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Kegulian NC, Visakan G, Bapat RA, Moradian-Oldak J. Ameloblastin and its multifunctionality in amelogenesis: a review. Matrix Biol 2024:S0945-053X(24)00068-4. [PMID: 38815936 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix proteins play crucial roles in the formation of mineralized tissues like bone and teeth via multifunctional mechanisms. In tooth enamel, ameloblastin (Ambn) is one such multifunctional extracellular matrix protein implicated in cell signaling and polarity, cell adhesion to the developing enamel matrix, and stabilization of prismatic enamel morphology. To provide a perspective for Ambn structure and function, we begin this review by describing dental enamel and enamel formation (amelogenesis) followed by a description of enamel extracellular matrix. We then summarize the established domains and motifs in Ambn protein, human amelogenesis imperfecta cases, and genetically engineered mouse models involving mutated or null Ambn. We subsequently delineate in silico, in vitro, and in vivo evidence for the amphipathic helix in Ambn as a proposed cell-matrix adhesive and then more recent in vitro evidence for the multitargeting domain as the basis for dynamic interactions of Ambn with itself, amelogenin, and membranes. The multitargeting domain facilitates tuning between Ambn-membrane interactions and self/co-assembly and supports a likely overall role for Ambn as a matricellular protein. We anticipate that this review will enhance the understanding of multifunctional matrix proteins by consolidating diverse mechanisms through which Ambn contributes to enamel extracellular matrix mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie C Kegulian
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSA 148, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gayathri Visakan
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSA 148, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Rucha Arun Bapat
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSA 148, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Janet Moradian-Oldak
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar St., CSA 148, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA..
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2
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Gabe C, Bui AT, Lukashova L, Verdelis K, Vasquez B, Beniash E, Margolis HC. Role of amelogenin phosphorylation in regulating dental enamel formation. Matrix Biol 2024:S0945-053X(24)00065-9. [PMID: 38759902 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2024.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Amelogenin (AMELX), the predominant matrix protein in enamel formation, contains a singular phosphorylation site at Serine 16 (S16) that greatly enhances AMELX's capacity to stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) and inhibit its transformation to apatitic enamel crystals. To explore the potential role of AMELX phosphorylation in vivo, we developed a knock-in (KI) mouse model in which AMELX phosphorylation is prevented by substituting S16 with Ala (A). As anticipated, AMELXS16A KI mice displayed a severe phenotype characterized by weak hypoplastic enamel, absence of enamel rods, extensive ectopic calcifications, a greater rate of ACP transformation to apatitic crystals, and progressive cell pathology in enamel-forming cells (ameloblasts). In the present investigation, our focus was on understanding the mechanisms of action of phosphorylated AMELX in amelogenesis. We have hypothesized that the absence of AMELX phosphorylation would result in a loss of controlled mineralization during the secretory stage of amelogenesis, leading to an enhanced rate of enamel mineralization that causes enamel acidification due to excessive proton release. To test these hypotheses, we employed microcomputed tomography (µCT), colorimetric pH assessment, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) microspectroscopy of apical portions of mandibular incisors from 8-week old wildtype (WT) and KI mice. As hypothesized, µCT analyses demonstrated significantly higher rates of enamel mineral densification in KI mice during the secretory stage compared to the WT. Despite a greater rate of enamel densification, maximal KI enamel thickness increased at a significantly lower rate than that of the WT during the secretory stage of amelogenesis, reaching a thickness in mid-maturation that is approximately half that of the WT. pH assessments revealed a lower pH in secretory enamel in KI compared to WT mice, as hypothesized. FTIR findings further demonstrated that KI enamel is comprised of significantly greater amounts of acid phosphate compared to the WT, consistent with our pH assessments. Furthermore, FTIR microspectroscopy indicated a significantly higher mineral-to-organic ratio in KI enamel, as supported by µCT findings. Collectively, our current findings demonstrate that phosphorylated AMELX plays crucial mechanistic roles in regulating the rate of enamel mineral formation, and in maintaining physico-chemical homeostasis and the enamel growth pattern during early stages of amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Gabe
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 335 Sutherland Drive (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ai Thu Bui
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 335 Sutherland Drive (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Kostas Verdelis
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Endodontics, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Brent Vasquez
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 335 Sutherland Drive (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 335 Sutherland Drive (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Henry C Margolis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine, 335 Sutherland Drive (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA; Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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3
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Kalka M, Bielak K, Ptak M, Stolarski J, Dobryszycki P, Wojtas M. Calcium carbonate polymorph selection in fish otoliths: A key role of phosphorylation of Starmaker-like protein. Acta Biomater 2024; 174:437-446. [PMID: 38061675 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Fish otoliths are calcium carbonate biominerals found in the inner ear commonly used for tracking fish biochronologies and as a model system for biomineralization. The process of fish otolith formation is biologically controlled by numerous biomacromolecules which not only affect crystal size, shape, mechanical properties, but also selection of calcium carbonate polymorph (e.g., aragonite, vaterite). The proteinaceous control over calcium carbonate polymorph selection occurs in many other species (e.g., corals, mollusks, echinoderms) but the exact mechanism of protein interactions with calcium and carbonate ions - constituents of CaCO3 - are not fully elucidated. Herein, we focus on a native Starmaker-like protein isolated from vaterite asteriscus otoliths from Cyprinus carpio. The proteomic studies show the presence of the phosphorylated protein in vaterite otoliths. In a series of in vitro mineralization experiments with Starmaker-like, we show that native phosphorylation is a crucial determinant for the selection of a crystal's polymorphic form. This is the first report showing that the switch in calcium carbonate phase depends on the phosphorylation pattern of a single isolated protein. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Calcium carbonate has numerous applications in industry and medicine. However, we still do not understand the mechanism of biologically driven polymorph selection which results in specific biomineral properties. Previous work on calcium carbonate biominerals showed that either several macromolecular factors or high magnesium concentration (non-physiological) are required for proper polymorph selection (e.g., in mollusk shells, corals and otoliths). In this work, we showed for the first time that protein phosphorylation is a crucial factor for controlling the calcium carbonate crystal phase. This is important because a single protein from the otolith organic matrix could switch between polymorphs depending on the phosphorylation level. It seems that protein post-translational modifications (native, not artificial) are more important for biomolecular control of crystal growth than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kalka
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Klaudia Bielak
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Ptak
- Division of Optical Spectroscopy, Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | - Piotr Dobryszycki
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wojtas
- Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Wrocław, Poland.
