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Hao M, Xue L, Wen X, Sun L, Zhang L, Xing K, Hu X, Xu J, Xing D. Advancing Bone Regeneration: Unveiling the Potential of 3D Cell Models in the Evaluation of Bone Regenerative Materials. Acta Biomater 2024:S1742-7061(24)00288-5. [PMID: 38815683 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2024.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Bone, a rigid yet regenerative tissue, has garnered extensive attention for its impressive healing abilities. Despite advancements in understanding bone repair and creating treatments for bone injuries, handling nonunions and large defects remains a major challenge in orthopedics. The rise of bone regenerative materials is transforming the approach to bone repair, offering innovative solutions for nonunions and significant defects, and thus reshaping orthopedic care. Evaluating these materials effectively is key to advancing bone tissue regeneration, especially in difficult healing scenarios, making it a critical research area. Traditional evaluation methods, including two-dimensional cell models and animal models, have limitations in predicting accurately. This has led to exploring alternative methods, like 3D cell models, which provide fresh perspectives for assessing bone materials' regenerative potential. This paper discusses various techniques for constructing 3D cell models, their pros and cons, and crucial factors to consider when using these models to evaluate bone regenerative materials. We also highlight the significance of 3D cell models in the in vitro assessments of these materials, discuss their current drawbacks and limitations, and suggest future research directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This work addresses the challenge of evaluating bone regenerative materials (BRMs) crucial for bone tissue engineering. It explores the emerging role of 3D cell models as superior alternatives to traditional methods for assessing these materials. By dissecting the construction, key factors of evaluating, advantages, limitations, and practical considerations of 3D cell models, the paper elucidates their significance in overcoming current evaluation method shortcomings. It highlights how these models offer a more physiologically relevant and ethically preferable platform for the precise assessment of BRMs. This contribution is particularly significant for "Acta Biomaterialia" readership, as it not only synthesizes current knowledge but also propels the discourse forward in the search for advanced solutions in bone tissue engineering and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minglu Hao
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Linyuan Xue
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaobo Wen
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Li Sun
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L3G1, Canada
| | - Kunyue Xing
- Alliance Manchester Business School, The University of Manchester, Manchester M139PL, UK
| | - Xiaokun Hu
- Department of Interventional Medical Center, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 26600, China
| | - Jiazhen Xu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Cancer institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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2
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Liang J, Wei J, Cao J, Qian J, Gao R, Li X, Wang D, Gu Y, Dong L, Yu J, Zhao B, Wang X. In-organoid single-cell CRISPR screening reveals determinants of hepatocyte differentiation and maturation. Genome Biol 2023; 24:251. [PMID: 37907970 PMCID: PMC10617096 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-023-03084-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Harnessing hepatocytes for basic research and regenerative medicine demands a complete understanding of the genetic determinants underlying hepatocyte differentiation and maturation. Single-cell CRISPR screens in organoids could link genetic perturbations with parallel transcriptomic readout in single cells, providing a powerful method to delineate roles of cell fate regulators. However, a big challenge for identifying key regulators during data analysis is the low expression levels of transcription factors (TFs), which are difficult to accurately estimate due to noise and dropouts in single-cell sequencing. Also, it is often the changes in TF activities in the transcriptional cascade rather than the expression levels of TFs that are relevant to the cell fate transition. RESULTS Here, we develop Organoid-based Single-cell CRISPR screening Analyzed with Regulons (OSCAR), a framework using regulon activities as readouts to dissect gene knockout effects in organoids. In adult-stem-cell-derived liver organoids, we map transcriptomes in 80,576 cells upon 246 perturbations associated with transcriptional regulation of hepatocyte formation. Using OSCAR, we identify known and novel positive and negative regulators, among which Fos and Ubr5 are the top-ranked ones. Further single-gene loss-of-function assays demonstrate that Fos depletion in mouse and human liver organoids promote hepatocyte differentiation by specific upregulation of liver metabolic genes and pathways, and conditional knockout of Ubr5 in mouse liver delays hepatocyte maturation. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we provide a framework to explore lineage specifiers in a rapid and systematic manner, and identify hepatocyte determinators with potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junbo Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Jinsong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Jun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Ran Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Dingding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Yani Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Lei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Chemistry and Biomedicine Innovative Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330031, China.
