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Harracksingh AN, Singh A, Mayorova TD, Bejoy B, Hornbeck J, Elkhatib W, McEdwards G, Gauberg J, Taha A, Islam IM, Erclik T, Currie MA, Noyes M, Senatore A. Mint/X11 PDZ domains from non-bilaterian animals recognize and bind Ca V2 calcium channel C-termini in vitro. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21615. [PMID: 39284887 PMCID: PMC11405698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
PDZ domain mediated interactions with voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channel C-termini play important roles in localizing membrane Ca2+ signaling. The first such interaction was described between the scaffolding protein Mint-1 and CaV2.2 in mammals. In this study, we show through various in silico analyses that Mint is an animal-specific gene with a highly divergent N-terminus but a strongly conserved C-terminus comprised of a phosphotyrosine binding domain, two tandem PDZ domains (PDZ-1 and PDZ-2), and a C-terminal auto-inhibitory element that binds and inhibits PDZ-1. In addition to CaV2 chanels, most genes that interact with Mint are also deeply conserved including amyloid precursor proteins, presenilins, neurexin, and CASK and Veli which form a tripartite complex with Mint in bilaterians. Through yeast and bacterial 2-hybrid experiments, we show that Mint and CaV2 channels from cnidarians and placozoans interact in vitro, and in situ hybridization revealed co-expression in dissociated neurons from the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. Unexpectedly, the Mint orthologue from the ctenophore Hormiphora californiensis strongly bound the divergent C-terminal ligands of cnidarian and placozoan CaV2 channels, despite neither the ctenophore Mint, nor the placozoan and cnidarian orthologues, binding the ctenophore CaV2 channel C-terminus. Altogether, our analyses suggest that the capacity of Mint to bind CaV2 channels predates bilaterian animals, and that evolutionary changes in CaV2 channel C-terminal sequences resulted in altered binding modalities with Mint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N Harracksingh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Anhadvir Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Tatiana D Mayorova
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
- NINDS, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian Bejoy
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Jillian Hornbeck
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Wassim Elkhatib
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Gregor McEdwards
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Julia Gauberg
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Abdul Taha
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ishrat Maliha Islam
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Ted Erclik
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Mark A Currie
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Marcus Noyes
- Institute for Systems Genetics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 550 1st Ave, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, 3359 Mississauga Road, Mississauga, ON, L5L 1C6, Canada.
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Matsuo R, Kwon H, Takishita K, Nishi T, Matsuo Y. Expression of proteins supporting visual function in heterobranch gastropods. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00359-024-01712-7. [PMID: 39120725 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-024-01712-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
To sense light, animals often utilize mechanisms that rely on visual pigments composed of opsin and retinal. The photon-induced isomerization of 11-cis-retinal to the all-trans configuration triggers phototransduction cascades, resulting in a change in the membrane potential of the photoreceptor. In mollusks, the most abundant opsin in the eye is Gq-coupled rhodopsin (Gq-rhodopsin). The Gq-rhodopsin-based visual pigment is bistable, with the regeneration of 11-cis-retinal occurring in a light-dependent manner without leaving the opsin moiety. 11-cis-retinal is also regenerated by the action of retinochrome in the cell bodies. Retinal binding protein (RALBP) mediates retinal transport between Gq-rhodopsin and retinochrome in the cytoplasm. However, recent studies have identified additional bistable opsins in mollusks, including Opn5 and xenopsin. It is unknown whether these bistable opsins require RALBP and retinochrome for the continuous regeneration of 11-cis-retinal. In the present study, we examined the expression of RALBP and retinochrome in the photoreceptors expressing Opn5 or Xenopsin in the heterobranch gastropods Limax and Peronia. Our findings revealed that retinochrome, but not RALBP, was present in some of the Opn5A-positive brain photosensory neurons of Limax. The ciliary cells in the dorsal eye of Peronia, which express Xenopsin2, lacked both retinochrome and RALBP. Therefore, bistable opsins do not necessarily depend on the RALBP-retinochrome system in a cell. We also examined the expression of other proteins that support visual function, such as β-arrestin, Gq, and Go, in all types of photoreceptors in these animals, and uncovered differences in the molecular composition among the photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsuo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan.
