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Christopher L, Madimenos FC, Bribiescas RG, Urlacher SS, Snodgrass JJ, Sugiyama LS, Pontzer H. High energy requirements and water throughput of adult Shuar forager-horticulturalists of Amazonian Ecuador. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 31:e23223. [PMID: 30801886 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We measured total energy expenditure (TEE; kcal/d) and water throughput (L/d) among Shuar forager-horticulturalists from Amazonian Ecuador to compare their daily energy and water demands to adults in other small-scale and industrialized populations. METHODS TEE and water throughput were measured using the doubly labeled water method among 15 Shuar adults (eight women, seven men; age range 18-60 years) living in a relatively remote village. We used multiple regression to assess the effects of anthropometric variables (body size, fat free mass, age, and sex) on TEE and water throughput. We also compared Shuar TEE and water throughput to those of other small-scale and industrialized societies. RESULTS TEE among Shuar adults (men: 4141 ± 645 kcal/d, women: 2536 ± 281 kcal/d) was most strongly correlated with fat free mass. Estimated physical activity levels (PAL) calculated as (TEE/estimated BMR), were greater for men (2.34 ± 0.29) than women (1.83 ± 0.14, P < 0.001). Water throughput was also greater among Shuar men (9.37 ± 2.34 L/d) than women (4.76 ± 0.36 L/d, P < 0.001). Shuar TEE and water throughput were elevated compared to adults in industrialized populations. DISCUSSION TEE and PAL of Shuar men are among the highest recorded during normal daily life, and likely reflect both high levels of physical activity and cultural dietary practices. Drinking large amounts of chicha, a traditional carbohydrate-rich drink made from manioc, likely contributes to the high levels of water throughput among Shuar men, and may contribute to elevated TEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Christopher
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Felicia C Madimenos
- Department of Anthropology, Queens College (CUNY), Flushing, New York.,New York Consortium on Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP), New York, New York
| | | | - Samuel S Urlacher
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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2
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Dowd KP, Szeklicki R, Minetto MA, Murphy MH, Polito A, Ghigo E, van der Ploeg H, Ekelund U, Maciaszek J, Stemplewski R, Tomczak M, Donnelly AE. A systematic literature review of reviews on techniques for physical activity measurement in adults: a DEDIPAC study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:15. [PMID: 29422051 PMCID: PMC5806271 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0636-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The links between increased participation in Physical Activity (PA) and improvements in health are well established. As this body of evidence has grown, so too has the search for measures of PA with high levels of methodological effectiveness (i.e. validity, reliability and responsiveness to change). The aim of this “review of reviews” was to provide a comprehensive overview of the methodological effectiveness of currently employed measures of PA, to aid researchers in their selection of an appropriate tool. A total of 63 review articles were included in this review, and the original articles cited by these reviews were included in order to extract detailed information on methodological effectiveness. Self-report measures of PA have been most frequently examined for methodological effectiveness, with highly variable findings identified across a broad range of behaviours. The evidence-base for the methodological effectiveness of objective monitors, particularly accelerometers/activity monitors, is increasing, with lower levels of variability observed for validity and reliability when compared to subjective measures. Unfortunately, responsiveness to change across all measures and behaviours remains under-researched, with limited information available. Other criteria beyond methodological effectiveness often influence tool selection, including cost and feasibility. However, researchers must be aware of the methodological effectiveness of any measure selected for use when examining PA. Although no “perfect” tool for the examination of PA in adults exists, it is suggested that researchers aim to incorporate appropriate objective measures, specific to the behaviours of interests, when examining PA in free-living environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kieran P Dowd
- Department of Sport and Health Science, Athlone Institute of Technology, Athlone, Ireland
| | - Robert Szeklicki
- University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marco Alessandro Minetto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Marie H Murphy
- School of Health Science, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, UK
| | - Angela Polito
- National Institute for Food and Nutrition Research, Rome, Italy
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10126, Torino, Italy
| | - Hidde van der Ploeg
