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Jia Y, Wu Q, Li Y, Ma M, Song W, Chen R, Yao Y, Nair V, Zhang N, Liao M, Dai M. Revealing novel and conservative T-cell epitopes with MHC B2 restriction on H9N2 Avian Influenza Virus (AIV). J Biol Chem 2024:107395. [PMID: 38768812 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
B2 haplotype MHC has been extensively reported to confer resistance to various avian diseases. But its peptide-binding motif is unknown and the presenting peptide is rarely identified. Here, we identified the peptide-binding motif of B2 haplotype MHC Ⅰ molecules (X-A/V/I/L/P/S/G-X-X-X-X-X-X-V/I/L) in vitro using Random Peptide Library-based MHC-Ⅰ LC-MS/MS analysis. To further clarify the structure basis of the peptide binding motif, we determined the crystal structure of the BF2*02:01-PB2552-560 complex at 1.9 Å resolution. We found that BF2*02:01 had a relatively wide antigen-binding groove, and the structural characterization of pockets of BF2*02:01 was consistent with the characterization of peptide-binding motif. The wider features of the peptide-binding motif and increased number of peptides bound by BF2*02:01 than BF2*04:01 might resolve the puzzles for the presence of potential H9N2 resistance in B2 chickens. Afterwards, we explored the H9N2 AIV-induced cellular immune response in B2 haplotype chickens in vivo. We found that ratio of CD8+ T cell and kinetic expression of cytotoxicity genes including Granzyme K, IFN-γ, NK lysin, and PARP in PBMCs were significantly increased in defending against H9N2 AIV infection. Especially, we selected 411 epitopes as candidate epitopes based on the peptide-binding motif and further identified four CD8+ T-cell epitopes on H9N2 AIV including NS198-106, PB2552-560, NP182-190, and NP455-463 via ELI-spot IFN-γ detections after stimulating memory lymphocytes with peptides. More importantly, these epitopes were found to be conserved in H7N9 AIV and H9N2 AIV. These findings provide direction for developing effective T cell epitope vaccines using well-conserved internal viral antigens in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusheng Jia
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qingxin Wu
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yilin Li
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mulin Ma
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Song
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Rongmao Chen
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongxiu Yao
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute and UK-China Centre of Excellence for Research on Avian Diseases, Pirbright, Ash Road, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom; University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Ming Liao
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Manman Dai
- National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Luczo JM, Spackman E. Epitopes in the HA and NA of H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses that are important for antigenic drift. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2024; 48:fuae014. [PMID: 38734891 PMCID: PMC11149724 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuae014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses evolve antigenically to evade host immunity. Two influenza A virus surface glycoproteins, the haemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are the major targets of host immunity and undergo antigenic drift in response to host pre-existing humoral and cellular immune responses. Specific sites have been identified as important epitopes in prominent subtypes such as H5 and H7, which are of animal and public health significance due to their panzootic and pandemic potential. The haemagglutinin is the immunodominant immunogen, it has been extensively studied, and the antigenic reactivity is closely monitored to ensure candidate vaccine viruses are protective. More recently, the neuraminidase has received increasing attention for its role as a protective immunogen. The neuraminidase is expressed at a lower abundance than the haemagglutinin on the virus surface but does elicit a robust antibody response. This review aims to compile the current information on haemagglutinin and neuraminidase epitopes and immune escape mutants of H5 and H7 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Understanding the evolution of immune escape mutants and the location of epitopes is critical for identification of vaccine strains and development of broadly reactive vaccines that can be utilized in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmina M Luczo
- Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, East Geelong, Victoria 3219, Australia
| | - Erica Spackman
- Exotic & Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Athens, GA 30605, United States
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Han L, Wu S, Zhang T, Peng W, Zhao M, Yue C, Wen W, Cai W, Li M, Wallny HJ, Avila DW, Mwangi W, Nair V, Ternette N, Guo Y, Zhao Y, Chai Y, Qi J, Liang H, Gao GF, Kaufman J, Liu WJ. A Wider and Deeper Peptide-Binding Groove for the Class I Molecules from B15 Compared with B19 Chickens Correlates with Relative Resistance to Marek's Disease. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 210:668-680. [PMID: 36695776 PMCID: PMC7614295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The chicken MHC is known to confer decisive resistance or susceptibility to various economically important pathogens, including the iconic oncogenic herpesvirus that causes Marek's disease (MD). Only one classical class I gene, BF2, is expressed at a high level in chickens, so it was relatively easy to discern a hierarchy from well-expressed thermostable fastidious specialist alleles to promiscuous generalist alleles that are less stable and expressed less on the cell surface. The class I molecule BF2*1901 is better expressed and more thermostable than the closely related BF2*1501, but the peptide motif was not simpler as expected. In this study, we confirm for newly developed chicken lines that the chicken MHC haplotype B15 confers resistance to MD compared with B19. Using gas phase sequencing and immunopeptidomics, we find that BF2*1901 binds a greater variety of amino acids in some anchor positions than does BF2*1501. However, by x-ray crystallography, we find that the peptide-binding groove of BF2*1901 is narrower and shallower. Although the self-peptides that bound to BF2*1901 may appear more various than those of BF2*1501, the structures show that the wider and deeper peptide-binding groove of BF2*1501 allows stronger binding and thus more peptides overall, correlating with the expected hierarchies for expression level, thermostability, and MD resistance. Our study provides a reasonable explanation for greater promiscuity for BF2*1501 compared with BF2*1901, corresponding to the difference in resistance to MD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxia Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
- National Poultry Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Harbin 150001, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animal and Comparative Medicine, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Shaolian Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Life Sciences Institute & Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Weiyu Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Min Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Can Yue
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100052, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wanxin Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Wenbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Min Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | | | - David W. Avila
- The Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel CH4001, Switzerland
| | - William Mwangi
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Venugopal Nair
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3SZ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Ternette
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington OX37BN, United Kingdom
| | - Yaxin Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yingze Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Yan Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Liang
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Life Sciences Institute & Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Jim Kaufman
- The Basel Institute for Immunology, Basel CH4001, Switzerland
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - William J. Liu
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, Life Sciences Institute & Collaborative Innovation Centre of Regenerative Medicine and Medical BioResource Development and Application, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
- Research Unit of Adaptive Evolution and Control of Emerging Viruses, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100052, China
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Wang X, Liu W, Zhang D, Jiao Y, Zhao Q, Liu Y, Shi W, Bao Y. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides alleviate florfenicol-induced inflammation and oxidative stress in chick livers by regulating phagosome signaling pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114428. [PMID: 36516627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Florfenicol (FFC) is a commonly used antibiotic in animal breeding, especially in broiler breeding. Previous studies found that FFC could affect the liver function of chickens. However, the mechanisms underlying the effects of FFC on liver function are still not completely clear. Moreover, the research on drugs that antagonize FFC hepatotoxicity is relatively lacking. Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMPs) have been proved to have obvious liver protection effects. Therefore, we exposed chicks to FFC at the clinically recommended dose of 0.15 g/L. At the same time, 0.15 g/L FFC and 5 g/L SMPs were given to another group of chicks. After 5 days of continuous administration, the livers of chicks from different treatment groups were sequenced by transcriptome and proteome. Based on the analysis of sequencing data, we also focused on the detection of inflammation and oxidation indicators related to the phagosome signaling pathway with significant enrichment of differential factors in the livers of chicks. The results showed that some significantly differentially expressed genes and proteins induced by FFC were enriched in the phagosome signaling pathway, and they increased the expression levels of inflammatory factors and peroxides. However, SMPs intervention significantly reversed the tendency of FFC to alter phagosome signaling pathways and reduced the expression levels of inflammatory factors and peroxides. In conclusion, FFC caused liver inflammation and oxidative stress in chicks by regulating the phagosome signaling pathway. Meanwhile, SMPs could improve the adverse effects of FFC on the phagosome signaling pathway. This study provided new insights into the ameliorative effects and mechanisms of SMPs on hepatotoxicity of FFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Di Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Yulan Jiao
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Provincial Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding 071000, China; Ringpu (Baoding) Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Baoding 071031, China
| | - Qianhui Zhao
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Wanyu Shi
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Provincial Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Provincial Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine Technology Innovation Center, Baoding 071000, China.
| | - Yongzhan Bao
- College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; Hebei Provincial Veterinary Biotechnology Innovation Center, Baoding 071000, China.
