The effect of diosmin hesperidin on intestinal ischaemia--reperfusion injury

Metabolism and pharmacological activities of the natural health-benefiting compound diosmin

Diosmin is a famous natural flavonoid for treating chronic venous insufficiency and varicose veins.

Diosmin ameliorative effects on oxidative stress and fibrosis in paraquat-induced lung injury in mice

Paraquat (PQ) induces pulmonary fibrosis, a progressive lung disorder resulting in severe respiratory failure and death. Increased oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, and multiple fibrotic lesions are major features of PQ-induced lung injury. Diosmin (Dio) is a safe drug that is available for clinical use for vascular disorders. Dio exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic activities. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effect of diosmin on PQ-induced lung injury in mice and the underlying mechanisms involved. Lung injury was induced by PQ (30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) in NMRI albino mice and Dio (50 and 100 mg/kg, gavage) was administrated 3 days before PQ and continued for 10 or 24 days. After euthanizing the mice, the biochemical and histopathological markers of lung tissue were determined. PQ significantly increased oxidative stress, inflammatory, and fibrotic markers. PQ increased the level of malonedaldehyde (MDA) and hydroxyproline (HYP) and decreased the level of glutathione (GSH) and catalase activity in the lung. Dio (50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly increased GSH levels and catalase activity and decreased HYP content and MDA levels. In addition, Dio reduced histopathological injuries in hematoxylin and eosin-stained and Masson's trichrome-stained sections. These findings suggest that Dio has protective effects against PQ-induced lung injury, which may be due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antifibrotic effects.

Effects of verapamil, nifedipine, and daflon on the viability of reverse-flow island flaps in rats

Reverse-flow flaps are preferable in reconstructive surgery due to their several advantages. However, they may have venous insufficiency and poor blood flow. In this study, effects of various pharmacological agents on the viability of reverse-flow flaps were investigated. Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Superficial epigastric artery- and superficial epigastric vein-based reverse-flow island flaps were preferred. The rats were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 was considered as the control group. Group 2 was given verapamil 0.3 mg/kg per day, group 3 nifedipine 0.5 mg/kg per day, and group 4 Daflon 80 mg/kg per day for 7 days. On day 7, viable flap areas were measured, angiography was performed, serum nitric oxide levels were evaluated, and histopathological examination was done.The mean flap viability rate was 67.59% (±13.12259) in group 1, 77.38% (±4.12506) in group 2, 74.57% (±3.44780) in group 3, and 85.39% (±4.36125) in group 4 (P = 0.001). The mean nitric oxide level was 31.66 μmol/dL (±2.42212) in group 1, 51.00 μmol/dL (±2.96648) in group 2, 34.00 μmol/dL (±2.96648) in group 3, and 47.66 μmol/dL (±2.80476) in group 4 (P = 0.001). On angiography, there were vessel dilations and convolutions in group 2; capillaries became noticeable, and anastomotic vessels extended toward the more distal part of the flaps in group 4. Histological examinations showed severe inflammation in group 3 and minimal inflammation and venous vasodilatation in group 2.Verapamil and Daflon in therapeutic doses significantly increased the viability of reverse-flow island flaps. However, nifedipine did not make a significant contribution to the flap viability. The results of this study will contribute to the literature about the hemodynamics of reverse-flow island flaps and guide further studies on the issue.

Diosmin protects rat retina from ischemia/reperfusion injury

OBJECTIVE

Diosmin, a natural flavone glycoside, possesses antioxidant activity and has been used to alleviate ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. The aim of this study was to clarify whether the administration of diosmin has a protective effect against I/R injury induced using the high intraocular pressure (IOP) model in rat retina, and to determine the possible antioxidant mechanisms involved.

METHODS

Retinal I/R injury was induced in the rats by elevating the IOP to 110 mmHg for 60 min. Diosmin (100 mg/kg) or vehicle solution was administered intragastrically 30 min before the onset of ischemia and then daily after I/R injury until the animals were sacrificed. The levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and the activities of total-superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) in the retinal tissues were determined 24 h after I/R injury. At 7 days post-I/R injury, electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded, and the density of surviving retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was estimated by counting retrograde tracer-labeled cells in whole-mounted retinas. Retinal histological changes were also examined and quantified using light microscopy.

RESULTS

Diosmin significantly decreased the MDA levels and increased the activities of T-SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT in the retina of rats compared with the ischemia group (P<0.05), and suppressed the I/R-induced reduction in the a- and b-wave amplitudes of the ERG (P<0.05). The thickness of the entire retina, inner nuclear layer, inner plexiform layer, and outer retinal layer and the number of cells in the ganglion cell layer were significantly less after I/R injury (P<0.05), and diosmin remarkably ameliorated these changes on retinal morphology. Diosmin also attenuated the I/R-induced loss of RGCs of the rat retina (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Diosmin protected the retina from I/R injury, possibly via a mechanism involving the regulation of oxidative parameters.

Purified micronized flavonoid fraction ameliorates the injury of spleen and ileum secondary to hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats

BACKGROUND

Flavonoids have been subjected to considerable investigations due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Yet the effects of flavonoids on the ileum and spleen against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury have so far not been addressed.

AIMS

We aimed to investigate whether micronized purified flavonoid fraction (MPFF) protects the ileum and spleen against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury.

METHODS

Rats were subjected to hepatic ischemia by clamping the hilar area of the rats for 60 min, followed by 60 min of reperfusion. Rats in the treatment group were treated with MPFF (80 mg/kg/day) by gavage for 3 days before surgery, 30 min prior to ischemia and just before the reperfusion. After the reperfusion period, all rats were sacrificed. Ileal and splenic tissues were taken for histological evaluation and determination of the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase, total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) levels.

RESULTS

TAC levels in the splenic tissue and intestinal tissue were significantly higher in the treatment group than in the control group (P < 0.01 for both). TOS, OSI, and MPO in splenic tissue (P < 0.01, P < 0.05, and P < 0.05, respectively) and intestinal tissue (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, and P < 0.001, respectively) were significantly lower in the treatment group than in the control group. Histological tissue damage of intestinal tissue was milder in the treatment group than in the control group.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study indicated that MPFF pretreatment significantly limited the injury to the small intestine and spleen induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats.