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Ni Y, Ebido CC, Odii EC, Wang J, Orakwelu CH, Abonyi FC, Ngene CI, Okoro JO, Ubachukwu PO, Hu W, Yin M. Phylogeography and genetic diversity of the copepod family Cyclopidae (Crustacea: Cyclopoida) from freshwater ecosystems of Southeast Nigeria. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:45. [PMID: 32316908 PMCID: PMC7171763 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-01608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copepods are key components of aquatic ecosystems and can help regulate the global carbon cycle. Much attention has been paid to the species diversity of copepods worldwide, but the phylogeography and genetic diversity of copepods in Nigeria is unexplored. Results Using a mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I marker, we preformed phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses for Cyclopidae copepods in Southeast Nigeria. A high species diversity of Cyclopidae in Nigeria: 5 species of Tropocyclops, 5 species of Mesocyclops and 2 species of Thermocyclops from Cyclopidae were identified in 15 populations. Moreover, we detected 18 unique haplotypes, which fell into two distinct clades. Pairwise genetic distances (uncorrected p-distances) among the species of Cyclopidae ranged from 0.05 to 0.257. Several species co-existed in the same lake, and some haplotypes were shared among different geographic populations, suggesting a dispersal of Cyclopidae in our sampling region. Finally, we found that the population genetic diversity for each species of Cyclopidae was low in Nigeria. Conclusions Our findings explored the species diversity and distribution of copepods within the family Cyclopidae for 15 Nigerian freshwater ecosystems: a high species diversity of Cyclopidae copepods was detected over a small geographic sampling range. Results from this study contribute to a better understanding of copepod diversity of Nigerian freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Ni
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China
| | - Chike Chukwuenyem Ebido
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China
| | - Elijah Chibueze Odii
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Jinhui Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China
| | - Chinemerem Hodges Orakwelu
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Francis Chukwuemeka Abonyi
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Chinedu Innocent Ngene
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Joseph Onyekwere Okoro
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Patience Obiageli Ubachukwu
- Department of Zoology and Environmental Biology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, 410001, Nigeria
| | - Wei Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingbo Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Songhu Road 2005, Shanghai, China.
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Anosike JC, Dozie INS, Ameh GI, Ukaga CN, Nwoke BEB, Nzechukwu CT, Udujih OS, Nwosu DC. The varied beneficial effects of ivermectin (Mectizan) treatment, as observed within onchocerciasis foci in south–eastern Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine & Parasitology 2013; 101:593-600. [PMID: 17877878 DOI: 10.1179/136485907x229022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the treatment of humans, ivermectin (Mectizan((R))), a semi-synthetic macrocyclic lactone, is now primarily used as a rapid microfilaricide. The drug has several other benefits, however, and these have recently been investigated in five states in south-eastern Nigeria, where there have been mass treatments with ivermectin, for the control of Onchocerca volvulus, for more than 10 years. Between the January and December of 2005, 3125 adult onchocerciasis patients (each aged >/=20 years and known to have at least one clinical sign of onchocerciasis) were enlisted, clinically examined and interviewed. Relevant data were collected in the interviews, using a structured, pre-tested questionnaire, and in personal and focus-group discussions. Overall, 612 (19.6%) of the subjects reported that they had had nodules that had disappeared following repeated doses of ivermectin, although only 83.8% of the 612 attributed their nodule clearance to ivermectin (the other 16.2% being unsure of the cause). A larger percentage of the subjects (24.6%) reported that they had expelled intestinal helminths following the last round of ivermectin treatment (i.e. been dewormed). Other side-benefits reported in the study were improved vision (11.7% of subjects), reversal of secondary amenorrhea (4.5%), increased appetite (22.3%), reduction in arthritic or other musculo-skeletal pain (7.9%), reductions in the severity of body itching (18.5%) and skin rash (17.3%), darkening of leopard skin (6.6%), improved libido in men (6.6%), and clearance of head lice (4.5%). If, via health education, the local communities could be made more aware of the side-benefits of ivermectin treatment, the sustainability of the on-going programme of community-directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) in south-eastern Nigeria would probably be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Anosike
- Tropical Diseases Research Unit, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.
