Lead-Selective Membrane Potentiometric Sensor Based On A Recently Synthesized Dimethyl Benzo Tetrathia Fulvalene

Development of an optode based on 2-amino-4-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl pyridine-3-ol and tri-n-octyl phosphine oxide for trace-level lead detection in complex samples

A new selective optode has been created for the ultra-sensitive detection of lead ions at trace levels. The membrane is created by incorporating tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO), 2-amino-4-(4-nitrophenyl)diazenyl pyridine-3-ol (ANPDP), and sodium tetraphenylborate (Na-TPB) into a matrix of plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and o-nitrophenyloctyl ether (o-NPOE). ANPDP serves as a chromophore in this design, while TOPO promotes the formation of a complex between lead ions (Pb2+) and ANPDP, resulting in a cooperative interaction. The composition of the optode was optimized to achieve maximum sensor performance. The sensor exhibits a linear dynamic range from 6.0 to 160 ng mL-1, with quantification and detection limits of 5.9 ng mL-1 and 1.8 ng mL-1, respectively. The membrane demonstrated rapid response times and long-term durability, with no detectable leaching of ANPDP. To ensure accurate total lead determination, Pb4+ ions were reduced to Pb2+ using 6.00 M HCl and freshly prepared 2.50% (w/v) sodium azide. The optode sensor exhibited superior specificity for Pb2+ ions, even when other ions that could potentially interfere were present. It could be effectively regenerated by treatment with 0.1 M ethylenedi-aminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), restoring its functionality for repeated use. The sensor was successfully applied to detect lead in various complex matrices, including biological fluids, environmental water, and food samples, demonstrating its broad applicability and reliability for real-world lead monitoring.

Poly(vinyl) chloride membrane copper-selective electrode based on 1-phenyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenylhydrazo)butane-1,3-dione

1-Phenyl-2-(2-hydroxyphenylhydrazo)butane-1,3-dione (H(2)L) was used as an effective ionophore for copper-selective poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) membrane electrodes. Optimization of the composition of the membrane and of the conditions of the analysis was performed, and under the optimized conditions the electrode has a detection limit of 6.30×10(-7) M Cu(II) at pH 4.0 with response time 10s and displays a linear EMF versus log[Cu(2+)] response over the concentration range 2.0×10(-6) to 5.0×10(-3) M Cu(II) with a Nernstian slope of 28.80±0.11 mV/decade over the pH range of 3.0-8.0. The sensor is stable for 9 weeks and exhibits good selectivity with respect to alkali, alkali earth and transition metal ions (e.g. Na(+), K(+), Ba(2+), Ca(2+), Zn(2+), Cd(2+), Co(2+), Mn(2+), Ni(2+), Fe(2+), Al(3+)) in the 3.0-8.0 pH range. It was successfully applied for the direct determination of copper(II) in zinc, aluminum and nickel based alloys, in soils polluted by oil, and as an indicator electrode for potentiometric titration of copper ions with EDTA.

Lead-selective poly(vinyl chloride) electrodes based on some synthesized benzo-substituted macrocyclic diamides

A series of recently synthesized benzo- and pyridine-substituted macrocyclic diamides were studied to characterize their abilities as lead ion carriers in PVC membrane electrodes. The electrode based on 3,15,21-triaza-4,5;13,14-dibenzo-6,9,12-trioxabicycloheneicosa-1,17,19-triene-2,16-dione exhibits a Nernstian response for Pb2+ ions over a wide concentration range (1.3 x 10(-2) to 3.6 x 10(-6) mol L(-1)) with a limit of detection of 2.0 x 10(-6) mol L(-1) (0.4 ppm). The response time of the sensor is approximately 16 s, and the membrane can be used for more than two months without observing any deviation. The electrode revealed comparatively good selectivities with respect to many cations including alkali earth, transition and heavy metal ions. The proposed sensor could be used in pH range of 3.7-6.5. It was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of chromate ions with a lead ion solution.