- Institute of Respiratory Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
- Institute of Organoid Technology, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China.
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking, Union Medical College, Beijing, 100005, China.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Translational Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, 100730, China.
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3
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Tian X, Zheng Q, Xie J, Zhou Q, Liang L, Xu G, Chen H, Ling C, Lu D. Improved gene therapy for MFRP deficiency-mediated retinal degeneration by knocking down endogenous bicistronic Mfrp and Ctrp5 transcript. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 32:843-856. [PMID: 37273779 PMCID: PMC10238587 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The membrane frizzled-related protein (Mfrp) and C1-tumor necrosis factor related protein 5 (Ctrp5) genes are transcribed as a bicistronic unit and dysregulation of either gene is associated with retinal degeneration in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. However, the mechanisms that regulate the expression of the bicistronic transcript remain controversial. Here, we identified a microRNA-based negative feedback loop that helps maintain a normal expression level of the bicistronic Mfrp and Ctrp5 transcript. Specifically, miR-149-3p, a conserved microRNA, binds to the 3'UTR of the Mfrp gene. In MFRP-deficient rd6 mice, the miR-149-3p levels were compromised compared with those in WT mice, resulting in an increase in the bicistronic transcript. We also report a capsid-modified rAAVDJ-3M vector that is capable of robustly and specifically transducing RPE cells following subretinal delivery. Compared with the parental vector, the modified vector elicited similar levels of serum anti-rAAV antibodies, but recruited fewer microglial infiltrations. Most significantly, we also demonstrate that simultaneous overexpressing of MFRP and knockdown of the bicistronic transcript was more effective in rescuing vision than MFRP overexpression alone. Our findings offer new insights into the function of MFRP and provide a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of MFRP-associated ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qingyun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qinlinglan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Letong Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guotong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Tongji Hospital and Laboratory of Clinical and Visual Sciences of Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chen Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Daru Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning, Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing 404100, China
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4
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Wei J, Zhang W, Zhao B. Human liver organoid: modeling liver steatosis and beyond. CELL REGENERATION (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 12:17. [PMID: 37009924 PMCID: PMC10068683 DOI: 10.1186/s13619-023-00161-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Steatosis, as the early stage of nonalcoholic fatty acid disease (NAFLD), would progress into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver failure without intervention. Despite the development of animal models, there is still a lack of the human-relevant platform for steatosis modeling and drug & target discovery. Hendriks et al., reporting in Nature Biotechnology, leveraged human fetal liver organoids to recapitulate steatosis by introducing nutritional and genetic triggers. Using these engineered liver organoid-derived steatosis models, they screened drugs that alleviate steatosis, and mined common mechanism of effective compounds. Further, inspired by the results of drug screening, the arrayed CRISPR-LOF screening targeting 35 lipid metabolism genes was performed, and FADS2 was identified as a critical regulator of steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou), Fudan University, Nansha District, 511458, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Organoid Technology, bioGenous Biotechnology, Inc, 215125, Suzhou, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200438, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Westhaus A, Cabanes Creus M, Dilworth KL, Zhu E, Salas D, Navarro RG, Amaya AK, Scott S, Kwiatek M, McCorkindale AL, Hayman TE, Frahm S, Perocheau D, Tran BM, Vincan E, Wong SL, Waters SA, Riddiough GE, Perini MV, Wilson LOW, Baruteau J, Diecke S, Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza G, Santilli G, Thrasher AJ, Alexander IE, Lisowski L. Assessment of pre-clinical liver models based on their ability to predict the liver-tropism of AAV vectors. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:273-288. [PMID: 36927149 PMCID: PMC10150726 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2022.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is a prime target for in vivo gene therapies using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAV). Multiple clinical trials have been undertaken for this target in the past 15 years, however we are still to see market approval of the first liver-targeted AAV-based gene therapy. Inefficient expression of the therapeutic transgene, vector-induced liver toxicity and capsid, and/or transgene-mediated immune responses reported at high vector doses are the main challenges to date. One of the contributing factors to the insufficient clinical outcomes, despite highly encouraging preclinical data, is the lack of robust, biologically- and clinically-predictive preclinical models. To this end, this study reports findings of a functional evaluation of six AAV vectors in twelve preclinical models of the human liver, with the aim to uncover which combination of models is the most relevant for the identification of AAV capsid variant for safe and efficient transgene delivery to primary human hepatocytes. The results, generated by studies in models ranging from immortalized cells, iPSC-derived and primary hepatocytes, and primary human hepatic organoids to in vivo models, increased our understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of each system. This should allow the development of novel gene therapies targeting the human liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Westhaus
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,University College London, 4919, Institute of Child Health, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Marti Cabanes Creus
