profiles of 228 esterases and 5 extradiol dioxygenases from sediment and seawater across 70 locations worldwide validate this thermal pattern. Modelling the esterase phase transition temperature as a measure of structural flexibility confirms the observed relationship with MAT. Furthermore, when considering temperature variability in sites with non-significantly different MATs, the broadest range of enzyme thermal behaviour and the highest growth plasticity of the enriched heterotrophic bacteria occur in samples with the widest annual thermal variability. These results indicate that temperature-driven enzyme selection shapes microbiome thermal plasticity and that thermal variability finely tunes such processes and should be considered alongside MAT in forecasting microbial community thermal response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Marasco
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Fusi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
- Centre for Conservation and Restoration Science, Edinburgh Napier University Sighthill Campus, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Alan Barozzi
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Almendral
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Bargiela
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, UK
| | | | - Christopher Pfleger
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Dittrich
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Gohlke
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences (IBG-4: Bioinformatics), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
- Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät, Institut für Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC) and Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ruth Matesanz
- Spectroscopy Laboratory, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas (CIB), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sergio Sanchez-Carrillo
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biologia Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM), CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francesca Mapelli
- Department of Food Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Tatyana N Chernikova
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, UK
| | - Peter N Golyshin
- Centre for Environmental Biotechnology, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Deiniol Rd, Bangor, UK
| | - Manuel Ferrer
- Instituto de Catalisis y Petroleoquimica (ICP), CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division (BESE), Red Sea Research Centre (RSRC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
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Fernandez-Lopez L, Sanchez-Carrillo S, García-Moyano A, Borchert E, Almendral D, Alonso S, Cea-Rama I, Miguez N, Larsen Ø, Werner J, Makarova KS, Plou FJ, Dahlgren TG, Sanz-Aparicio J, Hentschel U, Bjerga GEK, Ferrer M. The bone-degrading enzyme machinery: From multi-component understanding to the treatment of residues from the meat industry. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:6328-6342. [PMID: 34938409 PMCID: PMC8645421 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Characterization of enzymes from bone-degrading marine microbiomes. Enzymes degrade sialo/glyco-proteins at multiple conditions of pH and temperatures. Enzyme cocktails are useful for valorising bone residues in biorefinery industry.
Many microorganisms feed on the tissue and recalcitrant bone materials from dead animals, however little is known about the collaborative effort and characteristics of their enzymes. In this study, microbial metagenomes from symbionts of the marine bone-dwelling worm Osedax mucofloris, and from microbial biofilms growing on experimentally deployed bone surfaces were screened for specialized bone-degrading enzymes. A total of 2,043 taxonomically (closest match within 40 phyla) and functionally (1 proteolytic and 9 glycohydrolytic activities) diverse and non-redundant sequences (median pairwise identity of 23.6%) encoding such enzymes were retrieved. The taxonomic assignation and the median identity of 72.2% to homologous proteins reflect microbial and functional novelty associated to a specialized bone-degrading marine community. Binning suggests that only one generalist hosting all ten targeted activities, working in synergy with multiple specialists hosting a few or individual activities. Collagenases were the most abundant enzyme class, representing 48% of the total hits. A total of 47 diverse enzymes, representing 8 hydrolytic activities, were produced in Escherichia coli, whereof 13 were soluble and active. The biochemical analyses revealed a wide range of optimal pH (4.0–7.0), optimal temperature (5–65 °C), and of accepted substrates, specific to each microbial enzyme. This versatility may contribute to a high environmental plasticity of bone-degrading marine consortia that can be confronted to diverse habitats and bone materials. Through bone-meal degradation tests, we further demonstrated that some of these enzymes, particularly those from Flavobacteriaceae and Marinifilaceae, may be an asset for development of new value chains in the biorefinery industry.
