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Schittenhelm RB, Sian TCCLK, Wilmann PG, Dudek NL, Purcell AW. Revisiting the arthritogenic peptide theory: quantitative not qualitative changes in the peptide repertoire of HLA-B27 allotypes. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:702-13. [PMID: 25418920 DOI: 10.1002/art.38963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association of HLA-B27 with spondyloarthropathy is one of the strongest documented for any autoimmune disease. A common hypothesis for this association is the arthritogenic peptide concept. This dictates that differences in the peptide binding preferences of disease-associated and non-disease-associated HLA-B27 allotypes underlie the presentation of bacterial and self-peptides, leading to cross-reactive T cell immunity and subsequent autoimmune attack of affected tissues. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare self-peptides from 8 HLA-B27 allotypes, to increase existing data sets of HLA-B27 ligands, to refine and compare their consensus-binding motifs, and to reveal similarities and differences in the peptide repertoire of the HLA-B27 subtypes. METHODS Qualitative differences in the peptides bound to the 8 most frequent HLA-B27 subtypes were determined by tandem mass spectrometry, and quantitative changes in allelic binding specificities were determined by highly sensitive and targeted multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry. RESULTS We identified >7,500 major histocompatibility complex class I peptides derived from the 8 most common HLA-B27 allotypes (HLA-B*27:02 to HLA-B*27:09). We describe individual binding motifs for these alleles for the 9-12-mer ligands. The peptide repertoires of these closely related alleles showed significant overlap. Allelic polymorphisms resulting in changes in the amino acid composition of the antigen-binding cleft manifested largely as quantitative changes in the peptide cargo of these molecules. CONCLUSION Absolute binding preferences of HLA-B27 allotypes do not explain disease association. The arthritogenic peptide theory needs to be reassessed in terms of quantitative changes in self-peptide presentation, T cell selection, and altered conformation of bound peptides.
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Benham H, Robinson PC, Baillet AC, Rehaume LM, Thomas R. Role of genetics in infection-associated arthritis. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2015; 29:213-25. [PMID: 26362740 DOI: 10.1016/j.berh.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic discoveries in arthritis and their associated biological pathways spanning the innate and adaptive immune system demonstrate the strong association between susceptibility to arthritis and control of exogenous organisms. The canonical theory of the aetiology of immune-mediated arthritis and other immune-mediated diseases is that the introduction of exogenous antigenic stimuli to a genetically susceptible host sets up the environment for an abnormal immune response manifesting as disease. A disruption in host-microbe homeostasis driven by disease-associated genetic variants could ultimately provide the source of exogenous antigen triggering disease development. We discuss genetic variants impacting the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system and their relationship to microbial control and arthritic disease. We go on to consider the evidence for a relationship between HLA-B27, infection and arthritis, and then emerging evidence for an interaction between microbiota and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Benham
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland School of Medicine, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Philip C Robinson
- Centre for Neurogenetics and Statistical Genomics, Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, QLD, Australia
| | - Athan C Baillet
- GREPI AGIM FRE3405 CNRS-EPHE, University Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - Linda M Rehaume
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ranjeny Thomas
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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Stavropoulos PG, Soura E, Kanelleas A, Katsambas A, Antoniou C. Reactive arthritis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2014; 29:415-24. [PMID: 25199646 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an immune-mediated seronegative arthritis that belongs to the group of spondyloarthropathies and develops after a gastrointestinal or genitourinary system infection. The condition is considered to be characterized by a triad of symptoms (conjunctivitis, arthritis and urethritis) although a constellation of other manifestations may also be present. ReA is characterized by psoriasiform dermatological manifestations that may resemble those of pustular psoriasis and, similar to guttate psoriasis, is a post-infectious entity. Also, the articular manifestations of the disorder are similar to those of psoriatic arthritis and both conditions show a correlation with HLA-B27. These facts have led several authors to suggest that there is a connection between ReA and psoriasis, listing ReA among the disorders related to psoriasis. However, the pathogenetic mechanism behind the condition is complex and poorly understood. Bacterial antigenicity, the type of host response (i.e. Th1/Th2 imbalance) and various genetic factors (i.e. HLA-B27 etc.) play an important role in the development of the disorder. It is unknown whether all the aforementioned factors are part of a mechanism that could be similar to, or share basic aspects with known psoriasis pathogenesis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Stavropoulos
- 1st Department of Dermatology/University Clinic, 'Andreas Syggros' Hospital, Athens, Greece