- Department of Public and Occupational Health, VU University Medical Center, EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ulf Ekelund
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,The Department of Sport Medicine, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janusz Maciaszek
- University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | | | - Maciej Tomczak
- University School of Physical Education in Poznan, Poznan, Poland
| | - Alan E Donnelly
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
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3
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Heng AE, Montaurier C, Cano N, Caillot N, Blot A, Meunier N, Pereira B, Marceau G, Sapin V, Jouve C, Boirie Y, Deteix P, Morio B. Energy expenditure, spontaneous physical activity and with weight gain in kidney transplant recipients. Clin Nutr 2015; 34:457-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2014.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Joffin N, Jaubert AM, Durant S, Bastin J, De Bandt JP, Cynober L, Moinard C, Coumoul X, Forest C, Noirez P. Citrulline reduces glyceroneogenesis and induces fatty acid release in visceral adipose tissue from overweight rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:2320-30. [PMID: 25271764 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE High-fat diet (HFD) increases visceral adipose tissue (AT). Our aim was to evaluate whether citrulline (CIT) affected nonesterified fatty acid (NEFA) metabolism in AT from HFD-fed rats. METHODS AND RESULTS Rats were fed for 8 weeks with either a control diet (CD) or HFD. Retroperitoneal AT explants were exposed to 2.5 mmol/L CIT for 24 h. We analyzed lipolysis, beta-oxidation, glyceroneogenesis, and the expression of the key associated enzymes. CIT doubled NEFA release selectively in HFD AT. Phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase was upregulated 50 and 100% by CIT in CD and HFD AT, respectively. Under CIT, beta-oxidation increased similarly whatever the diet, whereas glyceroneogenesis, which permits NEFA re-esterification, was downregulated 50 and 80% in CD and HFD AT, respectively. In the latter, the important decrease in re-esterification probably explains the rise of NEFA release. A pretreatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor N ω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester abolished CIT effects. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate direct lipolytic and antiglyceroneogenic effects of CIT on CD and HFD AT. The selective CIT-mediated NEFA release from HFD AT was probably the consequence of the drastic decrease in glyceroneogenesis and nitric oxide was a mediator of CIT effects. These results provide evidence for a direct action of CIT on AT to reduce overweight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nolwenn Joffin
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR-S 1124, Faculté des Sciences Fondamentales et Biomédicales, Pharmacologie Toxicologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, Paris, France
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Archer E, Hand GA, Hébert JR, Lau EY, Wang X, Shook RP, Fayad R, Lavie CJ, Blair SN. Validation of a novel protocol for calculating estimated energy requirements and average daily physical activity ratio for the US population: 2005-2006. Mayo Clin Proc 2013; 88:1398-407. [PMID: 24290113 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To validate the PAR protocol, a novel method for calculating population-level estimated energy requirements (EERs) and average physical activity ratio (APAR), in a nationally representative sample of US adults. METHODS Estimates of EER and APAR values were calculated via a factorial equation from a nationally representative sample of 2597 adults aged 20 and 74 years (US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; data collected between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006). Validation of the PAR protocol-derived EER (EER(PAR)) values was performed via comparison with values from the Institute of Medicine EER equations (EER(IOM)). RESULTS The correlation between EER(PAR) and EER(IOM) was high (0.98; P<.001). The difference between EER(PAR) and EER(IOM) values ranged from 40 kcal/d (1.2% higher than EER(IOM)) in obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥30) men to 148 kcal/d (5.7% higher) in obese women. The 2005-2006 EERs for the US population were 2940 kcal/d for men and 2275 kcal/d for women and ranged from 3230 kcal/d in obese (BMI ≥30) men to 2026 kcal/d in normal weight (BMI <25) women. There were significant inverse relationships between APAR and both obesity and age. For men and women, the APAR values were 1.53 and 1.52, respectively. Obese men and women had lower APAR values than normal weight individuals (P¼.023 and P¼.015, respectively) [corrected], and younger individuals had higher APAR values than older individuals (P<.001). CONCLUSION The PAR protocol is an accurate method for deriving nationally representative estimates of EER and APAR values. These descriptive data provide novel quantitative baseline values for future investigations into associations of physical activity and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Archer
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia.