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5
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Halabi S, Kaufman J. New vistas unfold: Chicken MHC molecules reveal unexpected ways to present peptides to the immune system. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886672. [PMID: 35967451 PMCID: PMC9372762 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The functions of a wide variety of molecules with structures similar to the classical class I and class II molecules encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been studied by biochemical and structural studies over decades, with many aspects for humans and mice now enshrined in textbooks as dogma. However, there is much variation of the MHC and MHC molecules among the other jawed vertebrates, understood in the most detail for the domestic chicken. Among the many unexpected features in chickens is the co-evolution between polymorphic TAP and tapasin genes with a dominantly-expressed class I gene based on a different genomic arrangement compared to typical mammals. Another important discovery was the hierarchy of class I alleles for a suite of properties including size of peptide repertoire, stability and cell surface expression level, which is also found in humans although not as extreme, and which led to the concept of generalists and specialists in response to infectious pathogens. Structural studies of chicken class I molecules have provided molecular explanations for the differences in peptide binding compared to typical mammals. These unexpected phenomena include the stringent binding with three anchor residues and acidic residues at the peptide C-terminus for fastidious alleles, and the remodelling binding sites, relaxed binding of anchor residues in broad hydrophobic pockets and extension at the peptide C-terminus for promiscuous alleles. The first few studies for chicken class II molecules have already uncovered unanticipated structural features, including an allele that binds peptides by a decamer core. It seems likely that the understanding of how MHC molecules bind and present peptides to lymphocytes will broaden considerably with further unexpected discoveries through biochemical and structural studies for chickens and other non-mammalian vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer Halabi
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Kaufman
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Jim Kaufman,
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Martins de Camargo M, Caetano AR, Ferreira de Miranda Santos IK. Evolutionary pressures rendered by animal husbandry practices for avian influenza viruses to adapt to humans. iScience 2022; 25:104005. [PMID: 35313691 PMCID: PMC8933668 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial poultry operations produce and crowd billions of birds every year, which is a source of inexpensive animal protein. Commercial poultry is intensely bred for desirable production traits, and currently presents very low variability at the major histocompatibility complex. This situation dampens the advantages conferred by the MHC’s high genetic variability, and crowding generates immunosuppressive stress. We address the proteins of influenza A viruses directly and indirectly involved in host specificities. We discuss how mutants with increased virulence and/or altered host specificity may arise if few class I alleles are the sole selective pressure on avian viruses circulating in immunocompromised poultry. This hypothesis is testable with peptidomics of MHC ligands. Breeding strategies for commercial poultry can easily and inexpensively include high variability of MHC as a trait of interest, to help save billions of dollars as a disease burden caused by influenza and decrease the risk of selecting highly virulent strains.
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Alqazlan N, Astill J, Raj S, Sharif S. Strategies for enhancing immunity against avian influenza virus in chickens: A review. Avian Pathol 2022; 51:211-235. [PMID: 35297706 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2022.2054309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Poultry infection with avian influenza viruses (AIV) is a continuous source of concern for poultry production and human health. Uncontrolled infection and transmission of AIV in poultry increases the potential for viral mutation and reassortment, possibly resulting in the emergence of zoonotic viruses. To this end, implementing strategies to disrupt the transmission of AIVs in poultry, including a wide array of traditional and novel methods, is much needed. Vaccination of poultry is a targeted approach to reduce clinical signs and shedding in infected birds. Strategies aimed at enhancing the effectiveness of AIV vaccines are multi-pronged and include methods directed towards eliciting immune responses in poultry. Strategies include producing vaccines of greater immunogenicity via vaccine type and adjuvant application and increasing bird responsiveness to vaccines by modification of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiome and dietary interventions. This review provides an in-depth discussion of recent findings surrounding novel AIV vaccines for poultry, including reverse genetics vaccines, vectors, protein vaccines and virus like particles, highlighting their experimental efficacy among other factors such as safety and potential for use in the field. In addition to the type of vaccine employed, vaccine adjuvants also provide an effective way to enhance AIV vaccine efficacy, therefore, research on different types of vaccine adjuvants and vaccine adjuvant delivery strategies is discussed. Finally, the poultry gastrointestinal microbiome is emerging as an important factor in the effectiveness of prophylactic treatments. In this regard, current findings on the effects of the chicken GIT microbiome on AIV vaccine efficacy are summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiyah Alqazlan