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The role of intracellular organisms in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis. Int J Inflam 2014; 2014:158793. [PMID: 24995143 PMCID: PMC4068055 DOI: 10.1155/2014/158793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory arthritis is a condition which is characterised by recurrent episodes of joint pain and swelling. It encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from rheumatoid arthritis to ankylosing spondylitis. In these conditions, for reasons that are poorly understood, the immune system raises an inflammatory response within the joint space. In some cases, autoantigens have been identified (e.g., anticitrullinated peptides in rheumatoid arthritis), but the absence of these, in the seronegative arthritides, for example, raises question as to the underlying pathogenesis. Interest has, therefore, turned to host-pathogen interactions and whether aberrant immune responses to these could explain the development of arthritis. This has been most widely studied in reactive arthritis (ReA), where an infectious episode precedes the development of the joint symptoms. In this review, we present the evidence for the role of host-bacterial interactions in the pathogenesis of joint inflammation with particular emphasis on ReA. We discuss a range of possible mechanisms including molecular mimicry, persistent low grade infections, and abnormal host responses to common bacterial causes of reactive arthritis as well as discussing some of the clinical challenges that we face in making the diagnosis and in treatment of persistent symptoms.
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Alvarez-Navarro C, Cragnolini JJ, Dos Santos HG, Barnea E, Admon A, Morreale A, López de Castro JA. Novel HLA-B27-restricted epitopes from Chlamydia trachomatis generated upon endogenous processing of bacterial proteins suggest a role of molecular mimicry in reactive arthritis. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:25810-25825. [PMID: 23867464 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.493247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an HLA-B27-associated spondyloarthropathy that is triggered by diverse bacteria, including Chlamydia trachomatis, a frequent intracellular parasite. HLA-B27-restricted T-cell responses are elicited against this bacterium in ReA patients, but their pathogenetic significance, autoimmune potential, and relevant epitopes are unknown. High resolution and sensitivity mass spectrometry was used to identify HLA-B27 ligands endogenously processed and presented by HLA-B27 from three chlamydial proteins for which T-cell epitopes were predicted. Fusion protein constructs of ClpC, Na(+)-translocating NADH-quinone reductase subunit A, and DNA primase were expressed in HLA-B27(+) cells, and their HLA-B27-bound peptidomes were searched for endogenous bacterial ligands. A non-predicted peptide, distinct from the predicted T-cell epitope, was identified from ClpC. A peptide recognized by T-cells in vitro, NQRA(330-338), was detected from the reductase subunit. This is the second HLA-B27-restricted T-cell epitope from C. trachomatis with relevance in ReA demonstrated to be processed and presented in live cells. A novel peptide from the DNA primase, DNAP(211-223), was also found. This was a larger variant of a known epitope and was highly homologous to a self-derived natural ligand of HLA-B27. All three bacterial peptides showed high homology with human sequences containing the binding motif of HLA-B27. Molecular dynamics simulations further showed a striking conformational similarity between DNAP(211-223) and its homologous and much more flexible human-derived HLA-B27 ligand. The results suggest that molecular mimicry between HLA-B27-restricted bacterial and self-derived epitopes is frequent and may play a role in ReA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alvarez-Navarro
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and
| | - Juan J Cragnolini
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and
| | - Helena G Dos Santos
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and
| | - Eilon Barnea
- the Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Arie Admon
- the Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Antonio Morreale
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and
| | - José A López de Castro
- From the Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain and.
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Abstract
This article summarizes the proceedings of a one-day international workshop held in July 2009 on the role of HLA-B27 in the pathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and related disorders. HLA-B27 is found in about 90% of patients with AS, with an odds ratio of about 100, but the mechanism underlying this association is not known. There are currently 3 major mechanistic hypotheses for this association: (1) T cell recognition of one or more B27 presented peptides; (2) B27 heavy-chain misfolding that induces an unfolded protein response; and (3) innate immune recognition of cell-surface expressed B27 heavy-chain dimers. None of these hypotheses accounts for the tissue specificity of the inflammation characteristic of AS. These hypotheses were discussed in the context of known epidemiologic, biochemical, structural, and immunologic differences among HLA-B27 subtypes; data from the HLA-B27 transgenic rat model of spondyloarthritis; the growing list of other genes that have been found to be associated with AS; and other data on the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. Proposed directions for future research include expanded efforts to define similarities and differences among the B27 subtypes; further development of animal models; identifying the interactions of B27 with the products of other genes associated with AS; and continued investigation into the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis.