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6
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Kowalski K, Rhodes R, Naylor PJ, Tuokko H, MacDonald S. Direct and indirect measurement of physical activity in older adults: a systematic review of the literature. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2012; 9:148. [PMID: 23245612 PMCID: PMC3549726 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5868-9-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to physiological and cognitive changes that occur with aging, accurate physical activity (PA) measurement in older adults represents a unique challenge. The primary purpose of this study was to systematically review measures of PA and their use and appropriateness with older adults. A secondary aim was to determine the level of agreement between PA measures in older adults. METHODS Literature was identified through electronic databases. Studies were eligible if they examined the correlation and/or agreement between at least 2 measures, either indirect and/or direct, of PA in older adults (> 65 years of age). RESULTS Thirty-six studies met eligibility criteria. The indirect and direct measures of PA across the studies differed widely in their ability to address the key dimensions (i.e., frequency, intensity, time, type) of PA in older adults. The average correlation between indirect and direct measures was moderate (r=0.38). The correlation between indirect and other indirect measures (r=0.29) was weak, while correlations between direct measures with other direct measures were high (real world: r= 0.84; controlled settings: r=0.92). Agreement was strongest between direct PA measures with other direct measures in both real world and laboratory settings. While a clear trend regarding the agreement for mean differences between other PA measures (i.e., direct with indirect, indirect with indirect) did not emerge, there were only a limited number of studies that reported comparable units. CONCLUSIONS Despite the lack of a clear trend regarding the agreement between PA measures in older adults, the findings underscore the importance of valid, accurate and reliable measurement. To advance this field, researchers will need to approach the assessment of PA in older adults in a more standardized way (i.e., consistent reporting of results, consensus over cut-points and epoch lengths, using appropriate validation tools). Until then researchers should be cautious when choosing measures for PA that are appropriate for their research questions and when comparing PA levels across various studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Kowalski
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education and Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada
| | - Ryan Rhodes
- Behavioural Medicine Laboratory, Faculty of Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada
| | - Patti-Jean Naylor
- School of Exercise Science, Physical and Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada
| | - Holly Tuokko
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada
| | - Stuart MacDonald
- Department of Psychology, University of Victoria, Victoria, B.C, Canada
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7
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Leonard WR. Laboratory and field methods for measuring human energy expenditure. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 24:372-84. [PMID: 22419374 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Energetics research is central to the field of human biology. Energy is an important currency for measuring adaptation, because both its acquisition and allocation for biological processes have important implications for survival and reproduction. Recent technological and methodological advances are now allowing human biologists to study variation in energy dynamics with much greater accuracy in a wide variety of ecological contexts. This article provides an overview of the methods used for measuring human energy expenditure (EE) and considers some of the important ecological and evolutionary questions that can be explored from an energetics perspective. Basic principles of calorimetry are first presented, followed by an overview of the equipment used for measuring human EE and work capacity. Methods for measuring three important dimensions of human EE-resting metabolic rate, working/exercising EE, and total EE-are then presented, highlighting key areas of ongoing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Leonard
- Laboratory for Human Biology Research, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.
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Fagour C, Gonzalez C, Suberville C, Higueret P, Rabemanantsoa C, Beauvieux MC, Gin H, Rigalleau V. Early decrease in resting energy expenditure with bedtime insulin therapy. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2009; 35:332-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2009] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Kashiwazaki H, Uenishi K, Kobayashi T, Rivera JO, Coward WA, Wright A. Year-round high physical activity levels in agropastoralists of Bolivian Andes: results from repeated measurements of DLW method in peak and slack seasons of agricultural activities. Am J Hum Biol 2009; 21:337-45. [PMID: 19127525 PMCID: PMC2842569 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
By the repeated use of the doubly labeled water method (DLW), this study aimed to investigate (1) the extent of changes in energy expenditure and physical activity level (PAL) in response to increased agricultural work demands, and (2) whether the seasonal work demands induce the changes in the fairly equitable division of work and similarity of energy needs between men and women observed in our previous study (Phase 1 study; Kashiwazaki et al., 1995: Am J Clin Nutr 62: 901-910). In a rural small agropastoral community of the Bolivian Andes, we made the follow-up study (Phase 2, 14 adults; a time of high agricultural activity) of the Phase 1 study (12 adults; a time of low agricultural activity). In the Phase 2 study, both men and women showed very high PAL (mean+/-SD), but there was no significant difference by sex (men; 2.18 +/- 0.23 (age; 64 +/- 11 years, n = 7), women; 2.26 +/- 0.25 (63 +/- 10 years, n = 7)). The increase of PAL by 11% (P = 0.023) in the Phase 2 was equally occurred in both men and women. The factorial approach underestimated PAL significantly by approximately 15% (P < 0.05). High PAL throughout the year ranging on average 2.0 and 2.2 was attributable to everyday tasks for subsistence and domestic works undertaking over 9-11 h (men spent 2.7 h on agricultural work and 4.7 h on animal herding, whereas women spent 7.3 h almost exclusively on animal herding). The seasonal increase in PAL was statistically significant, but it was smaller than those anticipated from published reports. A flexible division of labor played an important role in the equitable energetic increase in both men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kashiwazaki
- Department of Human Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Decreased Heart Rate in a Geriatric Client After Physical Therapy Intervention and Accommodation With the C-Leg. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1097/jpo.0b013e318193ee0b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Light-intensity activities are important for estimating physical activity energy expenditure using uniaxial and triaxial accelerometers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 105:141-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-008-0883-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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Warwick PM. Factorial estimation of daily energy expenditure using a simplified method was improved by adjustment for excess post-exercise oxygen consumption and thermic effect of food. Eur J Clin Nutr 2006; 60:1337-40. [PMID: 16775582 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study validated a simplified factorial method for measuring energy expenditure (EE) against EE measured by doubly labelled water (DEE), and investigated whether adjustment for excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) and thermic effect of food (TEF) as described by Institute of Medicine (2002) improved the factorial measure. Seventeen normal weight subjects (10 females, seven males) were recruited from among university staff and students. Factorial EE was measured using a 16-activity-category method, published energy costs of activities and measured basal metabolic rate, before (FEE) and after (FEE(adj)) adjustment for EPOC and TEF, and by DEE. FEE underestimated daily EE by 14.6% relative to DEE (P = 0.000), but this underestimate was improved to 5.1% (P = 0.071) when FEE was adjusted for EPOC and TEF. Individual differences between DEE and FEE(adj) ranged from -20.2 to 17.6%, with 88% of subjects showing differences of less than +/-12%.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Warwick
- School of Biological Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.