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Kimberley L Dilworth
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Erhua Zhu
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Gene Therapy Research Unit, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - David Salas
- Centro de Investigacion Medica Aplicada, 90212, Pamplona, Spain;
| | - Renina Gale Navarro
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology Group, 214 Hawkesbury Road, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia, 2145;
| | - Anais Karime Amaya
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Gene Therapy, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Suzanne Scott
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Gene Therapy, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2221, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Magdalena Kwiatek
- The Biological Threats Identification and Countermeasure Centre, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pulawy, Poland;
| | | | - Tara E Hayman
- Inventia Life Science Pty Ltd, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Silke Frahm
- Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 28341, Stem Cell Technology Platform, Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Dany Perocheau
- University College London, 4919, Genetics and Genomic Medicine, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, 4956, Metabolic Medicine Department, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 601433, London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Bang Manh Tran
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Molecular Oncology Group and Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Elizabeth Vincan
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Molecular Oncology Group and Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Sharon L Wong
- University of New South Wales, 7800, Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, 7800, School of Biomedical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Shafagh A Waters
- University of New South Wales, 7800, Molecular and Integrative Cystic Fibrosis Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,University of New South Wales, 7800, School of Biomedical Sciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney Children's Hospital Randwick, 63623, Respiratory Medicine, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Georgina E Riddiough
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Department of Infectious Diseases, Melbourne Medical School, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,The University of Melbourne, 2281, Department of Surgery, Austin Health Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Marcos V Perini
- The University of Melbourne, 2281, Department of Surgery, Austin Health Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Laurence O W Wilson
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, 2221, Australian e-Health Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Macquarie University, 7788, Applied BioSciences, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Julien Baruteau
- University College London, 4919, Genetics and Genomic Medicine Department, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, 4956, Metabolic Medicine Department, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, 601433, London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Sebastian Diecke
- Max Delbruck Centre for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, 28341, Stem Cell Technology Platform, Berlin, Berlin, Germany;
| | - Gloria Gonzalez-Aseguinolaza
- Center for Applied Medical Research (CIMA)/Foundation for Applied Medical Research (FIMA) , Gene Therapy and Hepatology, Av. Pio XII, 55, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain, 31008;
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- University College London, 4919, Institute of Child Health, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- University College London, 4919, Institute of Child Health, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
| | - Ian Edward Alexander
- Sydney Children's Hospitals Network and Children's Medical Research Institute, Gene Therapy, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,The University of Sydney, 4334, Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia;
| | - Leszek Lisowski
- Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Translational Vectorology, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Children's Medical Research Institute, 58454, Vector and Genome Engineering Facility, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia.,Military Institute of Medicine, 49586, Molecular Oncology and Innovative Therapies, Warszawa, Mazowieckie, Poland;
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6
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Ramamurthy RM, Atala A, Porada CD, Almeida-Porada G. Organoids and microphysiological systems: Promising models for accelerating AAV gene therapy studies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011143. [PMID: 36225917 PMCID: PMC9549755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The FDA has predicted that at least 10-20 gene therapy products will be approved by 2025. The surge in the development of such therapies can be attributed to the advent of safe and effective gene delivery vectors such as adeno-associated virus (AAV). The enormous potential of AAV has been demonstrated by its use in over 100 clinical trials and the FDA’s approval of two AAV-based gene therapy products. Despite its demonstrated success in some clinical settings, AAV-based gene therapy is still plagued by issues related to host immunity, and recent studies have suggested that AAV vectors may actually integrate into the host cell genome, raising concerns over the potential for genotoxicity. To better understand these issues and develop means to overcome them, preclinical model systems that accurately recapitulate human physiology are needed. The objective of this review is to provide a brief overview of AAV gene therapy and its current hurdles, to discuss how 3D organoids, microphysiological systems, and body-on-a-chip platforms could serve as powerful models that could be adopted in the preclinical stage, and to provide some examples of the successful application of these models to answer critical questions regarding AAV biology and toxicity that could not have been answered using current animal models. Finally, technical considerations while adopting these models to study AAV gene therapy are also discussed.