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4
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Zhao T, Chen L, Yu C, He G, Lin H, Sang H, Chen Z, Hong Y, Sui W, Zhao J. Effect of injectable calcium alginate-amelogenin hydrogel on macrophage polarization and promotion of jawbone osteogenesis. RSC Adv 2024; 14:2016-2026. [PMID: 38196914 PMCID: PMC10774865 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05046g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to persistent inflammation and limited osteogenesis, jawbone defects present a considerable challenge in regenerative medicine. Amelogenin, a major protein constituent of the developing enamel matrix, demonstrates promising capabilities in inducing regeneration of periodontal supporting tissues and exerting immunomodulatory effects. These properties render it a potential therapeutic agent for enhancing jawbone osteogenesis. Nevertheless, its clinical application is hindered by the limitations of monotherapy and its rapid release characteristics, which compromise its efficacy and delivery efficiency. In this context, calcium alginate hydrogel, recognized for its superior physicochemical properties and biocompatibility, emerges as a candidate for developing a synergistic bioengineered drug delivery system. This study describes the synthesis of an injectable calcium amelogenin/calcium alginate hydrogel using calcium alginate loaded with amelogenin. We comprehensively investigated its physical properties, its role in modulating the immunological environment conducive to bone healing, and its osteogenic efficacy in areas of jawbone defects. Our experimental findings indicate that this synthesized composite hydrogel possesses desirable mechanical properties such as injectability, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Furthermore, it facilitates jawbone formation by regulating the bone-healing microenvironment and directly inducing osteogenesis. This research provides novel insights into the development of bone-tissue regeneration materials, potentially advancing their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhao
- Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University 1092 Jianshe Road, Luohu District Shenzhen Guangdong 518001 China
| | - Luyuan Chen
- Stomatology Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University 1333 Xinhu Road, Baoan District Shenzhen Guangdong 510086 China
| | - Chengcheng Yu
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University 1333 Xinhu Road, Baoan District Shenzhen Guangdong 510086 China
| | - Gang He
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University 1333 Xinhu Road, Baoan District Shenzhen Guangdong 510086 China
| | - Huajun Lin
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University 1333 Xinhu Road, Baoan District Shenzhen Guangdong 510086 China
| | - Hongxun Sang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Digital Surgical 3D Printing, Department of Orthopaedics, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University 1333 Xinhu Road, Baoan District Shenzhen Guangdong 510086 China
| | - Zhihui Chen
- Stomatology Center, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University 1333 Xinhu Road, Baoan District Shenzhen Guangdong 510086 China
| | - Yonglong Hong
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University 1333 Xinhu Road, Baoan District Shenzhen Guangdong 510086 China
| | - Wen Sui
- College of Stomatology, Shenzhen Technology University 3002 Lantian Road, Pingshan District Shenzhen Guangdong 518118 China
| | - Jianjiang Zhao
- Shenzhen Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University 1092 Jianshe Road, Luohu District Shenzhen Guangdong 518001 China
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5
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Yang Y, Zhu J, Chiba Y, Fukumoto S, Qin M, Wang X. Enamel defects of Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome and the role of PITX2 in its pathogenesis. Oral Dis 2023; 29:3654-3664. [PMID: 35836351 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the detailed ultrastructural patterns of dental abnormalities affected by Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome (ARS) with a heterozygous microdeletion involving paired-like homeodomain 2 (PITX2) and explored the underlying molecular mechanisms driving enamel defects. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Sanger sequencing, genomic quantitative PCR analysis, and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) were used to screen the disease-causing mutation in one ARS proband. An exfoliated tooth from an ARS patient was analyzed with scanning electron microscopy and micro-computerized tomography. A stable Pitx2 knockdown cell line was generated to simulate PITX2 haploinsufficiency. Cell proliferation and ameloblast differentiation were analyzed, and the role of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway in proliferation of ameloblast precursor cells was investigated. RESULTS An approximately 0.216 Mb novel deletion encompassing PITX2 was identified. The affected tooth displayed a thinner and broken layer of enamel and abnormal enamel biomineralization. PITX2 downregulation inhibited the proliferation and differentiation of inner enamel epithelial cells, and LiCl stifmulation partially reversed the proliferation ability after Pitx2 knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Enamel formation is disturbed in some patients with ARS. Pitx2 knockdown can influence the proliferation and ameloblast differentiation of inner enamel epithelial cells, and PITX2 may regulate cell proliferation via Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Junxia Zhu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yuta Chiba
- Division of Oral Health, Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukumoto
- Division of Oral Health, Section of Oral Medicine for Children, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Oral Health and Development Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Japan
| | - Man Qin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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6
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Shao C, Bapat RA, Su J, Moradian-Oldak J. Regulation of Hydroxyapatite Nucleation In Vitro through Ameloblastin-Amelogenin Interactions. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:1834-1842. [PMID: 35068157 PMCID: PMC9308824 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c01113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Amelogenin (Amel) and ameloblastin (Ambn) are two primary extracellular enamel matrix proteins that play crucial roles for proper thickness, prismatic structure, and robust mechanical properties. Previous studies have shown that Amel and Ambn bind to each other, but the effect of their coassembly on the nucleation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) is unclear. Here, we systematically investigated the coassembly of recombinant mouse Amel and Ambn in various ratios using in situ atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. The size of protein particles decreased as the Ambn:Amel ratio increased. To define the coassembly domain on Ambn, we used Ambn-derived peptides and Ambn variants to examine their effects on the amelogenin particle size distribution. We found that the peptide sequence encoded by exon 5 of Ambn affected Amel self-assembly but the variant lacking this sequence did not have any effect on Amel self-assembly. Furthermore, through monitoring the pH change in bulk mineralization solution, we tracked the nucleation behavior of HAP in the presence of Ambn and Amel and found that their coassemblies at different ratios showed varying abilities to stabilize amorphous calcium phosphate. These results demonstrated that Ambn and Amel coassemble with each other via a motif within the sequence encoded by exon 5 of Ambn and cooperate in regulating the nucleation of HAP crystals, enhancing our understanding of the important role of enamel matrix proteins in amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Shao
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Rucha Arun Bapat
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Jingtan Su
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
| | - Janet Moradian-Oldak
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, 2250 Alcazar Street, Los Angeles, California 90033, United States
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7
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Suzuki O, Hamai R, Sakai S. The material design of octacalcium phosphate bone substitute: increased dissolution and osteogenecity. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:1-11. [PMID: 36581004 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) has been advocated as a precursor of bone apatite crystals. Recent studies have shown that synthetic OCP exhibits highly osteoconductive properties as a bone substitute material that stems from its ability to activate bone tissue-related cells, such as osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Accumulated experimental evidence supports the proposition that the OCP-apatite phase conversion under physiological conditions increases the stimulatory capacity of OCP. The conversion of OCP progresses by hydrolysis toward Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite with Ca2+ ion incorporation and inorganic phosphate ion release with concomitant increases in the solid Ca/P molar ratio, specific surface area, and serum protein adsorption affinity. The ionic dissolution rate during the hydrolysis reaction was controlled by introducing a high-density edge dislocation within the OCP lattice by preparing it through co-precipitation with gelatin. The enhanced dissolution intensifies the material biodegradation rate and degree of osteogenecity of OCP. Controlling the biodegradation rate relative to the dissolution acceleration may be vital for controlling the osteogenecity of OCP materials. This study investigates the effects of the ionic dissolution of OCP, focusing on the structural defects in OCP, as the enhanced metastability of the OCP phase modulates biodegradability followed by new bone formation. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is recognized as a highly osteoconductive material that is biodegradable by osteoclastic resorption, followed by new bone formation by osteoblasts. However, if the degradation rate of OCP is increased by maintaining the original osteoconductivity or acquiring a bioactivity better than its current properties, then early replacement with new bone can be expected. Although cell introduction or growth factor addition by scaffold materials is the standard method for tissue engineering, material activity can be augmented by introducing dislocations into the lattice of the OCP. This review article summarizes the effects of introducing structural defects on activating OCP, which was obtained by co-precipitation with gelatin, as a bone substitute material and the mechanism of improved bone replacement performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Suzuki
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Ryo Hamai
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Susumu Sakai
- Division of Craniofacial Function Engineering, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1, Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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8
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Bui AT, Lukashova L, Verdelis K, Vasquez B, Bhogadi L, Gabe CM, Margolis HC, Beniash E. Identification of stages of amelogenesis in the continuously growing mandiblular incisor of C57BL/6J male mice throughout life using molar teeth as landmarks. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1144712. [PMID: 36846326 PMCID: PMC9950101 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1144712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuously growing mouse incisors are widely used to study amelogenesis, since all stages of this process (i.e., secretory, transition and maturation) are present in a spatially determined sequence at any given time. To study biological changes associated with enamel formation, it is important to develop reliable methods for collecting ameloblasts, the cells that regulate enamel formation, from different stages of amelogenesis. Micro-dissection, the key method for collecting distinct ameloblast populations from mouse incisors, relies on positions of molar teeth as landmarks for identifying critical stages of amelogenesis. However, the positions of mandibular incisors and their spatial relationships with molars change with age. Our goal was to identify with high precision these relationships throughout skeletal growth and in older, skeletally mature animals. Mandibles from 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 24-week-old, and 18-month-old C57BL/6J male mice, were collected and studied using micro-CT and histology to obtain incisal enamel mineralization profiles and to identify corresponding changes in ameloblast morphology during amelogenesis with respect to positions of molars. As reported here, we have found that throughout active skeletal growth (weeks 2-16) the apices of incisors and the onset of enamel mineralization move distally relative to molar teeth. The position of the transition stage also moves distally. To test the accuracy of the landmarks, we micro-dissected enamel epithelium from mandibular incisors of 12-week-old animals into five segments, including 1) secretory, 2) late secretory - transition - early maturation, 3) early maturation, 4) mid-maturation and 5) late maturation. Isolated segments were pooled and subjected to expression analyses of genes encoding key enamel matrix proteins (EMPs), Amelx, Enam, and Odam, using RT-qPCR. Amelx and Enam were strongly expressed during the secretory stage (segment 1), while their expression diminished during transition (segment 2) and ceased in maturation (segments 3, 4, and 5). In contrast, Odam's expression was very low during secretion and increased dramatically throughout transition and maturation stages. These expression profiles are consistent with the consensus understanding of enamel matrix proteins expression. Overall, our results demonstrate the high accuracy of our landmarking method and emphasize the importance of selecting age-appropriate landmarks for studies of amelogenesis in mouse incisors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Thu Bui
