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FOXD1 expression in head and neck squamous carcinoma: a study based on TCGA, GEO and meta-analysis. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:229252. [PMID: 34269372 PMCID: PMC8319493 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20210158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Forkhead box D1 (FOXD1) is a new member of FOX transcription factor family. FOXD1 has demonstrated multi-level roles during normal development and several diseases' pathogenesis. However, litter is known about the role of FOXD1 in the progression of head and neck squamous cancer (HNSC). In the present study, we analyzed FOXD1 expression pattern using TCGA dataset, GEO datasets, HNSC cell lines and HNSC tissues. Then, we analyzed the correlation between FOXD1 expression and clinical characteristics, and evaluated the prognostic value of FOXD1 in HNSC. Moreover, we assessed the relationship between FOXD1 expression and tumor environment (TME) and immune cell infiltration using ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT algorithms. Finally, we predicted the FOXD1-related biological processes and signal pathways. FOXD1 was up-regulated in HNSC tissues in TCGA datasets, validated by GEO datasets, HNSC cell lines and HNSC tissues. FOXD1 expression was significantly associated with tumor site and HPV infection. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that FOXD1 expression was an independent prognostic factor. Moreover, we found that the proportions of naïve B cells, plasma cells, and resting dendritic cells were negatively correlated with FOXD1 expression, otherwise, the proportion of activated mast cells was positively correlated with FOXD1 expression using CIBERSORT algorithm. GSEA analyses revealed that FOXD1 was mainly involved in cancer-related signaling pathway and metabolism-related pathways. FOXD1 was a potential oncogene, and might represent an indicator for predicting overall survival of HNSC patients. Moreover, many cancer-related pathways and metabolism-related processes may be regulated by FOXD1.
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Karpathiou G, Dumollard JM, Peoc'h M. Laryngeal Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1296:79-101. [PMID: 34185287 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59038-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment has been extensively studied in various forms of cancer, like head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Progress in the field revealed the prognostic significance of the various components of the tumor's ecosystem and led to changes in treatment strategies, like including immunotherapy as an important tool. In this chapter, the microenvironment of tumors with a special interest in laryngeal cancer will be described. The issues assessed include innate immune response factors, like neutrophils, neutrophil extracellular traps (NET), platelets, macrophages M1 or M2, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, as well as adaptive immunity aspects, like cytotoxic, exhausted and regulatory T cells, and immune checkpoints (PD-1/PD-L1, CTLA4). Also, stroma-associated factors, like fibroblasts, fibrosis, extracellular matrix, vessels and perineural invasion, hypoxia and cancer metabolism aspects, as well as the pre-metastatic niche, exosomes and cGAS-STING, are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Karpathiou
- Pathology Department, North Hospital, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Jean Marc Dumollard
- Pathology Department, North Hospital, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Michel Peoc'h
- Pathology Department, North Hospital, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
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Lee YS, Radford KJ. The role of dendritic cells in cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 348:123-178. [PMID: 31810552 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2019.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy harnesses the ability of the immune system to recognize and eliminate cancer. The potent ability of dendritic cells (DCs) to initiate and regulate adaptive immune responses underpins the successful generation of anti-tumor immune responses. DCs are a heterogeneous leukocyte population comprised of distinct subsets that drive specific types of immune responses. Understanding how DCs induce tumor immune responses and the mechanisms adopted by tumors to evade DC surveillance is essential to render immunotherapies more effective. This review discusses current knowledge of the roles played by different DC subsets in human cancer and how these might be manipulated as new immunotherapeutics to improve CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses, with a particular focus on the conventional type 1 DCs (cDC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoke Seng Lee
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Mater Research Institute-The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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Fong FLY, Shah NP, Kirjavainen P, El-Nezami H. Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Bacteria on Intestinal and Systemic Immunities and Antigen-Presenting Cells. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 35:179-88. [PMID: 26606641 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1096937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulation has been shown to be one of the major functions of probiotic bacteria. This review is presented to provide detailed information on the immunomodulatory properties of probiotics in various animal models and clinical practices. Probiotics can regulate helper T (Th) responses and release of cytokines in a strain-specific manner. For example, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG can induce beneficial Th1 immunomodulatory effect in infants with cow's milk allergy and relieve intestinal inflammation in atopic children by promoting IL-10 generation. Mechanism of action of probiotics on antigen-presenting cells at gastrointestinal tract is also postulated in this review. Probiotic bacterial cells and their soluble factors may activate dendritic cells, macrophages, and to certain extent monocytes via toll-like-receptor recognition and may further provoke specific Th responses. They are speculated to elicit immunomodulatory effects on intestinal and systemic immunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Long Yan Fong