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7
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Liu G, Wei J, Li X, Tian M, Wang Z, Shen C, Sun W, Li C, Li X, Lv E, Tian S, Wang J, Xu S, Zhao B. Near-Infrared-Responded High Sensitivity Nanoprobe for Steady and Visualized Detection of Albumin in Hepatic Organoids and Mouse Liver. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202505. [PMID: 35853243 PMCID: PMC9475548 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the advanced techniques for protein detection facilitates cell fate investigation. However, it remains challenging to quantify and visualize the protein with one single probe. Here, a luminescent approach to detect hepatic cell fate marker albumin in vitro and living cell labeling with upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), which are conjugated with antibody (Ab) and rose bengal hexanoic acid (RBHA) is reported. To guarantee the detection quality and accuracy, an "OFF-ON" strategy is adopted: in the presence of albumin, the luminescence of nanoparticles remains suppressed owing to energy transfer to the quencher. Upon albumin binding to the antibody, the luminescence is recovered under near-infrared light. In various bio-samples, the UCNPs-Ab-RBHA (UCAR) nanoprobe can sense albumin with a broad detection range (5-315 ng mL-1 ). When applied to liver ductal organoid culture medium, the UCAR can monitor hepatocyte differentiation in real time by sensing the secreted albumin. Further, UCAR enables live imaging of cellular albumin in cells, organoids, and tissues. In a CCl4 -induced liver injury model, UCAR detects reduced albumin in liver tissue and serum. Thus, a biocompatible nanoprobe for both quantification and imaging of protein in complex biological environment with superior stability and high sensitivity is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofeng Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Jinsong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
- Greater Bay Area Institute of Precision Medicine (Guangzhou)Fudan UniversityNansha DistrictGuangzhou511458China
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Meng Tian
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Congcong Shen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Wan Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Chonghui Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Xuewen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Enguang Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Shizheng Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
| | - Jihua Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Shicai Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of BiophysicsInstitute of BiophysicsCollege of Physics and Electronic InformationDezhou UniversityDezhou253023China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic EngineeringSchool of Life SciencesZhongshan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghai200438China
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8
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Tomofuji K, Fukumitsu K, Kondo J, Horie H, Makino K, Wakama S, Ito T, Oshima Y, Ogiso S, Ishii T, Inoue M, Hatano E. Liver ductal organoids reconstruct intrahepatic biliary trees in decellularized liver grafts. Biomaterials 2022; 287:121614. [PMID: 35688027 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional scaffolds decellularized from native organs are a promising technique to establish engineered liver grafts and overcome the current shortage of donor organs. However, limited sources of bile duct cells and inappropriate cell distribution in bioengineered liver grafts have hindered their practical application. Organoid technology is anticipated to be an excellent tool for the advancement of regenerative medicine. In the present study, we reconstructed intrahepatic bile ducts in a rat decellularized liver graft by recellularization with liver ductal organoids. Using an ex vivo perfusion culture system, we demonstrated the biliary characteristics of repopulated mouse liver organoids, which maintained bile duct markers and reconstructed biliary tree-like networks with luminal structures. We also established a method for the co-recellularization with engineered bile ducts and primary hepatocytes, revealing the appropriate cell distribution to mimic the native liver. We then utilized this model in human organoids to demonstrate the reconstructed bile ducts. Our results show that liver ductal organoids are a potential cell source for bile ducts from bioengineered liver grafts using three-dimensional scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuhiro Tomofuji
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ken Fukumitsu
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Jumpei Kondo
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Horie
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan; Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Kenta Makino
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Wakama
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takashi Ito
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yu Oshima
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ogiso
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takamichi Ishii
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Inoue
- Department of Clinical Bio-resource Research and Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 46-29, Shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Etsuro Hatano
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, 54 Kawahara-cho, Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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9