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Unusual viral ligand with alternative interactions is presented by HLA-Cw4 in human respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 89:558-65. [PMID: 20975736 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2010.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Short viral antigens bound to human major histocompatibility complex (HLA) class I molecules are presented on infected cells. Vaccine development frequently relies on synthetic peptides to identify optimal HLA class I ligands. However, when natural peptides are analyzed, more complex mixtures are found. By immunoproteomics analysis, we identify in this study a physiologically processed HLA ligand derived from the human respiratory syncytial virus matrix protein that is very different from what was expected from studies with synthetic peptides. This natural HLA-Cw4 class I ligand uses alternative interactions to the anchor motifs previously described for its presenting HLA-Cw4 class I molecule. Finally, this octameric peptide shares its C-terminal core with the H-2D(b) nonamer ligand previously identified in the mouse model. These data have implications for the identification of antiviral cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses and for vaccine development.
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Galocha B, López de Castro JA. Mutational analysis reveals a complex interplay of peptide binding and multiple biological features of HLA-B27. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:39180-90. [PMID: 20889980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.149906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular polymorphism influences the strong association of HLA-B27 with ankylosing spondylitis through an unknown mechanism. Natural subtypes and site-directed mutants were used to analyze the effect of altering the peptide-binding site of this molecule on its stability, interaction with tapasin, folding, and export. The disease-associated subtypes B*2705, B*2702, and B*2704 showed higher thermostability at 50 °C than all other subtypes and mutants, except some mimicking B*2702 polymorphism. The lowest values were found among pocket B mutants, most of which interacted strongly with tapasin, but otherwise there was no correlation between thermostability and tapasin interaction. Mutants resulting in increased hydrophobicity frequently acquired their maximal thermostability faster than those with increased polarity, suggesting that this process is largely driven by the thermodynamics of peptide binding. Folding, export, and tendency to misfold were influenced by polymorphism all along the peptide-binding site and were not specifically dependent on any particular region or structural feature. Frequent uncoupling of thermostability, folding/misfolding, and export can be explained by the distinct effect of mutations on the acquisition of a folded conformation, the optimization rate of B27-peptide complexes, and their quality control in the endoplasmic reticulum, all of which largely depend on the ways in which mutations alter peptide binding, without excluding additional effects on interactions with tapasin or other proteins involved in folding and export. The similarity of the generally disease-associated B*2707 to nondisease-associated subtypes in all the features analyzed suggests that molecular properties other than antigen presentation may not currently explain the relationship between HLA-B27 polymorphism and ankylosing spondylitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Begoña Galocha
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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López de Castro JA. The HLA-B27 peptidome: Building on the cornerstone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:316-9. [DOI: 10.1002/art.27188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Infantes S, Lorente E, Barnea E, Beer I, Cragnolini JJ, García R, Lasala F, Jiménez M, Admon A, López D. Multiple, non-conserved, internal viral ligands naturally presented by HLA-B27 in human respiratory syncytial virus-infected cells. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:1533-9. [PMID: 20081153 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900508-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediated death of virus-infected cells requires prior recognition of short viral peptide antigens that are presented by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules on the surface of infected cells. The CTL response is critical for the clearance of human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) infection. Using mass spectrometry analysis of complex HLA-bound peptide pools isolated from large amounts of HRSV-infected cells, we identified nine naturally processed HLA-B27 ligands. The isolated peptides are derived from six internal, not envelope, proteins of the infective virus. The sequences of most of these ligands are not conserved between different HRSV strains, suggesting a mechanism to explain recurrent infection with virus of different HRSV antigenic subgroups. In addition, these nine ligands represent a significant fraction of the proteome of this virus, which is monitored by the same HLA class I allele. These data have implications for vaccine development as well as for analysis of the CTL response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Infantes
- Unidad de Protemica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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HLA-B27-bound peptide repertoires: their nature, origin and pathogenetic relevance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009. [PMID: 19731630 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0298-6_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Peptide binding is a central biological property of HLA-B27. The availability of HLA-B27 subtypes differentially associated to ankylosing spondylitis provides a unique tool to explore the relationship between peptide specificity and pathogenetic potential. Many studies have focused on defining the nature of subtype-bound repertoires, aiming to identify peptide features that may correlate with association to disease and to find constitutive self-ligands with sequence homology to microbial epitopes. These studies were pursued on the assumption that molecular mimicry between self and foreign ligands of HLA-B27 might trigger autoimmunity. A second level of involvement ofpeptide repertoires in the biology and immunopathology of HLA-B27 is through their critical influence on folding, maturation and cell surface expression and stability. Recent studies have emphasized the mechanisms ofpeptide loading and optimization, the interactions ofHLA-B27 with other components of the peptide-loading complex and the contribution of these interactions to shaping HLA-B27-bound peptide repertoires. A novel, more comprehensive and integrative, view is emerging in which the peptide binding specificity is a critical determinant of the whole HLA-B27 biology. A proper understanding of the relationships between peptide specificity and other molecular and functional features of HLA-B27 should provide the key to unveiling its pathogenetic role in spondyloarthritis.
