Serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in Portugal: comparison of three methods

Early antibody response and clinical outcome in experimental canine leishmaniasis

Infected dogs are the main reservoir of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis, a widespread parasitic disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Therefore, the control of canine infections is required to reduce the incidence of human cases. Disease outcome in dogs depends on the fine balance between parasite virulence and efficacy of the immune system. Thus, knowledge of early response could yield relevant information for diagnosis and follow-up. In our study, 20 Beagle dogs were intravenously infected with 10⁸ amastigotes of a fresh isolate of L. infantum and monitored along 16 weeks post inoculation. Specific antibody response and clinical evolution of infected animals were highly variable. Immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were useful to assess infection status, although only ELISA with promastigote-coated plates and, particularly, western blotting (WB) allowed an early diagnosis. Prominent antigens were identified by mass peptide fingerprinting. Chaperonin HSP60, 32 and 30 KDa antigens were recognized by all dogs on week 10 post infection. This suggests that these antigens may be valuable for early diagnosis. Advanced infection showed, in addition, reactivity to HSP83 and HSP70. Disease outcome did not show a clear relationship with ELISA or IFAT titers. Correlation between the clinical status and the combined reactivity to some antigens sustains their use for diagnosis and follow-up.

Identification of highly specific and cross-reactive antigens of Leishmania species by antibodies from Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi naturally infected dogs

The Leishmania species present a genetic homology that ranges from 69 to 90%. Because of this homology, heterologous antigens have been used in the immunodiagnosis and vaccine development against Leishmania infections. In the current work, we describe the identification of species-specific and cross-reactive antigens among several New World Leishmania species, using symptomatic and asymptomatic naturally Leishmania chagasi-infected dog sera. Soluble antigens from five strains of New World Leishmania were separated by electrophoresis in SDS-PAGE and immunoblotted. Different proteins were uniquely recognized in the L. chagasi panel by either symptomatic or asymptomatic dog sera suggesting their use as markers for the progression of disease and diagnosis of the initial (sub-clinical) phase of the infection. Cross-reactive antigens were identified using heterologous antigenic panels (L. amazonensis strains PH8 and BH6, L. guyanensis and L. braziliensis). L. guyanensis panel showed the highest cross-reactivity against L. chagasi specific antibodies, suggesting that proteins from this extract might be suitable for the diagnosis of visceral canine leishmaniasis. Interestingly, the 51 and 97 kDa proteins of Leishmania were widely recognized (77.8% to 100%) among all antigenic panels tested, supporting their potential use for immunodiagnosis. Finally, we identified several leishmanial antigens that might be useful for routine diagnosis and seroepidemiological studies of the visceral canine leishmaniasis.

Identification of two highly performing Leishmania infantum antigens for serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniosis

In the aim of improving serodiagnosis of canine leishmaniosis, we analysed the humoral immune response of dog against Leishmania infantum parasite. The antigenic reaction of L. infantum polypeptides with sera from 31 dogs with parasitologically confirmed leishmaniosis was studied by using the immunoblot technique. Electrophoretic profile of the parasite extract showed more than 50 polypeptides, with molecular weights ranging from 12 to 170 kDa. Among these polypeptides, 37 antigen components, ranging from 14 to 91 kDa, were recognised by antibodies of L. infantum infected dogs. Three polypeptides (14, 16 and 76 kDa) reacted with all of the 31 serum samples. The other most frequently recognised antigens were those of 29.5, 32, 46, 59 and 66 kDa with a sensitivity of 87.1%, 93.6%, 96.8%, 87.1% and 80.6%, respectively. The 14 and 16 kDa bands were the most intense and remained detectable until a serum dilution of 1:6400. No reaction of these two major antigens was observed with sera collected from 50 Leishmania-free dogs, living in the leishmaniosis-free region of Rabat in Morocco, whereas the crude antigen used in IFAT or ELISA lead to three false positive results. Four antigen components of 29, 41, 55, and 70 kDa were recognised by some sera samples from negative controls. These results demonstrated the potential interest of the fractions of 14 and 16 kDa in immunodiagnosis of canine leishmaniosis.