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Iboh CI, Okon OE, Opara KN, Asor JE, Etim SE. Lymphatic filariasis among the Yakurr people of Cross River State, Nigeria. Parasit Vectors 2012; 5:203. [PMID: 22992226 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-5-203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to initiate a disease elimination programme for lymphatic filariasis based on mass drug administration, a proper understanding of the geographical distribution and degree of risk is essential. METHODS An investigation of lymphatic filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti was carried out among 785 people in four communities of Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria between March and August, 2009. Finger prick blood smear samples collected from the subjects were examined for W. bancrofti using standard parasitological protocol. The subjects were also screened for clinical manifestations of lymphatic filariasis. RESULTS Of the 785 persons examined, 48 (6.1%) were positive for microfilariae in their thick blood smear. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis among the various age groups (P < 0.01) although peak prevalence occurred between 41-60 years. There was no significant difference in prevalence and density with respect to sex (P > 0.05). The overall mean microfilarial density of the infected individuals was 5.6 mf/50 μl. There was a significant variation (P < 0.01) in mean microfilarial density within the communities, ranging from 4.7 to 6.4 mf/50 μl. The only clinical sign found in the study area was lymphoedema of the leg recording 2 (0.3%) prevalence. CONCLUSIONS The National Lymphatic Filariasis Elimination Programme should intervene by expanding the distribution of albendazole and ivermectin to all endemic areas including Yakurr Local Government Area of Cross River State, Nigeria.
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Abstract
Cyclopoid copepods have proved more effective for practical mosquito control than any other invertebrate predator of mosquito larvae. Their operational potential is enhanced by the fact that mass production is relatively easy and inexpensive. The exceptional potential of copepods for mosquito control was first realized about 25 years ago. Since then, laboratory experiments with copepods and mosquito larvae around the world have shown: Only the larger copepod species (body length > 1.4 mm) are of practical use for mosquito control. They kill mainly 1st instar mosquitoes. The most effective species have the capacity to kill more than 40 Aedes larvae/copepod/day. They generally kill fewer Anopheles larvae and even fewer Culex larvae. Most field testing of copepods has been in Aedes container-breeding habitats. Field tests have shown that: The most effective copepod species maintain large populations in a container habitat for as long as there is water. They typically reduce Aedes production by 99-100%. They can cause local eradication of container-breeding Aedes mosquitoes if present in a high percentage of breeding sites. Field surveys in Anopheles, floodwater Aedes, and Culex breeding habitats have shown that natural copepod populations can substantially reduce, or even eliminate, mosquito production. Field trials in temporary pools, marshes, and rice fields have demonstrated that introduction of the right copepod species to the right habitat at the right time can eliminate Anopheles or floodwater Aedes larvae. As a rule, copepods cannot eliminate Culex production by themselves, but they can reinforce and augment control by other methods. The only large-scale operational use of copepods to date has been in Vietnam, which has achieved local eradication of Ae. aegypti in hundreds of villages. Conditions in Vietnam are particularly favorable because: Many Ae. aegypti breeding sites are water storage containers that are conspicuous and easily treated. Motivation to maintain copepods in containers for Ae. aegypti control is strong because of the high incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Copepod use is effectively managed by women's associations already experienced with neighborhood health services. Copepods have the potential for local eradication of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in many other countries besides Vietnam. Professional capacity for copepod management and social institutions for community participation to help with implementation and maintenance are the main factors limiting broader use of copepods for operational mosquito control at the present time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald G Marten
- New Orleans Mosquito and Termite Control Board, 6601 Stars & Stripes Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70126, USA
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Anosike JC, Nwoke BE, Dozie I, Thofern UA, Okere AN, Njoku-Tony R, Nwosu DC, Oguwuike UT, Dike MC, Alozie JI, Okugun GR, Ajero CM, Onyirioha CU, Ezike MN, Ogbusu FI, Ajayi EG. Control of endemic dracunculiasis in Ebonyi state, south-eastern Nigeria. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2004; 206:591-6. [PMID: 14626906 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A field study was carried out in Ozibo and the Ebonyi local government area of Ebonyi state, south-eastern Nigeria to determine the effectiveness of several intervention strategies in the control of endemic dracunculiasis in that area. During the initial study prior to the application of such measures, 14,421 subjects were examined. A total of 8,688 (60.2%) persons had either Dracunculus ulcers or emergent worms. Sex-related prevalence rates were 56.1% and 63.9% for males and females respectively. Age specific prevalence rates increased with age in males, whereas highest infection rates were found in females younger than 20 years. Twenty-eight months after the introduction of intervention strategies the prevalence rate fell by 85.1% to 9% (males: by 88.2% to 6.6%, females: by 83.0% to 10.8%). Reduction rates of more than 90% were observed in males aged 10 to 19 and in females aged 0 to 9 years. Intervention measures included systematic pond treatment, distribution or replacement of filters, intensive health education, provision of hand-dug wells, regular bore-hole installation/rehabilitation as well as active case detection, containment, management, and prompt reporting. Active involvement of the endemic communities, governments and the Global 2000 staff regarding the control efforts is a necessity towards the final eradication of the disease in the near future. The relationship between some of these intervention strategies and community development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude C Anosike
- Tropical Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Imo State University, Owerri, Nigeria.
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