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Taurog JD, Dorris ML, Satumtira N, Tran TM, Sharma R, Dressel R, van den Brandt J, Reichardt HM. Spondylarthritis in HLA-B27/human β2-microglobulin-transgenic rats is not prevented by lack of CD8. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 60:1977-84. [DOI: 10.1002/art.24599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Cragnolini JJ, García-Medel N, de Castro JAL. Endogenous processing and presentation of T-cell epitopes from Chlamydia trachomatis with relevance in HLA-B27-associated reactive arthritis. Mol Cell Proteomics 2009; 8:1850-9. [PMID: 19443418 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900107-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis triggers reactive arthritis, a spondyloarthropathy linked to the human major histocompatibility complex molecule HLA-B27, through an unknown mechanism that might involve molecular mimicry between chlamydial and self-derived HLA-B27 ligands. Chlamydia-specific CD8(+) T-cells are found in reactive arthritis patients, but the immunogenic epitopes are unknown. A previous screening of the chlamydial genome for putative HLA-B27 ligands predicted multiple peptides that were recognized in vitro by CD8(+) T-lymphocytes from patients. Here stable transfectants expressing bacterial fusion proteins in human cells were generated to investigate the endogenous processing and presentation by HLA-B27 of two such epitopes through comparative immunoproteomics of HLA-B27-bound peptide repertoires. A predicted T-cell epitope, from the CT610 gene product, was presented by HLA-B27. This is, to our knowledge, the first endogenously processed epitope involved in HLA-B27-restricted responses against C. trachomatis in reactive arthritis. A second predicted epitope, from the CT634 gene product, was not detected. Instead a non-predicted nonamer from the same protein was identified. Both bacterial peptides showed very high homology with human sequences containing the HLA-B27 binding motif. Thus, expression and intracellular processing of chlamydial proteins into human cells allowed us to identify two bacterial HLA-B27 ligands, including the first endogenous T-cell epitope from C. trachomatis involved in spondyloarthropathy. That human proteins contain sequences mimicking chlamydial T-cell epitopes suggests a basis for an autoimmune component of Chlamydia-induced HLA-B27-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan J Cragnolini
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas and Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Universidad Autónoma, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Marcilla M, López de Castro JA. Peptides: the cornerstone of HLA-B27 biology and pathogenetic role in spondyloarthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 71:495-506. [PMID: 18489433 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 to ankylosing spondylitis is one of the strongest between a major histocompatibility complex molecule and a disease. Yet, the basis for this association remains unknown. Several hypotheses, each based on a particular feature of HLA-B27, guide much of the current research on the pathogenesis of this disease, but none has yet satisfactorily explained its mechanism and the differential association of B27 subtypes to it. In this review, the pathogenetic role of HLA-B27 will be analyzed from a global perspective of its biology, emphasizing the interdependency of multiple molecular features and the likely influence of disease-modifying gene products. From this perspective, peptide binding emerges as the cornerstone of all other biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Marcilla
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma, Madrid, Spain
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