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Belova L, Lavrov A, Smirnikhina S. Organoid transduction using recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors: Challenges and opportunities. Bioessays 2022; 44:e2200055. [PMID: 35832008 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Cellular 3D structures, for example, organoids, are an excellent model for studying and developing treatments for various diseases, including hereditary ones. Therefore, they are increasingly being used in biomedical research. From the point of view of safety and efficacy, recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are currently most in demand for the delivery of various transgenes for gene replacement therapy or other applications. The delivery of transgenes using rAAV vectors to various types of organoids is an urgent task, however, it is associated with a number of problems that are discussed in this review. Cellular heterogeneity and specifics of cultivation of 3D structures determine the complexity of rAAV delivery and are sometimes associated with low transduction efficiency. This review surveys the main ways to solve emerging problems and increase the efficiency of transgene delivery using rAAVs to organoids. A clear understanding of the stage of development of the organoid, its cellular composition and the presence of surface receptors will allow obtaining high levels of organoid transduction with existing rAAV vectors.
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10
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Li Y, Xi Z, Yu Z, Yang C, Tan C. LincRNA‑EPS increases TGF‑β expression to inhibit the Wnt/β‑catenin pathway, VSMC osteoblastic differentiation and vascular calcification in diabetic mice. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:425. [PMID: 35607373 PMCID: PMC9121197 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with diabetes, the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) is continuously activated by low-intensity inflammation, which leads to the osteoblastic differentiation of these cells and the deposition of calcium and phosphorus in blood vessels. The aim of the present study was to determine whether long intergenic non-coding RNA-erythroid pro-survival (lincRNA-EPS) was able to ameliorate vascular calcification (VC) associated with diabetes. VSMCs isolated from C57BL/6 mice were transfected with lincRNA-EPS overexpression vector in vitro and their osteoblastic differentiation was evaluated under high-glucose conditions. In addition, a mouse model of diabetes was established, which included a lincRNA-EPS knockout group and a lincRNA-EPS high expression group. Blood vessel samples from the mice were examined to determine the degree of calcification. The levels of inflammatory factors in serum were also detected. The VSMCs transfected with lincRNA-EPS overexpression vector exhibited less osteoblastic differentiation and migration and significantly lower levels of Wnt pathway-associated proteins than those transfected with empty control. Furthermore, the in vivo experiments revealed that the overexpression of lincRNA-EPS significantly reduced VC in diabetic mice. Therefore, on the basis of these findings, it is suggested that lincRNA-EPS overexpression may provide a novel and effective method for the treatment of VC in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Li
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command (Hankou District), Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
| | - Ziwei Xi
- School of Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Yu
- Department of Hematoendocrinology, 32295 Army Hospital, Liaoyang, Liaoning 111000, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyue Yang
- School of Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Central Theater Command (Hankou District), Wuhan, Hubei 430000, P.R. China
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11
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Squalene through Its Post-Squalene Metabolites Is a Modulator of Hepatic Transcriptome in Rabbits. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084172. [PMID: 35456988 PMCID: PMC9031321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Squalene is a natural bioactive triterpene and an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of sterols. To assess the effect of this compound on the hepatic transcriptome, RNA-sequencing was carried out in two groups of male New Zealand rabbits fed either a diet enriched with 1% sunflower oil or the same diet with 0.5% squalene for 4 weeks. Hepatic lipids, lipid droplet area, squalene, and sterols were also monitored. The Squalene administration downregulated 9 transcripts and upregulated 13 transcripts. The gene ontology of transcripts fitted into the following main categories: transporter of proteins and sterols, lipid metabolism, lipogenesis, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. When the results were confirmed by RT-qPCR, rabbits receiving squalene displayed significant hepatic expression changes of LOC100344884 (PNPLA3), GCK, TFCP2L1, ASCL1, ACSS2, OST4, FAM91A1, MYH6, LRRC39, LOC108176846, GLT1D1 and TREH. A squalene-enriched diet increased hepatic levels of squalene, lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, lathosterol, zymostenol and desmosterol. Strong correlations were found among specific sterols and some squalene-changed transcripts. Incubation of the murine AML12 hepatic cell line in the presence of lanosterol, dihydrolanosterol, zymostenol and desmosterol reproduced the observed changes in the expressions of Acss2, Fam91a1 and Pnpla3. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the squalene and post-squalene metabolites play important roles in hepatic transcriptional changes required to protect the liver against malfunction.