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Rimbert V, Montaurier C, Bedu M, Boirie Y, Morio B. Behavioral and physiological regulation of body fatness: a cross-sectional study in elderly men. Int J Obes (Lond) 2005; 30:322-30. [PMID: 16231031 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0803113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the characteristics of physical activity that are the most correlated to total and truncal fatness and to physiological parameters involved in fat oxidation in elderly men. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS A total of 25 healthy elderly men selected with a wide range of physical activity behavior (65.9 +/- 3.4 years). MEASUREMENTS Total and truncal fat masses (by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), time spent and energy expended (EE(day)) at specific activity intensities (<40, 40-60, >60% VO2max) during 1 week in free living conditions (using heart rate recording and individual calibrated equations), sport-exercising volume (V(sport), using Baecke questionnaire), maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), muscle fat oxidative capacity (OX(FA), using muscle biopsy), lipid oxidation and respiratory exchange ratio during exercise at 50% VO2max (using indirect calorimetry). RESULTS V(sport) was the main determinant of total and truncal fatness, VO2max and OX(FA) (r = -0.69, P < 0.0001; r = -0.80, P < 0.0001; r = 0.70, P < 0.0001; r = 0.66, P<0.001, respectively). Among physical activity parameters measured over a week, total EE(day) was the main determinant of total fat mass. Furthermore, EE(day) at % VO2max > 60 was closely correlated to truncal fat mass, VO2max and OX(FA) (r = -0.58, P > 0.01; r = 0.55, P < 0.01; r = 0.49, P < 0.05, respectively). Finally, VO2max and OX(FA) were positively correlated to absolute fat oxidation and to the contribution of fat to energy production during moderate exercise. CONCLUSION Sport-exercising volume is the main factor regulating total and truncal fat masses and physiological parameters involved in fat oxidation. With regard to the characteristics of physical activity, overall energy expended during the alert period plays a major role in the regulation of total body fatness. In addition, vigorous exercises may be beneficial for the regulation of abdominal fat depot partly through the stimulation of muscle fat oxidation during the effort.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rimbert
- Protein and Energy Metabolism Research Unit, Human Nutrition Research Centre of Auvergne, INRA, Auvergne University, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Garet M, Boudet G, Montaurier C, Vermorel M, Coudert J, Chamoux A. Estimating relative physical workload using heart rate monitoring: a validation by whole-body indirect calorimetry. Eur J Appl Physiol 2004; 94:46-53. [PMID: 15609030 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-004-1228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Measuring physical workload in occupational medicine is fundamental for risk prevention. An indirect measurement of total and relative energy expenditure (EE) from heart rate (HR) is widely used but it has never been validated. The aim of this study was to validate this HR-estimated energy expenditure (HREEE) method against whole-body indirect calorimetry. Twenty-four-hour HR and EE values were recorded continuously in a calorimetric chambers for 52 adult males and females (19-65 years). An 8-h working period was retained, comprising several exercise sessions on a cycloergometer at intensities up to 65% of the peak rate of oxygen uptake. HREEE was calculated with reference to cardiac reserve. A corrected HREEE (CHREEE) was also calculated with a modification to the lowest value of cardiac reserve. Both values were further compared to established methods: the flex-HR method, and the use of a 3rd order polynomial relationship to estimate total and relative EE. No significant difference was found in total EE when measured in a calorimetric chamber or estimated from CHREEE for the working period. A perfect linear and identity relationship was found between CHREEE and energy reserve values for intensities ranging from 15% to 65%. Relative physical workload can be accurately assessed from HR recordings when expressed in CHREEE between 15% to 65%, and EE can be accurately estimated using the CHREEE method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Garet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Service d'explorations fonctionnelles cardio-respiratoires, Saint- Etienne, France.