| | - Haeri Kwon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
| | - Kiyotaka Takishita
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
| | - Takako Nishi
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Senshu University, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Matsuo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Fukuoka Women's University, 1-1-1 Kasumigaoka, Higashi-Ku, Fukuoka, 813-8529, Japan
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3
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Wingrove JS, Wimmer J, Saba Echezarreta VE, Piazza A, Spencer GE. Retinoic acid reduces the formation of, and acutely modulates, invertebrate electrical synapses. J Neurophysiol 2024; 131:965-981. [PMID: 38568843 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00057.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Communication between cells in the nervous system is dependent on both chemical and electrical synapses. Factors that can affect chemical synapses have been well studied, but less is known about factors that influence electrical synapses. Retinoic acid, the vitamin A metabolite, is a known regulator of chemical synapses, but few studies have examined its capacity to regulate electrical synapses. In this study, we determine that retinoic acid is capable of rapidly altering the strength of electrical synapses in an isomer- and cell-dependent manner. Furthermore, we provide evidence that this acute effect might be independent of either the retinoid receptors or the activation of a protein kinase. In addition to the rapid modulatory effects of retinoic acid, we provide data to suggest that retinoic acid is also capable of regulating the formation of electrical synapses. Long-term exposure to both all-trans-retinoic acid or 9-cis-retinoic acid reduced the proportion of cell pairs forming electrical synapses, as well as reduced the strength of electrical synapses that did form. In summary, this study provides insights into the role that retinoids might play in both the formation and modulation of electrical synapses in the central nervous system.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Retinoids are known modulators of chemical synapses and mediate synaptic plasticity in the nervous system, but little is known of their effects on electrical synapses. Here, we show that retinoids selectively reduce electrical synapses in a cell- and isomer-dependent manner. This modulatory action on existing electrical synapses was rapid and nongenomic in nature. We also showed for the first time that longer retinoid exposures inhibit the formation of electrical synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel S Wingrove
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Justin Wimmer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Alicia Piazza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Piazza A, Carlone R, Spencer GE. Non-canonical retinoid signaling in neural development, regeneration and synaptic function. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1371135. [PMID: 38516042 PMCID: PMC10954794 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1371135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Canonical retinoid signaling via nuclear receptors and gene regulation is critical for the initiation of developmental processes such as cellular differentiation, patterning and neurite outgrowth, but also mediates nerve regeneration and synaptic functions in adult nervous systems. In addition to canonical transcriptional regulation, retinoids also exert rapid effects, and there are now multiple lines of evidence supporting non-canonical retinoid actions outside of the nucleus, including in dendrites and axons. Together, canonical and non-canonical retinoid signaling provide the precise temporal and spatial control necessary to achieve the fine cellular coordination required for proper nervous system function. Here, we examine and discuss the evidence supporting non-canonical actions of retinoids in neural development and regeneration as well as synaptic function, including a review of the proposed molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gaynor E. Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Harracksingh AN, Singh A, Mayorova T, Bejoy B, Hornbeck J, Elkhatib W, McEdwards G, Gauberg J, Taha ARW, Islam IM, Erclik T, Currie MA, Noyes M, Senatore A. The binding of Mint/X11 PDZ domains to Ca V 2 calcium channels predates bilaterian animals. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.26.582151. [PMID: 38463976 PMCID: PMC10925089 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.26.582151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
PDZ domain mediated interactions with voltage-gated calcium (Ca V ) channel C-termini play important roles in localizing and compartmentalizing membrane Ca 2+ signaling. The first such interaction discovered was between the neuronal multi-domain protein Mint-1, and the presynaptc calcium channel Ca V 2.2 in mammals. Although the physiological significance of this interaction is unclear, its occurrence in vertebrates and bilaterian invertebrates suggests important and conserved functions. In this study, we explore the evolutionary origins of Mint and its interaction with Ca V 2 channels. Phylogenetic and structural in silico analyses revealed that Mint is an animal-specific gene, like Ca V 2 channels, which bears a highly divergent N-terminus but strongly conserved C-terminus comprised of a phosphotyrosine binding domain, two tandem PDZ domains (PDZ-1 and PDZ-2), and a C-terminal auto-inhibitory element that binds and inhibits PDZ-1. Also deeply conserved are other Mint interacting proteins, namely amyloid precursor and related proteins, presenilins, neurexin, as well as CASK and Veli which form a tripartite complex with Mint in bilaterians. Through yeast 2-hybrid and bacterial 2-hybrid experiments, we show that Mint and Ca V 2 channels from cnidarians and placozoans interact in vitro , and in situ hybridization revealed co-expression of corresponding transcripts in dissociated neurons from the cnidarian Nematostella vectensis . Unexpectedly, the Mint orthologue from the ctenophore Hormiphora californiensis was able to strongly bind the divergent C-terminal ligands of cnidarian and placozoan Ca V 2 channels, despite neither the ctenophore Mint, nor the placozoan and cnidarian orthologues, binding the ctenophore Ca V 2 channel C-terminus. Altogether, our analyses provide a model for the emergence of this interaction in early animals first via adoption of a PDZ ligand by Ca V 2 channels, followed by sequence changes in the ligand that caused a modality switch for binding to Mint.