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lyudmila Lukashova
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kostas Verdelis
- Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Endodontics, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brent Vasquez
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lasya Bhogadi
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Claire M. Gabe
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Henry C. Margolis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine (UPSDM), Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Center for Craniofacial Regeneration, UPSDM, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Elia Beniash,
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9
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Buchko GW, Zhou M, Vesely CH, Tao J, Shaw WJ, Mehl RA, Cooley RB. High-yield recombinant bacterial expression of 13 C-, 15 N-labeled, serine-16 phosphorylated, murine amelogenin using a modified third generation genetic code expansion protocol. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4560. [PMID: 36585836 PMCID: PMC9850436 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Amelogenin constitutes ~90% of the enamel matrix in the secretory stage of amelogenesis, a still poorly understood process that results in the formation of the hardest and most mineralized tissue in vertebrates-enamel. Most biophysical research with amelogenin uses recombinant protein expressed in Escherichia coli. In addition to providing copious amounts of protein, recombinant expression allows 13 C- and 15 N-labeling for detailed structural studies using NMR spectroscopy. However, native amelogenin is phosphorylated at one position, Ser-16 in murine amelogenin, and there is mounting evidence that Ser-16 phosphorylation is important. Using a modified genetic code expansion protocol we have expressed and purified uniformly 13 C-, 15 N-labeled murine amelogenin (pS16M179) with ~95% of the protein being correctly phosphorylated. Homogeneous phosphorylation was achieved using commercially available, enriched, 13 C-, 15 N-labeled media, and protein expression was induced with isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside at 310 K. Phosphoserine incorporation was verified from one-dimensional 31 P NMR spectra, comparison of 1 H-15 N HSQC spectra, Phos-tag SDS PAGE, and mass spectrometry. Phosphorus-31 NMR spectra for pS16M179 under conditions known to trigger amelogenin self-assembly into nanospheres confirm nanosphere models with buried N-termini. Lambda phosphatase treatment of these nanospheres results in the dephosphorylation of pS16M179, confirming that smaller oligomers and monomers with exposed N-termini are in equilibrium with nanospheres. Such 13 C-, 15 N-labeling of amelogenin with accurately encoded phosphoserine incorporation will accelerate biomineralization research to understand amelogenesis and stimulate the expanded use of genetic code expansion protocols to introduce phosphorylated amino acids into proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garry W. Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences DirectoratePacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashingtonUSA,School of Molecular BiosciencesWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Mowei Zhou
- Earth and Biological Sciences DirectoratePacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashingtonUSA
| | - Cat Hoang Vesely
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Physical and Computational Sciences DirectoratePacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashingtonUSA
| | - Wendy J. Shaw
- Physical and Computational Sciences DirectoratePacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichlandWashingtonUSA
| | - Ryan A. Mehl
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
| | - Richard B. Cooley
- Department of Biochemistry and BiophysicsOregon State UniversityCorvallisOregonUSA
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10
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Said R, Mortazavi H, Cooper D, Ovens K, McQuillan I, Papagerakis S, Papagerakis P. Deciphering the functions of Stromal Interaction Molecule-1 in amelogenesis using AmelX-iCre mice. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1100714. [PMID: 36935757 PMCID: PMC10014868 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1100714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The intracellular Ca2+ sensor stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) is thought to play a critical role in enamel development, as its mutations cause Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI). We recently established an ameloblast-specific (AmelX-iCre) Stim1 conditional deletion mouse model to investigate the role of STIM1 in controlling ameloblast function and differentiation in vivo (Stim1 cKO). Our pilot data (Said et al., J. Dent. Res., 2019, 98, 1002-1010) support our hypothesis for a broad role of Stim1 in amelogenesis. This paper aims to provide an in-depth characterization of the enamel phenotype observed in our Stim1 cKO model. Methods: We crossed AmelX-iCre mice with Stim1-floxed animals to develop ameloblast-specific Stim1 cKO mice. Scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and micro- CT were used to study the enamel phenotype. RNAseq and RT-qPCR were utilized to evaluate changes in the gene expression of several key ameloblast genes. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the amelogenin, matrix metalloprotease 20 and kallikrein 4 proteins in ameloblasts. Results: Stim1 cKO animals exhibited a hypomineralized AI phenotype, with reduced enamel volume, diminished mineral density, and lower calcium content. The mutant enamel phenotype was more severe in older Stim1 cKO mice compared to younger ones and changes in enamel volume and mineral content were more pronounced in incisors compared to molars. Exploratory RNAseq analysis of incisors' ameloblasts suggested that ablation of Stim1 altered the expression levels of several genes encoding enamel matrix proteins which were confirmed by subsequent RT-qPCR. On the other hand, RT-qPCR analysis of molars' ameloblasts showed non-significant differences in the expression levels of enamel matrix genes between control and Stim1-deficient cells. Moreover, gene expression analysis of incisors' and molars' ameloblasts showed that Stim1 ablation caused changes in the expression levels of several genes associated with calcium transport and mitochondrial kinetics. Conclusions: Collectively, these findings suggest that the loss of Stim1 in ameloblasts may impact enamel mineralization and ameloblast gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raed Said
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Helyasadat Mortazavi
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David Cooper
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Katie Ovens
- Department of Computer Science, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Ian McQuillan
- Department of Computer Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- College of Dentistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- *Correspondence: Petros Papagerakis,
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11
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Proline-rich protein from S. mutans can perform a competitive mineralization function to enhance bacterial adhesion to teeth. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22250. [PMID: 36564474 PMCID: PMC9789152 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26303-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
A proline-rich region was found in Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) surface antigen I/II (Ag I/II). The functions of this region were explored to determine its role in the cariogenic abilities of S. mutans; specifically, the proline-rich region was compared with human amelogenin. The full-length amelogenin genes were cloned from human (AmH) and surface antigen I/II genes from S. mutans. Then, the genes expressed and purified. We analyzed the structure and self-assembly ability of AmH and Ag I/II, compared their capacities to induce mineralization, and assessed the adhesion ability of S. mutans to AmH- and Ag I/II-coated tooth slices. AmH formed ordered chains and net frames in the early stage of protein self-assembly, while Ag I/II formed irregular and overlapping structures. AmH induced mineralization possessed a parallel rosary structure, while Ag I/II-induced mineralization is rougher and more irregular. The S. mutans adhesion assay indicated that the adhesion ability S. mutans on the Ag I/II-induced crystal layer was significantly higher than that on the AmH-induced crystal layer. S. mutans' Ag I/II may have evolved to resemble human amelogenin and form a rougher crystal layer on teeth, which play a competitive mineralization role and promotes better bacterial adhesion and colonization. Thus, the cariogenic ability of S. mutans Ag I/II is increased.
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12
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Zhang J, Bai Y, Wang J, Li B, Habelitz S, Lu JX. Calcium interactions in amelogenin-derived peptide assembly. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1063970. [PMID: 36589425 PMCID: PMC9795176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1063970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of serine residues has been recognized as a pivotal event in the evolution of mineralized tissues in many biological systems. During enamel development, the extracellular matrix protein amelogenin is most abundant and appears to be critical to the extreme high aspect ratios (length:width) of apatite mineral fibers reaching several millimeters in larger mammalian teeth. A 14-residue peptide (14P2, residues Gly8 to Thr21) was previously identified as a key sequence mediating amelogenin assembly formation, the domain also contains the native single phosphoserine residue (Ser16) of the full-length amelogenin. In this research, 14P2 and its phosphorylated form (p14P2) were investigated at pH 6.0 with various calcium and phosphate ion concentrations, indicating that both peptides could self-assemble into amyloid-like conformation but with differences in structural details. With calcium, the distance between 31P within the p14P2 self-assemblies is averaged to be 4.4 ± 0.2Å, determined by solid-state NMR 31P PITHIRDS-CT experiments. Combining with other experimental results, solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SSNMR) suggests that the p14P2 self-assemblies are in parallel in-register β-sheet conformation and divalent calcium ions most likely connect two adjacent peptide chains by binding to the phosphate group of Ser16 and the carboxylate of Glu18 side-chain. This study on the interactions between calcium ions and amelogenin-derived peptides provides insights on how amelogenin may self-assemble in the presence of calcium ions in early enamel development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushi Bai
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Jun-xia Lu, ; Stefan Habelitz,
| | - Jun-xia Lu
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Jun-xia Lu, ; Stefan Habelitz,
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13
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Diekwisch TGH. Alan Fincham and the era of enamel protein Biochemistry. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1071265. [PMID: 36545279 PMCID: PMC9760720 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1071265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel research experienced an unprecedented period of growth during the latter part of the 20th century until today. This growth is in part due to the contributions of a number of iconic scientists such as Alan G. Fincham, the focus of the present review. Alan was involved in many of the seminal discoveries of this time, including the identification of the critical amelogenin peptides TRAP and LRAP, the determination of the amelogenin amino acid sequence, the identification of the sole serin-16 phosphorylation site, and the amelogenin nanosphere theory. Alan was also a superb mentor to graduate students and others. His experience and leadership related to problem-based learning greatly affected predoctoral dental education at the University of Southern California and in the United States.