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Garet M, Barthélémy JC, Degache F, Costes F, Da-Costa A, Isaaz K, Lacour JR, Roche F. A questionnaire-based assessment of daily physical activity in heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2004; 6:577-84. [PMID: 15302005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejheart.2003.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2003] [Revised: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 11/19/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Type and dose of daily energy expenditure (DEE) play a major role in modulations of health status and an increased knowledge of these dimensions of physical activity in congestive heart failure (CHF) patients would be valuable for clinical and epidemiological aims. We propose a new self-administered DEE questionnaire adapted to CHF patients and tested its validity. One hundred and five stable CHF participants, NYHA class I-IV, LVEF=33.2+/-6.1% performed an incremental symptom-limited Vo(2) (peak) test and filled in the questionnaire for DEE calculation. Reproducibility (n=24), sensitivity (n=21) of the questionnaire and inter-observer variability (n=105) were tested. Intensity levels were identified from DEE and their relationships to Vo(2)(peak), ventilatory and anthropometric characteristics were assessed by simple and multiple regression models. Reproducibility and sensitivity were high (r=0.98 and 0.88, respectively, P<0.0001) and inter-observer error reached 1.37%. DEE was highly correlated to physical activity energy expenditure (r=0.96, P<0.0001). Relationships between DEE, Vo(2)(peak), V(E)/Vo(2) and anthropometric characteristics were significant. An activity level above 3 MET was the best intensity criteria related to Vo(2)(peak) (r=0.62, P<0.0001) and DEE (r=0.80, P<0.0001). The questionnaire seems reproducible, sensible and valid for DEE estimation. Vo(2)(peak) appears related to DEE and especially to activities above 3 MET in CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Garet
- Laboratoire de Physiologie, Groupe PPEH, GIPE2S, Hôpital Nord-niv.6, Université Jean Monnet, CHU Nord, 42055 Saint-Etienne Cedex 2, France.
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Garet M, Degache F, Costes F, Da-Costa A, Lacour JR, Barthélémy JC, Roche F. DAQIHF: Methodology and Validation of a Daily Activity Questionnaire in Heart Failure. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004; 36:1275-82. [PMID: 15292732 DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000135776.09613.0d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the validity, reliability, and sensitivity of a new self-administered physical activity questionnaire estimating daily energy expenditure (DEE) in patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). There is a need to develop a low cost, practical, and accurate tool increasing the knowledge of the type and dose of physical activity in patients with CHF for clinical and epidemiological aims. METHODS One hundred five participants with stable CHF performed an incremental symptom-limited VO2(peak) test and completed the questionnaire. For DEE calculation, time spent in each activity was multiplied by its energy cost corrected for weight, age, sex, autonomy, and the total was calculated over 24 h. Reproducibility and sensitivity of the questionnaire as well as interrater reliability were tested. Concurrent validity was assessed against VO2(peak), anthropometric characteristics and data from the literature. RESULTS Test-retest correlation coefficients used to measure reproducibility ranged from 0.82 for activities ranging from 3 to 5 METs to 0.98 for DEE and a paired Student's t-test didn't reach statistical significance for any activity score studied. Interrater reliability was high with an error in DEE estimation of 1.37% (t value = -1.064; P = NS). Sensitivity (changes in VO2(peak) concurrent to changes in DEE) was high (r = 0.88, P < 0.0001). DEE was in line with the literature in patients with CHF and relationships between DEE and VO2(peak) (r = 0.71, P < 0.0001), and DEE and anthropometric characteristics (<0.0001) were significant. Activity level above 3 METs was the best intensity criteria related to VO2(peak) (r = 0.62, P < 0.0001) and DEE (r = 0.80, P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION The questionnaire seems reliable, sensitive and valid for the estimation of DEE. VO2(peak) appears related to global DEE and more particularly to activities above 3 METs in patients with CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Garet
- Laboratory of Physiology, Unit PPEH, University Jean Monnet, CHU Nord, Saint-Etienne, France.