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Barton LJ, Sanny J, Packard Dawson E, Nouzova M, Noriega FG, Stadtfeld M, Lehmann R. Juvenile hormones direct primordial germ cell migration to the embryonic gonad. Curr Biol 2024; 34:505-518.e6. [PMID: 38215744 PMCID: PMC10872347 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Germ cells are essential to sexual reproduction. Across the animal kingdom, extracellular signaling isoprenoids, such as retinoic acids (RAs) in vertebrates and juvenile hormones (JHs) in invertebrates, facilitate multiple processes in reproduction. Here we investigated the role of these potent signaling molecules in embryonic germ cell development, using JHs in Drosophila melanogaster as a model system. In contrast to their established endocrine roles during larval and adult germline development, we found that JH signaling acts locally during embryonic development. Using an in vivo biosensor, we observed active JH signaling first within and near primordial germ cells (PGCs) as they migrate to the developing gonad. Through in vivo and in vitro assays, we determined that JHs are both necessary and sufficient for PGC migration. Analysis into the mechanisms of this newly uncovered paracrine JH function revealed that PGC migration was compromised when JHs were decreased or increased, suggesting that specific titers or spatiotemporal JH dynamics are required for robust PGC colonization of the gonad. Compromised PGC migration can impair fertility and cause germ cell tumors in many species, including humans. In mammals, retinoids have many roles in development and reproduction. We found that like JHs in Drosophila, RA was sufficient to impact mouse PGC migration in vitro. Together, our study reveals a previously unanticipated role of isoprenoids as local effectors of pre-gonadal PGC development and suggests a broadly shared mechanism in PGC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lacy J Barton
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Developmental and Regenerative Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249, USA.
| | - Justina Sanny
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Emily Packard Dawson
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Marcela Nouzova
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th) Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre CAS, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando Gabriel Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biomolecular Sciences Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8(th) Street, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Parasitology, University of South Bohemia, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias Stadtfeld
- Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, 413 E 69th Street, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ruth Lehmann
- Department of Cell Biology, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA; Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 455 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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7
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Wu D, Khan FA, Zhang K, Pandupuspitasari NS, Negara W, Guan K, Sun F, Huang C. Retinoic acid signaling in development and differentiation commitment and its regulatory topology. Chem Biol Interact 2024; 387:110773. [PMID: 37977248 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the derivative of vitamin A/retinol, is a signaling molecule with important implications in health and disease. It is a well-known developmental morphogen that functions mainly through the transcriptional activity of nuclear RA receptors (RARs) and, uncommonly, through other nuclear receptors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. Intracellular RA is under spatiotemporally fine-tuned regulation by synthesis and degradation processes catalyzed by retinaldehyde dehydrogenases and P450 family enzymes, respectively. In addition to dictating the transcription architecture, RA also impinges on cell functioning through non-genomic mechanisms independent of RAR transcriptional activity. Although RA-based differentiation therapy has achieved impressive success in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, RA also has pro-tumor activity. Here, we highlight the relevance of RA signaling in cell-fate determination, neurogenesis, visual function, inflammatory responses and gametogenesis commitment. Genetic and post-translational modifications of RAR are also discussed. A better understanding of RA signaling will foster the development of precision medicine to improve the defects caused by deregulated RA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Faheem Ahmed Khan
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kejia Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | | | - Windu Negara
- Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta Pusat, 10340, Indonesia
| | - Kaifeng Guan
- School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
| | - Fei Sun
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
| | - Chunjie Huang
- Institute of Reproductive Medicine, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China.