Canine Leishmaniasis

Canine leishmaniasis is caused by Leishmania infantum (syn. L. chagasi, in America) and is transmitted by the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Infected dogs constitute the main domestic reservoir of the parasite and play a key role in transmission to humans, in which the parasite produces visceral leishmaniasis. The increasing awareness that control of the human disease depends on effective control of canine leishmaniasis has promoted, in the last few years, research into leishmanial infection in dogs. Newly available specific reagents and molecular tools have been applied to the detailed investigation of canine leishmaniasis and important advances have been made in elucidating the epidemiology and pathology of the disease. These new findings have led to better understanding of the disease, and have also helped in the development of new diagnostic methods and control measures against the infection, such as insecticide-impregnated collars for dogs, new drugs and treatment protocols, and second generation vaccines, with the hope of not only reducing the heavy burden of the disease among dogs but also reducing the incidence of human visceral leishmaniasis.

Western blot analysis of Leishmania infantum antigens using sera from pentamidine-treated dogs

Pentamidine treatment has been used successfully to establish immune cellular responses in recovered dogs. In this paper, we examined the appearance and disappearance of antibodies over time against crude Leishmania antigens and purified gp63 or gp70 proteins in sera from cured dogs using a Western blotting technique. Following the treatment, a pattern of antibody specificities to parasite antigens was observed in the sera of cured dogs. Antibodies to gp63 and gp70 were maintained after cure. In addition, the reaction with a 26 kD band observed during the clinical phase was no longer recognized by sera taken from recovery dogs. Interestingly, two proteins, 85 and 110 kD, not observed during the patent phase were detected by sera taken from treated dogs. Such patterns of antibody specificities to various parasite antigens might represent a useful parameter to determine the actual phase of the disease process.

Diagnostic and prognostic potential of antibodies against O-acetylated sialic acids in canine visceral leishmaniasis

Employing bovine submaxillary mucin (BSM) as the coating agent, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (BSM-ELISA) was developed to detect antibodies directed against O-acetylated sialic acids (O-AcSA) in canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL). Serum samples were collected from 50 dogs previously screened by a parasite-ELISA to detect anti-leishmanial antibodies and designated as seropositive (n = 30) and seronegative (n = 20). The BSM-ELISA detected anti-O-AcSA antibodies in 29 out of 30 seropositive dogs and was negative in 15 out of 20 seronegative dogs; the sensitivity and specificity of the assay being 96.6% and 75%, respectively. Seven dogs from an endemic area in central Israel were longitudinally monitored for 15 months clinically, serologically and cultured for parasite. The levels of antibodies directed against O-AcSA increased with the appearance of clinical symptoms and/or seropositivity, disappeared when the disease was self-limiting as also with chemotherapeutic response and reappeared with relapse. The BSM-ELISA, therefore, represents a valuable tool for assessment of disease progression.

Asymptomatic canine leishmaniasis in Greater Athens area, Greece

Leishmania (L.) infantum is the etiological agent of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis in the Mediterranean subregion. Domestic dogs are the main reservoir of the parasite in most urban areas. A survey of 1638 asymptomatic dogs registered in Greater Athens area was carried out in the Hellenic Pasteur Institute during the period 1986-1994 to investigate the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in apparently healthy dogs. Dog sera was tested using the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFAT). Of the 1638 dogs, 366 (22.4%) had anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies at titre greater than or equal to 1/200 which were considered positive; 53 (3.2%) had antibody titres of 1/100 and were considered uncertain; and 1219 (74.4%) dogs were seronegative. From the 366 seropositive dogs, 212 were positive at 1/1600 serum dilution, 57 at 1/800, 38 at 1/400 and 59 at 1/200. The results were plotted according the site of residence, breed and age. The rate of asymptomatic infections with L. infantum dogs in Greater Athens area appears to be significantly high. Although there is an apparent lack of clinical symptoms in these dogs, asymptomatic animals harbor a chronic L. infantum infection and as such consist a 'dangerous' reservoir with regard to the spread of the disease.