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17
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Blanc S, Schoeller DA, Bauer D, Danielson ME, Tylavsky F, Simonsick EM, Harris TB, Kritchevsky SB, Everhart JE. Energy requirements in the eighth decade of life. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:303-10. [PMID: 14749238 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.2.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowledge of energy requirements among relatively healthy elderly is limited. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study were to measure total energy expenditure (TEE)-derived energy requirements in a biracial population of older adults without limitations to daily life and to test these empirical measures against national and international recommendations. DESIGN TEE (measured by the doubly labeled water method), resting metabolic rate (RMR), activity-related energy expenditure (AEE), and body composition were measured in 288 persons aged 70-79 y selected from the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. RESULTS TEE was lower in women (approximately 530 kcal/d; P < 0.0001) than in men because of the women's lower RMR and AEE. Fat-free mass explained the sex difference in RMR, but body weight failed to account for the women's lower AEE (approximately 1 kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1); P = 0.007). Blacks had lower TEE than did whites (approximately 100 kcal/d, P = 0.03), and that was explained by blacks' lower RMR. Physical activity level (TEE/RMR) did not differ significantly between sexes and races (1.70 +/- 0.23). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations overestimated TEE by 10 +/- 15% (P < 0.0001) in women but not in men, and the dietary reference intakes (DRIs) were accurate to 0 +/- 14% (P = 0.1). Both WHO and DRI recommendations are based on an underestimated physical activity level, and WHO recommendations are based on overestimated RMR. CONCLUSIONS This study of well-functioning older adults confirms the racial difference in energy metabolism and supports the use of the 2002 DRIs. Because the DRIs and WHO recommendations underestimated PAL, new predictive equations of energy requirements are proposed.
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Mischler I, Vermorel M, Montaurier C, Mounier R, Pialoux V, Péquignot JM, Cottet-Emard JM, Coudert J, Fellmann N. Prolonged daytime exercise repeated over 4 days increases sleeping heart rate and metabolic rate. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY = REVUE CANADIENNE DE PHYSIOLOGIE APPLIQUEE 2003; 28:616-29. [PMID: 12904638 DOI: 10.1139/h03-047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the influence of prolonged exercise repeated for 4 days on sleeping heart rate (SHR) and metabolic rate (SMR). Eleven young untrained men exercised at moderate intensity 5 hrs daily for 4 days, alternately on a cycle ergometer (57.0 +/- 1.3% .VO2max) and a treadmill (64.7 +/- 1.6% .VO2max). They spent the night prior to the exercise period (control, C) and the 4 nights following exercise days (N1 to N4) in room calorimeters for the measurement of SHR, SMR, and respiratory quotient (RQ) from midnight until 6 a.m. Every morning, before the exercise bouts, plasma-free epinephrine (E) and norepinephrine (NE) levels were measured. After exercise, all SHR values were significantly higher than at C level (52 +/- 1 bpm, p < 0.001) and the highest value was observed on N2 (61 +/- 2 bpm). SMR increased by 11.2 +/- 1.5% from C to N1, p < 0.001, and then plateaued up to N4, whereas RQ decreased from C (0.833 +/- 0.009) to N2 (0.798 +/- 0.005) and then plateaued. Plasma NE levels were higher the morning after each day of exercise and peaked on N2, whereas no significant variations were found for E. Variations of SHR between C and N2, and N3 and N4 were correlated with changes of SMR. No significant relationships were found between morning plasma NE, and either SMR or SHR variations. To conclude, prolonged exercise repeated for 4 days was associated with increases in SHR and SMR during the night following each day of exercise concomitantly with an enhanced lipid oxidation. The sustained stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system may be partly responsible for these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Mischler
- Laboratoire de Physiologie-Biologie du Sport, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Leonard WR. Measuring human energy expenditure: what have we learned from the flex-heart rate method? Am J Hum Biol 2003; 15:479-89. [PMID: 12820190 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.10187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The measurement of daily energy expenditure is an important aspect of research on human health and nutrition. Over the last 30 years, G.B. Spurr has been a leader in developing and implementing methods for more effectively assessing energy expenditure and physical activity in traditional and modernizing populations. One of his most notable contributions has been the development of the "Flex Heart Rate" (flex-HR) method. Since its inception in the late 1980s, the flex-HR method has become a standard tool for measuring daily energy expenditure in free-living human populations. This article reviews the initial development and validation of the flex-HR technique, and examines recent refinements of the method and its application to research in biomedicine and human population biology. The review and analyses highlight how the flex-HR technique has improved on earlier methods of assessing energy expenditure and greatly advanced our understanding of variability in human energy requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Leonard
- Laboratory for Human Biology Research, Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Arieli A, Kalouti A, Aharoni Y, Brosh A. Assessment of energy expenditure by daily heart rate measurement—validation with energy accretion in sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0301-6226(02)00094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Increasing rates obesity and related chronic diseases in the United States and other parts of the world appear to be partly attributable to declining levels of physical activity. Given that adult obesity and chronic diseases often have their origins in childhood, there is a critical need to better understand how activity and fitness levels in childhood and adolescence shape health status in adulthood. The four papers in this series on physical activity draw on several longitudinal studies to examine the relationships between levels of physical activity and health-related fitness in childhood and adolescence to those in adulthood. These studies consistently demonstrate that adult activity levels and associated health outcomes are only modestly correlated with activity and fitness measures from childhood and adolescence. However, it appears that the methodological limitations in measuring activity levels may result in an underestimation of the importance of the influence of physical activity on health. Newer methods of measuring activity and energy expenditure offer to substantially improve our understanding of the influence of activity patterns on human health and fitness. Such information is necessary for promoting lifestyle changes that will reduce the risks of obesity and other chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Leonard