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jake Astill
- Artemis Technologies Inc., Guelph, ON, N1L 1E3, Canada
| | - Sugandha Raj
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shayan Sharif
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Identification of Novel T-Cell Epitopes on Infectious Bronchitis Virus N Protein and Development of a Multi-epitope Vaccine. J Virol 2021; 95:e0066721. [PMID: 34105997 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00667-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses play a key role in the control of viral infection. The nucleocapsid (N) protein of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major immunogenic protein that can induce protective immunity. To screen for potential T-cell epitopes on IBV N protein, 40 overlapping peptides covering the entirety of the N protein were designed and synthesized. Four T-cell epitope peptides were identified by gamma interferon (IFN-γ) enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot), intracellular cytokine staining, and carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester (CFSE) lymphocyte proliferation assays; among them, three peptides (N211-230, N271-290, and N381-400) were cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitopes, and one peptide (N261-280) was a dual-specific T-cell epitope, which can be recognized by both CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. Multi-epitope gene transcription cassettes comprising four neutralizing epitope domains and four T-cell epitope peptides were synthesized and inserted into the genome of Newcastle disease virus strain La Sota between the P and M genes. Recombinant IBV multi-epitope vaccine candidate rLa Sota/SBNT was generated via reverse genetics, and its immune protection efficacy was evaluated in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Our results show that rLa Sota/SBNT induced IBV-specific neutralizing antibody and T-cell responses and provided significant protection against homologous and heterologous IBV challenge. Thus, the T-cell epitope peptides identified in this study could be good candidates for IBV vaccine development, and recombinant Newcastle disease virus-expressing IBV multi-epitope genes represent a safe and effective vaccine candidate for controlling infectious bronchitis. IMPORTANCE T-cell-mediated immune responses are critical for the elimination of IBV-infected cells. To screen conserved T-cell epitopes in the IBV N protein, 40 overlapping peptides covering the entirety of the N protein were designed and synthesized. By combining IFN-γ ELISpot, intracellular cytokine staining, and CFSE lymphocyte proliferation assays, we identified three CTL epitopes and one dual-specific T-cell epitope. The value of T-cell epitope peptides identified in the N protein was further verified by the design of an IBV multi-epitope vaccine. Results show that IBV multi-epitope vaccine candidate rLa Sota/SBNT provided cross protection against challenges with a QX-like or a TW-like IBV strain. So, T-cell-mediated immune responses play an important role in the control of viral infection, and conserved T-cell epitopes serve as promising candidates for use in multi-epitope vaccine construction. Our results provide a new perspective for the development of a safer and more effective IBV vaccine.
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Wu Y, Zhang N, Hashimoto K, Xia C, Dijkstra JM. Structural Comparison Between MHC Classes I and II; in Evolution, a Class-II-Like Molecule Probably Came First. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621153. [PMID: 34194421 PMCID: PMC8236899 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Structures of peptide-loaded major histocompatibility complex class I (pMHC-I) and class II (pMHC-II) complexes are similar. However, whereas pMHC-II complexes include similar-sized IIα and IIβ chains, pMHC-I complexes include a heavy chain (HC) and a single domain molecule β2-microglobulin (β2-m). Recently, we elucidated several pMHC-I and pMHC-II structures of primitive vertebrate species. In the present study, a comprehensive comparison of pMHC-I and pMHC-II structures helps to understand pMHC structural evolution and supports the earlier proposed—though debated—direction of MHC evolution from class II-type to class I. Extant pMHC-II structures share major functional characteristics with a deduced MHC-II-type homodimer ancestor. Evolutionary establishment of pMHC-I presumably involved important new functions such as (i) increased peptide selectivity by binding the peptides in a closed groove (ii), structural amplification of peptide ligand sequence differences by binding in a non-relaxed fashion, and (iii) increased peptide selectivity by syngeneic heterotrimer complex formation between peptide, HC, and β2-m. These new functions were associated with structures that since their establishment in early pMHC-I have been very well conserved, including a shifted and reorganized P1 pocket (aka A pocket), and insertion of a β2-m hydrophobic knob into the peptide binding domain β-sheet floor. A comparison between divergent species indicates better sequence conservation of peptide binding domains among MHC-I than among MHC-II, agreeing with more demanding interactions within pMHC-I complexes. In lungfishes, genes encoding fusions of all MHC-IIα and MHC-IIβ extracellular domains were identified, and although these lungfish genes presumably derived from classical MHC-II, they provide an alternative mechanistic hypothesis for how evolution from class II-type to class I may have occurred.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Keiichiro Hashimoto
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Johannes M Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health University, Toyoake, Japan