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Wingrove J, de Hoog E, Spencer GE. Disruptions in network plasticity precede deficits in memory following inhibition of retinoid signaling. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:41-55. [PMID: 36448682 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00270.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of vitamin A, is important for vertebrate cognition and hippocampal plasticity, but few studies have examined its role in invertebrate learning and memory, and its actions in the invertebrate central nervous system are currently unknown. Using the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, we examined operant conditioning of the respiratory behavior, controlled by a well-defined central pattern generator (CPG), and used citral to inhibit retinoic acid signaling. Both citral- and vehicle-treated animals showed normal learning, but citral-treated animals failed to exhibit long-term memory at 24 h. Cohorts of citral- or vehicle-treated animals were dissected into semi-intact preparations, either 1 h after training, or after the memory test 24 h later. Simultaneous electrophysiological recordings from the CPG pacemaker cell (right pedal dorsal 1; RPeD1) and an identified motorneuron (VI) were made while monitoring respiratory activity (pneumostome opening). Activity of the CPG pneumostome opener interneuron (input 3 interneuron; IP3) was also monitored indirectly. Vehicle-treated conditioned preparations showed significant changes in network parameters immediately after learning, such as reduced motorneuron bursting activity (from IP3 input), delayed pneumostome opening, and decoupling of coincident IP3 input within the network. However, citral-treated preparations failed to exhibit these network changes and more closely resembled naïve preparations. Importantly, these citral-induced differences were manifested immediately after training and before any overt changes in the behavioral response (memory impairment). These studies shed light on where and when retinoid signaling might affect a central pattern-generating network to promote memory formation during conditioning of a homeostatic behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide novel evidence for how conditioning-induced changes in a CPG network are disrupted when retinoid signaling is inhibited. Inhibition of retinoic acid signaling prevents long-term memory formation following operant conditioning, but has no effect on learning. Simultaneous electrophysiological and behavioral analyses indicate network changes immediately following learning, but these changes are prevented with inhibition of retinoid signaling, before any overt changes in behavior. These data suggest sites for retinoid actions during memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Wingrove
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric de Hoog
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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de Hoog E, Saba Echezarreta VE, Turgambayeva A, Foran G, Megaly M, Necakov A, Spencer GE. Molluscan RXR Transcriptional Regulation by Retinoids in a Drosophila CNS Organ Culture System. Cells 2022; 11:2493. [PMID: 36010570 PMCID: PMC9406730 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, is important for the appropriate development of the nervous system (e.g., neurite outgrowth) as well as for cognition (e.g., memory formation) in the adult brain. We have shown that many of the effects of retinoids are conserved in the CNS of the mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis. RXRs are predominantly nuclear receptors, but the Lymnaea RXR (LymRXR) exhibits a non-nuclear distribution in the adult CNS, where it is also implicated in non-genomic retinoid functions. As such, we developed a CNS Drosophila organ culture-based system to examine the transcriptional activity and ligand-binding properties of LymRXR, in the context of a live invertebrate nervous system. The novel ligand sensor system was capable of reporting both the expression and transcriptional activity of the sensor. Our results indicate that the LymRXR ligand sensor mediated transcription following activation by both 9-cis RA (the high affinity ligand for vertebrate RXRs) as well as the vertebrate RXR synthetic agonist, SR11237. The LymRXR ligand sensor was also activated by all-trans RA, and to a much lesser extent by the vertebrate RAR synthetic agonist, EC23. This sensor also detected endogenous retinoid-like activity in the CNS of developing Drosophila larvae, primarily during the 3rd instar larval stage. These data indicate that the LymRXR sensor can be utilized not only for characterization of ligand activation for studies related to the Lymnaea CNS, but also for future studies of retinoids and their functions in Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gaynor E. Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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10