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14
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Mu H, Dong Z, Wang Y, Chu Q, Gao Y, Wang A, Wang Y, Liu X, Gao Y. Odontogenesis-Associated Phosphoprotein (ODAPH) Overexpression in Ameloblasts Disrupts Enamel Formation via Inducing Abnormal Mineralization of Enamel in Secretory Stage. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 111:611-621. [PMID: 36163390 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Odontogenesis-associated phosphoprotein (ODAPH) is a recently discovered enamel matrix protein. Our previous study demonstrated that knockouting out Odaph in mice resulted in enamel hypomineralization. To further investigate the effect of Odaph on enamel mineralization, we constructed an Odaph overexpression mouse model, controlled by an amelogenin promoter. Our histological analysis of OdaphTg mice revealed that the enamel layer was thinner than in WT mice. An uneven, thinner enamel layer was confirmed using micro-computed tomography (uCT). It was subsequently found that the Tomes' processes lost their normal morphology, resulting in the loss of the enamel prism structure. These results indicate that Odaph overexpression in ameloblasts led to enamel dysplasia. In conjunction with this, Odaph overexpression hindered Amelx secretion, and may result in endoplasmic reticulum stress. Interestingly, uCT revealed that enamel had higher mineral density at the secretory stage; due to this, we did the histological staining for the mineralization-related proteins Alkaline phosphatase (ALPL) and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2). It was observed that these proteins were up-regulated in OdaphTg mice versus WT mice, indicating that Odaph overexpression led to abnormal enamel mineralization. To confirm this, we transfected ameloblast-like cell line (ALC) with Odaph overexpression lentivirus in vitro and identified that both Alpl and Runx2 were strikingly upregulated in OE-mus-Odaph versus OE-NC cells. We concluded that the ectopic overexpression of Odaph in ameloblasts led to abnormal enamel mineralization. In summary, Odaph profoundly influences amelogenesis by participating in enamel mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Mu
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiheng Dong
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China.
| | - Yumin Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Qing Chu
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Gao
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- Department of Periodontics, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Institute of Stomatology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, Shandong, China
| | - Yuguang Gao
- Department of Pediatrics and Preventive Dentistry, Binzhou Medical University Hospital, Binzhou, 256600, Shandong, China.
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15
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Tao J, Hanson E, Dohnalkova AC, Buchko GW, Jin B, Shaw WJ, Tarasevich BJ. Changes in the C-terminal, N-terminal, and histidine regions of amelogenin reveal the role of oligomer quaternary structure on adsorption and hydroxyapatite mineralization. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1034662. [PMID: 36523551 PMCID: PMC9746691 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1034662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Adsorption interactions between amelogenin and calcium phosphate minerals are believed to be important to amelogenin's function in enamel formation, however, the role of specific amino acid residues and domains within the protein in controlling adsorption is not well known. We synthesized "mechanistic probes" by systematically removing charged regions of amelogenin in order to elucidate their roles. The probes included amelogenin without the charged residues in the N-terminus (SEKR), without two, three, or eight histidines (H) in the central protein region (H2, H3, H8), or without the C-terminal residues (Delta). In-situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) adsorption studies onto hydroxyapatite (HAP) single crystals confirmed that the C-terminus was the dominant domain in promoting adsorption. We propose that subtle changes in protein-protein interactions for proteins with histidines and N-terminal residues removed resulted in changes in the oligomer quaternary size and structure that also affected protein adsorption. HAP mineralization studies revealed that the oligomer-HAP binding energy and protein layer thickness were factors in controlling the amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) to HAP induction time. Our studies with mechanistic probes reveal the importance of the oligomer quaternary structure in controlling amelogenin adsorption and HAP mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Tao
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Emma Hanson
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | | | - Garry W. Buchko
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
- School of Molecular Biosciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Biao Jin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
| | - Wendy J. Shaw
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, United States
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16
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Yang X, Guo J, Hu B, Li Z, Wu M, Guo H, Huang X, Liu X, Guo X, Liu P, Chen Y, Li S, Gu Y, Wu H, Xuan K, Yang P. Amyloid-Mediated Remineralization in Pit and Fissure for Caries Preventive Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2200872. [PMID: 35869581 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202200872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The pits and fissures of teeth have high caries susceptibility, and sealing these areas is considered as an effective method to prevent caries. However, long-term caries prophylaxis cannot be maintained because of the negative effects derived from the technical sensitivity and disadvantages of sealing materials. Herein, a new strategy is proposed to occlude fossae by amyloid-mediated biomimetic remineralization. In contrast to conventional inward blocking from the outside of fossae, amyloid-mediated biomimetic mineralization delivers an amyloid-like protein nanofilm into the deepest zone of the fossae and induces the formation of remineralized enamel inside. Such assembly from lysozyme conjugated with poly (ethylene glycol) enriches the interface with strongly bonded ionsand directs in situ nucleation to achieve enamel epitaxial growth. Not only is the structure of the enamel-like crystalline hydroxyapatite layer but also its mechanical stability is similar to that of natural enamel. Furthermore, the layer shows good biocompatibility and antibacterial properties. On the basis of the findings, it is demonstrated that amyloid-like protein aggregation may provide an enamel remineralization strategy to modify the current clinically available methods of pit and fissure sealing and shows great promise in preventing caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Jing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Zihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Meiling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Hao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xiaoyao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xuemei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xiaohe Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Peisheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Yang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Hong Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Kun Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
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17
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Xu J, Shi H, Luo J, Yao H, Wang P, Li Z, Wei J. Advanced materials for enamel remineralization. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:985881. [PMID: 36177189 PMCID: PMC9513249 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.985881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, a chronic and irreversible disease caused by caries-causing bacteria, has been listed as one of the three major human diseases to be prevented and treated. Therefore, it is critical to effectively stop the development of enamel caries. Remineralization treatment can control the progression of caries by inhibiting and reversing enamel demineralization at an early stage. In this process, functional materials guide the deposition of minerals on the damaged enamel, and the structure and hardness of the enamel are then restored. These remineralization materials have great potential for clinical application. In this review, advanced materials for enamel remineralization were briefly summarized, furthermore, an outlook on the perspective of remineralization materials were addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Xu
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hui Shi
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Jun Luo
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
| | - Haiyan Yao
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pei Wang
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhihua Li
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihua Li, ; Junchao Wei,
| | - Junchao Wei
- School of Stomatology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- Jiangxi Province Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Nanchang, China
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhihua Li, ; Junchao Wei,
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18
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Dong C, Lamichhane B, Yamazaki H, Vasquez B, Wang J, Zhang Y, Feng JQ, Margolis HC, Beniash E, Wang X. The phosphorylation of serine 55 in enamelin is essential for murine amelogenesis. Matrix Biol 2022; 111:245-263. [PMID: 35820561 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is an inherited developmental enamel defect affecting tooth masticatory function, esthetic appearance, and the well-being of patients. As one of the major enamel matrix proteins (EMPs), enamelin (ENAM) has three serines located in Ser-x-Glu (S-x-E) motifs, which are potential phosphorylation sites for the Golgi casein kinase FAM20C. Defects in Fam20C have similarly been associated with AI. In our previous study of EnamRgsc514 mice, the Glu57 in the S55-X56-E57 motif was mutated into Gly, which was expected to cause a phosphorylation failure of Ser55 because Ser55 cannot be recognized by FAM20C. The severe enamel defects in ENAMRgsc514 mice reminiscent of Enam-knockout mouse enamel suggested a potentially important role of Ser55 phosphorylation in ENAM function. However, the enamel defects and ENAM dysfunction may also be attributed to distinct physicochemical differences between Glu57 and Gly57. To clarify the significance of Ser55 phosphorylation to ENAM function, we generated two lines of Enam knock-in mice using CRISPR-Cas9 method to eliminate or mimic the phosphorylation state of Ser55 by substituting it with Ala55 or Asp55 (designated as S55A or S55D), respectively. The teeth of 6-day or 4-week-old mice were subjected to histology, micro-CT, SEM, TEM, immunohistochemistry, and mass spectrometry analyses to characterize the morphological, microstructural and proteomic changes in ameloblasts, enamel matrix and enamel rods. Our results showed that the enamel formation and EMP expression in S55D heterozygotes (Het) were less disturbed than those in S55A heterozygotes, while both homozygotes (Homo) had no mature enamel formation. Proteomic analysis revealed alterations of enamel matrix biosynthetic and mineralization processes in S55A Hets. Our present findings indicate that Asp55 substitution partially mimics the phosphorylation state of Ser55 in ENAM. Ser55 phosphorylation is essential for ENAM function during amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changchun Dong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Bikash Lamichhane
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Hajime Yamazaki
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Brent Vasquez
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jingya Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Yongxu Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Jian Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Henry C Margolis
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States; Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Elia Beniash
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University School of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, United States.