- a School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.,b Present address: School of Science and Technology , The Open University of Hong Kong >, Hong Kong
| | - Nagendra P Shah
- a School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong
| | - Pirkka Kirjavainen
- b Present address: School of Science and Technology , The Open University of Hong Kong >, Hong Kong.,c Present address: Department of Environmental Health , National Institute for Health and Welfare , Kuopio , Finland
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- a School of Biological Sciences , The University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong.,d Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition , University of Easter Finland , Kuopio , Finland
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Cornwall SMJ, Wikstrom M, Musk AW, Alvarez J, Nowak AK, Nelson DJ. Human mesothelioma induces defects in dendritic cell numbers and antigen-processing function which predict survival outcomes. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1082028. [PMID: 27057464 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1082028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is an almost invariably fatal tumor with chemotherapy extending survival by a few months. One immunotherapeutic strategy is to target dendritic cells (DCs), key antigen-presenting cells involved in antigen presentation, to induce antigen-specific T cell responses. However, DC-targeting will only be effective if DCs are fit-for-purpose, and the functional status of DCs in mesothelioma patients was not clear. We found that mesothelioma patients have significantly decreased numbers of circulating myeloid (m)DC1 cells, mDC2 cells and plasmacytoid (p)DCs relative to healthy age and gender-matched controls. Blood monocytes from patients could not differentiate into immature monocyte-derived DCs (MoDCs), indicated by a significantly reduced ability to process antigen and reduced expression of costimulatory (CD40, CD80 and CD86) and MHC (HLA-DR) molecules, relative to controls. Activation of mesothelioma-derived MoDCs with LPS+/-IFNγ generated partially mature MoDCs, evident by limited upregulation of the maturation marker, CD83, and the costimulatory markers. Attempts to rescue mesothelioma-derived DC function using CD40Ligand(L) also failed, indicated by maintenance of antigen-processing capacity and limited upregulation of CD40, CD83, CD86 and HLA-DR. These data suggest that mesothelioma patients have significant numerical and functional DC defects and that their reduced capacity to process antigen and reduced expression of costimulatory molecules could induce anergized/tolerized T cells. Nonetheless, survival analyses revealed that individuals with mesothelioma and higher than median levels of mDC1s and/or whose MoDCs matured in response to LPS, IFNγ or CD40L lived longer, implying their selection for DC-targeting therapy could be promising especially if combined with another treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M J Cornwall
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Immunology and Cancer Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia; CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Arthur W Musk
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital , Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - John Alvarez
- The Mount Hospital , 150 Mounts Bay Rd , Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Anna K Nowak
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia; Department of Medical Oncology, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Delia J Nelson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Immunology and Cancer Group, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia (WA), Australia; CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
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Lang F, Linlin M, Ye T, Yuhai Z. Alterations of dendritic cell subsets and TH1/TH2 cytokines in the peripheral circulation of patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. J Clin Lab Anal 2013; 26:365-71. [PMID: 23001982 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendritic cells (DCs) and cytokines play an important role in the tumor growth and recurrence. METHODS Sixty-six patients with superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (STCCB) and 38 healthy controls were studied to investigate the percentages of DC subsets, monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) function, and alterations of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. MoDCs were generated and three-color flow cytometry was used for determining the phenotype of MoDCs and DC subsets. The ability to stimulate autologous T cells was tested in mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). The levels of various cytokines were measured using commercially available sandwich enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. RESULTS The myeloid DC (mDC) counts, MoDC surface molecular expression, and stimulatory capacity to T cells were impaired in STCCB patients than in controls. The percentage of mDC and the expression of CD80, CD83, and CD86 were lower in patients showing recurrence. The serum levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ were found to be significantly lower while IL-4, IL-6, and IL-10 were significantly higher in STCCB patients than in controls. IL-6 was found to be significantly higher in recurrent patients. CONCLUSION The impairment of mDC counts and MoDC function with imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines was closely associated with proliferation and recurrence of STCCB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Lang