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12
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Wang X, Ni C, Jiang N, Wei J, Liang J, Zhao B, Lin X. Generation of liver bipotential organoids with a small-molecule cocktail. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 12:618-629. [PMID: 32232340 PMCID: PMC7683013 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanism of how cholangiocytes (liver ductal cells) are activated upon liver injury and specified to hepatocytes would permit liver regenerative medicine. Here we achieved long-term in vitro expansion of mouse liver organoids by modulating signaling pathways with a combination of three small-molecule compounds. CHIR-99021, blebbistatin, and forskolin together maintained the liver organoids in bipotential stage with both cholangiocyte- and hepatocyte-specific gene expression profiles and enhanced capacity for further hepatocyte differentiation. By employing a chemical approach, we demonstrated that Wnt/β-catenin, NMII–Rac, and PKA–ERK are core signaling pathways essential and sufficient for mouse liver progenitor expansion. Moreover, the advanced small-molecule culture of bipotential organoids facilitates the ex vivo investigation of liver cell fate determination and the application of organoids in liver regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chao Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinsong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianqing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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13
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Sato K, Zhang W, Safarikia S, Isidan A, Chen AM, Li P, Francis H, Kennedy L, Baiocchi L, Alvaro D, Glaser S, Ekser B, Alpini G. Organoids and Spheroids as Models for Studying Cholestatic Liver Injury and Cholangiocarcinoma. Hepatology 2021; 74:491-502. [PMID: 33222247 PMCID: PMC8529583 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cholangiopathies, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis, biliary atresia, and cholangiocarcinoma, have limited experimental models. Not only cholangiocytes but also other hepatic cells including hepatic stellate cells and macrophages are involved in the pathophysiology of cholangiopathies, and these hepatic cells orchestrate the coordinated response against diseased conditions. Classic two-dimensional monolayer cell cultures do not resemble intercellular cell-to-cell interaction and communication; however, three-dimensional cell culture systems, such as organoids and spheroids, can mimic cellular interaction and architecture between hepatic cells. Previous studies have demonstrated the generation of hepatic or biliary organoids/spheroids using various cell sources including pluripotent stem cells, hepatic progenitor cells, primary cells from liver biopsies, and immortalized cell lines. Gene manipulation, such as transfection and transduction can be performed in organoids, and established organoids have functional characteristics which can be suitable for drug screening. This review summarizes current methodologies for organoid/spheroid formation and a potential for three-dimensional hepatic cell cultures as in vitro models of cholangiopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Samira Safarikia
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Abdulkadir Isidan
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Angela M. Chen
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Ping Li
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Lindsey Kennedy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Leonardo Baiocchi
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alvaro
- Department of Precision and Translational Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Shannon Glaser
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX
| | - Burcin Ekser
- Division of Transplant Surgery, Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Gianfranco Alpini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN
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14
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Wagner HJ, Weber W, Fussenegger M. Synthetic Biology: Emerging Concepts to Design and Advance Adeno-Associated Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004018. [PMID: 33977059 PMCID: PMC8097373 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Three recent approvals and over 100 ongoing clinical trials make adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based vectors the leading gene delivery vehicles in gene therapy. Pharmaceutical companies are investing in this small and nonpathogenic gene shuttle to increase the therapeutic portfolios within the coming years. This prospect of marking a new era in gene therapy has fostered both investigations of the fundamental AAV biology as well as engineering studies to enhance delivery vehicles. Driven by the high clinical potential, a new generation of synthetic-biologically engineered AAV vectors is on the rise. Concepts from synthetic biology enable the control and fine-tuning of vector function at different stages of cellular transduction and gene expression. It is anticipated that the emerging field of synthetic-biologically engineered AAV vectors can shape future gene therapeutic approaches and thus the design of tomorrow's gene delivery vectors. This review describes and discusses the recent trends in capsid and vector genome engineering, with particular emphasis on synthetic-biological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna J. Wagner