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19
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Leurs N, Martinand-Mari C, Marcellini S, Debiais-Thibaud M. Parallel evolution of ameloblastic scpp genes in bony and cartilaginous vertebrates. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6582990. [PMID: 35535508 PMCID: PMC9122587 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In bony vertebrates, skeletal mineralization relies on the secretory calcium-binding phosphoproteins (Scpp) family whose members are acidic extracellular proteins posttranslationally regulated by the Fam20°C kinase. As scpp genes are absent from the elephant shark genome, they are currently thought to be specific to bony fishes (osteichthyans). Here, we report a scpp gene present in elasmobranchs (sharks and rays) that evolved from local tandem duplication of sparc-L 5′ exons and show that both genes experienced recent gene conversion in sharks. The elasmobranch scpp is remarkably similar to the osteichthyan scpp members as they share syntenic and gene structure features, code for a conserved signal peptide, tyrosine-rich and aspartate/glutamate-rich regions, and harbor putative Fam20°C phosphorylation sites. In addition, the catshark scpp is coexpressed with sparc-L and fam20°C in tooth and scale ameloblasts, similarly to some osteichthyan scpp genes. Despite these strong similarities, molecular clock and phylogenetic data demonstrate that the elasmobranch scpp gene originated independently from the osteichthyan scpp gene family. Our study reveals convergent events at the sparc-L locus in the two sister clades of jawed vertebrates, leading to parallel diversification of the skeletal biomineralization toolkit. The molecular evolution of sparc-L and its coexpression with fam20°C in catshark ameloblasts provides a unifying genetic basis that suggests that all convergent scpp duplicates inherited similar features from their sparc-L precursor. This conclusion supports a single origin for the hypermineralized outer odontode layer as produced by an ancestral developmental process performed by Sparc-L, implying the homology of the enamel and enameloid tissues in all vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Leurs
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Martinand-Mari
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Marcellini
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Chile
| | - Mélanie Debiais-Thibaud
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier, ISEM, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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20
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Akkineni S, Zhu C, Chen J, Song M, Hoff SE, Bonde J, Tao J, Heinz H, Habelitz S, De Yoreo JJ. Amyloid-like amelogenin nanoribbons template mineralization via a low-energy interface of ion binding sites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2106965119. [PMID: 35522709 PMCID: PMC9172371 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106965119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein scaffolds direct the organization of amorphous precursors that transform into mineralized tissues, but the templating mechanism remains elusive. Motivated by models for the biomineralization of tooth enamel, wherein amyloid-like amelogenin nanoribbons guide the mineralization of apatite filaments, we investigated the impact of nanoribbon structure, sequence, and chemistry on amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) nucleation. Using full-length human amelogenin and peptide analogs with an amyloid-like domain, films of β-sheet nanoribbons were self-assembled on graphite and characterized by in situ atomic force microscopy and molecular dynamics simulations. All sequences substantially reduce nucleation barriers for ACP by creating low-energy interfaces, while phosphoserines along the length of the nanoribbons dramatically enhance kinetic factors associated with ion binding. Furthermore, the distribution of negatively charged residues along the nanoribbons presents a potential match to the Ca–Ca distances of the multi-ion complexes that constitute ACP. These findings show that amyloid-like amelogenin nanoribbons provide potent scaffolds for ACP mineralization by presenting energetically and stereochemically favorable templates of calcium phosphate ion binding and suggest enhanced surface wetting toward calcium phosphates in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susrut Akkineni
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Cheng Zhu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Jiajun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Miao Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Samuel E. Hoff
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Johan Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center for Applied Life Sciences, Lund University, Lund, SE-221 00, Sweden
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Hendrik Heinz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James J. De Yoreo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
- Physical Sciences Division, Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
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21
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Loss of biological control of enamel mineralization in amelogenin-phosphorylation-deficient mice. J Struct Biol 2022; 214:107844. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2022.107844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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22
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Danesi AL, Athanasiadou D, Mansouri A, Phen A, Neshatian M, Holcroft J, Bonde J, Ganss B, Carneiro KMM. Uniaxial Hydroxyapatite Growth on a Self-Assembled Protein Scaffold. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12343. [PMID: 34830225 PMCID: PMC8620880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization is a crucial process whereby organisms produce mineralized tissues such as teeth for mastication, bones for support, and shells for protection. Mineralized tissues are composed of hierarchically organized hydroxyapatite crystals, with a limited capacity to regenerate when demineralized or damaged past a critical size. Thus, the development of protein-based materials that act as artificial scaffolds to guide hydroxyapatite growth is an attractive goal both for the design of ordered nanomaterials and for tissue regeneration. In particular, amelogenin, which is the main protein that scaffolds the hierarchical organization of hydroxyapatite crystals in enamel, amelogenin recombinamers, and amelogenin-derived peptide scaffolds have all been investigated for in vitro mineral growth. Here, we describe uniaxial hydroxyapatite growth on a nanoengineered amelogenin scaffold in combination with amelotin, a mineral promoting protein present during enamel formation. This bio-inspired approach for hydroxyapatite growth may inform the molecular mechanism of hydroxyapatite formation in vitro as well as possible mechanisms at play during mineralized tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L. Danesi
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Dimitra Athanasiadou
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Ahmad Mansouri
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Alina Phen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Mehrnoosh Neshatian
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - James Holcroft
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
| | - Johan Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center of Applied Life Sciences, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Bernhard Ganss
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Karina M. M. Carneiro
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1G6, Canada; (A.L.D.); (D.A.); (A.M.); (A.P.); (M.N.); (J.H.); (B.G.)
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
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23
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Amelogenesis: Transformation of a protein-mineral matrix into tooth enamel. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107809. [PMID: 34748943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
During enamel formation, the organic enamel protein matrix interacts with calcium phosphate minerals to form elongated, parallel, and bundled enamel apatite crystals of extraordinary hardness and biomechanical resilience. The enamel protein matrix consists of unique enamel proteins such as amelogenin, ameloblastin, and enamelin, which are secreted by highly specialized cells called ameloblasts. The ameloblasts also facilitate calcium and phosphate ion transport toward the enamel layer. Within ameloblasts, enamel proteins are transported as a polygonal matrix with 5 nm subunits in secretory vesicles. Upon expulsion from the ameloblasts, the enamel protein matrix is re-organized into 20 nm subunit compartments. Enamel matrix subunit compartment assembly and expansion coincide with C-terminal cleavage by the MMP20 enamel protease and N-terminal amelogenin self-assembly. Upon enamel crystal precipitation, the enamel protein phase is reconfigured to surround the elongating enamel crystals and facilitate their elongation in C-axis direction. At this stage of development, and upon further amelogenin cleavage, central and polyproline-rich fragments of the amelogenin molecule associate with the growing mineral crystals through a process termed "shedding", while hexagonal apatite crystals fuse in longitudinal direction. Enamel protein sheath-coated enamel "dahlite" crystals continue to elongate until a dense bundle of parallel apatite crystals is formed, while the enamel matrix is continuously degraded by proteolytic enzymes. Together, these insights portrait enamel mineral nucleation and growth as a complex and dynamic set of interactions between enamel proteins and mineral ions that facilitate regularly seeded apatite growth and parallel enamel crystal elongation.