Value of Western blotting in the clinical follow-up of canine leishmaniasis

Specific serum antibody levels in Leishmania infantum-infected dogs treated with a combination of glucantime and allopurinol were estimated by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blotting. The sensitivity of Western blot was greater than that obtained with immunofluorescence titration. In general, both diagnostic methods concurred with the post-treatment clinical status of the animals. Clinical improvement of successfully treated dogs was related to lower immunofluorescence titers and simpler and/or less reactive immunodetection patterns in Western blotting. The recognition, by infected dogs, of certain low molecular weight antigens, particularly one of approximately 26 kDa, was restricted to pretreatment samples and a single animal in relapse thus apparently constituting an active infection marker.

Development of a slide ELISA for canine leishmaniasis and comparison with four serological tests

A slide ELISA for canine leishmaniasis was developed by using promastigotes of Leishmania infantum, and compared with microimmunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, direct agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence assays. The sensitivity of all the tests was 100 per cent. The specificity of the direct agglutination test was 95 per cent but it was 100 per cent for the three other tests. There was also a positive correlation and a high level of concordance between the titres measured by the different tests.

Comparison between an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using a detergent-soluble Leishmania infantum antigen and indirect immunofluorescence for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis

Serum samples collected from 290 dogs--186 Leishmania-infected and 104 control animals--were screened to detect the presence of specific antibodies to Leishmania infantum antigens in Tuscany, Italy. Two different techniques were compared: an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ELISA was developed using a detergent-soluble antigen of L. infantum promastigotes. Triton X-100 and protease inhibitors were used as detergent and to increase reproducibility of the assay, respectively. A strong correlation between the anti-Leishmania antibody levels obtained by ELISA and those obtained using IFA was observed. The ELISA appeared to be somewhat more sensitive than IFA (99.5% vs. 98.4%), while its specificity was lower (97.1% vs. 100%), even if not significantly different. Immunoblotting analysis, using the detergent-soluble L. infantum antigen, demonstrated that proteins of M(r) 30 and 73 kDa were recognized by all positive sera, regardless of the serum titre. Furthermore, antigens of M(r) 16, 18, 26, 33, 50 and 117 kDa were also frequently reactive with a large proportion of sera from infected dogs. This ELISA demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity as well as the IFA, and it seems to be a suitable assay for large scale epidemiological studies.

Identification of a 94-kilodalton antigen on Leishmania promastigote forms and its specific recognition in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis

We have analysed by immunoblotting sera from humans and dogs with visceral leishmaniasis, from the Old World as well as the New. When lysates of promastigotes are used as antigens, antibodies against a 94 kDa Leishmania component are detected, regardless of the age and geographical origin of the patient, the serum antibody titre as measured by indirect immunofluorescence, and the number of arcs in counterimmunoelectrophoresis. Low dilutions of sera from patients with Old and New World cutaneous leishmaniasis did not react with the 94-kDa antigen, whatever the species of Leishmania used as antigens. Sera from patients with other infections than leishmaniases, or without infection, are negative, even at low dilution. Anti-94 kDa antibodies were detected in the sera of Leishmania-infected dogs from both the Old and the New World. When lysates of Leishmania mexicana axenic amastigotes are used as antigens, the 94-kDa antigen was little or none identified by sera from humans and dogs with visceral leishmaniasis, and never recognized by control sera. Thus, the specific recognition of the 94-kDa promastigote antigen in human and canine visceral leishmaniasis suggests that this antigen could be a potential candidate in the differential immunodiagnosis of the disease.