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Wang Y, Qu Z, Ma L, Wei X, Zhang N, Zhang B, Xia C. The Crystal Structure of the MHC Class I (MHC-I) Molecule in the Green Anole Lizard Demonstrates the Unique MHC-I System in Reptiles. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1653-1667. [PMID: 33637616 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The reptile MHC class I (MCH-I) and MHC class II proteins are the key molecules in the immune system; however, their structure has not been investigated. The crystal structure of green anole lizard peptide-MHC-I-β2m (pMHC-I or pAnca-UA*0101) was determined in the current study. Subsequently, the features of pAnca-UA*0101 were analyzed and compared with the characteristics of pMHC-I of four classes of vertebrates. The amino acid sequence identities between Anca-UA*0101 and MHC-I from other species are <50%; however, the differences between the species were reflected in the topological structure. Significant characteristics of pAnca-UA*0101 include a specific flip of ∼88° and an upward shift adjacent to the C terminus of the α1- and α2-helical regions, respectively. Additionally, the lizard MHC-I molecule has an insertion of 2 aa (VE) at positions 55 and 56. The pushing force from 55-56VE triggers the flip of the α1 helix. Mutagenesis experiments confirmed that the 55-56VE insertion in the α1 helix enhances the stability of pAnca-UA*0101. The peptide presentation profile and motif of pAnca-UA*0101 were confirmed. Based on these results, the proteins of three reptile lizard viruses were used for the screening and confirmation of the candidate epitopes. These data enhance our understanding of the systematic differences between five classes of vertebrates at the gene and protein levels, the formation of the pMHC-I complex, and the evolution of the MHC-I system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawen Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zehui Qu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lizhen Ma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nianzhi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Kaufman J. From Chickens to Humans: The Importance of Peptide Repertoires for MHC Class I Alleles. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601089. [PMID: 33381122 PMCID: PMC7767893 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), expressed on natural killer (NK) and thymus-derived (T) cells, and their ligands, primarily the classical class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) expressed on nearly all cells, are both polymorphic. The variation of this receptor-ligand interaction, based on which alleles have been inherited, is known to play crucial roles in resistance to infectious disease, autoimmunity, and reproduction in humans. However, not all the variation in response is inherited, since KIR binding can be affected by a portion of the peptide bound to the class I molecules, with the particular peptide presented affecting the NK response. The extent to which the large multigene family of chicken immunoglobulin-like receptors (ChIRs) is involved in functions similar to KIRs is suspected but not proven. However, much is understood about the two MHC-I molecules encoded in the chicken MHC. The BF2 molecule is expressed at a high level and is thought to be the predominant ligand of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), while the BF1 molecule is expressed at a much lower level if at all and is thought to be primarily a ligand for NK cells. Recently, a hierarchy of BF2 alleles with a suite of correlated properties has been defined, from those expressed at a high level on the cell surface but with a narrow range of bound peptides to those expressed at a lower level on the cell surface but with a very wide repertoire of bound peptides. Interestingly, there is a similar hierarchy for human class I alleles, although the hierarchy is not as wide. It is a question whether KIRs and ChIRs recognize class I molecules with bound peptide in a similar way, and whether fastidious to promiscuous hierarchy of class I molecules affect both T and NK cell function. Such effects might be different from those predicted by the similarities of peptide-binding based on peptide motifs, as enshrined in the idea of supertypes. Since the size of peptide repertoire can be very different for alleles with similar peptide motifs from the same supertype, the relative importance of these two properties may be testable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jim Kaufman
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Meng G, Liang R, Zhang B, Xia C. Structural and Biophysical Insights into the TCRαβ Complex in Chickens. iScience 2020; 23:101828. [PMID: 33305184 PMCID: PMC7711287 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, chicken HPAIV H5N1 epitope-specific TCRαβ (ch-TCRαβ) was isolated and its structure was determined. The Cα domain of ch-TCRαβ does not exhibit the typical structure of human TCRαβ, and the DE loop extends outward, resulting in close proximity between the Cα domain of ch-TCRαβ and CD3εδ/γ. The FG loop of the Cβ domain of ch-TCRαβ is shorter. The changes in the C domains of ch-TCRαβ and the difference in chicken CD3εδ/γ confirm that the complexes formed by TCRαβ and CD3εδ/γ differ from those in humans. In the chicken complex, a positively charged cleft is formed between the two CDR3 loops that might accommodate the acidic side chains of the chicken pMHC-I-bound HPAIV epitope intermediate portion oriented toward ch-TCRαβ. This is the first reported structure of chicken TCRαβ, and it provides a structural model of the ancestral TCR system in the immune synapses between T cells and antigen-presenting cells in lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.,Joint National Laboratory for Antibody Drug Engineering, Key Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Yanjie Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Geng Meng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ruiying Liang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chun Xia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China
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