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24
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Bai Y, Bonde J, Carneiro KMM, Zhang Y, Li W, Habelitz S. A Brief History of the Discovery of Amelogenin Nanoribbons In Vitro and In Vivo. J Dent Res 2021; 100:1429-1433. [PMID: 34612757 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211043463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Without evidence for an organic framework, biological and biochemical processes observed during amelogenesis provided limited information on how extracellular matrix proteins control the development of the complex fibrous architecture of human enamel. Over a decade ago, amelogenin nanoribbons were first observed from recombinant proteins during in vitro mineralization experiments in our laboratory. In enamel from mice lacking the enzyme kallikrein 4 (KLK4), we later uncovered ribbon-like protein structures that matched the morphology, width, and thickness of the nanoribbons assembled by recombinant proteins. Interestingly, similar structures had already been described since the 1960s, when enamel sections from various mammals were demineralized and stained for transmission electron microscopy analysis. However, at that time, researchers were not aware of the ability of amelogenin to form nanoribbons and instead associated the filamentous nanostructures with possible imprints of mineral ribbons in the gel-like matrix of developing enamel. Further evidence for the significance of amelogenin nanoribbons for enamel development was stipulated when recent mineralization experiments succeeded in templating and orienting the growth of apatite ribbons along the protein nanoribbon framework. This article provides a brief historical review of the discovery of amelogenin nanoribbons in our laboratory in the context of reports by others on similar structures in the developing enamel matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Bai
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Bonde
- Division of Pure and Applied Biochemistry, Center of Applied Life Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - K M M Carneiro
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Y Zhang
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Li
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S Habelitz
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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25
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Govitvattana N, Kaku M, Ohyama Y, Jaha H, Lin IP, Mochida H, Pavasant P, Mochida Y. Molecular Cloning of Mouse Homologue of Enamel Protein C4orf26 and Its Phosphorylation by FAM20C. Calcif Tissue Int 2021; 109:445-454. [PMID: 33884476 PMCID: PMC8429244 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00847-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that cellular processes are controlled by protein phosphorylation and has become increasingly clear that protein degradation, localization and conformation as well as protein-protein interaction are the examples of subsequent cellular events modulated by protein phosphorylation. Enamel matrix proteins belong to members of the secretory calcium binding phosphoprotein (SCPP) family clustered on chromosome 4q21, and most of the SCPP phosphoproteins have at least one S-X-E motifs (S; serine, X; any amino acid, E; glutamic acid). It has been reported that mutations in C4orf26 gene, located on chromosome 4q21, are associated with autosomal recessive type of Amelogenesis Imperfecta (AI), a hereditary condition that affects enamel formation/mineralization. The enamel phenotype observed in patients with C4orf26 mutations is hypomineralized and partially hypoplastic, indicating that C4orf26 protein may function at both secretory and maturation stages of amelogenesis. The previous in vitro study showed that the synthetic phosphorylated peptide based on C4orf26 protein sequence accelerates hydroxyapatite nucleation. Here we show the molecular cloning of Gm1045, mouse homologue of C4orf26, which has 2 splicing isoforms. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the immunolocalization of Gm1045 is mainly observed in enamel matrix in vivo. Our report is the first to show that FAM20C, the Golgi casein kinase, phosphorylates C4orf26 and Gm1045 in cell cultures. The extracellular localization of C4orf26/Gm1045 was regulated by FAM20C kinase activity. Thus, our data point out the biological importance of enamel matrix-kinase control of SCPP phosphoproteins and may have a broad impact on the regulation of amelogenesis and AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattanan Govitvattana
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Masaru Kaku
- Division of Bio-Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry & Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, 951-8514, Japan
| | - Yoshio Ohyama
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Haytham Jaha
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - I-Ping Lin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10048, Taiwan
| | - Hanna Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Center of Excellence in Regenerative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, USA.
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26
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Huang Y, Bai Y, Chang C, Bacino M, Cheng IC, Li L, Habelitz S, Li W, Zhang Y. A N-Terminus Domain Determines Amelogenin's Stability to Guide the Development of Mouse Enamel Matrix. J Bone Miner Res 2021; 36:1781-1795. [PMID: 33957008 PMCID: PMC9307086 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.4329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenins, the principal proteins in the developing enamel microenvironment, self-assemble into supramolecular structures to govern the remodeling of a proteinaceous organic matrix into longitudinally ordered hydroxyapatite nanocrystal arrays. Extensive in vitro studies using purified native or recombinant proteins have revealed the potential of N-terminal amelogenin on protein self-assembly and its ability to guide the mineral deposition. We have previously identified a 14-aa domain (P2) of N-terminal amelogenin that can self-assemble into amyloid-like fibrils in vitro. Here, we investigated how this domain affects the ability of amelogenin self-assembling and stability of enamel matrix protein scaffolding in an in vivo animal model. Mice harboring mutant amelogenin lacking P2 domain had a hypoplastic, hypomineralized, and aprismatic enamel. In vitro, the mutant recombinant amelogenin without P2 had a reduced tendency to self-assemble and was prone to accelerated hydrolysis by MMP20, the prevailing metalloproteinase in early developing enamel matrix. A reduced amount of amelogenins and a lack of elongated fibrous assemblies in the development enamel matrix of mutant mice were evident compared with that in the wild-type mouse enamel matrix. Our study is the first to demonstrate that a subdomain (P2) at the N-terminus of amelogenin controls amelogenin's assembly into a transient protein scaffold that resists rapid proteolysis during enamel development in an animal model. Understanding the building blocks of fibrous scaffold that guides the longitudinal growth of hydroxyapatites in enamel matrix sheds light on protein-mediated enamel bioengineering. © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulei Huang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yushi Bai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chih Chang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Margot Bacino
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ieong Cheng Cheng
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Habelitz
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun-Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wu Li
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Orofacial Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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27
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Qin W, Wan QQ, Ma YX, Wang CY, Wan MC, Ma S, Wang YR, Wang WR, Gu JT, Tay FR, Niu LN. Manifestation and Mechanisms of Abnormal Mineralization in Teeth. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2021; 9:1733-1756. [PMID: 34436861 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.1c00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tooth biomineralization is a dynamic and complicated process influenced by local and systemic factors. Abnormal mineralization in teeth occurs when factors related to physiologic mineralization are altered during tooth formation and after tooth maturation, resulting in microscopic and macroscopic manifestations. The present Review provides timely information on the mechanisms and structural alterations of different forms of pathological tooth mineralization. A comprehensive study of these alterations benefits diagnosis and biomimetic treatment of abnormal mineralization in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Xuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Mei-Chen Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Sai Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Yi-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Rong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Ting Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- College of Graduate Studies, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia 30912, United States
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710032, P. R. China
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28
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Habelitz S, Bai Y. Mechanisms of Enamel Mineralization Guided by Amelogenin Nanoribbons. J Dent Res 2021; 100:1434-1443. [PMID: 34009057 DOI: 10.1177/00220345211012925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The nanofibrous nature and its intricate structural organization are the basis for the extraordinary ability of sound enamel to outlive masticatory forces at minimal failure rates. Apatite nanofibers of several hundreds of micrometers to possibly millimeters in length originate during the secretory stage of amelogenesis as 2-nm-thin and 15-nm-wide ribbons that develop and grow in length under the guidance of a dynamic mixture of specialized proteins, the developing enamel matrix (DEM). A critical role in the unidirectional and oriented growth of enamel mineral ribbons has been attributed to amelogenin, the major constituent of the DEM. This review elaborates on recent studies on the ability of ribbon-like assemblies of amelogenin to template the formation of an amorphous calcium phosphate precursor that transforms into apatite mineral ribbons similar to the ones observed in developing enamel. A mechanistic model of the biological processes that drive biomineralization in enamel is presented in the context of a comparative analysis of enamel mouse models and earlier structural data of the DEM emphasizing a regulatory role of the matrix metalloproteinase 20 in mineral deposition and the involvement of a process-directing agent for the templated mineral growth directed by amelogenin nanoribbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Habelitz
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Y Bai
- Department of Preventative and Restorative Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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29
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Yoshioka H, Wang YY, Suzuki A, Shayegh M, Gajera MV, Zhao Z, Iwata J. Overexpression of miR-1306-5p, miR-3195, and miR-3914 Inhibits Ameloblast Differentiation through Suppression of Genes Associated with Human Amelogenesis Imperfecta. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042202. [PMID: 33672174 PMCID: PMC7926528 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Amelogenesis imperfecta is a congenital form of enamel hypoplasia. Although a number of genetic mutations have been reported in humans, the regulatory network of these genes remains mostly unclear. To identify signatures of biological pathways in amelogenesis imperfecta, we conducted bioinformatic analyses on genes associated with the condition in humans. Through an extensive search of the main biomedical databases, we found 56 genes in which mutations and/or association/linkage were reported in individuals with amelogenesis imperfecta. These candidate genes were further grouped by function, pathway, protein–protein interaction, and tissue-specific expression patterns using various bioinformatic tools. The bioinformatic analyses highlighted a group of genes essential for extracellular matrix formation. Furthermore, advanced bioinformatic analyses for microRNAs (miRNAs), which are short non-coding RNAs that suppress target genes at the post-transcriptional level, predicted 37 candidates that may be involved in amelogenesis imperfecta. To validate the miRNA–gene regulation association, we analyzed the target gene expression of the top seven candidate miRNAs: miR-3195, miR-382-5p, miR-1306-5p, miR-4683, miR-6716-3p, miR-3914, and miR-3935. Among them, miR-1306-5p, miR-3195, and miR-3914 were confirmed to regulate ameloblast differentiation through the regulation of genes associated with amelogenesis imperfecta in AM-1 cells, a human ameloblastoma cell line. Taken together, our study suggests a potential role for miRNAs in amelogenesis imperfecta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yoshioka
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (H.Y.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (M.V.G.)