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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22
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Morio B, Hocquette JF, Montaurier C, Boirie Y, Bouteloup-Demange C, McCormack C, Fellmann N, Beaufrère B, Ritz P. Muscle fatty acid oxidative capacity is a determinant of whole body fat oxidation in elderly people. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001; 280:E143-9. [PMID: 11120668 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.1.e143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In sedentary elderly people, a reduced muscle fatty acid oxidative capacity (MFOC) may explain a decrease in whole body fat oxidation. Eleven sedentary and seven regularly exercising subjects (65.6 +/- 4. 5 yr) were characterized for their aerobic fitness [maximal O(2) uptake (VO(2 max))/kg fat free mass (FFM)] and their habitual daily physical activity level [free-living daily energy expenditure divided by sleeping metabolic rate (DEE(FLC)/SMR)]. MFOC was determined by incubating homogenates of vastus lateralis muscle with [1-(14)C]palmitate. Whole body fat oxidation was measured by indirect calorimetry over 24 h. MFOC was 40.4 +/- 14.7 and 44.3 +/- 16.3 nmol palmitate. g wet tissue(-1). min(-1) in the sedentary and regularly exercising individuals, respectively (P = nonsignificant). MFOC was positively correlated with DEE(FLC)/SMR (r = 0.58, P < 0. 05) but not with VO(2 max)/kg FFM (r = 0.35, P = nonsignificant). MFOC was the main determinant of fat oxidation during all time periods including physical activity. Indeed, MFOC explained 19.7 and 30.5% of the variance in fat oxidation during walking and during the alert period, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, MFOC explained 23.0% of the variance in fat oxidation over 24 h (P < 0.05). It was concluded that, in elderly people, MFOC may be influenced more by overall daily physical activity than by regular exercising. MFOC is a major determinant of whole body fat oxidation during physical activities and, consequently, over 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morio
- Laboratoire de Nutrition Humaine, Université d'Auvergne, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine d'Auvergne, 63009 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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23
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Levadoux E, Morio B, Montaurier C, Puissant V, Boirie Y, Fellmann N, Picard B, Rousset P, Beaufrere B, Ritz P. Reduced whole-body fat oxidation in women and in the elderly. Int J Obes (Lond) 2001; 25:39-44. [PMID: 11244456 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the increase in fat mass observed with aging might be related to a decrease in whole-body fat oxidation. SUBJECTS AND MEASUREMENTS Forty volunteers had measurements of sleeping and 24 h substrate oxidation in calorimetric chambers, body composition with the (18)O dilution technique, VO(2)max, and fiber composition analysis from a biopsy of vastus lateralis. They were divided into 10 young women, 10 young men, 10 elderly women and 10 elderly men. RESULTS Sleeping fat oxidation and 24 h fat oxidation were lower in women than in men and in elderly than in young participants. Sleeping fat oxidation was correlated to fat-free mass and energy balance (multivariate analysis). Twenty four hour fat oxidation was correlated to total energy expenditure and energy balance (multivariate analysis). After adjustment for differences in these factors, sleeping and 24 h fat oxidation were no longer different between age and sex groups. None of the parameters of macronutrient metabolism was correlated with muscle fiber composition. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that fat oxidation is lower in elderly subjects. This difference could favour fat mass gain if fat intake is not adequately reduced. Differences in fat-free mass and in total energy expenditure appear to participate in the reduction in fat oxidation. International Journal of Obesity (2001) 25, 39-44
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Affiliation(s)
- E Levadoux
- Human Nutrition Laboratory, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Cooling J, Blundell JE. Lean male high- and low-fat phenotypes--different routes for achieving energy balance. Int J Obes (Lond) 2000; 24:1561-6. [PMID: 11126206 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated how energy expenditure may contribute to energy balance in lean male individuals consuming a diet either high or low in fat. METHODS Fifteen high-fat phenotypes (HF) and 15 low-fat phenotypes (LF) participated in the study. Energy intake and macronutrient intake variables were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire and 3 day food diaries. Total energy expenditure (TEE) was estimated from 24h heart rate monitoring and factorial methods. Habitual physical activity was measured using the Baecke questionnaire. RESULTS There were no anthropometric differences between HF and LF. HF had a significantly higher heart rate over 24 h; this was particularly evident during the sleeping phase. There were no differences in TEE between HF and LF, but HF were more sedentary than LF. CONCLUSIONS In these young male subjects a high fat intake was associated with increased sedentariness; however, higher heart rates (basal and post-meal) could indicate that energy balance was achieved by relatively high basal metabolism and an increase in dietary-induced themogenesis (physiological route). In contrast LF could maintain energy balance through relatively high levels of physical activity (behavioural route).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cooling
- BioPyschology Group, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, UK.