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de Hoog E, Spencer GE. Activity-dependent modulation of neuronal K V channels by retinoic acid enhances Ca V channel activity. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101959. [PMID: 35452677 PMCID: PMC9127218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), is known to affect synaptic plasticity in the nervous system and to play an important role in learning and memory. A ubiquitous mechanism by which neuronal plasticity develops in the nervous system is through modulation of voltage-gated Ca2+ (CaV) and voltage-gated K+ channels. However, how retinoids might regulate the activity of these channels has not been determined. Here, we show that RA modulates neuronal firing by inducing spike broadening and complex spiking in a dose-dependent manner in peptidergic and dopaminergic cell types. Using patch-clamp electrophysiology, we show that RA-induced complex spiking is activity dependent and involves enhanced inactivation of delayed rectifier voltage-gated K+ channels. The prolonged depolarizations observed during RA-modulated spiking lead to an increase in Ca2+ influx through CaV channels, though we also show an opposing effect of RA on the same neurons to inhibit Ca2+ influx. At physiological levels of Ca2+, this inhibition is specific to CaV2 (not CaV1) channels. Examining the interaction between the spike-modulating effects of RA and its inhibition of CaV channels, we found that inhibition of CaV2 channels limits the Ca2+ influx resulting from spike modulation. Our data thus provide novel evidence to suggest that retinoid signaling affects both delayed rectifier K+ channels and CaV channels to fine-tune Ca2+ influx through CaV2 channels. As these channels play important roles in synaptic function, we propose that these modulatory effects of retinoids likely contribute to synaptic plasticity in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric de Hoog
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock's Way, St Catharines, Ontario. Canada. L2S 3A1
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock's Way, St Catharines, Ontario. Canada. L2S 3A1.
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11
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Rosiles-Abonce A, Rubio C, Taddei E, Rosiles D, Rubio-Osornio M. Antiepileptogenic Effect of Retinoic Acid. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 19:383-391. [PMID: 32351181 PMCID: PMC8033965 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200429232104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, a metabolite of vitamin A, acts through either genomic or nongenomic actions. The genomic action of retinoids exerts effects on gene transcription through interaction with retinoid receptors such as retinoic acid receptors (RARα, β, and γ) and retinoid X receptors (RXRα, β, and γ) that are primarily concentrated in the amygdala, pre-frontal cortex, and hippocampal areas in the brain. In response to retinoid binding, RAR/RXR heterodimers undergo major conformational changes and orchestrate the transcription of specific gene networks. Previous experimental studies have reported that retinoic acid exerts an antiepileptogenic effect through diverse mechanisms, including the modulation of gap junctions, neurotransmitters, long-term potentiation, calcium channels and some genes. To our knowledge, there are no previous or current clinical trials evaluating the use of retinoic acid for seizure control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Moisés Rubio-Osornio
- Address correspondence to this author at the Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico; E-mail:
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Gauberg J, Abdallah S, Elkhatib W, Harracksingh AN, Piekut T, Stanley EF, Senatore A. Conserved biophysical features of the Ca V2 presynaptic Ca 2+ channel homologue from the early-diverging animal Trichoplax adhaerens. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:18553-18578. [PMID: 33097592 PMCID: PMC7939481 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The dominant role of CaV2 voltage-gated calcium channels for driving neurotransmitter release is broadly conserved. Given the overlapping functional properties of CaV2 and CaV1 channels, and less so CaV3 channels, it is unclear why there have not been major shifts toward dependence on other CaV channels for synaptic transmission. Here, we provide a structural and functional profile of the CaV2 channel cloned from the early-diverging animal Trichoplax adhaerens, which lacks a nervous system but possesses single gene homologues for CaV1-CaV3 channels. Remarkably, the highly divergent channel possesses similar features as human CaV2.1 and other CaV2 channels, including high voltage-activated currents that are larger in external Ba2+ than in Ca2+; voltage-dependent kinetics of activation, inactivation, and deactivation; and bimodal recovery from inactivation. Altogether, the functional profile of Trichoplax CaV2 suggests that the core features of presynaptic CaV2 channels were established early during animal evolution, after CaV1 and CaV2 channels emerged via proposed gene duplication from an ancestral CaV1/2 type channel. The Trichoplax channel was relatively insensitive to mammalian CaV2 channel blockers ω-agatoxin-IVA and ω-conotoxin-GVIA and to metal cation blockers Cd2+ and Ni2+ Also absent was the capacity for voltage-dependent G-protein inhibition by co-expressed Trichoplax Gβγ subunits, which nevertheless inhibited the human CaV2.1 channel, suggesting that this modulatory capacity evolved via changes in channel sequence/structure, and not G proteins. Last, the Trichoplax channel was immunolocalized in cells that express an endomorphin-like peptide implicated in cell signaling and locomotive behavior and other likely secretory cells, suggesting contributions to regulated exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Gauberg
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Salsabil Abdallah
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wassim Elkhatib
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alicia N Harracksingh
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Thomas Piekut
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elise F Stanley
- Laboratory of Synaptic Transmission, Krembil Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adriano Senatore
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada.