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Key Words
- Bone degradation
- Bone microbiome
- COLL, collagenases (peptidases families U32 and M9)
- Collagenase
- DNS, dinitrosalicylic acid
- FALGPA, N-[3-(2-furyl)acryloyl]-L-leucyl-glycyl-L-prolyl-L-alanine
- Glycosidase
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- HMM, Hidden Markov Models
- HPAEC-PAD, High performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
- MAG, Metagenome Assembled Genome
- Metagenomics
- Neu5Ac-GM2, N-acetyl-galactose-β-1,4-[N-acetylneuraminidate-α-2,3-]-galactose-β-1,4-glucose-α-ceramide
- Neu5Ac-GM3, Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4Glcβ1-ceramide
- Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid
- Osedax mucofloris
- PEPT, peptidase (families S1, S8, S53, M61)
- RHAM, α-rhamnosidases
- SIAL, sialidases
- pNP-NAβGal, pNP-N-acetyl-β-galactosaminide
- pNP-NAβGlu, pNP-N-acetyl-β-glucosaminide
- pNP-Neu5Ac, 2-O-(p-nitrophenyl)-α-acetylneuraminic acid
- pNP-sugars, p-nitrophenyl-sugars
- pNP-αAFur, pNP-α-arabinofuranoside
- pNP-αAPyr, pNP-α-arabinopyranoside
- pNP-αFuc, pNP-α-fucopyranoside
- pNP-αGal, pNP-α-galactopyranoside
- pNP-αGlu, pNP-α-glucopyranoside
- pNP-αMal, pNP-α-maltoside
- pNP-αMan, pNP-α-mannopyranoside
- pNP-αRham, pNP-α-rhamnopyranoside
- pNP-αXyl, pNP-α-xylopyranoside
- pNP-βAPyr, pNP-β-arabinopyranoside
- pNP-βCel, pNP-β-cellobioside
- pNP-βFuc, pNP-β-fucopyranoside
- pNP-βGal, pNP-β-galactopyranoside
- pNP-βGlu, pNP-β-glucopyranoside
- pNP-βGlucur, pNP-β-glucuronide
- pNP-βLac, pNP-β-lactoside
- pNP-βMan, pNP-β-mannopyranoside
- pNP-βXyl, pNP-β-xylopyranoside
- αFUC, α-fucosidases
- αGAL, α-galactosidases
- αMAN, α-mannosidases
- αNAG, α-N-acetyl-hexosaminidases
- βGAL, β-galactosidases
- βGLU, β-glucosidases
- βNAG, β-N-acetyl-hexosaminidases
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erik Borchert
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Corresponding authors at: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany (E. Borchert). Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain (M. Ferrer).
| | | | | | - Isabel Cea-Rama
- Institute of Physical Chemistry “Rocasolano”, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Noa Miguez
- CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Øivind Larsen
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, P.O. Box 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838 Bergen, Norway
| | - Johannes Werner
- High Performance and Cloud Computing Group, Zentrum für Datenverarbeitung (ZDV), Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kira S. Makarova
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, 20892 MD, USA
| | | | - Thomas G. Dahlgren
- NORCE Norwegian Research Centre, P.O. Box 22 Nygårdstangen, 5838 Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Ute Hentschel
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, 24148 Kiel, Germany
- Christian-Albrechts University of Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Ferrer
- CSIC, Institute of Catalysis, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Corresponding authors at: GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Wischhofstraße 1-3, 24148 Kiel, Germany (E. Borchert). Institute of Catalysis, CSIC, Marie Curie 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain (M. Ferrer).
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Fernández-Fueyo E, Davó-Siguero I, Almendral D, Linde D, Baratto MC, Pogni R, Romero A, Guallar V, Martínez AT. Description of a Non-Canonical Mn(II)-Oxidation Site in Peroxidases. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b02306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Davó-Siguero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Camilla Baratto
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Rebecca Pogni
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
- Consorzio per lo Sviluppo dei Sistemi a Grande Interfase (CSGI), 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Antonio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avancats (ICREA), E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Cientı́ficas (CSIC), E-28006 Madrid, Spain
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Acebes S, Fernandez-Fueyo E, Monza E, Lucas MF, Almendral D, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Lund H, Martinez AT, Guallar V. Rational Enzyme Engineering Through Biophysical and Biochemical Modeling. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Acebes
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB
Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Fernandez-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de
Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Monza
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB
Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Fatima Lucas
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB
Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- Anaxomics Biotech, Balmes 89, 08008 Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de
Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Henrik Lund
- Novozymes A/S, Krogshoejvej 36, DK-2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Angel T. Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de
Maeztu 9, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor Guallar
- Joint BSC-CRG-IRB
Research Program in Computational Biology, Barcelona Supercomputing
Center, Jordi Girona 29, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Fernández-Fueyo E, Linde D, Almendral D, López-Lucendo MF, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, Martínez AT. Description of the first fungal dye-decolorizing peroxidase oxidizing manganese(II). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8927-42. [PMID: 25967658 PMCID: PMC4619462 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Two phylogenetically divergent genes of the new family of dye-decolorizing peroxidases (DyPs) were found during comparison of the four DyP genes identified in the Pleurotus ostreatus genome with over 200 DyP genes from other basidiomycete genomes. The heterologously expressed enzymes (Pleos-DyP1 and Pleos-DyP4, following the genome nomenclature) efficiently oxidize anthraquinoid dyes (such as Reactive Blue 19), which are characteristic DyP substrates, as well as low redox-potential dyes (such as 2,2-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) and substituted phenols. However, only Pleos-DyP4 oxidizes the high redox-potential dye Reactive Black 5, at the same time that it displays high thermal and pH stability. Unexpectedly, both enzymes also oxidize Mn2+ to Mn3+, albeit with very different catalytic efficiencies. Pleos-DyP4 presents a Mn2+ turnover (56 s−1) nearly in the same order of the two other Mn2+-oxidizing peroxidase families identified in the P. ostreatus genome: manganese peroxidases (100 s−1 average turnover) and versatile peroxidases (145 s−1 average turnover), whose genes were also heterologously expressed. Oxidation of Mn2+ has been reported for an Amycolatopsis DyP (24 s−1) and claimed for other bacterial DyPs, albeit with lower activities, but this is the first time that Mn2+ oxidation is reported for a fungal DyP. Interestingly, Pleos-DyP4 (together with ligninolytic peroxidases) is detected in the secretome of P. ostreatus grown on different lignocellulosic substrates. It is suggested that generation of Mn3+ oxidizers plays a role in the P. ostreatus white-rot lifestyle since three different families of Mn2+-oxidizing peroxidase genes are present in its genome being expressed during lignocellulose degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Linde
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María F López-Lucendo
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Angel T Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain.