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Yin-Ying Wang
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Akiko Suzuki
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (H.Y.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (M.V.G.)
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Meysam Shayegh
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (H.Y.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (M.V.G.)
| | - Mona V. Gajera
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (H.Y.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (M.V.G.)
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- Human Genetics Center, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.I.)
| | - Junichi Iwata
- Department of Diagnostic & Biomedical Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA; (H.Y.); (A.S.); (M.S.); (M.V.G.)
- Center for Craniofacial Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
- MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (Z.Z.); (J.I.)
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Odontogenesis-associated phosphoprotein truncation blocks ameloblast transition into maturation in Odaph C41*/C41* mice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1132. [PMID: 33441959 PMCID: PMC7807025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80912-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations of Odontogenesis-Associated Phosphoprotein (ODAPH, OMIM *614829) cause autosomal recessive amelogenesis imperfecta, however, the function of ODAPH during amelogenesis is unknown. Here we characterized normal Odaph expression by in situ hybridization, generated Odaph truncation mice using CRISPR/Cas9 to replace the TGC codon encoding Cys41 into a TGA translation termination codon, and characterized and compared molar and incisor tooth formation in Odaph+/+, Odaph+/C41*, and OdaphC41*/C41* mice. We also searched genomes to determine when Odaph first appeared phylogenetically. We determined that tooth development in Odaph+/+ and Odaph+/C41* mice was indistinguishable in all respects, so the condition in mice is inherited in a recessive pattern, as it is in humans. Odaph is specifically expressed by ameloblasts starting with the onset of post-secretory transition and continues until mid-maturation. Based upon histological and ultrastructural analyses, we determined that the secretory stage of amelogenesis is not affected in OdaphC41*/C41* mice. The enamel layer achieves a normal shape and contour, normal thickness, and normal rod decussation. The fundamental problem in OdaphC41*/C41* mice starts during post-secretory transition, which fails to generate maturation stage ameloblasts. At the onset of what should be enamel maturation, a cyst forms that separates flattened ameloblasts from the enamel surface. The maturation stage fails completely.
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Dai X, Lian X, Wang G, Shang J, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Lei H, Yan Y, Wang Y, Zou H. Mapping the amelogenin protein expression during porcine molar crown development. Ann Anat 2021; 234:151665. [PMID: 33400984 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amelogenin (AMEL) plays critical roles during enamel and dentin matrix deposition and mineralization. Most studies focused on the expression patterns of AMEL through the bud, cap, and bell stages. The spatial-temporal expression of AMEL protein during different mineralization stages, especially from presence of crypts to crown completed stages, remains unknown. Thus, the distribution pattern of AMEL in tooth crown formation from Nolla Stage 1 to 6 was investigated. METHODS Porcine mandibular molar tooth germs from Nolla Stage 1 to 6 were obtained. The dynamic morphologic changes of tooth germs were examined by X-ray and surgical operating microscope. The AMEL protein expression was evaluated immunohistochemically, then analyzed semi-quantitatively, and further visualized via heat map. RESULTS Tooth germs continuously increased in size from Nolla Stage 1 to 6. AMEL expression in the newly formed enamel kept negative, but presented intensively positive in the previously formed enamel from Stage 1 to 3. The adjacent enamel-dentin junction (EDJ) was strongly positive during the whole process. In predentin, AMEL was weakly seen at Stage 1 and then dramatically up-regulated from Stage 2 to Stage 3, then down-regulated but was still apparently seen in the whole process. AMEL expression in dentin was decreased during dentin matrix secretion and mineralization. CONCLUSIONS This study identified the dynamic distribution of AMEL during porcine tooth crown formation. Semi-quantitative analysis and heat map emerged as reliable indicators in demonstrating AMEL distribution pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Dai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Xiaoli Lian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Guanhua Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Jianwei Shang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China; Department of Oral Pathology, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Qingzhi Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Han Lei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China; Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Radiology, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Yan Yan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China; School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Huiru Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Function Reconstruction, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China.
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Shaw WJ, Tarasevich BJ, Buchko GW, Arachchige RMJ, Burton SD. Controls of nature: Secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of the enamel protein amelogenin in solution and on hydroxyapatite. J Struct Biol 2020; 212:107630. [PMID: 32979496 PMCID: PMC7744360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Amelogenin, a protein critical to enamel formation, is presented as a model for understanding how the structure of biomineralization proteins orchestrate biomineral formation. Amelogenin is the predominant biomineralization protein in the early stages of enamel formation and contributes to the controlled formation of hydroxyapatite (HAP) enamel crystals. The resulting enamel mineral is one of the hardest tissues in the human body and one of the hardest biominerals in nature. Structural studies have been hindered by the lack of techniques to evaluate surface adsorbed proteins and by amelogenin's disposition to self-assemble. Recent advancements in solution and solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and recombinant isotope labeling strategies are now enabling detailed structural studies. These recent studies, coupled with insights from techniques such as CD and IR spectroscopy and computational methodologies, are contributing to important advancements in our structural understanding of amelogenesis. In this review we focus on recent advances in solution and solid state NMR spectroscopy and in situ AFM that reveal new insights into the secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure of amelogenin by itself and in contact with HAP. These studies have increased our understanding of the interface between amelogenin and HAP and how amelogenin controls enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Shaw
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
| | - Barbara J Tarasevich
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Garry W Buchko
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA; School of Molecular Bioscience, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Rajith M J Arachchige
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - Sarah D Burton
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
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Ruspita I, Das P, Xia Y, Kelangi S, Miyoshi K, Noma T, Snead ML, D'Souza RN, Bei M. An Msx2- Sp6-Follistatin Pathway Operates During Late Stages of Tooth Development to Control Amelogenesis. Front Physiol 2020; 11:582610. [PMID: 33192593 PMCID: PMC7649293 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.582610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ameloblasts are epithelially derived cells responsible for enamel formation through a process known as amelogenesis. Amongst the several transcription factors that are expressed during amelogenesis, both Msx2 and Sp6 transcription factors play important role. Msx2 and Sp6 mouse mutants, exhibit similar amelogenesis defects, namely enamel hypoplasia, while humans with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) carry mutations in the human homologues of MSX2 or SP6 genes. These across species similarities in function indicate that these two transcription factors may reside in the same developmental pathway. In this paper, we test whether they work in a coordinated manner to exert their effect during amelogenesis. Methods Two different dental epithelial cell lines, the mouse LS8 and the rat G5 were used for either overexpression or silencing of Msx2 or Sp6 or both. Msx2 mutant mouse embryos or pups were used for in vivo studies. In situ hybridization, semi-quantitative and quantitative real time PCR were employed to study gene expression pattern. MatInspector was used to identify several potential putative Msx2 binding sites upstream of the murine Sp6 promoter region. Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (chIP) was used to confirm the binding of Msx2 to Sp6 promoter at the putative sites. Results Using the above methods we identified that (i) Msx2 and Sp6 exhibit overlapping expression in secretory ameloblasts, (ii) Sp6 expression is reduced in the Msx2 mouse mutant secretoty ameloblasts, and (iii) that Msx2, like Sp6 inhibits follistatin expression. Specifically, our loss-of function studies by silencing Msx2 and/or Sp6 in mouse dental epithelial (LS8) cells showed significant downregulation of Sp6 but upregulation of Fst expression. Transient transfection of Msx2 overexpression plasmid, up-regulated Sp6 and downregulated Fst expression. Additionally, using MatInspector, we identified several potential putative Msx2 binding sites, 3.5 kb upstream of the murine Sp6 promoter region. By chIP, we confirmed the binding of Msx2 to Sp6 promoter at these sites, thus suggesting that Sp6 is a direct target of Msx2. Conclusion Collectively, these results show that Sp6 and Msx2 work in a concerted manner to form part of a network of transcription factors that operate during later stages of tooth development controlling ameloblast life cycle and amelogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan Ruspita
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Prosthodontics, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Pragnya Das
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Division of Neonatology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Yan Xia
- Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sarah Kelangi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Keiko Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takafumi Noma
- Faculty of Human Life Studies, Hiroshima Jogakuin University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Malcolm L Snead
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Marianna Bei
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.,Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, United States
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Fischer NG, Münchow EA, Tamerler C, Bottino MC, Aparicio C. Harnessing biomolecules for bioinspired dental biomaterials. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:8713-8747. [PMID: 32747882 PMCID: PMC7544669 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01456g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dental clinicians have relied for centuries on traditional dental materials (polymers, ceramics, metals, and composites) to restore oral health and function to patients. Clinical outcomes for many crucial dental therapies remain poor despite many decades of intense research on these materials. Recent attention has been paid to biomolecules as a chassis for engineered preventive, restorative, and regenerative approaches in dentistry. Indeed, biomolecules represent a uniquely versatile and precise tool to enable the design and development of bioinspired multifunctional dental materials to spur advancements in dentistry. In this review, we survey the range of biomolecules that have been used across dental biomaterials. Our particular focus is on the key biological activity imparted by each biomolecule toward prevention of dental and oral diseases as well as restoration of oral health. Additional emphasis is placed on the structure-function relationships between biomolecules and their biological activity, the unique challenges of each clinical condition, limitations of conventional therapies, and the advantages of each class of biomolecule for said challenge. Biomaterials for bone regeneration are not reviewed as numerous existing reviews on the topic have been recently published. We conclude our narrative review with an outlook on the future of biomolecules in dental biomaterials and potential avenues of innovation for biomaterial-based patient oral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Fischer
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, University of Minnesota, 16-250A Moos Tower, 515 Delaware St. SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
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Christensen B, Schytte GN, Scavenius C, Enghild JJ, McKee MD, Sørensen ES. FAM20C-Mediated Phosphorylation of MEPE and Its Acidic Serine- and Aspartate-Rich Motif. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10378. [PMID: 32803110 PMCID: PMC7422707 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) is expressed in bone and teeth where it has multiple functions. The C-terminus of MEPE contains a mineral-binding, acidic serine- and aspartate-rich motif (ASARM) that is also present in other noncollagenous proteins of mineralized tissues. MEPE-derived ASARM peptides function in phosphate homeostasis and direct inhibition of bone mineralization in a phosphorylation-dependent manner. MEPE is phosphorylated by family with sequence similarity 20, member C (FAM20C), which is the main kinase phosphorylating secreted phosphoprotein. Although the functional importance of protein phosphorylation status in mineralization processes has now been well-established for secreted bone and tooth proteins (particularly for osteopontin), the phosphorylation pattern of MEPE has not been previously determined. Here we provide evidence for a very high phosphorylation level of this protein, reporting on the localization of 31 phosphoresidues in human MEPE after coexpression with FAM20C in HEK293T cells. This includes the finding that all serine residues located in the canonical target sequence of FAM20C (Ser-x-Glu) were phosphorylated, thus establishing the major target sites for this kinase. We also show that MEPE has numerous other phosphorylation sites, these not being positioned in the canonical phosphorylation sequence. Of note, and underscoring a possible important function in mineralization biology, all nine serine residues in the ASARM were phosphorylated, even though only two of these were positioned in the Ser-x-Glu sequence. The presence of many phosphorylated amino acids in MEPE, and particularly their high density in the ASARM motif, provides an important basis for the understanding of structural and functional interdependencies in mineralization and phosphate homeostasis. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Gitte N Schytte
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Jan J Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
| | - Marc D McKee
- Faculty of Dentistry and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology McGill University Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Esben S Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark.,Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center Aarhus University Aarhus Denmark
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Gil-Bona A, Bidlack FB. Tooth Enamel and its Dynamic Protein Matrix. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124458. [PMID: 32585904 PMCID: PMC7352428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth enamel is the outer covering of tooth crowns, the hardest material in the mammalian body, yet fracture resistant. The extremely high content of 95 wt% calcium phosphate in healthy adult teeth is achieved through mineralization of a proteinaceous matrix that changes in abundance and composition. Enamel-specific proteins and proteases are known to be critical for proper enamel formation. Recent proteomics analyses revealed many other proteins with their roles in enamel formation yet to be unraveled. Although the exact protein composition of healthy tooth enamel is still unknown, it is apparent that compromised enamel deviates in amount and composition of its organic material. Why these differences affect both the mineralization process before tooth eruption and the properties of erupted teeth will become apparent as proteomics protocols are adjusted to the variability between species, tooth size, sample size and ephemeral organic content of forming teeth. This review summarizes the current knowledge and published proteomics data of healthy and diseased tooth enamel, including advancements in forensic applications and disease models in animals. A summary and discussion of the status quo highlights how recent proteomics findings advance our understating of the complexity and temporal changes of extracellular matrix composition during tooth enamel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gil-Bona
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.-B.); (F.B.B.)
| | - Felicitas B. Bidlack
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Correspondence: (A.G.-B.); (F.B.B.)
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Baranova J, Büchner D, Götz W, Schulze M, Tobiasch E. Tooth Formation: Are the Hardest Tissues of Human Body Hard to Regenerate? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4031. [PMID: 32512908 PMCID: PMC7312198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21114031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With increasing life expectancy, demands for dental tissue and whole-tooth regeneration are becoming more significant. Despite great progress in medicine, including regenerative therapies, the complex structure of dental tissues introduces several challenges to the field of regenerative dentistry. Interdisciplinary efforts from cellular biologists, material scientists, and clinical odontologists are being made to establish strategies and find the solutions for dental tissue regeneration and/or whole-tooth regeneration. In recent years, many significant discoveries were done regarding signaling pathways and factors shaping calcified tissue genesis, including those of tooth. Novel biocompatible scaffolds and polymer-based drug release systems are under development and may soon result in clinically applicable biomaterials with the potential to modulate signaling cascades involved in dental tissue genesis and regeneration. Approaches for whole-tooth regeneration utilizing adult stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, or tooth germ cells transplantation are emerging as promising alternatives to overcome existing in vitro tissue generation hurdles. In this interdisciplinary review, most recent advances in cellular signaling guiding dental tissue genesis, novel functionalized scaffolds and drug release material, various odontogenic cell sources, and methods for tooth regeneration are discussed thus providing a multi-faceted, up-to-date, and illustrative overview on the tooth regeneration matter, alongside hints for future directions in the challenging field of regenerative dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Baranova
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes 748, Vila Universitária, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil;
| | - Dominik Büchner
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Werner Götz
- Oral Biology Laboratory, Department of Orthodontics, Dental Hospital of the University of Bonn, Welschnonnenstraße 17, 53111 Bonn, NRW, Germany;
| | - Margit Schulze
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Edda Tobiasch
- Department of Natural Sciences, Bonn-Rhein-Sieg University of Applied Sciences, von-Liebig-Straße 20, 53359 Rheinbach, NRW, Germany; (D.B.); (M.S.)
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Ozhgikhina N, Kiseleva D, Shagalov E, Bimbas E, Myagkova N. Compositional and micromorphological features of hypoplastic enamel in children’s permanent teeth. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20202202013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enamel hypoplasia is the most common disease of hard tooth tissues of non-carious origin emerging before their eruption. It develops as a result of a delayed and perverse function of ameloblasts leading to the violation of the processes of formation and mineralization of tooth protein structures. The clinical manifestations of enamel hypoplasia are spots, defects in the form of pits, cup-shaped depressions, grooves on various surfaces of child’s teeth. The work is devoted to a comparative investigation of microstructural and compositional features of intact and hypoplastic enamel in children’s permanent teeth using analytical scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The hypoplastic enamel is enriched in organic substance and has an irregular structure without keyhole-shaped prismatic structure. Mineral deposition is indicated for hypoplastic enamel including hydroxyapatite with globular structure and calcite and halite, which might have been caused by the violation of extracellular local environment probably due to the enamel hypoplasia development.
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