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Cynober L, Alix E, Arnaud-Battandier F, Bonnefoy M, Brocker P, Cals MJ, Cherbut C, Coplo C, Ferry M, Ghisolfi-Marque A, Kravtchenko T, Lesourd B, Mignot C, Patureau Mirand P. Apports nutritionnels conseillés chez la personne âgée. NUTR CLIN METAB 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0985-0562(00)80002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Morio B, Montaurier C, Pickering G, Ritz P, Fellmann N, Coudert J, Beaufrère B, Vermorel M. Effects of 14 weeks of progressive endurance training on energy expenditure in elderly people. Br J Nutr 1998; 80:511-9. [PMID: 10211049 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114598001603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Effects of progressive endurance training on energy expenditure (EE) were studied in thirteen elderly sedentary subjects (62.8 (SD 2.3) years) after 7 and 14 weeks of training. Daily EE (DEE) and energy cost of the various usual activities were measured over 48 h by whole-body indirect calorimetry. Free-living DEE (DEEFLC) was calculated from 7 d activity recordings and the energy costs of activities were measured in the calorimeters using the factorial method. DEEFLC did not vary significantly throughout the training period despite the additional energy cost of training sessions (0.60 (SD 0.15) MJ/d), because energy expended during free-living activities (EEACT) decreased by 4.8 (SD 7.1)% (P < 0.05) and 7.7 (SD 8.6)% (P < 0.01) after 7 and 14 weeks of training respectively. Measurements in the calorimeters showed that sleeping metabolic rate transiently increased by 4.6 (SD 3.2)% after 7 weeks of training (P < 0.001) and returned to its initial level after 14 weeks of training. BMR was 7.6 (SD 7.0)% (P < 0.01) and 4.1 (SD 6.1)% (P = NS) higher after 7 and 14 weeks of training respectively, than before training. Likewise, diet-induced thermogenesis increased from 3.7 (SD 2.5) to 7.2 (SD 2.8)% energy intake after 7 weeks of training (P < 0.05), and returned to its initial level after 14 weeks of training (4.2 (SD 2.6)% energy intake). Despite these changes, energy expended during activities and the corresponding DEE did not vary throughout the training period. It was concluded that: (1) DEEFLC remained constant throughout the training period due to a compensatory decrease in free-living EEACT; (2) progressive endurance training induced a transient increase in sleeping metabolic rate, BMR and diet-induced thermogenesis after 7 weeks which was not reflected in the energy expended during activities and DEE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Morio
- Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, LNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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27
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Treuth MS, Adolph AL, Butte NF. Energy expenditure in children predicted from heart rate and activity calibrated against respiration calorimetry. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:E12-8. [PMID: 9688868 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.1998.275.1.e12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to predict energy expenditure (EE) from heart rate (HR) and activity calibrated against 24-h respiration calorimetry in 20 children. HR, oxygen consumption (VO2), carbon dioxide production (VCO2), and EE were measured during rest, sleep, exercise, and over 24 h by room respiration calorimetry on two separate occasions. Activity was monitored by a leg vibration sensor. The calibration day (day 1) consisted of specified behaviors categorized as inactive (lying, sitting, standing) or active (two bicycle sessions). On the validation day (day 2), the child selected activities. Separate regression equations for VO2, VCO2, and EE for method 1 (combining awake and asleep using HR, HR2, and HR3), method 2 (separating awake and asleep), and method 3 (separating awake into active and inactive, and combining activity and HR) were developed using the calibration data. For day 1, the errors were similar for 24-h VO2, VCO2, and EE among methods and also among HR, HR2, and HR3. The methods were validated using measured data from day 2. There were no significant differences in HR, VO2, VCO2, respiratory quotient, and EE values during rest, sleep, or over the 24 h between days 1 and 2. Applying the linear HR equations to day 2 data, the errors were the lowest with the combined HR/activity method (-2.6 +/- 5.2%, -4.1 +/- 5.9%, -2.9 +/- 5.1% for VO2, VCO2, and EE, respectively). To demonstrate the utility of the HR/activity method, HR and activity were monitored for 24 h at home (day 3). Free-living EE was predicted as 7,410 +/- 1,326 kJ/day. In conclusion, the combination of HR and activity is an acceptable method for determining EE not only for groups of children, but for individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Treuth
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service Children's Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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