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8
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Aguilar E, Almendral D, Allende L, Pacheco R, Chung BN, Canto T, Tenllado F. The P25 protein of potato virus X (PVX) is the main pathogenicity determinant responsible for systemic necrosis in PVX-associated synergisms. J Virol 2015; 89:2090-103. [PMID: 25473046 PMCID: PMC4338884 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02896-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Most plant viruses counter the RNA silencing-based antiviral defense by expressing viral suppressors of RNA silencing (VSRs). In this sense, VSRs may be regarded as virulence effectors that can be recognized by the host as avirulence (avr) factors to induce R-mediated resistance. We made use of Agrobacterium-mediated transient coexpression of VSRs in combination with Potato virus X (PVX) to recapitulate in local tissues the systemic necrosis (SN) caused by PVX-potyvirus synergistic infections in Nicotiana benthamiana. The hypersensitive response (HR)-like response was associated with an enhanced accumulation of PVX subgenomic RNAs. We further show that expression of P25, the VSR of PVX, in the presence of VSR from different viruses elicited an HR-like response in Nicotiana spp. Furthermore, the expression of P25 by a Plum pox virus (PPV) vector was sufficient to induce an increase of PPV pathogenicity that led to necrotic mottling. A frameshift mutation in the P25 open reading frame (ORF) of PVX did not lead to necrosis when coexpressed with VSRs. These findings indicate that P25 is the main PVX determinant involved in eliciting a systemic HR-like response in PVX-associated synergisms. Moreover, we show that silencing of SGT1 and RAR1 attenuated cell death in both PVX-potyvirus synergistic infection and the HR-like response elicited by P25. Our study underscores that P25 variants that have impaired ability to suppress RNA silencing cannot act as elicitors when synergized by the presence of other VSRs. These findings highlight the importance of RNA silencing suppression activity in the HR-like response elicited by VSRs in certain hosts. IMPORTANCE The work presented here describes how the activity of the PVX suppressor P25 elicits an HR-like response in Nicotiana spp. when overexpressed with other VSR proteins. This finding suggests that the SN response caused by PVX-associated synergisms is a delayed immune response triggered by P25, once it reaches a threshold level by the action of other VSRs. Moreover, this work supports the contention that the silencing suppressor activity of PVX P25 protein is a prerequisite for HR elicitation. We propose that unidentified avr determinants could be involved in other cases of viral synergisms in which heterologous "helper" viruses encoding strong VSRs exacerbate the accumulation of the avr-encoding virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Aguilar
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Almendral
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Allende
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Remedios Pacheco
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bong Nam Chung
- National Institute of Horticultural & Herbal Science, Agricultural Research Center for Climate Change, Jeju Island, Republic of Korea
| | - Tomás Canto
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Tenllado
- Departamento de Biología Medioambiental, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adequate centration of keratorefractive surgical procedures is essential for a successful outcome. An accurate technique to mathematically describe the centration and topography of the ablation zone after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) would be valuable in assessing the effects of these variables on subsequent visual results. METHODS A vector center of mass formula and computerized videokeratography were used to study the postoperative treatment zone centration and topography of 17 consecutive highly myopic patients (-6.00 to 12.00 diopters [D]). Each had undergone PRK using either a single 6.0 mm (n = 11) or three-stepped ablation zone (n = 6), with good visual results. RESULTS Calculations disclosed mean ablation zone decentration relative to the pupil center for all patients to be 0.20 +/- 0.16 mm using the vector center of mass formula. Areas of uniform central corneal dioptric power (mean diameter 3.4 +/- 0.8 mm) and surrounding transition zones of declining dioptric power (mean slope 1.61 +/- 0.44 D/mm) were also determined. CONCLUSION A new vector center of dioptric power distribution that analyzes centration and transition zone topography offers a rigorous but straightforward means to assess the effects of refractive corneal surgery procedures on central corneal topography.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Almendral
- Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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