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Fodor I, Hussein AAA, Benjamin PR, Koene JM, Pirger Z. The unlimited potential of the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. eLife 2020; 9:e56962. [PMID: 32539932 PMCID: PMC7297532 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Only a limited number of animal species lend themselves to becoming model organisms in multiple biological disciplines: one of these is the great pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis. Extensively used since the 1970s to study fundamental mechanisms in neurobiology, the value of this freshwater snail has been also recognised in fields as diverse as host-parasite interactions, ecotoxicology, evolution, genome editing and 'omics', and human disease modelling. While there is knowledge about the natural history of this species, what is currently lacking is an integration of findings from the laboratory and the field. With this in mind, this article aims to summarise the applicability of L. stagnalis and points out that this multipurpose model organism is an excellent, contemporary choice for addressing a large range of different biological questions, problems and phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological ResearchTihanyHungary
| | - Ahmed AA Hussein
- Department of Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije UniversiteitAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Paul R Benjamin
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of SussexBrightonUnited Kingdom
| | - Joris M Koene
- Section of Animal Ecology, Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Zsolt Pirger
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological ResearchTihanyHungary
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Li HH, Yue XJ, Wang CX, Feng JY, Wang B, Jia FY. Serum Levels of Vitamin A and Vitamin D and Their Association With Symptoms in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:599958. [PMID: 33329153 PMCID: PMC7719622 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.599958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To measure levels of vitamin A (VA) and vitamin D (VD) and the symptomatic association of their co-deficiencies on attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in Chinese children (6-9 years). Methods: Eighty-two children (69 boys and 13 girls; mean age = 7.1 ± 0.9 years at the time of the diagnosis) with ADHD were recruited as ADHD group. A total of 106 healthy children were recruited as the healthy control (HC) group. Serum levels of retinol and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) of all children were evaluated using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry. The Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV Rating Scale (SNAP-IV) was employed to assess the clinical symptoms of ADHD. Results: Children suffering from ADHD had significantly reduced serum levels of retinol and 25(OH)D compared with those of HCs, and the prevalence of VA deficiency and VD deficiency were higher in children suffering from ADHD. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and retinol were linked closely with the presence or absence of ADHD after adjustment for age, body mass index, season of blood sampling, and sun exposure. Serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and retinol showed a negative correlation with the total scores of SNAP-IV. Children with ADHD as well as VA and VD co-deficiency had increased SNAP-IV total scores and ADHD inattention subscale scores. Conclusion: VA deficiency and VD deficiency in children with ADHD were increased in comparison with that in HCs. VA and VD co-deficiency associated with ADHD symptom severity. Attention should be paid to regular testing of VA levels and VD levels. However, the mechanism of VA and VD in ADHD needs to be further studied. Interventional studies on VA and VD supplementation are recommended to further verify the relationship between VA and VD co-deficiency and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hua Li
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yue
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Cheng-Xin Wang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun-Yan Feng
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei-Yong Jia
- Department of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.,Pediatric Research Institute of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
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