- Department of Urology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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[The assessment of selected molecules belonging to B7 family on the mature dendritic cells in laryngeal cancer patients]. Otolaryngol Pol 2012. [PMID: 23200563 DOI: 10.1016/j.otpol.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED B7-H1, B7-H2 and B7-H4 molecules play various roles in the adaptive immune system and are broadly expressed on many cells, especially those localized in cancer tissue. The aim of the study was to assess the surface expression of B7-H1, B7-H2 and B7-H4 molecules on the mature dendritic cells (DC) generated from peripheral blood monocytes of laryngeal cancer patients and healthy donors. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-four male patients treated surgically for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx were included in the study. Peripheral blood from twelve healthy male donors was used as a control. Mononuclear cells were separated from all individuals by density gradient centrifugation, incubated with anti-CD14 microbeads, and passed through MACS separation columns. The CD14 positive cell population was used to prepare monocyte derived DC. Laryngeal cancer tissue was obtained from patients during surgical treatment and homogenized to prepare tumor cell lysates for further stimulation. We evaluated with the use of flow cytometry method the percentage of cells with an expression and mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) of surface markers, such as: CD83, B7-H1, B7-H2, B7-H4. RESULTS Our study revealed that the percentage of mature dendritic cells, stimulated with autologous tumor cell lysates, with the expression of B7-H1 molecule in patients was lower than in healthy donors (61.81 ± 25.58% vs 93.02 ± 4.63%, p=0.007). In laryngeal cancer patients, the percentage of CD83+/B7-H2+ cells was higher than in healthy individuals (18.32 ± 10.74% vs 2.89 ± 0.43%, p=0.019). CONCLUSIONS There is a relation between the presence of laryngeal cancer and the expression of B7 family molecules.
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Yang M, Li W, Liu YY, Fu S, Qiu GB, Sun KL, Fu WN. Promoter hypermethylation-induced transcriptional down-regulation of the gene MYCT1 in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:219. [PMID: 22672838 PMCID: PMC3472177 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MYCT1, previously named MTLC, is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene. MYCT1 was cloned from laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) and has been found to be down-regulated in LSCC; however, the regulatory details have not been fully elucidated. Methods Here, we sought to investigate the methylation status of the CpG islands of MYCT1 and mRNA levels by bisulfite-specific PCR (BSP) based on sequencing restriction enzyme digestion, reverse transcription and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ-PCR). The function of specific sites in the proximal promoter of MYCT1 in LSCC was measured by transient transfection, luciferase assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and chromatin immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP). Results The results suggested hypermethylation of 12 CpG sites of the promoter in both laryngeal cancer tissues and the laryngeal cancer line Hep-2 cell. The hypermethylation of the site CGCG (−695 to −692), which has been identified as the c-Myc binding site, was identified in laryngeal cancer tissues (59/73) compared to paired mucosa (13/73); in addition, statistical analysis revealed that the methylation status of this site significantly correlated with cancer cell differentiation(p < 0.01). The mRNA level of MYCT1 increased in Hep-2 cells treated with 5-aza-C (p < 0.01). The luciferase activity from mutant transfectants pGL3-MYCT1m (−852/+12, mut-695-C > A, mut-693-C > G) was significantly reduced compared with the wild type pGL3-MYCT1 (−852/+12), while the luciferase activity from wild transfectants pGL3-MYCT1 (−852/+12) rose after 5-aza treatment in Hep-2 cells. Finally, EMSA and ChIP confirmed that the methylation of the CGCG (−695 to −692) site prevented c-Myc from binding of the site and demethylation treatment of the 5′ flanking region of MYCT1 by 5-aza induced the increased occupation of the core promoter by c-Myc (p < 0.01). Conclusion In summary, this study concluded that hypermethylation contributed to the transcriptional down-regulation of MYCT1 and could inhibit cancer cell differentiation in LSCC. DNA methylation of the CGCG site (−695 to −692) of MYCT1 altered the promoter activity by interfering with its binding to c-Myc in LSCC. Epigenetic therapy of reactivating MYCT1 by 5-aza should be further evaluated in clinical trails of LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, China Medical University, Shenyang, P.R. China
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