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26Basel4058Switzerland
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 18Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Wilfried Weber
- Faculty of BiologyUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 1Freiburg79104Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSSUniversity of FreiburgSchänzlestraße 18Freiburg79104Germany
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and EngineeringETH ZurichMattenstrasse 26Basel4058Switzerland
- Faculty of ScienceUniversity of BaselKlingelbergstrasse 50Basel4056Switzerland
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15
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El Andari J, Grimm D. Production, Processing, and Characterization of Synthetic AAV Gene Therapy Vectors. Biotechnol J 2020; 16:e2000025. [PMID: 32975881 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, gene therapy vectors based on wild-type Adeno-associated viruses (AAV) are safe and efficacious in numerous clinical trials and are translated into three approved gene therapy products. Concomitantly, a large body of preclinical work has illustrated the power and potential of engineered synthetic AAV capsids that often excel in terms of an organ or cell specificity, the efficiency of in vitro or in vivo gene transfer, and/or reactivity with anti-AAV immune responses. In turn, this has created a demand for new, scalable, easy-to-implement, and plug-and-play platform processes that are compatible with the rapidly increasing range of AAV capsid variants. Here, the focus is on recent advances in methodologies for downstream processing and characterization of natural or synthetic AAV vectors, comprising different chromatography techniques and thermostability measurements. To illustrate the breadth of this portfolio, two chimeric capsids are used as representative examples that are derived through forward- or backwards-directed molecular evolution, namely, AAV-DJ and Anc80. Collectively, this ever-expanding arsenal of technologies promises to facilitate the development of the next AAV vector generation derived from synthetic capsids and to accelerate their manufacturing, and to thus boost the field of human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihad El Andari
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Dept. of Infectious Diseases/Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,BioQuant, Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, University of Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) and German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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16
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Ran G, Chen X, Xie Y, Zheng Q, Xie J, Yu C, Pittman N, Qi S, Yu FX, Agbandje-McKenna M, Srivastava A, Ling C. Site-Directed Mutagenesis Improves the Transduction Efficiency of Capsid Library-Derived Recombinant AAV Vectors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 17:545-555. [PMID: 32258217 PMCID: PMC7114622 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors selected from capsid libraries present enormous advantages in high selectivity of tissue tropism and their potential use in human gene therapy applications. For example, rAAV-LK03, was used in a gene therapy trial for hemophilia A (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT03003533). However, high doses in patients resulted in severe adverse events and subsequent loss of factor VIII (FVIII) expression. Thus, additional strategies are needed to enhance the transduction efficiency of capsid library-derived rAAV vectors such that improved clinical efficacy can be achieved at low vector doses. In this study, we characterized two commonly used library-derived rAAV vectors, rAAV-DJ and rAAV-LK03. It was concluded that rAAV-DJ shared similar transport pathways (e.g., cell surface binding, endocytosis-dependent internalization, and cytoplasmic trafficking) with rAAV serotype 2, while rAAV-LK03 and rAAV serotype 3 shared similar transport pathways. We then performed site-directed mutagenesis of surface-exposed tyrosine (Y), serine (S), aspartic acid (D), and tryptophan (W) residues on rAAV-DJ and rAAV-LK03 capsids. Our results demonstrated that rAAV-DJ-S269T and rAAV-LK03-Y705+731F variants had significantly enhanced transduction efficiency compared to wild-type counterparts. Our studies suggest that the strategy of site-directed mutagenesis should be applicable to other non-natural AAV variants for their optimal use in human gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gai Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yilin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qingyun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jinyan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chenghui Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Nikea Pittman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Sixian Qi
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
| | - Fa-Xing Yu
- Institute of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 201102, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Arun Srivastava
- Powell Gene Therapy Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Genetics Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology
- Shands Cancer Center, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Chen Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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17
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Ci X, Hao J, Dong X, Xue H, Wu R, Choi SYC, Haegert AM, Collins CC, Liu X, Lin D, Wang Y. Conditionally Reprogrammed Cells from Patient-Derived Xenograft to Model Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer Development. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061398. [PMID: 32512818 PMCID: PMC7349646 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine prostate cancer (NEPC) is a lethal subtype of prostate cancer. It develops mainly via NE transdifferentiation of prostate adenocarcinoma in response to androgen receptor (AR)-inhibition therapy. The study of NEPC development has been hampered by a lack of clinically relevant models. We previously established a unique and first-in-field patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model of adenocarcinoma (LTL331)-to-NEPC (LTL331R) transdifferentiation. In this study, we applied conditional reprogramming (CR) culture to establish a LTL331 PDX-derived cancer cell line named LTL331_CR_Cell. These cells retain the same genomic mutations as the LTL331 parental tumor. They can be continuously propagated in vitro and can be genetically manipulated. Androgen deprivation treatment on LTL331_CR_Cells had no effect on cell proliferation. Transcriptomic analyses comparing the LTL331_CR_Cell to its parental tumor revealed a profound downregulation of the androgen response pathway and an upregulation of stem and basal cell marker genes. The transcriptome of LTL331_CR_Cells partially resembles that of post-castrated LTL331 xenografts in mice. Notably, when grafted under the renal capsules of male NOD/SCID mice, LTL331_CR_Cells spontaneously gave rise to NEPC tumors. This is evidenced by the histological expression of the NE marker CD56 and the loss of adenocarcinoma markers such as PSA. Transcriptomic analyses of the newly developed NEPC tumors further demonstrate marked enrichment of NEPC signature genes and loss of AR signaling genes. This study provides a novel research tool derived from a unique PDX model. It allows for the investigation of mechanisms underlying NEPC development by enabling gene manipulations ex vivo and subsequent functional evaluations in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinpei Ci
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (X.C.); (J.H.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.C.)
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (S.Y.C.C.)
| | - Jun Hao
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (X.C.); (J.H.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.C.)
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (S.Y.C.C.)
| | - Xin Dong
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (S.Y.C.C.)
| | - Hui Xue
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (S.Y.C.C.)
| | - Rebecca Wu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (S.Y.C.C.)
| | - Stephen Yiu Chuen Choi
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (S.Y.C.C.)
| | - Anne M. Haegert
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (X.C.); (J.H.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.C.)
| | - Colin C. Collins
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (X.C.); (J.H.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.C.)
| | - Xuefeng Liu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: 202-687-2820 (X.L.); 604-675-7013 (D.L.); 604-675-8013 (Y.W.)
| | - Dong Lin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (X.C.); (J.H.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.C.)
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (S.Y.C.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: 202-687-2820 (X.L.); 604-675-7013 (D.L.); 604-675-8013 (Y.W.)
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (X.C.); (J.H.); (A.M.H.); (C.C.C.)
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC V5Z 1L3, Canada; (X.D.); (H.X.); (R.W.); (S.Y.C.C.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); Tel.: 202-687-2820 (X.L.); 604-675-7013 (D.L.); 604-675-8013 (Y.W.)
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