Developments in the Field of Conducting and Non-conducting Polymer Based Potentiometric Membrane Sensors for Ions Over the Past Decade

Many research studies have been conducted on the use of conjugated polymers in the construction of chemical sensors including potentiometric, conductometric and amperometric sensors or biosensors over the last decade. The induction of conductivity on conjugated polymers by treating them with suitable oxidizing agents won Heeger, MacDiarmid and Shirakawa the 2000 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Common conjugated polymers are poly(acetylene)s, poly(pyrrole)s, poly(thiophene)s, poly(terthiophene)s, poly(aniline)s, poly(fluorine)s, poly(3-alkylthiophene)s, polytetrathiafulvalenes, polynapthalenes, poly(p-phenylene sulfide), poly(p-phenylenevinylene)s, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), polyparaphenylene, polyazulene, polyparaphenylene sulfide, polycarbazole and polydiaminonaphthalene. More than 60 sensors for inorganic cations and anions with different characteristics based on conducting polymers have been reported. There have also been reports on the application of non-conducting polymers (nCPs), i.e. PVC, in the construction of potentiometric membrane sensors for determination of more than 60 inorganic cations and anions. However, the leakage of ionophores from the membranes based on these polymers leads to relatively lower life times. In this article, we try to give an overview of Solid-Contact ISE (SCISE), Single-Piece ISE (SPISE), Conducting Polymer (CP)-Based, and also non-conducting polymer PVC-based ISEs for various ions which their difference is in the way of the polymer used with selective membrane. In SCISEs and SPISEs, the plasticized PVC containing the ionophore and ionic additives govern the selectivity behavior of the electrode and the conducting polymer is responsible of ion-to-electron transducer. However, in CPISEs, the conducting polymer layer is doped with a suitable ionophore which enhances the ion selectivity of the CP while its redox response has to be suppressed.

Highly selective iodide membrane electrode based on a cerium salen

A highly selective PVC membrane electrode based on a cerium-salen complex was prepared. The sensor displays an anti-Hofmeister selectivity sequence with a preference for iodide ion over many common organic and inorganic anions. The proposed electrode exhibits a near-Nernstian behavior over a wide concentration range (5.0 x 10(-2) - 8.0 x 10(-6) M) with a slope of 57.5 mV per decade, and a detection limit of 6.0 x 10(-6) M. The electrode has a very fast response time and can be used in the pH range of 3.0 - 1 1.0. It was applied, as an indicator electrode, in potentiometric titration of Ag+ ions.

Lead(II)-Selective Electrode Based on Phenyl Disulfide

A PVC membrane electrode for lead ions based on phenyl disulfide as the membrane carrier was developed. The electrode exhibits a good Nernstian slope of 29.3 +/- 0.7 mV/decade and a linear range of 2.0 x 10(-6)-1.0 x 10(-2) M for Pb(NO3)2. The limit of detection is 1.2 x 10(-6) M. It has a response time of 45 s and can be used for at least fifty days without any divergence in potential. The proposed membrane sensor revealed high selectivity for Pb2+ over a wide variety of other metal ions and could be used in the pH range of 3.5-6.3. The electrode was used as an indicator electrode in potentiometric titration of lead ions.

Cobalt(II)-selective membrane electrode based on a recently synthesized benzo-substituted macrocyclic diamide

A PVC-membrane electrode based on a recently synthesized 18-membered macrocyclic diamide is presented. The electrode reveals a Nernstian potentiometric response for Co2+ over a wide concentration range (2.0 x 10(-6)-1.0 x 10(-2) M). The electrode has a response time of about 10 s and can be used for at least 2 months without any divergence. The proposed sensor revealed very good selectivities for Co2+ over a wide variety of other metal ions, and could be used over a wide pH range (3.0-8.0). The detection limit of the sensor is 6.0 x 10(-7) M. It was successfully applied to the direct determination and potentiometric titration of cobalt ion.